Cac Chuyen de Toan 8 B I Dư NG HSG

Hunh Minh Khai
Trng THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh

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MT PHNG PHP V NG PH ................................................................ 1 DNG HNH BNG DNG C HN CH ............................................................. 3 LM QUEN VI BT NG THC TR-B-SEP ............................................... 5 PHNG PHP HON V VNG QUANH ............................................................ 7 NHNG KHAI THC T MT A THC QUEN THUC ................................. 8 KHNG CH DNG LI VIC GII TON ! .................................................. 11 VN DNG B HNH THANG VO GII TON ........................................ 14 M RNG NH L V NG TRUNG BNH CA HNH THANG ............ 16 MT K NNG C NHIU NG DNG .............................................................. 20 MT S DNG TON S DNG PHP PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T ..................................................................................................................................... 21 T MT BI TON THI HC SINH GII .......................................................... 23 T MT BT NG THC N GIN .............................................................. 25 RT GN BIU THC............................................................................................ 26 T MT PHP BIN I TRUNG GIAN TRONG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC TR - B - SP ................................................................................ 29 "TCH" HNG T NH TH NO PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T ?................................................................................................................................... 30 T MT IU HIN NHIN NG ..................................................................... 31 KHNG COI NH KIN THC C BN............................................................. 33 TIP TC KHAI THC MT BI TON ............................................................ 35 NHM NGHIM PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T .................... 36 MT LN VO "BP"............................................................................................ 37 C BIT HO C BI TON MI.............................................................. 39 CC BI TON V DIN TCH ............................................................................ 43 XY DNG CHUI BI TON T BI TON QUEN THUC ....................... 45 LM QUEN VI CHNG MINH BNG PHN CHNG TRONG HNH HC48 HC CCH DNG HNH PH QUA VIC CHNG MINH MT NH L... 50 HC TON CN PHI BIT THC MC........................................................... 53 BN VI CC BN LP 8 V PHNG PHP ................................................. 58 MT PHNG PHP V NG PH Trong qu trnh hc ton bc THCS, c l hp dn nht v kh khn nht l vic vt qua cc bi ton hnh hc, m gii chng cn phi v thm cc ng ph. Trong bi bo ny, ti xin nu mt phng php thng dng tm ra cc ng ph cn thit khi gii ton hnh hc : Xt cc v tr c bit ca cc yu t hnh hc c trong bi ton cn gii. Bi ton 1 : Cho gc xOy. Trn Ox ly hai im A, B v trn Oy ly hai im C, D sao cho AB = CD. Gi M v N l trung im ca AC v BD. Chng minh ng thng MN song song vi phn gic gc xOy.
Suy lun : V tr c bit nht ca CD l khi CD i xng vi AB qua Oz, phn gic gc xOy. Gi C1 v D1 l cc im i xng ca A v B qua Oz ; E v F l cc giao im ca AC1 v BD1 vi Oz. Khi E v F l trung im ca AC1 v BD1, v do v tr ca MN s l EF. V vy ta ch cn chng minh MN // EF l (xem hnh 1). Tht vy, do AB = CD (gt), AB = C1D1 (tnh cht i xng) nn CD = C1D1. Mt khc ME v NF l ng trung bnh ca cc tam gic ACC1 v BDD1 nn NF // DD1, NF = 1/2DD1 , ME // CC1 , ME = 1/2 CC1 => ME // NF v NE = 1/2 NF => t gic MEFN l hnh bnh hnh => MN // EF => pcm. Bi ton 1 c nhiu bin dng rt th v, sau y l mt vi bin dng ca n, ngh cc bn gii xem nh nhng bi tp nh ; sau hy xut nhng bin dng tng t. Bi ton 2 : Cho tam gic ABC. Trn AB v CD c hai im D v E chuyn ng sao cho BD = CE. ng thng qua cc trung im ca BC v DE ct AB v AC ti I v J. Chng minh AIJ cn. Bi ton 3 : Cho tam gic ABC, AB AC. AD v AE l phn gic trong v trung tuyn ca tam gic ABC. ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ADE ct AB v AC ti M v N. Gi F l trung im ca MN. Chng minh AD // EF. Trong vic gii cc bi ton cha cc im di ng, vic xt cc v tr c bit cng t ra hu ch, c bit l cc bi ton tm tp hp im. Bi ton 4 : Cho na ng trn ng knh AB c nh v mt im C chuyn ng trn na ng trn . Dng hnh vung BCDE. Tm tp hp C, D v tm hnh vung. Ta xt trng hp hnh vung BCDE nm ngoi na ng trn cho (trng hp hnh vung BCDE nm trong ng trn cho c xt tng t, ngh cc bn t lm ly xem nh bi tp). Suy lun : Xt trng hp C trng vi B. Khi hnh vung BCDE s thu li mt im B v cc im I, D, E u trng vi B, trong I l tm hnh vung BCDE. Vy B l mt im thuc cc tp hp cn tm. Xt trng hp C trng vi A. Dng hnh vung BAD1E1 khi D trng vi D1, E trng vi E1 v I trng vi I1 (trung im ca cung AB ). Trc ht, ta tm tp hp E. V B v E1 thuc tp hp cn tm nn ta ngh ngay n vic th chng minh BEE1 khng i. iu ny khng kh v ACB = 90o (gc ni tip chn na ng trn) v BEE1 = BCA (c. g. c) => BEE1 = BCA = 90o => E nm trn na ng trn ng knh BE1 (1/2 ng trn ny v 1/2 ng trn cho nm hai na mt phng khc nhau vi b l ng thng BE1).
V DEB = E1EB = 90o nn D nm trn EE1 (xem hnh 2) => ADE1 = 90o = ABE1 => D nm trn ng trn ng knh AE1, nhng ABE1D1 l hnh vung nn ng trn ng knh AE1 cng l ng trn ng knh BD1. Ch rng B v D1 l cc v tr gii hn ca tp hp cn tm, ta => tp hp D l na ng trn ng knh BD1 (na ng trn ny v im A v hai na mt phng khc nhau vi b l ng thng BD1). Cui cng, tm tp hp I, ta cn ch II1 l ng trung bnh ca BDD1 nn II1 // DD1 => BII1 = 90 => tp hp I l na ng trn ng knh BI1 (ng trn ny v A v hai na mt phng khc nhau vi b l BD1). kt thc, xin mi bn gii bi ton sau y : Bi ton 5 : Cho na ng trn (O) ng knh AB c nh v 1 im C chuyn ng trn na ng trn . K CH vung gc vi AB. Trn on thng OC ly im M sao cho OM = CH. Tm tp hp M. DNG HNH BNG DNG C HN CH Cc em u bit rng : Cc bi ton dng hnh trng ph thng ch c s dng hai dng c l : compa v thc thng dng hnh (theo quy c t thi c Hi Lp). Tuy nhin trong cc cuc thi hc sinh gii ton hoc vui hc tp thnh thong vn c nhng bi ton dng hnh i hi ch dng bng mt dng c l thc thng hoc compa. Nhng bi ton ny rt th v, b ch v i hi nhiu s thng minh sng to trong vic vn dng cc kin thc hc. Cc nh ton hc cng nghin cu kh su sc cc bi ton ny. Nh ton hc : Mckrni (1750 - 1800) v nh ton hc an Mch : MoR (1640 - 1697) chuyn nghin cu cc bi ton dng hnh ch bng compa. n 1890 nh ton hc o Adler chng minh rng : Mi bi ton dng hnh gii c bng compa v thc thng u gii c vi mt mnh compa thi. Ngc li nh ton hc Thy S Iacp Sty Ne (1796 - 1863) li ch nghin cu nhng bi ton dng hnh bng thc thng. ng chng minh c rng : Mi bi ton dng hnh (hnh hc phng) bng compa v thc thng gii c, u c th dng c ch bng mt thc thng nu trn mt phng cho mt ng trn v tm ca n. Xin gii thiu vi cc em mt vi bi ton nh vy. Bi ton 1 : Cho ng trn ng knh AOB v mt im S ngoi ng trn. Ch dng mt thc thng hy dng mt ng thng i qua S v vung gc vi AB.
Gii : Ni SA ct (O) ti F (xem hnh 1). Ni SB ct (O) ti E. Ni AE ct BF ti H. ng thng SH l ng thng cn dng. Bi ton 2 : Trn mt phng cho 2 im A, B. Ch dng compa hy dng hai im c khong cch gp i di AB (ch l cho 2 im A, B nhng cha c ng thng cha A v B).
Gii : - Dng ng trn (B ; BA) (xem hnh 2) - Dng ng trn (A ; AB) ct ng trn trn E. - Dng ng trn (E ; EA) ct ng trn (B) F. - Dng ng trn (F ; FE) ct ng trn (B) C. D dng chng minh c cc AEB ; EBF ; FBC u . T => A, B, C thng hng v AC = 2 AB. Bi ton 3 : Cho hai im A, B. Ch dng compa hy dng trung im I ca on AB. Gii : Xem hnh 3.
- t AB = a. Dng 1 on di 2a (bi ton 2) - Dng ng trn (B ; 2a) v ng trn (A ; 2a), hai ng trn ny ct nhau ti C. - Dng ng trn (B ; a) v ng trn (C ; a), hai ng trn ny tip xc nhau ti M, M l trung im BC. - Dng ng trn (A ; a) v ng trn (C ; a), hai ng trn ny tip xc nhau ti N, N l trung im AC. - Dng ng trn (N ; a) v ng trn (M ; a), hai ng trn ny ct nhau ti giao im th hai I, I l trung im AB. Phn chng minh rt d dng, xin dnh cho bn c. By gi mi cc em gii th cc bi ton sau : Bi 4 : Cho hai im A, B. Ch dng compa hy dng im I thuc on AB v chia AB theo t s IA/IB = k (k thuc N) cho trc. Bi 5 : Cho ng trn tm O v hai im A, B ngoi ng trn. Ch dng compa hy dng giao im ca ng thng AB vi ng trn (O). Bi 6 : Cho t gic ABCD. Ch dng compa hy kim tra xem t gic ABCD c phi l t gic ni tip hay khng ?
LM QUEN VI BT NG THC TR-B-SEP Cc bn tng c lm quen vi cc bt ng thc C si, Bunhiacpski nhng khng t bn cn cha bit v bt ng thc Tr - b - sp. Con ng i n bt ng thc ny tht l gin d, qu gn gi vi nhng kin thc c bn ca cc bn bc THCS. Cc bn c th thy ngay : Nu a1 a2 v b1 b2 th (a2 - a1) (b2 - b1) 0. Khai trin v tri ca bt ng thc ny ta c : a1b1 + a2b2 - a1b2 - a2b1 0 => : a1b1 + a2b2 a1b2 + a2b1. Nu cng thm a1b1 + a2b2 vo c hai v ta c : 2 (a1b1 + a2b2) a1 (b1 + b2) + a2 (b1 + b2) => : 2 (a1b1 + a2b2) (a1 + a2) (b1 + b2) (*)
Bt ng thc (*) chnh l bt ng thc Tr - b - sp vi n = 2. Nu thay i gi thit, cho a1 Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software a2 v b1 b2 th tt c cc bt ng thc trn cng i chiu v ta c : evaluation only. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For 2 (a1b1 + a2b2) (a1 + a2) (b1 + b2) (**) Cc bt ng thc (*) v (**) u tr thnh ng thc khi v ch khi a1 = a2 hoc b1 = b2. Lm theo con ng i ti (*) hoc (**), cc bn c th gii quyt nhiu bi ton rt th v. Bi ton 1 : Bit rng x + y = 2. Chng minh x2003 + y2003 x2004 + y2004. Li gii : Do vai tr bnh ng ca x v y nn c th gi s x y. T => : x2003 y2003. Do (y2003 - x2003).(y - x) 0 => : x2004 + y2004 x.y2003 + y.x2003 Cng thm x2004 + y2004 vo hai v ta c : 2.(x2004 + y2004) (x+y) (x2003 + y2003) = 2.(x2003 + y2003) => : x2004 + y2004 x2003 + y2003 (pcm). rng : Bt ng thc va chng minh tr thnh ng thc khi v ch khi x = y = 1 ; cc bn s c li gii ca cc bi ton sau : Bi ton 2 : Gii h phng trnh :
Nu cc bn quan tm ti cc yu t trong tam gic th vn dng cc bt ng thc (*) hoc (**) s dn n nhiu bi ton mi. Bi ton 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c din tch bng 1. AH v BK l cc ng cao ca tam gic. Chng minh : (BC + CA).(AH + BK) 8. Li gii : Ta c AH x BC = BK x CA = 2. Do vai tr bnh ng ca BC v CA nn c th gi s rng BC CA => 2/BC 2/CA => AH BK. Do (CA - BC).(BK - AH) 0 => : CA x BK + BC x AH BC x BK + CA x AH Cng thm CA x BK + BC x AH vo 2 v ta c : 2.(CA x BK + BC x AH) (BC + CA) (AH + BK) => : (BC + CA).(AH + BK) 8. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi BC = CA hoc BK = AH tng ng vi BC = CA hay tam gic ABC l tam gic cn nh C. Bi ton 4 : Cho tam gic ABC vi BC = a, CA = b, AB = c v cc ng cao tng ng ca cc cnh ny c di ln lt l ha, hb, hc. Chng minh :
vi S l din tch tam gic ABC. Li gii : Do vai tr bnh ng ca cc cnh trong tam gic nn c th gi s rng a b c => : 2S/a 2S/b 2S/c => ha hb hc . Lm nh li gii bi ton 3 ta c : (a + b).(ha + hb) 8S => : 1/(ha + hb) (a + b)/(8S) (1) Tng t ta c : 1/(hb + hb) (b + c)/(8S) (2) 1/(hc + ha) (c + a)/(8S) (3) Cng tng v ca (1), (2), (3) dn n :
Bt ng thc (4) tr thnh ng thc khi v ch khi cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) ng thi Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software tr thnh ng thc tng ng vi a = b = http://www.foxitsoftware.com tamevaluation only. c hay tam gic ABC l For gic u. By gi cc bn th gii cc bi tp sau y : 1) Bit rng x2 + y2 = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht ca F = (x4 + y4) / (x6 + y6) 2) Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha mn x + y + z = 1. Chng minh :
3) Cho tam gic ABC c di cc cnh ln lt l a, b, c v di cc ng phn gic trong thuc cc cnh ny ln lt l la, lb, lc. Chng minh :
4) Hy d on v chng minh bt ng thc Tr - b - sp vi n = 3. T hy sng to ra cc bi ton. Nu bn thy th v vi nhng khm ph ca mnh bi tp ny, hy gi gp bi vit v cho chuyn mc EUREKA ca TTT2.
PHNG PHP HON V VNG QUANH Phn tch thnh nhn t l mt trong nhng k nng c bn nht ca chng trnh i s bc THCS. K nng ny c s dng khi gii cc bi ton : bin i ng nht cc biu thc ton hc, gii phng trnh, chng minh bt ng thc v gii cc bi ton cc tr ... Sch gio khoa lp 8 gii thiu nhiu phng php phn tch thnh nhn t. Sau y ti xin nu mt phng php thng s dng, da vo vic kt hp cc phng php quen thuc nh t nhn t chung, nhm s hng, hng ng thc ... Phng php ny da vo mt s nhn xt sau y : 1/ Gi s phi phn tch biu thc F(a, b, c) thnh nhn t, trong a, b, c c vai tr nh nhau trong biu thc . Nu F(a, b, c) = 0 khi a = b th F(a, b, c) s cha cc nhn t a - b, b - c v c - a. Bi ton 1 : Phn tch thnh nhn t : F(a, b, c) = a2(b - c) + b2(c - a) + c2(a - b). Nhn xt : Khi a = b ta c : F(a, b, c) = a2(a - c) + a2(c - a) = 0, do F(a, b, c) c cha nhn t a - b. Tng t F(a, b, c) cha cc nhn t b - c, c - a. V F(a, b, c) l biu thc bc ba, do F(a, b, c) = k.(a - b)(b - c)(c - a). Cho a = 1, b = 0, c = -1 ta c : 1 + 1 = k.1.1.(-2) => k = -1. Vy : F(a, b, c) = -(a - b)(b - c)(c - a). Bi ton 2 : Phn tch thnh nhn t : F(a, b, c) = a3(b - c) + b3(c - a) + c3(a - b). Nhn xt : Tng t nh bi ton 1, ta thy F(a, b, c) phi cha cc nhn t a - b, b - c, c - a. Nhng y F(a, b, c) l biu thc bc bn, trong khi (a - b)(b - c)(c - a) bc ba, v vy F(a, b, c) phi c mt tha s bc nht ca a, b, c. Do vai tr a, b, c nh nhau nn tha s ny c dng k(a + b + c). Do : F(a, b, c) = k(a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(a + b + c) Cho a = 0 ; b = 1 ; c = 2 => k = -1. Vy : F(a, b, c) = -(a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(a + b + c).
2/ Trong mt s bi ton, nu F(a, b, c) l biu thc i xng ca a, b, c nhng F(a, b, c) Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software 0 khi a = b th ta th xem khi a = -b, F(a,http://www.foxitsoftware.com Fornu thaonly. th b, c) c trit tiu khng, evaluation mn F(a, b, c) cha nhn t a + b, v t cha cc nhn t b + c, c + a. Bi ton 3 : Chng minh rng : Nu : 1/x + 1/y + 1/z = 1/(x + y + z) th 1/xn + 1/yn + 1/zn = 1/(xn + yn + zn) vi mi s nguyn l n. Nhn xt : T gi thit 1/x + 1/y + 1/z = 1/(x + y + z) => : (xy + xz + yz)(x + y + z) - xyz = 0 (*) Do ta th phn tch biu thc F(x, y, z) = (xy + xz + yz)(x + y + z) - xyz thnh nhn t. Ch rng khi x = - y th F(x, y, z) = - y2z + y2z = 0 nn F(x, y, z) cha nhn t x + y. Lp lun tng t nh bi ton 1, ta c F(x, y, z) = (x + y)(y + z)(x + z). Do (*) tr thnh : (x + y)(y + z)(x + z) = 0 Tng ng vi : x + y = 0 hoc y + z = 0 hoc z + x = 0 . Nu x + y = 0 chng hn th x = - y v do n l nn xn = (-y)n = -yn. Vy : 1/xn + 1/yn + 1/zn = 1/(xn + yn + zn) Tng t cho cc trng hp cn li, ta c pcm. C nhng khi ta phi linh hot hn trong tnh hung m hai nguyn tc trn khng tha mn : Bi ton 4 : Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t : F(x, y, z) = x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz. Nhn xt : Ta thy rng khi x = y hay x = -y th F(x, y, z) 0. Nhng nu thay x = -(y + z) th F(x, y, z) = 0 nn F(x, y, z) c nhn t x + y + z. Chia F(x, y, z) cho x + y + z, ta c thng x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx v d l 0. Do : F(x, y, z) = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx). Ta c th thm bt vo F(x, y, z) mt lng 3x2y + 3xy2 nhn c kt qu ny. Cc bn hy dng cc phng php v kt qu nu trn gii cc bi tp sau y. Bi ton 5 : Tnh tng :
trong k = 1, 2, 3, 4. Bi ton 6 : Chng minh rng (a - b)5 + (b - c)5 + (c - a)5 chia ht cho 5(a - b)(b - c)(c - a).
NHNG KHAI THC T MT A THC QUEN THUC Bi ton 1 : Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t : a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc. Li gii : Ta c a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b)3 - 3a2b - 3ab2 + c3 - 3abc = [(a + b)3 + c3] - 3ab(a + b + c) = (a + b + c)[(a + b)2 - (a + b)c + c2 - 3ab]
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - ac - bc) Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software = 1/2.(a + b + c)[ (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 ]. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Nhn xt : Nu a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc th a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = 0 Tng ng 1/2.(a + b + c)[ (a - b)2 + (b - c)2 + (c - a)2 ]. Hay tng ng vi hoc a + b + c = 0 hoc a = b = c . Nu cho a = x - y ; b = y - z ; c = z - x th a + b + c = 0, ta c bi ton : Bi ton 2 : ( thi hc sinh gii ton cp II, min Bc 1962) Phn tch a thc (x - y)3 + (y - z)3 + (z - x)3 thnh nhn t. Li gii : T nhn xt trn ta c ngay : (x - y)3 + (y - z)3 + (z - x)3 = 3(x - y)(y - z)(z - x). * Vi a = x2 + y2 ; b = z2 - x2 ; c = - y2 - z2 cng cho a + b + c = 0 v ta li c bi ton : Bi ton 3 : (Thi v ch ton 8 - Belarussia - 1957) Phn tch thnh nhn t : (x2 + y2)3 + (z2 - x2) - (y2 + z2)3 Li gii : (x2 + y2)3 + (z2 - x2)3 - (y2 + z2)3 = (x2 + y2)3 + (z2 - x2)3 + (- y2 - z2)3 = 3(x2 + y2)(z2 - x2)(- y2 - z2) = 3(x2 + y2)(y2 + z2)(x + z)(x - z). * Li cho a = 1/x ; b = 1/y ; c = 1/z , ta c bi ton khc : Bi ton 4 : Cho 1/x + 1/y + 1/z = 0 Tnh : P = xy/z2 + yz/x2 + zx/y2 . Li gii : 1/x + 1/y + 1/z = 0 => 1/x3 + 1/y3 + 1/z3 = 3/(xyz). Ta c : P = xy/z2 + yz/x2 + zx/y2 = xyz.(1/x3 + 1/y3 + 1/z3) = xyz.3/(xyz) = 3 . Vy P = 3. Bi ton 5 : Cho abc 0, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc. Tnh gi tr ca : A = (1 + a/b)(1 + b/c)(1 + c/a) Li gii : Theo bi ton 1, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc. Tng ng vi : hoc a + b + c = 0 hoc a = b = c . + Nu a + b + c = 0 th : A = (a + b)/b .(b + c)/c .(c + a)/a = (- c/b).(- a/c).(- b/a) = - 1. + Nu a = b = c th : A = (1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 2 . 2 . 2 = 8. Vy A nhn hai gi tr l 8 v -1. * Vi a = yz ; b = zx ; c = xy th : a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc Tng ng y3z3 + z3x3 + x3y3 = 3x2y2z2. T hnh thnh bi ton : Bi ton 6 : Cho xyz 0 tha mn : x3y3 + y3z3 + z3x3 = 3x2y2z2. Tnh gi tr biu thc : M = (1 + x/y).(1 + y/z).(1 + z/x) . Li gii : Theo cch t nu trn, d dng a bi ton 6 v bi ton 5. Kt qu M = - 1 hoc M = 8. Bi ton 7 : Gii h :
(Thi hc sinh gii TP H Ch Minh, 1986-1987) http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Li gii : Theo bi 1, ta c : a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ca) Tng ng 1 - 3abc = 1 - ab - bc - ca Hay 3abc = ab + bc + ca . (1) Mt khc (a + b + c)2 = 1 Tng ng a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca) = 1 Hay ab + bc + ca = 0 . (2) T (1) v (2) => abc = 0 tng ng vi hoc a = 0 hoc b = 0 hoc c = 0. T y ln lt => cc nghim ca h l : (a, b, c) = (0, 0, 1) ; (0, 1, 0) ; (1, 0, 0) ; Bi ton 8 : Cho :
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Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : P = a2002 + b2003 + c2004. Li gii : p dng bi 7, ta c kt qu duy nht P = 1. Bi ton 9 : (Thi vo lp 10 chuyn ton THPT L Hng Phong, TP H Ch Minh, 1998) Cho ABC c ba cnh a, b, c tha mn : a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc. Hi ABC l tam gic g ? Li gii : a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc tng ng vi hoc a + b + c = 0 ( khng xy ra v a, b, c > 0) hoc a = b = c tng ng vi ABC l tam gic u. Bi ton 10 : Cho :
Tnh x3 + y3 + z3 theo a, b, c. Li gii : p dng bi 1 : x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz = (x + y + z)(x2 + y2 + z2 - xy - yz - zx) Tng ng x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz + a(b2 - (xy + yz + zx)) (1) Mt khc, a2 = (x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + zx) => : xy + yz = [ a2 - (x2 + y2 + z2) ]/2 = (a2 - b2)/2 . (2) T 1/x + 1/y + 1/z = 1/c tng ng vi (xy + yz + zx)/xyz = 1/c hay xyz = c.(xy + yz + zx) Tng ng xyz = c.(a2 - b2)/2 . (theo (2)) (3) . Thay (2) ; (3) vo (1) ta c : x3 + y3 + z3 = 3c(a2 - b2)/2 + a[ b2 - (a2 - b2)/2 ] = [ 3c(a2 - b2) + a(3b2 - a2) ]/2 . Bi ton 11 : Bit :
Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
Li gii : T gi thit ta => : Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software ax + by + bx + cy + cx + ay = a + b + c http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Tng ng (a + b + c)(x + y - 1) = 0 Tng ng hoc a + b + c = 0 hoc x + y - 1 = 0 . + Vi a + b + c = 0, theo bi ton 1 => pcm. + Vi x + y - 1 = 0 => y = 1 - x, thay vo h, sau mt s bin i dn n a = b = c, theo bi ton 1 => pcm. Chc chn vn cn nhiu tm ti khm ph xung quanh a thc F(a, b, c) = a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc. Sau y l mt s bi ton cng dng ca nh gio Nguyn c Tn, TP H Ch Minh, gi ti cc bn, xem nh bi tp : Bi ton 12 : Gii phng trnh : (3x - 2)3 - (x - 3)3 = (2x + 1)3. Bi ton 13 : Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn : (x + y)3 = (x - 2)3 + (y + 2)3 + 6. Bi ton 14 : Phn tch thnh nhn t : (x + y + z)3 - x3 - y3 - z3. Bi ton 15 : Phn tch thnh nhn t : (x + y + z)3 - (x + y - z)3 - (x - y + z)3 - (-x + y + z)3. Bi ton 16 : Cho abc 0, a + b + c = 0. Tnh : a2/(ab) + b2/(ca) + c2/(ab) . Bi ton 17 : Cho a + b + c + d = 0. Chng minh rng : a3 + b3 + c3 + d3 = 3(c + d)(ab - cd). Bi ton 18 : Cho x, y tha mn x2 + y2 = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca biu thc x6 + y6.
KHNG CH DNG LI VIC GII TON ! Trong hc ton, vic to c thi quen ch ng tm ti, khai thc, pht trin cc bi ton s gip ngi hc hiu su sc kin thc hc, pht trin t duy sng to v tip thu tt nhng kin thc mi. * Chng ta s bt u t mt bi ton quen thuc. Bi ton 1 : Cho ABC c B = 90o ; ng cao BH. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca BH v HC. Chng minh : AM vung gc vi BN.
Li gii : T gi thit ta c : MN l ng trung bnh ca HBC (hnh 1) => MN // BC, mt khc BC vung gc AB => MN vung gc vi AB.
Xt ABN c MN vung gc vi AB ; BM vung gc vi AN => M l trc tm ca ABN Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software => AM vung gc vi BN (pcm). http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. * C rt nhiu hng pht trin bi ton 1, cho ta nhng bi ton mi kh th v. T suy ngh nu to c ng thng song song vi AM hoc BN th ng thng s tng ng vung gc vi BN hoc AM, ta cho thm im K m B l trung im ca KC (hnh 2), d dng nhn thy BN l ng trung bnh ca CKH => BN // KH => AM vung gc vi KH. Ta c bi ton sau : Bi ton 2 : Cho ABC c gc B = 90o ; ng cao BH. Gi M l trung im ca BH v K l im i xng vi C qua B. Chng minh : KH vung gc vi AM. Li gii : Gi N l trung im ca HC, theo chng minh trn, ta c pcm. * Hon ton l bi ton 2 nhng vi cch pht biu khc i, ta c bi ton 3. Bi ton 3 : Cho ABC cn ti A, ng cao AH. H HI vung gc vi AC, M l trung im ca HI. Chng minh rng BI vung gc vi AM. * Tip tc pht trin theo hng trn : to ra ng thng song song vi AM, ng thng t vung gc vi BN. Bi ton 4 : Cho hnh ch nht ABCD. Gi H l hnh chiu ca B trn AC, I v N ln lt l trung im ca AD v HC. Chng minh rng BN vung gc vi IN. Li gii :
Gi M l trung im ca BH (hnh 3). Ta c AM vung gc vi BN (bi ton 1). Ta cn phi chng minh AM // IN, tht vy : Do MN l ng trung bnh ca HBC nn MN // = 1/2BC , mt khc, ABCD l hnh ch nht v I l trung im ca AD nn IA // = 1/2 BC . Do IA // = MN => MNIA l hnh bnh hnh => AM // IN, bi ton c chng minh xong. * Bi ton 4 cn nhiu cch gii khc. Kt hp bi ton 3 v bi ton 4 ta c bi ton mi kh hn cht xu. Bi ton 5 : Cho ABC cn ti A, ng cao AH. Dng hnh ch nht AHCK ; HI vung gc vi AC. M v N ln lt l trung im ca IC v AK. Chng minh rng MN vung gc vi BI. Li gii :
Gi J l trung im ca HI (hnh 4). p bi ton 3 ta c BI vung gc vi AJ ; mt khc, theo chng minh ca bi ton 4, t gic AJMN l hnh bnh hnh v AJ // MN, vy : MN vung gc vi BI (pcm). * Tng t nh bi ton 4 (dng hnh ch nht ABCD ri to AM // IN), ta s to EF // BN c bi ton sau. Bi ton 6 : Cho hnh ch nht ABCD. Gi H l hnh chiu ca B trn AC ; E, F, M ln lt l trung im ca AB, DH, BH. Chng minh rng AM vung gc vi EF. Li gii :
Gi N l trung im ca CH (hnh 5). p dng chng minh t gic AMNI l hnh bnh hnh (bi ton 4), ta chng minh c t gic BEFN cng l hnh bnh hnh, => EF // NB. Mt khc BN vung gc AM (theo bi ton 1). Vy ta c AM vung gc vi EF . * Li kt hp bi ton 4 v bi ton 6, cho ta mt kt qu khc. Bi ton 7 : Cho hnh ch nht ABCD. Gi H l hnh chiu ca B trn AC ; E, F, M, N ln lt l trung im ca AB, DH, HC, AD. Chng minh rng EF vung gc vi MN. Li gii :
Gi I l trung im ca BH (hnh 6). Ln lt theo cc bi ton 1, 4, 6 ta c cc kt qu sau : AI vung gc vi BM, AI // MN, BM // EF => EF vung gc vi MN (pcm). * Tip tc khai thc, pht trin bi ton 1 chc chn cn nhiu iu th v. Qua y, tc gi mong mun cc bn lun c thi quen ch ng tm ti, khai thc, pht trin cc bi ton, thng qua t rn luyn t duy v tch ly c nhiu kin thc b ch. Chc cc bn thnh cng.
VN DNG B HNH THANG VO GII TON * Trong Tp ch Ton Tui th 2 s 4 (TTT2(4)), thng 6 nm 2003, mc kt qu Th t ton, chia i mt on thng song song vi mt ng thng cho trc ch bng thc thng, ta da vo mt b : ng thng ni giao im cc ng cho ca hnh thang vi giao im cc cnh bn ko di s chia y ca hnh thang thnh hai phn bng nhau. B ny thng c gi l b Hnh thang. chng minh b , cc bn c th tham kho phn chng minh trong TTT2(4). * bi vit ny, xin nu thm mt s dng ng dng khc ca b Hnh thang. Bi ton 1 : Cho DABC. M, N, P ln lt l cc im trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB. Ni AM, BN, CP ct nhau ti I, J, K (hnh 1). K hiu S l din tch, chng minh rng : Nu SAIN = SBJP = SCKM = SIJK th SAPJI = SBMKJ = SCNIK.
Li gii : Gi L l giao im ca CI v NK.
T SANI = SIJK => SANI + SAIJ = = SIJK + SAIJ => SNAJ = SKAJ. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software Ta nhn thy NAJ v KAJ c chung cnh http://www.foxitsoftware.com N v K ti AJ l bng AJ nn khong cch t For evaluation only. nhau, dn n NK // AJ. Xt hnh thang KNAJ, c hai cnh bn AN x JK = C ; c hai ng cho AK x JN = I, theo b Hnh thang, CI ct NK ti trung im ca NK. Vy L l trung im ca NK (*). T (*) ta chng minh c SCIN = S CIK, m SAIN = S CKM => SCIM = SCIA => IA = IM (**) ( CIM v CIA c chung ng cao h t C ti AM). T (**) => S BIA = S BIM ( BIM v BIA c chung ng cao h t B ti AM). Tng ng vi S BPJ + SAPJI = S IJK + SBJKM hay SAPJI = SBJKM (do S BPJ = SIJK). Hon ton tng t, ta chng minh c tng cp trong ba t gic APJI, BMKJ, CNIK c din tch bng nhau v do din tch ca ba t gic ny bng nhau. * Xt bi ton o ca bi ton dng hnh ch bng thc k trong TTT2(4) ni trn. Bi ton 2 : Cho trc mt on thng AB v trung im M ca n. Ch bng thc thng, hy dng qua im C nm ngoi AB, mt ng thng song song vi AB. Li gii : Phn tch : Gi s dng c ng thng (d) i qua C v song song vi AB (hnh 2).
Trn phn ko di ca tia BC, ly mt im S bt k. Gi giao im ca SA v (d) l D, AC ct BD ti O. Theo b Hnh thang, ng thng SO i qua im M, t ta c cch dng. Cch dng : Ly im S nh trn. Ln lt ni AC, SM, cc ng thng ny ct nhau ti O. Ni SA, BO, ct nhau ti D. ng thng (d) i qua C, D chnh l ng thng cn dng : (d) i qua C, (d) // AB. * Kt qu ca bi ton 2 cng c vn dng trong nhiu bi ton dng hnh ch bng thc thng. Bi ton 3 : Cho hnh bnh hnh ABCD vi O l tm. Ch dng thc thng, qua O, hy dng ng thng song song vi mt cnh bt k ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD. Li gii : Theo bi ton, O ln lt l trung im AC, BD (hnh 3).
p dng bi ton 2 cho on thng AC vi O l trung im ca AC v B l im nm ngoi AC, ta hon ton dng c ng thng Bx // AC.
Tng t, ta cng dng c ng thng Cy // BD. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software Gi E l giao im ca Bx, Cy, ta thy ngay OBEC l hnh bnh hnh. evaluation only. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For Do , nu gi I l giao im ca BC v OE th I l trung im ca BC, mt khc O l trung im ca BD nn OI l ng trung bnh ca DBCD, OI // CD. => OE l ng thng cn dng. Bi ton 4 : Trong mt phng cho trc ng trn (S) v tm O ca n ; mt im M v mt ng thng (d) bt k. Ch bng thc thng, hy dng mt ng thng i qua M song song vi (d). Li gii : p dng c bi ton 2 trong trng hp ny, ta cn xc nh c trn (d) hai im P, Q khc nhau v im N l trung im ca PQ. Ta thc hin nh sau :
Trn (d), ly mt im P ty (hnh 4). Qua P, k ct tuyn PAB ti (S). AO, BO ct (S) ln lt ti C, D. CD ct (d) ti Q. Theo tnh cht ca ng trn, ta chng minh c t gic ABCD l hnh bnh hnh c tm l im O. Theo bi ton 3, qua O ta dng c ng thng song song vi AB v d thy ng thng ny ct PQ ti N l trung im ca PQ. n y, ta c th => cch dng ng thng qua M song song vi (d) da vo bi ton 2. Bi tp t gii : Bi ton 5 : Cho trc ng trn (S) v tm O ca n, M l mt im bt k. Ch dng thc thng, hy dng qua M mt ng thng vung gc vi mt ng thng (d) cho trc. Bi ton 6 : Cho t gic ABCD, AD ct BC ti S, AC ct BD ti O. Chng minh rng nu SO i qua trung im M ca AB th SO cng i qua trung im N ca CD v t gic ABCD l hnh thang.
M RNG NH L V NG TRUNG BNH CA HNH THANG Trong chng trnh hnh hc 8, phn hnh thang, c mt nh l quan trng. nh l 1 : ng trung bnh ca hnh thang song song vi hai y v c di bng na tng hai y. Sau khi c nh l Talt, nh l 1 c m rng thnh mt nh l mi vi nhiu ng dng quan trng. Bi vit ny xin gii thiu vi bn c nh l mi v mt vi ng dng ca n. nh l 2 : Cho hnh thang ABCD. Cc im M, N thuc cc cnh bn AD, BC v tha mn iu kin MA/MD = NB/NC = m/n. Khi , ta c : a) MN song song vi AB, DC. b) MN = (nAB + mDC)/(m + n)
Chng minh : t E l giao im ca AN v DC (hnh 1) a) V AB // DC nn : AN/EN = BN/CN (1) Theo gi thit : BN/CN = AM/DM (2) T (1), (2) => : AN/EN = AM/DM => MN // DC, AB (nh l Talt o) b) Theo nh l Talt thun, ta c : MN = AM/AD . DE = AM/AD . (DC + CE) = AM/AD . (DC + CE/AB . AB) = AM/AD . (DC + CN/BN . AB) (3) T gi thit ta c : MA/MD = NB/NC = m/n , ta c : AM/AD = m/(m + n) v CN/BN = n/m (4) . T (3), (4) => : MN = m / (m + n) . (DC+ n/m.AB) => MN = (nAB + mCD)/(m + n) nh l 2 c chng minh. Di y l mt vi ng dng ca n. Bi ton 1 : Cho tam gic ABC, cc phn gic BE, CF. im M thuc on EF. H, K, L l hnh chiu ca M trn BC, CA, AB. Chng minh rng : MH = MK + ML.
Li gii : + Gi X, Y l hnh chiu ca E, F trn BC ; Z l hnh chiu ca F trn CA ; T l hnh chiu ca E trn AB (hnh 2). + V BE, CF l cc ng phn gic ca ABC nn ta c : EX = ET ; FY = FZ (1) t ME/MF = m/n . Theo nh l (2), ta c : MH = (nEX + mFY)/(m + n) (2) p dng nh l Talt cho cc tam gic EFZ v EFT, ta c : MK = m/(m + n).FZ ; ML = n/(m + n). ET (3)
T (1), (2), (3) => : MH = n/(m + n).ET + m/(m + n).EZ = ML + MK (pcm). Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software Bi ton 2 : Cho tam gic ABC nhn, phn gic BE, CF, ng cao BH, CK. O,only. th t http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation I theo l tm cc ng trn ngoi tip, ni tip. Chng minh rng : I, H, K thng hng khi v ch khi O, E, F thng hng.
gii BT2, ta khng ch cn BT1 m cn c thm b sau. B 1 : Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn. ng phn gic ca cc gc DAB , CBA v ng thng CD ng quy khi v ch khi DA + CB = DC. Vic chng minh b trn kh d dng, xin dnh cho bn c. Li gii (BT2) : Gi X, Y, Z l hnh chiu ca O trn BC, CA, AB (hnh 3). V O l tm ng trn ngoi tip ABC => ABC = AOY = 1/2 AOC . => BKC ng dng vi OYK ; tng t : CHB ng dng vi OZA ; OXB ng dng vi AKC => BK/BC = OY/OA ; CH/CB = OZ/OA ; OX/OB = AK/AC (1) T gic BCKH ni tip => AHK ng dng vi ABC => HK/BC = AK/AC , t (1) => HK/BC = OX/OB (2) V t gic BCHK ni tip nn theo B1, ta c : I, H, K thng hng tng ng BK + CH = HK Bi ton di y l d tuyn IMO nm 1998, do Ba Lan xut. Bi ton 3 : Cho t gic ni tip ABCD. Cc im E, F theo th t thay i trn cc cnh AB, CD sao cho AE/BE = CF/DF . im P thuc on EF sao cho PE/PF = AB/CD . Chng minh rng : S(PAD) / S(PBC) khng ph thuc vo E, F (S(.) ch din tch ca tam gic) Li gii : Gi P1, E1, F1 l hnh chiu ca P, E, F trn AD ; P, E, F l hnh chiu ca P, E, F trn BC (hnh 4).
Theo nh l 2, ta c :
T hai ng thc trn vi ch rng PE/PF = AB/CD , ta c :
MT K NNG C NHIU NG DNG Cc bn hy xut pht t mt bi ton nh : Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = x2 - 2x + 2. Tht l d dng vit c y = (x - 1)2 + 1 nn y 1 vi mi x v ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = 1. Do y t gi tr nh nht bng 1 khi x = 1. iu ct li cch vit trn l t biu thc x2 - 2x, ta bit phi thm 1 n v c (x - 1)2. Ti sao bit c iu ? Ti v ta nhn x2 l bnh phng s th nht, 2x l hai ln tch s th nht vi s th hai nn s th hai chnh l 1, vy phi thm bnh phng s th hai tc l thm 1 ! y l mt k nng m cc bn cn thnh tho gii quyt nhiu bi ton. By gi cc bn hy ln lt theo di cc th d : Th d 1 : Chng minh vi mi a, b ta c a2 - ab + b2 0. Phn tch : Nhn v tri nh mt a thc bc 2 i vi n a v s dng k nng trn ta c : a2 - ab + b2 = a2 - 2.a.b/2 + (b/2)2 + 3/4.b2 = (a - b/2)2 + 3/4.b2. T d dng => iu phi chng minh v thy ngay ng thc ch xy ra khi a = b = 0. Th d 2 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc F = x2 + y2 + xy - x - y. Phn tch : Nhiu bn vit : F = 1/2(2x2 + 2y2 + 2xy - 2x - 2y + 2) - 1 <.dd> = 1/2[ (x - 1)2 + (y - 1)2 + (x + y)2] - 1 . Do : F -1 vi mi x, y. Nhng ta thy bt ng thc ny khng th tr thnh ng thc nn con ng ny khng i n c kt qu. Thm ch c bn sau khi chng t ng thc F = -1 khng xy ra liu kt lun : F khng c gi tr nh nht ! Nu s dng k nng trnh by th hy nhn F nh a thc bc hai n x v vit : F = x2 - x(y - 1) + (y2 - y) = x2 + 2.x.[ (y - 1)/2 ] + [ (y - 1)/2 ]2 + 3/4.y2 - y/2 - 1/4 [ x + (y - 1)/2 ]2 + 3/4.(y2 - 2/3.y + 1/9) - 1/4 - 1/12 = [ x + (y - 1)/2 ]2 + 3/4(y - 1/3)2 - 1/3 . Do F - 1/3 vi mi x, y. Mt khc :
Vy F t gi tr nh nht bng - 1/3 khi x = y = 1/3 . (xem thm TTT2 s 2 - 4/2003) Th d 3 : Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t : F = x4 + y2 - 2x2y + x2 + x - 2y. Phn tch : Hy nhn F nh a thc n y, ta vit : F = y2 - 2y(x2 + 1) + x4 + x2 + x = y2 - 2y(x2 + 1) + (x2 + 1)2 - x2 + 2x - 1 = (y + x2 + 1)2 - (x 1)2 = (y + x2 + x)(y + x2 - x - 2) Th d 4 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s : Phn tch : Vn vi k nng nhn ra bnh phng ca mt biu thc ta vit : Th d 5 : Tm cc s nguyn x, y sao cho :
Phn tch : Ta thy : x2 + 4x + 5 = (x + 2)2 +1 > 0 vi mi x nn y xc nh vi mi x. T Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software ta cng c y > 0. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Do :
V x, y thuc Z nn y + x + 2 v y - x - 2 cng nhn gi tr nguyn. Lu tng v tch ca hai biu thc ny l dng nn ta c :
K nng lm xut hin bnh phng ca mt biu thc cn c s dng trong rt nhiu bi ton khc. Mong cc bn lu gii quyt cc bi ton cn ti k nng ny.
MT S DNG TON S DNG PHP PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T Sau khi xem xong tp ch Ton Tui th 2 s 5 (thng 7 nm 2003), ti rt tm c vi cc bi ton phn tch a thc thnh nhn t. Do ti mnh dn trao i vi bn c v vn vn dng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t vo gii mt s dng ton bc THCS. 1. Rt gn cc biu thc i s. Bi ton 1 : Rt gn :
vi ab 0. Li gii :
Bi ton 2 : Rt gn :
Li gii :
2. Chng minh bt ng thc Bi ton 3 : Cho ABC vi gc A gc B gc C.
Chng minh :
Li gii : H AH vung gc vi BC ; BI vung gc vi AC. Ta c AH = ha, BI = hb. D thy 2 tam gic vung AHC v BIC ng dng v chung gc C. => ha/hb = AH/BI = b/a . p dng iu tng t ta c :
V gc A gc B gc C tng ng vi a b c nn (**) ng, tc l (*) c chng minh. 3. Gii phng trnh v bt phng trnh Bi ton 4 : Gii phng trnh : 4x3 - 10x2 + 6x - 1 = 0 (1) Li gii : (1) 4x3 - 2x2 - 8x2 + 4x + 2x - 1 = 0 tng ng 2x2(2x - 1) - 4x(2x - 1) + (2x - 1) = 0 hay (2x - 1)(2x2 - 4x + 1) = 0
Bi ton 5 : Gii phng trnh : Li gii : Ta c :
Vy phng trnh (2) c nghim duy nht l x = 3. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 3 Bi ton 6 : Gii bt phng trnh : 7x - 12x2 - 8 < 0 (3) Li gii : (3) 7x3 - 14x2 + 2x2 - 8 < 0 tng ng vi 7x2(x - 2) + 2(x2 - 4) < 0 hay (x - 2)(7x2 + 2x + 4) < 0 tng ng vi (x - 2)[6x2 + 3 + (x + 1)2] < 0 hay x - 2 < 0 => x < 2. Vy bt phng trnh (3) c nghim l x < 2. 4. Mt s bi ton khc. Bi ton 7 : CMR nu :
vi a, b 0 ; a b ; a, b 1/2 th a + b + 3/2 = 1/a + 1/b. Li gii : (*) tng ng : a2b - 2a3b - 2b2 + 4ab2 = b2a - 2ab3 - 2a2 + 4a2b hay : 3ab2 - 3a2b - 2a3b + 2b3a - 2b2 + 2a2 = 0 3ab(b - a) + 2ab(b2 - a2) - 2(b2 - a2) = 0 (b - a)[3ab + 2ab(b + a) - 2(a + b)] = 0 V a b => b - a 0 nn h thc trn tng ng vi : 3ab + 2ab(b + a) - 2(a + b) = 0 Do a.b 0 => 3/2 + a + b - (a + b)/ab = 0 => : a + b + 3/2 = 1/a + 1/b . (pcm). Bi ton 8 : Chng minh : n2 + 11n + 39 khng chia ht cho 49 vi "n thuc N. Li gii : Xt M = n2 + 11n + 39 = n2 + 2n + 9n + 18 + 21 = (n + 2)(n + 9) + 21. C (n + 9) - (n + 2) = 7 => n + 9 v n + 2 cng chia ht cho 7 hoc khng cng chia ht cho 7. - Nu n + 9 v n + 2 cng chia ht cho 7 th (n + 9)(n + 2) chia ht cho 49 m 21 khng chia ht cho 49 nn M khng chia ht cho 49. - Nu n + 9 v n + 2 khng cng chia ht cho 7 th (n + 9)(n + 2) khng chia ht cho 7 m 21 chia ht cho 7 nn M khng chia ht cho 49. Vy n22 + 11n + 39 khng chia ht cho 49. Sau y l mt s bi tp cc bn th vn dng : 1. Tm nghim t nhin ca phng trnh : x6 - x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 = y2. 2. Cho ab 1. Chng minh : 1/(1 + a2) + 1/(1 + b2) 2/(1 + ab). 3. Chng minh rng vi mi s nguyn l n th (n86 - n4 + n2) chia ht cho 1152.
T MT BI TON THI HC SINH GII Trong mt thi hc sinh gii lp 8 nm hc 2000 - 2001 c bi ton sau : Bi ton : Cho a, b l hai s t nhin ln hn 1. Gi s a1945 + b1945 v a1954 + b1954 u chia ht cho 2001. Hi a2002 + b2002 c chia ht cho 2001 khng ? V bi ton ny, nhiu bn ch kt lun rng : a2002 + b2002 ch chia ht cho 2001 khi ab chia ht cho 2001 hoc a1996 + b1996 chia ht cho 2001. Kh hi lng vi kt lun trn (mt kt lun nh l... cha kt lun), ti tip tc suy ngh v pht hin ra mt kt qu kh bt ng, l a v b u phi chia ht cho 2001, vi hai li gii trnh by di y. Li gii 1 : Gi p l c s nguyn t bt k ca 2001, => p l v a1945 + b1945 ; a1954 + b1954 u phi chia ht cho p. Nu mt trong hai s a ; b chia ht cho p, d dng => s cn li cng chia ht cho p. Nu (a, p) = (b, p) = 1 (1)
p dng hng ng thc : Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software an + 9 + bn + 9 = (a9 + b9)(an + bn) - a9b9(an - 9 http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. + bn - 9), ta c : a1954 + b1954 = (a9 + b9)(a1945 + b1945) - a9b9(a1936 + b1936). V (a1945 + b1945) chia ht cho p ; (a1954 + b1954) chia ht cho p nn a9b9(a1936 + b1936) chia ht cho p => (a1936 + b1936) chia ht cho p (do (1)). V 1936 mod 9 = 1, tip tc qu trnh trn cho a1936 + b1936 ; ta chng minh c (a + b) chia ht p (2). D thy (a1954 - b1954) chia ht cho (a2 - b2), mt khc (a2 - b2) = (a - b)(a + b) chia ht cho p (do (2)) => (a1954 - b1954) chia ht cho p. Kt hp vi gi thit : a1954 + b1954 = (a1954 - b1954 + 2b1954) chia ht cho p => 2b1954 chia ht cho p => b chia ht cho p (do p nguyn t l), iu ny v l do b > 1, p > 1 v (b, p) = 1. Do trng hp ny khng xy ra. Vy : vi p l c nguyn t bt k ca 2001 th a chia ht cho p v b chia ht cho p. Mt khc, 2001 = 3.23.29 l tch ca 3 s nguyn t l nn a v b cng chia ht cho 3 ; 23 ; 29, dn n a v b cng chia ht cho 2001. Phn tch li gii 1 : C hai mt xch chnh i n li gii 1, l s dng hng ng thc nu trn v mt tnh cht chia ht : Tnh cht : Cho p l s nguyn t l. Nu (a + b) chia ht cho p v (a2n + b2n) chia ht cho p vi a, b thuc Z v n thuc N* th a chia ht cho p v b chia ht cho p (chng minh tnh cht ny hon ton tng t nh trng hp 2n = 1954). Theo hng khc, cc biu thc bi gi ta ngh n nh l nh Fc-ma, t ta c li gii 2 nh sau. Trc ht, ta pht biu v chng minh mt b . B : Cho cc s nguyn x, y v s nguyn t p. Nu p c dng 4k + 3 v (x2 + y2) chia ht cho p th x chia ht cho p v y chia ht cho p. Chng minh : Gi s x khng chia ht cho p, => y cng khng chia ht cho p. p dng nh l Fc-ma nh ta c : (xp - 1 - 1) chia ht cho p ; (yp - 1 - 1) chia ht cho p => xp - 1 - 1 + yp - 1 - 1 = (xp - 1 + yp - 1 - 2) chia ht cho p. Mt khc : xp - 1 + yp - 1 =(x2)2k + 1 + (y2)2k + 1 = = M(x2 + y2) chia ht cho p (do gi thit : (x2 + y2) chia ht cho p). => 2 chia ht cho p, v l v p nguyn t l. Vy x chia ht cho p, => y chia ht cho p, b c chng minh. Li gii 2 : t x = a977 ; y = b977 => x2 + y2 = (a1954 + b1954) chia ht cho p. p dng b cho x ; y v p = {3 ; 23} ta c a977 v b977 cng chia ht cho 3 v 23, => a v b cng chia ht 3 v 23. 1945 + b1945) chia ht cho 2001 v (a1954 + b1954) chia ht cho 2001 nn (a1945 + b1945) chia ht cho 29 v (a1954 + b1954) chia ht cho 29, p dng hng ng thc trong li gii 1, ta chng minh c : (a1963 + b1963) chia ht cho 29 ; ; (a2044 + b2044) chia ht cho 29 (3). Gi s a khng chia ht cho 29, => b cng khng chia ht cho 29. Theo nh l Fc-ma nh, (a28 - 1) chia ht cho 29 v (b28 - 1) chia ht cho 29. Mt khc a2044 - 1 = ((a28)73 - 1) chia ht cho (a28 - 1) => (a2044 - 1) chia ht cho 29, tng t th (b2044 - 1) chia ht cho 29 => (a2044 + b2044 - 2) chia
ht cho 29 => 2 chia ht cho 29 (do (3)), v l. Vy a chia ht cho 29 => b chia ht cho 29 => Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software pcm. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.
T MT BT NG THC N GIN Ti xin trao i cng cc bn mt bt ng thc n gin nhng c th s dng xut v chng minh nhiu bi ton th v. Bi ton 1 : Vi a, b dng, ta c : a3 + b3 ab(a + b) (*) Li gii : Tht vy, (*) tng ng vi : (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2) - ab(a + b) 0 tng ng vi (a + b)(a2 - 2ab + b2) 0 hay l (a + b)(a - b)2 0, ng vi mi a, b dng. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b. * Ta c : (*) tng ng vi a3/b + b2 a(a +ab) hay l : a3/b + b2 a2 + ab Tng t, vi a, b, c dng th : b3/c + c2 b2 +cb ; c3/a + a2 cb2 +ca T , ta chng minh c bi ton : Bi ton 2 : Vi ba s a, b,c dng, chng minh rng : a3/b+ b3/c + c2 + c3/a ab + bc + ca. * T (*), tip tc => : (a3 + b3)/ab a + b; (b3 + c3)/bc b + c; (c3 +a3)/ca c + a; vi a, b, c l ba s dng. S dng kt qu ny, ta chng minh c bi ton trong thi vo 10 chuyn L Hng Phong 2000-2001 : Bi ton 3 : Vi a, b,c dng, chng minh rng : (a3 + b3)/(2ab) + (b3 + c3)/(2bc) + (c3 +a3)/(2ca) a + b + c. * Li c : (*) tng ng vi 4(a3 + b3) a3 + b3 + 3ab(a+b) hay : 4(a3 + b3) (a + b)3 Ta xut c bi ton : Bi ton 4 : Vi a, b, c dng, chng minh rng : 8(a3 + b3 + c3) (a + b)3 + (b + c)3 + (c + a)3 * Nhn xt : Nu b sung gi thit abc = 1, th (*) tng ng vi : a3 + b3 + abc ab(a + b) + abc hay l : a3 + b3 + 1 ab(a + b + c) hay : 1/(a3 + b3 + 1) 1/(ab(a + b + c)) Tng t, ta c : 1/(b3 + c3 + 1) 1/(bc(a + b + c)) ; 1/(c3 + a3 + 1) 1/(ca(a + b + c)) . => : 1/(a3 + b3 + 1) + 1/(b3 + c3 + 1) + 1/(c3 + a3 + 1) 1/(ab(a + b + c)) + 1/(bc(a + b + c)) + 1/(ca(a + b + c)) = 1/(a + b + c).(a + b + c)/abc = 1 . Ta xut c bi ton : Bi ton 5 : Cho a, b, c dng, abc = 1. Chng minh rng : 1/(a3 + b3 + 1) + 1/(b3 + c3 + 1) + 1/(c3 + a3 + 1) 1 . * p dng bi ton 5, ta s chng minh : Bi ton 6 : ( d tuyn k thi ton Quc t ln th 37, nm 1996). Cho a, b, c dng, abc = 1. Chng minh :
ab/(a5 + b5 + ab) + bc/(b5 + c5 + bc) + ca/(c5 + a5 + ca) 1 . Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software Li gii : Ta s chng minh http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 5 5 5 5 5 ab/(a + b + ab) + bc/(b + c + bc) + ca/(c + a5 + ca) 1/(a3 + b3 + 1) + 1/(b3 + c3 + 1) + 1/(c3 + a3 + 1) bng cch chng minh : ab/(a5 + b5 + ab) 1/(a3 + b3 + 1) (1) ; bc/(b5 +c5 + bc) 1/(b3 + c3 + 1) (2) ; ca/(c5 + a5 +c a) 1/(c3 + a3 + 1) (3) ; Tht vy : (1) tng ng vi : a5 + b5 + ab ab(a3 + b3 +1) hay l : a5 + b5 ab(a3 + b3) tng ng a5 + b5 a4b + ab4 (a5 - a4b) + (b5 - ab4) 0 (a - b)(a4 - b4) 0 (a - b)2(a + b)(a2 + b2) 0, ng. Tng t, (2) v (3) cng ng, bi ton c chng minh. * ngh cc bn p dng bt ng thc (*) tip tc chng minh cc bi ton : 1. Cho a, b, c khng m, chng minh :
2. Cho a, b, c dng, chng minh :
RT GN BIU THC Nghe thy tn loi ton ny, nhiu bn ngi v khng thch lm. Tuy nhin, loi ton ny li rt hay gp trong cc k thi tt nghip v thi vo lp 10. gii quyt tt loi ton ny, cc bn cn nm vng : * Cc php ton ca a thc v phn thc i s. * Cc hng ng thc ng nh. * Cc phng php a biu thc v dng tch. * iu kin cc biu thc c ngha. Thng thng bi ton rt gn biu thc cn c i km theo cc yu cu khc : * Chng minh bt ng thc. * Gii phng trnh hoc bt phng trnh. * So snh hai biu thc. * Tm iu kin biu thc nhn gi tr nguyn. * Tnh gi tr ca biu thc khi cho gi tr c th ca cc ch trong biu thc. * Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc. Th d 1 : Cho : 1) Rt gn P . 2) Chng minh : Nu 0 < x < 1 th P > 0. 3) Tm gi tr ln nht ca P. Li gii :
1) iu kin P c ngha : x 0 v x khc 1. Khi ta c:
. 2) Nu 0 < x < 1 th : 3) ng thc xy ra Do : P ln nht l 1/4 khi x = 1/4 Th d 2 : Cho biu thc :
1) Rt gn Q. 2) Tnh gi tr ca Q khi |x| = 2. 3) Tm x nguyn Q l s nguyn. Li gii : 1) iu kin Q c ngha l : Khi ta c :
2) Nu |x| = 2 th x2 = 4. Do Q = 4. 3) V Q = x2/(x2 - 3) = 1 + 3/(x2 - 3) nn Q l s nguyn khi v ch khi x2 - 3 l s nguyn. Ta c x l s nguyn th x2 - 3 l s nguyn, => x2 - 3 l c ca 3. T x2 - 3 = 3; -3 hoc x2 3 = 1; -1 ; Vy cc s nguyn cn tm l : x = 2; - 2 Th d 3 : Cho biu thc :
1) Rt gn A. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 2) So snh A v Li gii : 1) iu kin A c ngha l : x v y ln hn bng 0, x khc y. Khi ta c :
2) V x khc y v x, y ln hn bng 0 nn :
Cui cng, cc bn c th t gii cc bi tp sau y. Bi 1 : Cho biu thc :
1) Tm x sao cho P > 2. 2) So snh P vi 1,5. Bi 2 : Rt gn biu thc.
T tm s nguyn x sao cho T nhn gi trhttp://www.foxitsoftware.com nguyn. Bi 3 : Chng minh rng : Nu a + b + c = 0 v abc khc 0 th :
Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software For evaluation only.
Bi 4 : Cho :
T MT PHP BIN I TRUNG GIAN TRONG PHP CHNG MINH BT NG THC TR - B - SP Sau khi c xong bi bo Lm quen vi bt ng thc Tr-b-sp ca tc gi L V Vit Khang (TTT2 s 4), da vo kt qu trung gian : nu a1 a2 v b1 b2 th a1b1 + a2b2 a1b2 + a2b1, em chng minh c kt qu sau. Cho hai b s dng a1 a2 a3 v b1 b2 b3. Khi : Nu ta t A = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3 ; B = a1b1 + a2b3 + a3b2 C = a1b2 + a2b1 + a3b3 ; D = a1b2 + a2b3 + a3b1 E = a1b3 + a2b1 + a3b2 ; F = a1b3 + a2b2 + a3b1 Th A B ; A C ; B D ; B E ; C D ; C E ; D F ; E F. Tht vy, do a2 a3 v b2 b3 => a2b2 + a3b3 a2b3 + a3b2 => A B. Cc kt qu khc chng minh hon ton tng t. Nh vy, trong cc tng trn th A c gi tr ln nht v F c gi tr nh nht. Da vo kt qu ny, ta chng minh c kh nhiu bt ng thc khc. Bi ton 1 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng : 3abc a3b/c + b3c/a + c3a/b + a3c/b + b3a/c + c3b/a Li gii : Do vai tr ca a, b, c nh nhau, khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s b a c. => a2b2 b2c2 c2a2 v b/ac a/bc c/ab p dng kt qu trn cho hai b s ny, ta c : a2b2. c/ab + b2c2. a/bc + c2a2.b/ac a2b2.b/ac + b2c2. a/bc + c2a2. c/ab Hay 3abc a3c/b + b3a/c + c3b/a (1) Tng t 3abc a3b/c + b3c/a + c3a/b + a3c/b (2) Cng tng v (1) v (2) ta c pcm. Bi ton 2 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. t P = a + b + c ; R = a3/(bc) + b3/(ca) + c3/(ab) ; Q = (a2 + b2)/(2c) = (b2 + c2)/(2a) + (c2 + a2)/(2b) . Chng minh rng : P Q R. Hng dn : Gi s a b c. p dng kt qu trn cho hai b s : a2 b2 c2 ; v 1/c 1/b 1/a , ta c:
a2.(1/a) + b2.(1/b) + c2.(1/c) a2.(1/b) + b2.(1/c) + c2.(1/a) (1) Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software a2.(1/a) + b2.(1/b) + c2.(1/c) a2.(1/c) + b2.(1/a) + c2.(1/b) (2) http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Cng tng v (1) v (2), => : 2(a + b + c) (a2 + b2)/c + (b2 + c2)/a + (c2 + a2)/b ; => P Q (3) Li p dng kt qu trn cho hai b s : a3 b3 c3 v a/(abc) b/(abc) c/(abc) => R Q (4) T (3), (4) => P Q R (pcm). Bi ton 3 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng: (a8 + b8 + c8)/(a3b3c3) 1/a + 1/b + 1/c Hng dn : p dng kt qu ban u cho : a5 b5 c5 v 1/(b3c3) 1/(a3c3) 1/(a3b3) a2 b2 c2 v 1/c3 1/b3 1/a3. Rt mong cc bn hy khm ph tip !
"TCH" HNG T NH TH NO PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T ? Trong sch gio khoa Ton 8 tp 1 (NXB Gio Dc - 2004) gii thiu ba phng php thng dng phn tch a thc thnh nhn t. l : phng php t nhn t chung ; phng php dng hng ng thc v phng php nhm hng t. Tuy nhin, trong phn bi tp li c nhng bi khng th p dng ngay ba phng php trn gii, chng hn bi 53 trang 24 v bi 57 trang 25. Sch gio khoa c gi cch tch mt hng t thnh hai hng t ri p dng cc phng php trn phn tch tip. Bi bo ny xin ni r thm v vic tch hng t thng qua mt bi ton c th : Phn tch a thc x2 - 3x + 2 thnh nhn t (bi 53a trang 24, SGK Ton 8 tp 1). gii bi tp ny, ta c th tch hng t nh sau : a) Tch mt hng t : Cch 1 : x2 - 3x + 2 = x2 - x - 2x + 2 = x(x - 1) - 2(x - 1) = (x - 1)(x - 2). Cch 2 : x2 - 3x + 2 = x2 - 3x + 9/4 - 1/4 = (x - 3/2)2 - (1/2)2 = (x - 3/2 + 1/2)(x - 3/2 - 1/2) = (x - 1)(x - 2). Cch 3 : x2 - 3x + 2 = x2 - 3x + 3 - 1 = (x2 - 1) - (3x - 3) = (x + 1)(x - 1) - 3(x - 1) = (x - 1)(x + 1 - 3) = (x - 1)(x - 2). Cch 4 : x2 - 3x + 2 = x2 - 3x + 6 - 4 = (x2 - 4) - (3x - 6) = (x - 2)(x + 2) - 3(x - 2) = (x - 2)(x + 2 - 3) = (x - 1)(x - 2). Cch 5 : x2 - 3x + 2 = 3x2 - 2x2 - 3x + 2 = (3x2 - 3x) - (2x2 - 2) = 3x(x - 1) - 2(x2 -1) = 3x(x - 1) - 2(x + 1)(x - 1) = (x - 1)(3x - 2x - 2) = (x - 1)(x - 2). b) Tch hai hng t : Cch 6 : x2 - 3x + 2 = x2 - 2x - x + 1 + 1 = (x2 - 2x + 1) - (x - 1) = (x - 1)2 - (x - 1) = (x - 1)(x - 1 - 1) = (x - 1)(x - 2). Cch 7 : x2 - 3x + 2 = x2 - 4x + x + 4 - 2 = (x2 - 4x + 4) + (x - 2) = (x - 2)2 + (x - 2) = (x - 2)(x - 2 + 1) = (x - 1)(x - 2).
c) Tch ba hng t : Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software Cch 8 : http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 2 2 2 x - 3x + 2 = 3x - 2x - 6x + 3x + 8 - 6 = (3x2 - 6x) - (2x2 - 8) + (3x - 6) = 3x(x - 2) - 2(x2 - 4) + 3(x - 2) = 3x(x - 2) - 2(x - 2)(x + 2) + 3(x - 2) = (x - 2)(3x - 2x - 4 + 3) = (x - 1)(x - 2). Mt cch tng qut, phn tch a thc dng x2 + px + q, nu ta tm c hai s a v b sao cho a + b = p v a.b = q th ta c th tch px = (a + b)x = ax + bx c hng ng thc : x2 + px + q = x2 + (a + b)x + a.b = (x + a)(x + b). Trong v d trn, v (-1) + (-2) = -3 v (-1)(-2) = 2 nn : x2 -3x + 2 = x2 + [(-1) + (-2)]x + (-1)(-2) = (x - 1)(x - 2). Tng t nh trn, cc bn hy tm nhiu cch tch cho cc bi tp cn li trong sch gio khoa Ton 8 : Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t : 1) x2 + x - 6 ; 2) x2 + 5x + 6 ; 3) x2 - 4x + 3 ; 4) x2 + 5x + 4 ; 5) x2 - x - 6.
T MT IU HIN NHIN NG Cc bn c bit cc bt ng thc (BT) nh C-si ; Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki ; Tr-b-sp v nhiu BT tn tui khc u l h qu ca mt BT rt quen thuc, l BT no khng ? Phi chng chnh l BT (a - b)2 0 vi mi s thc a, b ? Chng ta hy theo di mt chui bin i t BT ny. Ta c : (a - b)2 0 <=> a2 + b2 2ab (*) <=> a2 + b2 + 2ab 4ab <=> (a + b)2 4ab
(*) <=> a2 + b2 + a2 + b2 2ab + a2 + b2 <=> 2(a2 + b2) (a + b)2
T (1) v (2), vi mi a, b ta c :
T (1), vi a 0 ; b 0 ta c BT C-si : Vi a > 0 ; b > 0 ta c :
T (4) v (5), vi a > 0 ; b > 0 ; c > 0 ta c :
p dng BT (6) ta c BT Nes-bt :
p dng BT (*), vi mi a, b, c, d ta c BT Bu-nhi-a-cp-ski : (ad)2 + (bc)2 2adbc &nbp; (**) <=> a2d2 + b2c2 + a2c2 + b2d2 2ac.bd + a2c2 + b2d2 <=> (a2+ b2)(c2 + d2) (ac + bd)2 Vi c > 0 ; d > 0 ta c :
p dng BT (9), ta c BT S-vc :
(trong a1, a2, ... , an l cc s dng) Nh vy c th khng nh rng rt nhiu BT quan trng, c ng dng rt ln u khi ngun t BT hin nhin ng (a - b)2 0. p dng BT ny, cc bn hy th chng minh cc kt qu sau : 1) 3(ab + bc +ca) (a + b + c)2 3(a2 + b2 + c2) 2) (a + b)3 4(a3 + b3)
3) vi mi a > 0 ; b > 0. Cn rt nhiu cc BT khc l h qu ca BT (a - b)2 0 ang ch cc bn khm ph.
KHNG COI NH KIN THC C BN gii ton ni chung, ng nhin bn cn phi bit vn dng linh hot, tng hp cc kin thc ca mnh, trong cc kin thc phc tp c hnh thnh t chnh cc kin thc n gin nht, cc kin thc c bn. Trong nhiu trng hp, gii mt bi ton kh i khi ch cn hoc cn phi s dng n nhng kin thc c bn. H thng v d di y s chng minh cho cc bn thy tm quan trng ca bt ng thc a2 0 vi mi a (*). V d 1 : 1) Chng minh rng x2 - x + 1 > 0 vi mi x. 2) Tm gi tr nh nht ca y = x2 - 2x + 5. Li gii : 1) Ta c
vi mi x, do 3/4 > 0 v theo (*). 2 2 2) Ta c y = x - 2x + 5 = (x - 1) + 4 4 do (x - 1)2 0 vi mi x. ng thc xy ra <=> (x 1)2 = 0 <=> x = 1. Vy y t gi tr nh nht l 4 khi x = 1. V d 2 : Gii h phng trnh
Li gii : Cng theo tng v cc phng trnh trong h trn ta c : x2 + y2 + z2 = y - 1 + z - 1 +x-1 <=> (x2 - x + 1) + (y2 - y + 1) + (z2 - z + 1) = 0 V x2 - x + 1 > 0 ; y2 - y + 1 > 0 ; z2 - z + 1 > 0 vi mi x, y, z (theo v d 1.1) nn phng trnh ny v nghim. Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim. V d 3 ( thi TS vo lp 10 chuyn Phan Bi Chu, H Tnh) : Gii h phng trnh
Li gii : Ta c (1) <=> x2 - xy + y2 - yz + z2 - zx = 0 <=> 2x2 - 2xy + 2y2 - 2yz + 2z2 - 2zx = 0 <=> (x2 - 2xy + y2) + (y2 - 2yz + z2) + + (z2 - 2zx + x2) = 0 <=> (x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2 = 0 (3)
V (x - y)2 0 ; (y - z)2 0 ; (z - x)2 0 vi mi x, y, z => (x - y)2 + (y - z)2 + (z - x)2 0 vi Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software mi x, y, z http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. => (3) <=> x - y = y - z = z - x = 0 <=> x = y = z, thay vo (2) ta c : 3.x2002 = 3.y2002 = 3.z2002 = 32003 => x2002 = y2002 = z2002 = 32002 Vy h phng trnh ban u c hai nghim x = y = z = 3 v x = y = z = - 3. V d 4 : Gii phng trnh
Li gii : iu kin x 2 (2). Ta c :
<=> x = 2, tha mn iu kin (2). Vy phng trnh (1) c nghim duy nht x = 2. V d 5 (( thi TS vo lp 10 HKHTN - HQG H Ni 2002) : Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic. Chng minh rng phng trnh sau v nghim : x2 + (a + b + c)x + ab + bc + ca = 0. Li gii : Phng trnh tng ng vi
vi mi x, a, b, c nn chng minh phng trnh trn v nghim, ta cn phi chng minh : 4(ab + bc + ca) - (a + b + c)2 > 0. Tht vy : 4(ab + bc + ca) - (a + b + c)2 = 2(ab + bc + ca) - a2 - b2 - c2 = 2c(a + b) - (a - b)2 - c2. V a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic nn : |a - b| < c => (a - b)2 < c2 => (a - b)2 + c2 < 2c2 ; c < a + b => 2c2 < 2c(a + b). Suy ra (a - b)2 + c2 < 2c(a + b) <=> 2c(a + b) - (a - b)2 - c2 > 0 <=> 4(ab + bc + ca) - (a + b + c)2 > 0. Vy phng trnh ban u v nghim. Qua bi vit ny, ti mun nhn nh ti cc em hc sinh rng : Hy ng coi nh nhng kin thc c bn trong sch gio khoa m thy c gio truyn t cho cc em.
TIP TC KHAI THC MT BI TON Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com bt ng thc : Trong TTT2 s 10, bn Linh Nguyn c nhng khai thc th v t For evaluation only. 3 3 a + b ab(a + b) vi a, b dng (*) Cng t bt ng thc (*), ti tip tc nhng hng khai thc khc v thu c mt vi kt qu sau. Hng th nht : Ta c (*) tng ng vi 3a3 2a3 + 2a,sup>2b + 2ab2 - a2b - ab2- b3 <=> 3a3 (2a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
T ta c bi ton : Bi ton 1 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng :
Hng th hai : Ta li c
Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai s khng m ta c :
Ta c bi ton tip theo : Bi ton 2 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng :
Hng th ba : Ta bin i
(p dng bt ng thc Nesbit cho 3 s dng a3, b3, c3). Ta c bi ton th ba : Bi ton 3 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng :
NHM NGHIM PHN TCH A THC THNH NHN T Nhiu bn khi ni n nhm nghim u bn khon l nhm nhng con s no ? Chng l c nhm vu v may ra th c ? Xin mch cc bn nguyn tc nhm (da trn kt qu c khng nh nhng khng trnh by trong chng trnh sch gio khoa). Nguyn tc c bn: 1) Cho a thc n x vi h s nguyn f(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + ... + an-1x + an c nghim hu t th p l c ca an v q l c ca a0. H qu : Nu a0 = 1 th mi nghim hu t ca f(x) u l nghim nguyn v nghim nguyn ny l c ca s hng t do an. 2) Nu a thc f(x) c nghim x = a th x - a l mt nhn t khi phn tch f(x) v dng tch. Chng ta theo di mt v d n gin sau : V d 1 : Phn tch a thc x2 - 9x + 14 thnh nhn t. Nhm nghim : Ta thy nghim nguyn nu c ca f(x) s l c ca 14. Nhm th s tm ra nghim x = 2 (c bn nhm ra x = 7 trc !). T ta c x - 2 phi l mt nhn t ca f(x) (nu nhm c x = 7 th nhn nh c mt nhn t l x - 7). Li gii : Khi bn nhm c nghim x = 2. Cch 1 : x2 - 9x + 14 = x2 - 2x - 7x + 14 = x(x - 2) - 7(x - 2) = (x - 2)(x - 7). Cch 2 : x2 - 9x + 14 = x2 - 4 - 9x + 18 = (x + 2)(x - 2) - 9(x - 2) = (x - 2)(x - 7). Khi bn nhm c nghim x = 7. Cch 1 : x2 - 9x + 14 = x2 - 49 - 9x + 63 = (x - 7)(x + 7) - 9(x - 7) = (x - 7)(x - 2). Cch 2 : x2 - 9x + 14 = x2 - 7x - 2x + 14 = x(x - 7) - 2(x - 7) = (x - 7)(x - 2). V d 2 : Phn tch thnh nhn t
f(n) = 5n3 + 15n2 + 10n. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software Tm li gii : Ta c f(n) = 5n3 + 15n2 + + 10nhttp://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. thc n2 = 5n(n2 + 3n + 2). Nhm nghim ca a + 3n + 2 ta c n = -1 (hoc n = -2). Li gii : f(n) = 5n3 + 15n2 + 10n = 5n(n2 + 3n + 2) = 5n(n2 + n + 2n + 2) = 5n[n(n + 1) + 2(n + 1)] = 5n(n + 1)(n + 2). Ch : T kt qu trn c th chng minh f(n) chia ht cho 30 vi mi s nguyn n. Th d di y cc bn lu v tc dng ca n ph. V d 3 : Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t P(x) = (x2 + 3x + 1)(x2 + 3x + 2) - 12. Tm li gii : t t = x2 + 3x + 1 th a thc tr thnh f(t) = t(t + 1) - 12 = t2 + t - 12. Nhm nghim trong cc c ca 12 ta c nghim t = 3 (hoc t = -4). Li gii : Ta c f(t) = t2 - 3t + 4t - 12 = t(t - 3) + 4(t - 3) = (t - 3)(t + 4). Do : P(x) = (x2 + 3x + 1 - 3)(x2 + 3x + 1 + 4) = (x2 + 3x - 2)(x2 + 3x + 5). Mi cc bn th lm cc bi tp sau : 1) Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t : a) (x2 + x)2 - 2(x2 + x) - 15 ; b) (x2+ 8x + 7)(x + 3)(x + 5) + 15 ; 2) Chng minh P = (x2 + 1)4 + 9(x2 + 1)3 + + 21(x2 + 1)2 - x2 - 31 0 vi mi x. 3) Chng minh Q = x(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3) + 1 l s chnh phng vi mi s nguyn x.
MT LN VO "BP" Trong qu trnh t hc ton, ti thng nghin cu rt k nhng bi ton n gin, c tm ra im mu cht ca chng ri xo nu chng thnh nhng bi ton trng c v l. Vic ny khng nhng gip ti khc su kin thc, rn luyn kh nng sng to m cn cho ti nhng bi ton th v ... bn b. Xin c gii thiu vi cc bn mt ln vo bp ca ti, bt u t mt bi ton rt n gin. Bi ton 1 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a + 2003)2 + (b + 2004)2 + (c + 2005)2. Li gii : Ta c (a + 2003)2 0 vi mi a ; (b + 2004)2 0 vi mi b ; (c + 2005)2 0 vi mi c. Suy ra T 0 vi mi a, b, c. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = -2003 ; b = -2004 ; c = 2005. Vy gi tr nh nht ca T l 0. D thy rng, bi ton trn vn ng khi ta thay cc s 2003, 2004, 2005 bi cc s thc bt k. T ta c bi ton sau : Bi ton 2 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a + m)2 + (b + n)2 + (c + p)2 vi m, n, p l cc hng s. Hai bi ton trn c cch gii n gin (s dng tnh cht A2 0). By gi, nu thm iu kin a + b + c l mt hng s th ta c th xut bi ton sau : Bi ton 3 : Xt cc s thc a, b, c c tng l q. Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a + m)2 + (b + n)2 + (c + p)2 vi m, n, p, q l cc hng s. Ti th kh nhiu cch v cui cng cng tm c li gii cho bi ton ny nh s dng bt ng thc ph sau : x2 + y2 + z2 (x + y + z)2/3 vi mi x, y, z (1). Chng minh (1) : Vi mi x, y, z ta c x2 + y2 2xy ; y2 + z2 2yz ; z2 + x2 2zx. Cng theo tng v 3 bt ng thc cng chiu trn ta c 2(x2 + y2 + z2) 2(xy + yz + zx) <=> 3(x2 + y2 + z2) (x + y + z)2 <=> x2 + y2 + z2 (x + y + z)2/3. ng thc xy ra <=> x = y = z. Li gii : Theo bt ng thc (1) ta c T = (a + m)2 + (b + n)2 + (c + p)2 (a + b + c + m + n + p)2/3 = (m + n + p + q)2/3. Suy ra T (m + n + p + q)2/3. Vy gi tr nh nht ca T l (m + n + p + q)2/3, khi
Li gii ca bi ton trn vn khng thay i nu ta thay iu kin a + b + c = q bi iu kin a + b + c q. Ta c bi ton kh hc ba sau : Bi ton 4 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a + m)2 + (b + n)2 + (c + p)2. Bit a + b + c q v m, n, p, q l cc hng s. Cng vn l bi ton trn nhng iu kin a + b + c q c n di mt iu kin khc l a, b, c dng v abc q3, bi ton s tr nn hc ba hn nhiu : Bi ton 5 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a + m)2 + (b + n)2 + (c + p)2. Bit a, b, c l cc s dng, abc q3 v m, n, p, q l cc hng s. Hng dn : p dng bt ng thc C-si cho 3 s dng a, b, c ta c Vic m rng bt ng thc (1) cng gip ti pht trin thm chui bi ton ny. Ta c hai bt ng thc sau :
Chng minh (2) : p dng bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-ski cho 2n s ta c
Chng minh (3) :
Vy theo nguyn l quy np, ta chng minh c (3). Cc bn th dng cc bt ng thc (1) ; (2) ; (3) gii cc bi ton sau nh. Bi ton 6 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a1 + b1)2 + (a2 + b2)2 + ... + (a2005 + b2005)2. Bit a1 + a2 + ... + a2005 = 2005 v b1, b2, ..., b2005 l cc hng s. Bi ton 7 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a1 + b1)2 + (a2 + b2)2 + ... + (a2006 + b2006)2. Bit a1, a2, ... , a2006 l cc s dng c tch khng nh hn 24012 v b1, b2, ..., b2006 l cc hng s. Bi ton 8 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a + m)2005 + (b + n)2005 + (c + p)2005. Bit a + b + c = 6015 v m, n, p l cc hng s. Bi ton 9 : Tm gi tr nh nht ca T = (a + m)2006 + (b + n)2006 + (c + p)2006. Bit a, b, c l cc s dng, abc 54135 v m, n, p l cc hng s.
C BIT HO C BI TON MI Trong qu trnh dy hc ton, vic tm li gii cc bi ton khng ch l mc ch m cn l c s xut cc bi ton mi. Nu ta bit khai thc bi ton va gii xong bng cch c bit ha th c th thu c nhng bi ton th v khc. Trong bi vit ny ti s trnh by mt vi bi ton c c t mt bi ton sau y. Bi ton 1 : T im P trn ng cho AC ca hnh bnh hnh ABCD, k ng thng d ln lt ct cc tia AB, AD ti M v N. Chng minh : AB/AM + AD/AN = AC/AP . Li gii : (hnh 1)
T B v D k BB // MN, DD // MN (B, D thuc AC). Ta c : AB/AM = AB'/AP ; AD/AN = AD'/AP . Do : AB/AM + AD/AN = (AB' + AD')/AP . V BOB = DOD (g.c.g) => BO = DO. Nn : AB + AD = 2AO = AC => AB/AM + AD/AN = AC/AP . * Trong bi ton 1 ta ch rng AO l trung tuyn ca ABD. Nu P l trng tm ca ABD th AP = 1/3.AC . T ta c bi ton sau : Bi ton 2 : ng thng d i qua trng tm G ca ABC ln lt ct cc cnh AB v AC ti M v N. Chng minh : AB/AM + AC/AN = 3 . Li gii : (hnh 2)
Tng t nh bi ton 1 : AB/AM = AC/AN = 2AO/AG = 2.3/2.AG/AG = 3 . * Trong bi ton 2 nu ng thng d ct tia CB ti P th : AC/CN + BC/CP = 3 v AB/BM - BC/BP = 3. T ta c bi ton sau : Bi ton 3 : ng thng d i qua trng tm G ca ABC ct cnh AB ti M, cnh AC ti N v tia CB ti P.
Chng minh : Li gii : (hnh 3) p dng bi ton 2 ta c : AB/AM = AC/AN = 3 ; AC/CN + BC/CP = 3 . (1) Ring v MN ct tia CB ti P nn tng t cch chng minh bi ton 2, ta c : BA/BM = BA'/BG ; BC/BP = BC'/BG => BA/BM = BC/BP = 3 . (2) (d thy BA - BC = 3BG). T (1) v (2) => : AB/AM + AC/AN + AC/CN + BC/CP + AB/BM - BC/BP = 9 => : AB.(AM + MB)/(AM.MB) + AC.(AN + NC)/(AN.NC) - BC.(CP - BP)/(BP.PC) = 9 => : AB2/(AM.BM) + AC2/(AN.CN) - BC2/(BP.CP) = 9 (pcm) * Nu ABC u, cnh a th AB = AC = BC = a, ta xut c bi ton : Bi ton 4 : ng thng d i qua tm O ca tam gic u ABC, cnh a, ct cnh AB ti M, cnh AC ti N v tia CB ti P. Chng minh : Cc bn hy gii bi ton 4 xem nh bi tp. Trn y l cc bi tp nh lng, c khai thc t bi ton 1 theo hng c bit ha. Bng phng php tng t mi bn c hy xut cc bi ton mi.
Bi ton 4 : Cho t gic ABCD. Cc im X, Y, Z, T theo th t thuc cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DA sao cho cc ng thng XT, YZ, BD ng quy. Chng minh rng : P(XYZT) < max {P(BCD) ; P(CDA) ; P(DAB) ; P(ABC)}. gii BT4, ta cn c hai b . B 2 : Cho tam gic ABC. Mt ng thng bt k, khng i qua A, B, C, theo th t ct cc ng thng BC, CA, AB ti X, Y, Z. Ta c : XB / XC . YC / YA . ZA / ZB = 1 B2 l mt phn ca nh l Mnlaut m php chng minh n c trong rt nhiu ti liu hnh hc s cp, xin khng gii thiu y. B 3 : Cho t gic ABCD v cc im X, Y, Z nm trn bin ca t gic. Chng minh rng : P(XYZ) max {P(BCD) ; P(CDA) ; P(DAB) ; P(ABC)} (bin ca t gic l hnh hp bi bn cnh ca n). B3 c chng minh kh d dng nh kt qu c trong bi ton 7 thuc bi vit Bt u t tng ca H Rng ca TS. Nguyn Minh H (Ton Tui th 2, s 6, 8/2003). Tr li vic chng minh BT4. Gi s XT, YZ, BD ng quy ti H. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s H thuc tia i ca tia BD (hnh 5a, hnh 5b). p dng B2 cho DABD v DCBD, ta c :
TD/TA . XA/XB . HB/HD = 1 v ZD/ZC . YC/YA . HB/HD = 1 => TD/TA . XA/XB = Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software ZD/ZC . YC . YA (1) http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Xy ra ba trng hp sau : Trng hp 1 (hnh 5a) :
Theo (1) ta c : XA/XB = YC/YA => TZ // AC ; ZY // AC. Trng hp 2 (hnh 5b) :
Theo (1) ta c : XA/XB < YC/YA => TZ, XY cng ct AC. t K = TZ giao vi AC ; K = XY giao vi AC. T cc bt ng thc TD/TA > ZD/ZC ; XA/XB < YC/YA d dng => K, K cng thuc tia i ca ca tia AC (2) p dng B2 cho DAC v BAC, ta c : ZC/ZD . TD/TA . KA/KB = 1 v YC/YA . XB/XA . K'A/K'B = => KA/KB = K'A/K'B (3) (theo (1)) T (2), (3) => : K trng vi K. Vy : TZ, XY, AC ng quy (ti K). Trng hp 3 : TD/TA < ZD/ZC Tng t nh trng hp 2, ta cng c TZ, ZY, AC ng quy. Tuy nhin, im ng quy li thuc tia i ca tia CA. Phn cn li ca php chng minh BT4 din ra hon ton tng t i vi cc trng hp 1, 2, 3. C th l : + Trng hp 2 v trng hp 3 hon ton ging nhau. + Trng hp 1 tng t nhng n gin hn cc trng hp 2, 3. V l do trn, cho n gin, ta ch tin hnh chng minh phn cn li ca BT4 trong trng hp 2 (hnh 5b). Trn cc cnh DC, CB ca t gic ABCD ta ly cc im M, N sao cho : AM // TZ ; AN // XY. Theo nh l Talt, ta c : MZ/MC = AK/AC = NY/NC => MN // ZY . Trn cc cnh CB, BA ca t gic ABCD ta ly cc im P, Q sao cho : DP // ZY ; DQ // TX. Theo nh l Talt, ta c : PY/PB = DH/DB = QX/QB => PQ // XY . Tm li ta c : AM // TZ ; DQ // TX ; MN // ZY // DP ; PQ // XY // AN. T => : XA/XQ = YN/YP = ZM/ZD = TA/TD = m/n (m, n > 0 ; m + n = 1) p dng nh l 2 cho cc hnh thang AQPN, PNMD v nh l Talt cho cc tam gic MDA, DAQ, ta c : XY = mQP + nAN , YZ = mPD + nNM , ZT = nMA v TX = mDQ . => P(XYZT) = mP(DPQ) + nP(AMN) (m + n) max {P(DPQ) ; P(AMN)} = max {P(DPQ) ;
P(AMN)} (4) Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software t {P(BCD) ; P(CDA) ; P(DAB) ; P(ABC)} = (*) http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Theo B3, ta c : P(DPQ) max (*) v P(AMN) max (*) . (5) Trong (5), du bng khng xy ra c hai bt ng thc (bn c t kim tra). Kt hp vi (4), ta c : P(XYZT) < max {P(BCD) ; P(CDA) ; P(DAB) ; P(ABC)} BT (4) thuc loi cc kh. y vy m, li gii ca n li ch da vo mt nh l tht n gin, nh l 2. Ti tng dy rt nhiu hc sinh gii, trong s c nhiu em sau ny i thi ton quc t t thnh tch cao. Nhng ti cha thy hc sinh no gii c BT4. Ti tht s cm n nu ai c th tm thy cho BT4 mt li gii m khng cn n nh l 2. Trn y l tm s ca TS. Nguyn Minh H, tc gi BT4 v li gii ca n. nh l 2 cn nhiu ng dng na. Tuy nhin, do khun kh c hn ca bi vit, xin dng li y. Nhng bi ton ti gii thiu di y c th xem nh nhng bi tp thc hnh k nng s dng nh l 2. Bi ton 5 : Cho t gic ABCD. Cc im M, N thuc cc cnh AB, CD sao cho : AM/BM = CN/DN . t E = AN giao vi DM ; F = BN giao vi CM. Chng minh rng : S(MENF) = S(AOE) + S(BCF). Bi ton 6 : Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). AE, BF l cc ng phn gic. Tia EF ct (O) ti I. Chng minh rng : 1/IA = 1/IB + 1/IC . Bi ton 7 : Cho tam gic ABC. im M chy trn cnh BC. (O1), (O2) l ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic ABM, ACM. Tm qu tch trung im I ca on O1O2. Bi ton 8 : Cho tam gic ABC, AD, BE, CF l cc ng phn gic. Cc im X, Y, Z theo th t thuc cc on EF, FD, DE. X, Y, Z l hnh chiu ca X, Y, Z ln cc ng thng AB, BC, CA. Chng minh rng : XX + YY + ZZ XY + YZ + ZX. Ton Tui th 2 xin cm n TS. Nguyn Minh H gip rt nhiu hon chnh bi vit ny.
CC BI TON V DIN TCH Qua kinh nghim ging dy, ti thy hc sinh thng lng tng khi gp bi ton tnh ton hoc so snh din tch cc hnh. C nhiu phng php la chn gii quyt dng ton ny. Ti xin nu mt vi tnh hung cc bn tham kho. 1. Tnh qua tam gic tng ng. tnh din tch ca mt tam gic ta c th dn n tnh din tch ca mt tam gic tng ng (c cng din tch). Th d 1 : Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c BC = a ; AB = b. K CK BD. Tnh din tch tam gic AKD (SAKD) theo a v b ?
Li gii : V ABCD l hnh ch nht nn 2SABD = a.b = 2SCBD => SABD = SCBD. Mt khc, ABD v CBD c chung cnh BD nn khong cch t A v C xung BD bng nhau. Suy ra AKD v CKD c chung cnh KD v cc ng cao h xung KD bng nhau. Vy SAKD = SCKD = 1/2 KD . KC
BCD vung ti C, ng cao CK suy ra :
CKD vung ti K => KD2 = CD2 - KC2
Thay (1) v (2) vo (*) ta c :
2. Tnh qua tam gic ng dng. p dng cng thc : S1/S2 = k2 (S1, S2 l din tch cc hnh, k l t s ng dng). Th d 2 : Cho ng trn tm O, ng knh AB = 2R. C chy trn (O), AC > BC, h CD AB. Tip tuyn ti A vi (O) ct BC ti E. Tip tuyn ti C vi (O) ct AE ti M. MO ct AC ti I, MB ct CD ti K. Cho MO = AB, hy tnh SMIK ? Li gii :
ti MA v MC l hai tip tuyn cng xut pht t M ca (O), ta chng minh c MO l trung trc ca AC hay AC MO v I l trung im ca AC. Mt khc, O l trung im ca AB nn IO l ng trung bnh ca ABC => OM l ng trung bnh ca ABE => M l trung im ca AE. Li c CD AB ; EA AB nn CD // EA, M l trung im ca EA, ta chng minh c K l trung im ca CD. V I v K ln lt l trung im ca CA v CD nn IK // AB, suy ra MIK ng dng vi MOB :
Trong tam gic vung OAM, AI MO nn
T (**) suy ra SMIK / SMIO = 9/16 mt khc ta c
Vy :
3. So snh phn b. Th d 3 : Cho ABC vung ti A. K ng cao AH. ng trn ng knh AH ct AB, AC ln lt ti M, N. CM ct BN ti I. So snh SBIC vi SAMIN ?
Li gii : Hin nhin AMHN l hnh ch nht. so snh SBIC vi SAMIN ta i so snh SBNC (= SBIC + SCIN) vi SMAC (= SAMIN + SCIN). M SMAC = SHAC (chung y, chiu cao bng nhau) nn ta cn so snh SBNC vi SHAC. Hai tam gic ny c chung CHN nn ta s so snh hai phn cn li l SBHN v SAHN. Hai tam gic ny c din tch bng nhau v c chung y HN v ng cao h t A ; B xung HN bng nhau. Vy SBIC = SAMIN.
XY DNG CHUI BI TON T BI TON QUEN THUC Trong qu trnh hc ton, vic tm ti, khai thc v m rng mt bi ton quen thuc l mt vic lm cn thit v hu ch. Bi vit ny trao i vi bn c mt cch m rng bi ton qua vic thay i iu kin ca bi ton. Xin c bt u t bi ton sau : Bi ton 1 : Cho tam gic ABC c A nhn. Dng v pha ngoi ca tam gic ABC cc hnh vung ABDE v ACMN. Chng minh rng BN = CE v BN CE. Li gii : Vi A nhn, ta v c hnh 1 (phn hnh mu). D thy ABN = AEC (c.g.c) => BN = CE v AEC = ABN.
Mt khc, gi F l giao im ca AB v CE ; G l giao im ca BN v CE ta c EFA = BFG (hai gc i nh) v EFA + FAE + AEF = BFG + BGF + FBG = 180o (tng ba gc trong mt tam gic). Suy ra FAE = BGF = 90o hay BN CE. Vy BN = CE v BN CE. Nhn xt : Bi ton 1 kh quen thuc nhng khi loay hoay vi vic k thm cc hnh ph nhm thay i iu kin ca bi ton, ti pht hin thm c nhiu kt qu th v. Trc ht, khi v thm v pha ngoi ca tam gic ABC hnh vung BCPQ ri v tip hnh bnh hnh CMKP, ta nhn thy : ABC = CKM theo trng hp c.g.c (CM = CA ; BC = CP = MK ; ACB = CMK - hai gc c cnh tng ng vung gc) => CK = AB = AE v BAC = MCK => BAC + EAB = MCK + ACM => ACK = CAE, hai gc ny v tr so le trong => AE // CK => t gic AECK l hnh bnh hnh => AK // CE v AK = CE. Hon ton tng t, v hnh bnh hnh BDIQ ta c AI // BN v AI = BN. T ta xut c mt bi ton mi. Bi ton 2 : Cho tam gic ABC c A nhn. Dng v pha ngoi ca tam gic ABC cc hnh vung ABDE, ACMN, BCPQ ; cc hnh bnh hnh CMKP v BDIQ. Chng minh rng AIK l tam gic vung cn. Bi ton 2 cn c th chng minh bng cch khc v ta cha dng li kt qu ny. Nu gi O l tm ca hnh vung BCPQ ta c th chng minh c O l trung im ca on thng IK (ch OIQ = OKC). Nh vy AO IK v Tip tc khai thc cc mi lin h ca on thng IK vi cc on thng khc ta thy KI // DM ; KI = DM ; DM // O1O2 ; DM = 2O1O2 => KI // O1O2 ; KI = 2O1O2 (O1, O2 ln lt l tm ca cc hnh vung ABDE, ACMN - hnh 2) => AO O1O2 v AO = O1O2 (*).
Thay i iu kin ca bi ton 2 (b i cc chi tit gi cho kt qu (*), ta c mt bi ton khng d. Bi ton 3 : Cho tam gic ABC c A nhn. Dng v pha ngoi ca tam gic ABC cc tam gic BOC, AO1B, AO2C vung cn ln lt ti O, O1, O2. Chng minh rng AO O1O2 v AO = O1O2. Khi xem xt, ti thy cc bi ton trn vn ng cho cc trng hp A vung hoc t, ngh cc bn t kim tra. T ta c th pht biu v chng minh bi ton sau. Bi ton 4 : Cho tam gic ABC. Dng v pha ngoi ca tam gic ABC cc tam gic vung cn BOC, AO1B, AO2C ln lt ti O, O1, O2. Chng minh rng cc ng thng AO, BO2, CO1 ng quy. n y ti nh li bi 5(13) v ngh rng n c lin h vi nhng kt qu trn. Ti tm cch chng minh li bi ny v thnh cng khi s dng kt qu bi ton 3. Bi 5(13) : Cho hnh thang ABCD c AB song song v bng mt na CD. im M nm ngoi hnh thang sao cho MH vung gc v bng mt phn t CD. Bn ngoi hnh thang, ta dng cc tam gic ADE v BCF vung cn ti E v F. Chng minh rng tam gic MEF vung cn ti M. Hng dn : Xt tam gic ADH, dng v pha ngoi ca tam gic ADH cc tam gic vung cn AIH v DPH ti I v P ; hnh ch nht DHMK (hnh 3). Theo bi ton 3 (vi A bt k) ta c EH = PI v EH PI.
Cc bn hy ln lt chng minh : - P l trung im ca KM.
- IPK = EHM => KI = EM v KI EM. Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software - KM // IF v KM = IF => KIFM l hnh bnh hnh => KI // FM v KI =evaluation only. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For FM.
LM QUEN VI CHNG MINH BNG PHN CHNG TRONG HNH HC Phn chng l mt phng php chng minh gin tip rt hiu qu, khi ta phi chng minh mnh ph nh l sai. Trong qu trnh ging dy trng ph thng, ti nhn thy hc sinh cn cha thun thc khi p dng phng php ny chng minh cc bi ton hnh hc. Hi vng rng qua cc v d di y, cc bn s nm vng hn phng php chng minh c bit ny. V d 1 : Chng minh rng trong t gic ABCD, nu A = B; D > C th AD < BC. Li gii : Ta s chng minh AD BC l sai. Tht vy, gi giao im ca AD v BC l E ta c :
DAB = ABC (gi thit) suy ra EAB = EBA => EAB cn ti E => EA = EB. Gi s AD = BC => AD + EA = BC + EB => ED = EC => EDC cn ti E => tri vi gi thit. Gi s AD > BC => AD + EA > BC + EB => ED > EC => C > D, cng trI vi gi thit. Vy ch c th l AD < BC. Ghi ch : Ta hon ton c th chng minh trc tip kt qu ny. V d 2 : Cho hnh vung ABCD c cnh bng a ; M l trung im ca cnh AD ; im E nm trn BC tha mn iu kin 0 < CE < a/2. Qua M k ng thng song song vi AE, ct cnh CD ti F. Chng minh rng hnh thang AMFE khng th l hnh thang cn. Li gii : Gi s AMFE l hnh thang cn th AM = FE (*) v MAE = FEA, m MAE = BEA => FEA = BEA => EA l phn gic ca (gc ngoi ca EFC).
Mt khc CA l phn gic ca BCD (tnh cht ng Foxit PDF Creator vung), suy ra A l tm cho ca hnh Foxit Software Generated by http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. ng trn bng tip trong ECF ca EFC (ng trn ny tip xc vi CE v CF l lt ti B v D). Li c 0 < CE < a/2 => BE > a/2 EF = BE + DF > BE > a/2 => EF > AM, Mu thun vi (*). Vy AMFE khng th l hnh thang cn. V d 3 : Cho ng trn tm O c hai ng knh AB v CD vung gc vi nhau. Gi I v K ln lt l trung im ca OA, OB. Tia CK ct (O) ti F. Chng minh rng khng phi l gc vung. Li gii : Gi s CIF = 90 o suy ra : OIF + OIC = ICD + OIC = 90 o => OIF = ICD. Nh vy nu gi E l giao im ca tia CI vi (O) ; P v Q ln lt l giao im ca tia FI vi (O) v ng knh CD th s ED = s AP + sd FB
Mt khc v AB, CD l hai ng knh vung gc ca (O) nn s AD = sd DB ; OI = OK (bng na bn knh (O)) nn CD l trung trc ca on IK => CD l phn gic ca ECF => sd DE = s DF Suy ra : s AE = sd AD - s DE = s DB - s DF = s FB => s FB T (1) v (2) => s DE = s EP => CE l phn gic ca PCD, li c CI PQ nn CPQ cn ti C v IP = IQ. Ta d dng chng minh c AIP = OIQ (c.g.c). Suy ra => BAP c l iu v l. Vy khng phi l gc vung. V d sau y l bi ton thch u s 4 (TTT2 s 12) quen thuc vi cc bn, bi ton c rt nhiu cch chng minh. Nhn bi vit ny ti xin trnh by thm mt cch chng minh khc. V d 4 : Cho hnh vung ABCD. im M thuc min trong ca hnh vung, tha mn iu kin MAD = MDA = 15 o. Chng minh rng MBC l tam gic u. Li gii : Theo gi thit ta suy ra : BAM = CDM = 75 o (1) ; AMD = 150 o (2) ; MAD cn ti M => MA = MD => BMA = CMD (c.g.c) => MB = MC (4) => MBC cn ti M =>MBC = MCN (5)
Gi s MBC khng u, t (4) suy ra : MB > BC hoc MB < BC. Nu MB > BC => MB > AB => BMA < BAM => BMA < 75 o, t (1), (2), (3) ta c : AMD + BMA + CMD < 300 o => BMC > 60o, t (5) => MBC < BMC => MB < MC , mu thun vi gi thit ban u. Tng t nh trn, t MB < BC ta li chng minh c MB > BC, l iu v l. Vy ch c th l BC = MB = MC hay MBC l tam gic u. Bi tp vn dng. Bi 1 : Cho tam gic ABC. Chng minh ma > a/2 th A nhn, trong a v ma ln lt l di ca cnh BC v ng trung tuyn k t A). Bi 2 : Cho ng trn (O) v I, K ln lt l trung im ca cc dy cung AB, CD. Bit rng AB > CD v tia AB ct tia CD ti P, chng minh rng PI > PK.
HC CCH DNG HNH PH QUA VIC CHNG MINH MT NH L Cc bn bit khng ? nh l Trong tam gic, ng phn gic ca mt gc chia cnh i din thnh hai on thng t l vi hai cnh k hai on y ca lp 8 c rt nhiu cch chng minh y. Xin c gii thiu mt s cch chng minh nh l trn, hi vng rng qua cc bn cng nh ti, s tch ly c nhiu kinh nghim dng hnh ph gii ton hnh hc. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta xt tam gic ABC c phn gic AD (D thuc BC), ABC ACB. Ta cn chng minh AB/AC = DB/DC (*). Cch 1 : Dng BE (E thuc AD) sao cho ABE = ACD (hnh 1).
Ta c ABE ng dng vi ACD (g-g) suy ra AB/AC = EB/DC (1) ; AEB = ADC => BED = BDE => BDE cn ti B => BD = BE (2). T (1) v (2) suy ra (*).
Cch 2 : Dng BE AD, CF AD (E, F thuc AD, hnh 2). Ta Creator Foxit Software vi c ABE ng dng Generated by Foxit PDF ACF (g-g) ; BDE ng dng vi CDF (g-g) suy ra AB/AC = EB/FCevaluation only. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For = DB/DC (pcm).
Cch 3 : Dng AH BC, DM AB, DN AC (H, M, N ln lt thuc BC, AB, AC, hnh 3).
Ta c ADM = ADN (cch huyn-gc nhn) suy ra DM = DN. Do : S(ABD)/S(ACD) = DM.AB/(DN.AC) = AB/AC (1). Li c S(ABD)/S(ACD) = AH.DB/(AH.DC) = DB/DC (2). T (1) v (2) suy ra (*). Cch 4 : Qua B v ng thng song song vi AD, ct ng thng AC ti E (hnh 4).
Xt CBE, AD // BE, ta c DB/DC = AE/AC (1). Cng v AD // BE m AD li l phn gic ca BAC, d dng chng minh c AEB = ABE => ABE cn ti A => AB = AE (2). T (1) v (2) suy ra (*). Cch 5 : Qua D dng cc ng thng song song vi AB, AC, ln lt ct AC, AB ti E, F (hnh 5).
Ta c BFD ng dng vi DEC (g-g) suy ra DB/DC = BF/DE = DF/CE = (BF + DF)/(DE + CE). Mt khc, d thy AEDF l hnh thoi nn suy ra DB/DC = AB/AC (pcm). * Vi cc cch k hnh ph sau, cc bn hy th tip tc chng minh nh l trn bng nhng cch khc : Cch 6 (SGK Ton 8, tp 2, trang 66) : Qua B v ng thng song song vi AC, ct ng thng AD ti E (hnh 6).
Cch 7 : Qua D dng ng thng song song vi AB, qua A dng ng thng song song vi BC, hai ng thng ny ct nhau ti E. DE ct AC ti F (hnh 7).
Cch 8 : Trong ABC, dng hai ng cao CE v BF, chng ln lt ct AD ti K, H. ng thng qua C song song vi AD ct BF ti I (hnh 8).
Cch 9 : Dng qua B ng thng vung gc vi AB ; dng qua C ng thng vung gc Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software vi AC, hai ng thng ny ct nhau ti K. http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only.qua B AD ct BK, CK ln lt ti E, F. Dng ng thng song song vi AD, ct CK ti G (hnh 9).
Cch 10 : Qua B, C dng cc ng thng song song vi AD, ct ng thng qua D song song vi AC ln lt ti F, E. ng thng qua F song song vi AB ct AD ti M.
HC TON CN PHI BIT THC MC Lun t t cc cu hi v tm cch gii p trc mi vn khi hc ton l mt phm cht rt ng khch l. N khng nhng gip bn hiu k c vn m cn to cho bn phong cch hc tp ch ng v thi quen suy ngh su sc, y . Ti thc hin kinh nghim hc ton ny t khi cn ang ngi trn gh nh trng, hm nay xin c chia s cng vi cc bn thng qua mt v d. Khi hc bi ng trung bnh ca tam gic - p dng vo tam gic vung, SGK Hnh Hc 7 c (trang 51) c nu hai nh l sau y : nh l 1 : Trong tam gic vung, trung tuyn ng vi cnh huyn bng mt na cnh huyn. nh l 2 : Trong mt tam gic nu trung tuyn ng vi mt cnh bng na cnh y th tam gic l tam gic vung. * Vic chng minh hai nh l ny khng kh (da vo tnh cht ng trung bnh trong tam gic) nhng vn s ny sinh nu nh l 1 c pht biu bng cch khc : Trong mt tam gic, trung tuyn xut pht t nh gc vung bng na cnh i din vi nh . Cu hi ti t ra khi l : Trong mt tam gic, trung tuyn xut pht t nh gc nhn (hay nh gc t) so vi cnh i din vi nh s nh th no ? Khng kh khn lm c tr li cho cu hi ny. Trng hp 1 (trung tuyn xut pht t nh gc nhn) : Cho tam gic ABC c A = 90o M l trung im ca BC. Ta so snh AM vi BC/2;
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s B < 90o(hnh 1). Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca C trn AB th H phi thuc on thng AB (H khc A v H khc B). Suy ra : AHM = AHC + CHM > AHC = 90o => H l gc ln nht trong tam gic AHM => AM > HM. Mt khc, theo nh l 1 th HM = BC/2 nn : AM > BC/2. Trng hp 2 (trung tuyn xut pht t nh gc t) : Cho tam gic ABC c A > 90o, M l trung im ca BC. Ta so snh AM vi BC/2 : Dng hnh bnh hnh ABDC (hnh 2). D thy M l trung im ca AD v ACD < 90o, theo nh l 1 th AD/2 < CM. Suy ra AM = BC/2.
Nh vy ta c thm hai nh l sau y : nh l 1.1 : Trong mt tam gic, trung tuyn xut pht t nh gc nhn ln hn na cnh i din vi nh . nh l 1.2 : Trong mt tam gic, trung tuyn xut pht t nh gc t nh hn na cnh i din vi nh . Bng phng php phn chng ta d dng chng minh c hai nh l khc : nh l 2.1 : Trong mt tam gic nu trung tuyn ng vi mt cnh ln hn na cnh y th gc i din vi cnh ny nhn. nh l 2.2 : Trong mt tam gic nu trung tuyn ng vi mt cnh nh hn na cnh y th gc i din vi cnh ny t. * Ti rt vui sng em kt qu ny khoe vi ngi anh h. Anh y khen v t thm cho ti mt cu hi : Vi tam gic vung ABC vung ti A, trung tuyn AM. t BC = a, AM =
ma khi nh l 1 c vit di dng h thc l : ma = a/2 (*), vy c h thc tng qut tnh Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software di cc ng trung tuyn khi ABC l tam gic bt k khng ? http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. Phi i n khi hc nh l Py-ta-go lp 8 ti mi tr li c cu hi ny, chnh l nh l sau y (trong SGK mi, nh l Py-ta-go c gii thiu ngay t lp 7). nh l 3 : Mt tam gic c di ba cnh l a, b, c v di ba ng trung tuyn tng ng l ma, mb, mc th :
Chng minh (**) : Dng ng cao AH (hnh 3), khng mt tng qut, gi s H thuc tia MB. Theo nh l Py-ta-go ta c :
AB2 = AH2 + HB2 = AH2 + |MB - MH|2 = AH2 + MH2 + MB2 - 2.MB.MH = AM2 + BC2/4 - 2,MB.MH ; AC2 = AH2 + HC2 = AH2 + (MC + MH)2 = AH2 + MH2 + MC2 + 2.MC.MH = AM2 + BC2/4 + 2.MB.MH.
* Ti tip tc d on v chng minh c nh l 3 bao trm cc nh l 1 ; 1.1 ; 1.2. Ta c :
Vic d on v chng minh trn dn ti n cc kt qu (1), (2), chnh l cc m rng ca nh l Py-ta-go. o li ca nh l Py-ta-go v cc kt qu (1), (2) cng ng. Chng minh (1) : Tam gic ABC c A < 90o. Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s B < 90o (hnh 4).
Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca C trn AB th H phi thuc on thng AB (H khc A v H khc B). Suy ra : BC2 = BH2 + CH2 = (BA - AH)2 + AC2 - AH2 = AB2 + AC2 - 2.AB.AH < AB2 + AC2 => a2 < b2 + c2. Chng minh (2) : Tam gic ABC c B < 90o (hnh 5).
Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca C trn AB th A phi nm gia B v H. Suy ra : BC2 = Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software BH2 + CH2 = (BA + AH)2 + AC2 - AH2 http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 2 2 2 2 = AB + AC + 2.AB.AH > AB + AC => a2 > b2 + c2. Liu li c mt cng thc bao trm c nh l Py-ta-go v cc m rng ca n khng, cc bn th tm xem ? V nu cc bn quan tm th vn cn nhiu cu hi, thc mc ang ch c gii p. Cc bn thy y, vi cch hc ny chng ta cn pht hin ra nhng mi quan h khng kht gia cc khi nim, cc kin thc Ton hc ; ch ng pht hin v chng minh nhng kin thc mi m khng nht thit phi ch thy dy.
BN VI CC BN LP 8 V PHNG PHP Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software http://www.foxitsoftware.com For evaluation only. 3. Chng minh mt s h thc : Bi ton 5 : Cho tam gic ABC. T mt im M trn cnh BC v cc ng thng song song vi AB v AC, ln lt ct AC v AB ti Q v P. Chng minh rng : AP/AB + AQ/AC = 1 Li gii :
Ni AM, do AB // MQ nn ta c S(AMQ) = S(BMQ) suy ra S(AMQ) + S(CMQ) = S(BMQ) + S(CMQ) S(AMC) = S(BQC), m S(AMC) = S(APC) (do AC // MP) nn S(BQC) = S(APC). Vy
Bi ton 6 : Ly trong tam gic ABC mt im M ty . AM, BM, CM ln lt ct cc cnh BC, CA, AB ti A1, B1, C1. Chng minh rng :
Li gii :
a) Ta c
Tng t ta c :
Suy ra
b) Ta li c
Tng t ta c :
Suy ra
Bi ton 7 : Cho tam gic ABC. Gi ha, hb, hc ln lt l di cc ng cao thuc cc cch BC, CA, AB ; d l khong cch t giao im ca cc ng phn gic n ba cnh. Chng minh rng :
Hng dn : Gi I l giao im ca ba ng phn gic ca tam gic ABC, ln lt dng IE, IF, ID vung gc vi AB, AC, BC. Ta c ID = IE = IF = d, khi
Suy ra
4. Chng minh ng thng song song : Bi ton 8 : Cho tam gic ABC. D v E ln lt thuc cc cnh AB v AC . Chng minh rng DE // BC <=> AD/AB = AE/AC. Li gii :
Ta c DE // BC <=> S(BDE) = S(CDE) <=> S(BDE) + S(ADE) = S(CDE) + S(ADE) <=> S(ABE) = S(ACD) <=>S(ABE)/S(ABC) = S(ACD)/S(ABC) <=> AE/AC = AD/AB. (pcm). Li bnh : y chnh l nh l Ta-lt trong tam gic c hc lp 8, ta chng minh c d dng nh din tch tam gic. Bi ton 9 : Cho tam gic ABC, mt ng thng song song vi BC ct cc cnh AB, AC ln lt ti D v E. Qua D, E ln lt v cc ng thng song song vi AC , AB ct BE, DC ln lt ti M, N. Chng minh rng : MN // BC. Li gii :
Gi s BE ct CD ti O, do EN // AB nn : S(BEN) = S(DEN) suy ra S(BON) = S(DOE). Tng t, S(COM) = S(DOE) suy ra S(BON) = S(DOE) => S(BMN) = S(CMN) => MN // BC. Cc v d trn y phn no minh chng c cho sc mnh ca cng c din tch tam gic trong vic gii quyt mt s dng ton. Mt lot cc kin thc ch c hc, c chng minh cc lp trn d dng c chng minh bng cch vn dng kho lo cc kin thc n gin v din tch tam gic. Mong rng cc bn tip tc khm ph nhng ng dng khc ca phng php ny.

Cac Chuyen de Toan 8 B I Dư NG HSG

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Cac Chuyen de Toan 8 B I Dư NG HSG

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Hunh Minh Khai

Trng THCS Th Trn cu K, Tr Vinh

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software

Chng minh rng a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Li gii : Gi L l giao im ca CI v NK.

T hai ng thc trn vi ch rng PE/PF = AB/CD , ta c :

2. Chng minh bt ng thc Bi ton 3 : Cho ABC vi gc A gc B gc C.

Bi ton 5 : Gii phng trnh : Li gii : Ta c :

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software

2. Cho a, b, c dng, chng minh :

1) iu kin P c ngha : x 0 v x khc 1. Khi ta c:

1) Rt gn Q. 2) Tnh gi tr ca Q khi |x| = 2. 3) Tm x nguyn Q l s nguyn. Li gii : 1) iu kin Q c ngha l : Khi ta c :

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software

Cui cng, cc bn c th t gii cc bi tp sau y. Bi 1 : Cho biu thc :

1) Tm x sao cho P > 2. 2) So snh P vi 1,5. Bi 2 : Rt gn biu thc.

Generated by Foxit PDF Creator Foxit Software For evaluation only.

(*) <=> a2 + b2 + a2 + b2 2ab + a2 + b2 <=> 2(a2 + b2) (a + b)2

T (1), vi a 0 ; b 0 ta c BT C-si : Vi a > 0 ; b > 0 ta c :

T (4) v (5), vi a > 0 ; b > 0 ; c > 0 ta c :

p dng BT (6) ta c BT Nes-bt :

p dng BT (9), ta c BT S-vc :

3) vi mi a > 0 ; b > 0. Cn rt nhiu cc BT khc l h qu ca BT (a - b)2 0 ang ch cc bn khm ph.

Li gii : iu kin x 2 (2). Ta c :

T ta c bi ton : Bi ton 1 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng :

Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc C-si cho hai s khng m ta c :

Ta c bi ton tip theo : Bi ton 2 : Cho a, b, c l cc s dng. Chng minh rng :

Chng minh (2) : p dng bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-ski cho 2n s ta c

Chng minh (3) :

Theo (1) ta c : XA/XB = YC/YA => TZ // AC ; ZY // AC. Trng hp 2 (hnh 5b) :

BCD vung ti C, ng cao CK suy ra :

CKD vung ti K => KD2 = CD2 - KC2

Thay (1) v (2) vo (*) ta c :

Trong tam gic vung OAM, AI MO nn

T (**) suy ra SMIK / SMIO = 9/16 mt khc ta c

Cc bn hy ln lt chng minh : - P l trung im ca KM.

* Ti tip tc d on v chng minh c nh l 3 bao trm cc nh l 1 ; 1.1 ; 1.2. Ta c :

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