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HM S 1. TNH N IU CA HM S
Dng 1: Tnh n iu ca hm s I. Kin thc c bn 1. nh ngha Gi s hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn K: + Hm s y = f(x) c gi ng bin trn khong K nu: x1, x2 K , x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) + Hm s y = f(x) c gi l nghch bin trn khong K nu: x1, x2 K , x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) 2. Qui tc xt tnh n iu a. nh l Cho hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn K: + Nu f(x) > 0 vi mi x thuc K th hm s ng bin + Nu f(x) < 0 vi mi x thuc K th hm s nghch bin b. Qui tc B1: Tm tp xc nh ca hm s B2: Tnh o hm ca hm s. Tm cc im xi (i = 1, 2,,n) m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng xc nh. B3: Sp xp cc im xi theo th t tng dn v lp bng bin thin. B4: Nu kt lun v cc khong ng bin, nghch bin. II. Cc v d Loi 1: Xt s bin thin ca hm s V d 1. Xt s ng bin v nghc bin ca hm s: 1 1 2 a. y = x3 x 2x 2 b. y = -x 2 3x 4 e. y = x ( x 3), (x > 0) 3 2 x-1 c. y = x 4 2 x 2 3 d. y = x +1 V d 2. Xt s bin thin ca cc hm s sau: a. y = 3x 2 8 x3 b. y = x 4 8x 2 5 c. y = x 3 6 x 2 9 x
3- 2x x2 2x 3 e. y = f. y = 25-x 2 x+7 x 1 Loi 2: Chng minh hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong xc nh. Phng php + Da vo nh l. V d 3. d. y =
Chng minh hm s y V d 4
x 2 9 ng bin trn na khong [3; + ). a. Chng minh hm s y 4 b. Hm s y x nghc bin trn mi na khong [-2; 0) v (0;2] x V d 5. Chng minh rng 3 x a. Hm s y nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n. 2x 1 2 x 2 3x b. Hm s y ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n. 2x 1 2 x x 2 nghch bin trn on [1; 2]
c. Hm s y
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Dng 2. Tm gi tr ca tham s mt hm s cho trc ng bin, nghch bin trn khong xc nh cho trc Phng php: + S dng qui tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s. + S dng nh l du ca tam thc bc hai V d 6. 1 3 x ax 2 4 x 3 ng bin trn R. Tm gi tr ca tham s a hm s f ( x) 3 V d 7. x 2 5 x m2 6 Tm m hm s f ( x) ng bin trn khong (1; ) x 3 m V d 8. Vi gi tr no ca m, hm s: y x 2 ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n. x 1 V d 9 x3 Xc nh m hm s y (m 1) x 2 (m 3) x ng bin trn khong (0; 3) 3 V d 10 mx 4 Cho hm s y x m a. Tm m hm s tng trn tng khong xc nh b. Tm m hm s tng trn (2; ) c. Tm m hm s gim trn ( ;1) V d 11 Cho hm s y x3 3(2m 1) x2 (12m 5) x 2 . Tm m hm s: a. Lin tc trn R b. Tng trn khong (2; ) V d 12 (H KTQD 1997) Cho hm s y x3 ax 2 (2a2 7a 7) x 2(a 1)(2a 3) ng bin trn [2:+ ) Dng 3. S dng chiu bin thin chng minh BT Phng php S dng cc kin thc sau: + Du hiu hm s n iu trn mt on. + f ( x) ng bin trn [a; b] th f (a) f ( x) f () + f(x) nghch bin trn [a; b] th f (a) f ( x) f (b) V d 1. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau: 1 x2 1 a. tanx > sinx, 0< x < b. 1 + x 1 x 1 x, 0 < x < + 2 2 8 2 x2 x3 c. cosx > 1 ,x 0 d. sinx > x , x>0 2 6 V d 2. Chohm s f(x) = 2sinx + tanx 3x a. Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong 0; b. Chng minh rng 2sin x tan x 3x, x (0; ) 2 V d 3 Cho hm s f ( x) t anx - x 2
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! a.Chng minh hm s ng bin trn na khong 0; b. Chng minh tan x V d 3 Cho hm s f ( x)
4 x t anx, x [0; 4 ] ]
x , x (0; ) 3 2
CC TR CA HM S Dng 1. Tm cc tr ca hm s Phng php: Da vo 2 qui tc tm cc tr ca hm s y = f(x) Qui tc I. Qui tc II. B1: Tm tp xc nh. B1: Tm tp xc nh. B2: Tnh f(x). Tm cc im ti f(x) = 0 hoc f(x) B2: Tnh f(x). Gii phng trnh f(x) = 0 v k hiu khng xc nh. l xi l cc nghim ca n. B3. Lp bng bin thin. B3: Tnh f (xi) B4: T bng bin thin suy ra cc cc tr B4: Da vo du ca f (xi) suy ra cc tr ( f (xi) > 0 th hm s c cc tiu ti xi; ( f (xi) < 0 th hm s c cc i ti xi) * Ch : Qui tc 2 thng dng vi hm s lng gic hoc vic gii phng trnh f(x) = 0 phc tp. V d 1. Tm cc tr ca hm s y 2x3 3x2 36 x 10 Qui tc I. Qui tc II TX: R TX: R 2 y ' 6 x 6 x 36 y ' 6 x 2 6 x 36
y' 0
6 x 2 6 x 36 0 x x 2 3
-3 + 0 71 2 0 + + +
y' 0
6 x 2 6 x 36 0
x y' y
- 54
a. y = 10 + 15x + 6x 2 c. y = x 3 3x 2 24 x 7
x3
b. y = x 4 8 x3 432 d. y = x 4 - 5x 2 + 4
e. y = -5x 3 + 3x 2 - 4x + 5 f. y = - x 3 - 5x Bi 2. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau: x+1 x2 x 5 (x - 4) 2 a. y = 2 b. y = c. y = 2 x 8 x 1 x 2x 5 2 9 x 3x 3 x d. y = x - 3 + e. y = f. y = 2 x-2 x 1 x 4 Bi 3. Tm cc tr cc hm s x+1 5 - 3x a. y = x 4 - x 2 b. y = c. y = x2 1 1 - x2 x x3 d. y = e. y = f. y = x 3 - x 10 - x 2 x2 6 Bi 4. Tm cc tr cc hm s: a. y = x - sin2x + 2 b. y = 3 - 2cosx - cos2x c. y = sinx + cosx 1 d. y = sin2x e. y = cosx + cos2x f. y = 2sinx + cos2x vi x [0; ] 2 Dng 2. Xc lp hm s khi bit cc tr tm iu kin sao cho hm s y = f(x) t cc tr ti x = a B1: Tnh y = f(x) B2: Gii phng trnh f(a) = 0 tm c m B3: Th li gi tr a c tho mn iu kin nu khng ( v hm s t cc tr ti a th f(a) = 0 khng k C hay CT) V d 1. Tm m hm s y = x3 3mx2 + ( m - 1)x + 2 t cc tiu ti x = 2 LG y ' 3x 2 6mx m 1 . Hm s t cc tr ti x = 2 th y(2) = 0 3.(2)2 6m.2 m 1 0 m 1 x 0 Vi m = 1 ta c hm s: y = x3 3x2 + 2 c : y ' 3 x 2 6 x y ' 0 ti x = 2 hm s t gi tr cc x 2 tiu Vy m = 1 l gi tr cn tm Bi 1. Xc nh m hm s y mx3 3x 2 5x 2 t cc i ti x = 2 2 ) x 5 c cc tr ti x = 1. Khi hm s c C hay CT Bi 2. Tm m hm s y x 3 mx 2 (m 3 x 2 mx 1 Bi 3. Tm m hm s y t cc i ti x = 2 x m Bi 4. Tm m hm s y x 3 2mx 2 m2 x 2 t cc tiu ti x = 1 Bi 5. Tm cc h s a, b, c sao cho hm s: f ( x) x 3 ax2 bx c t cc tiu ti im x = 1, f(1) = -3 v th ct trc tung ti im c tung bng 2 q Bi 6. Tm cc s thc q, p sao cho hm s f ( x ) xp t cc i ti im x = -2 v f(-2) = -2 x 1 q , x -1 Hng dn: f '( x ) 1 ( x 1)2 + Nu q 0 th f'(x) > 0 vi x -1. Do hm s lun ng bin . Hm s khng c cc tr. + Nu q > 0 th: 4
x 1 q Lp bng bin thin xem hm t cc ti ti gi tr x no. Dng 3. Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr Bi ton: Tm m hm s c cc tr v cc tr tho mn mt tnh cht no . Phng php B1: Tm m hm s c cc tr. B2: Vn dng cc kin thc khc Ch : Hm s y ax3 bx 2 cx d (a 0) c cc tr khi v ch khi phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit. p( x ) Cc tr ca hm phn thc y . Gi s x0 l im cc tr ca y, th gi tr ca y(x0) c th c tnh Q( x ) P( x0 ) P '( x0 ) bng hai cch: hoc y( x0 ) hoc y(x0 ) Q( x0 ) Q '( x0 ) V d . Xc nh m cc hm s sau c cc i v cc tiu 1 x2 mx 2m 4 a. y = x 3 mx 2 (m 6) x 1 b. y = 3 x 2 Hng dn. a. TX: R y ' x 2 2mx m 6 .
y'
x2
4 x 4m 4 ( x 2)2 x 2 4 x 4m 4 0
Bi 1. Tm m hm s y Bi 2. Tm m hm s y
Bi 3. Cho hm s y 2 x3 cch u trc tung. m 3 x 2(m 1) x 2 4mx 1 . Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu. Bi 4. Hm s y 3 x 2 mx Bi 5. Cho hm y . Tm m hm s c cc tr 1 x x 2 mx 2m 4 Bi 6. Cho hm s y . Xc nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu. x 2 Dng 4. Tm tham s cc cc tr tho mn tnh cht cho trc. Phng php + Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! + Vn dng cc kin thc v tam thc, h thc Viet tho mn tnh cht. V d . Bi1. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau: a. y = 10 + 15x + 6x 2 x3
b. y = x 4 8 x3 432 d. y = x 4 - 5x 2 + 4
c. y = x 3 3x 2 24 x 7
e. y = -5x 3 + 3x 2 - 4x + 5 f. y = - x 3 - 5x Bi 2. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau: x+1 x2 x 5 (x - 4) 2 a. y = 2 b. y = c. y = 2 x 8 x 1 x 2x 5 2 9 x 3x 3 x d. y = x - 3 + e. y = f. y = 2 x-2 x 1 x 4 Bi 3. Tm cc tr cc hm s x+1 5 - 3x a. y = x 4 - x 2 b. y = c. y = x2 1 1 - x2 x x3 d. y = e. y = f. y = x 3 - x 10 - x 2 x2 6 Bi 4. Tm cc tr cc hm s: a. y = x - sin2x + 2 b. y = 3 - 2cosx - cos2x c. y = sinx + cosx 1 d. y = sin2x e. y = cosx + cos2x f. y = 2sinx + cos2x vi x [0; ] 2 Bi 5. Xc nh m hm s y mx3 3x 2 5x 2 t cc i ti x = 2 2 ) x 5 c cc tr ti x = 1. Khi hm s c C hay CT Bi 6. Tm m hm s y x 3 mx 2 (m 3 x 2 mx 1 Bi 7. Tm m hm s y t cc i ti x = 2 x m Bi 8. Tm m hm s y x 3 2mx 2 m2 x 2 t cc tiu ti x = 1 Bi 9. Tm cc h s a, b, c sao cho hm s: f ( x) x 3 ax2 bx c t cc tiu ti im x = 1, f(1) = -3 v th ct trc tung ti im c tung bng 2 q Bi 10. Tm cc s thc q, p sao cho hm s f ( x ) xp t cc i ti im x = -2 v f(-2) = -2 x 1
Bi 11. Tm m hm s y Bi 12. Tm m hm s y
Bi 13. Cho hm s y 2 x3 cch u trc tung. m 3 x 2(m 1) x 2 4mx 1 . Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu. Bi 14. Hm s y 3 x 2 mx Bi 15. Cho hm y . Tm m hm s c cc tr 1 x x 2 mx 2m 4 Bi 16. Cho hm s y . Xc nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu. x 2
GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT CA HM S DNG 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn a; b : +B1: Tnh o hm ca hm s y = f(x) + B2: Xt du o hm f(x), lp bng bin thin
x y' y GTN N a x0 + b x y' y a + GTLN x0 b
Trong ti x0 th f(x0) bng 0 hoc khng xc nh tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn [a; b]: B1: Tm cac gia tr xi a; b (i = 1, 2, ..., n) lam cho ao ham bang 0 hoac khong xac nh . B2: Tnh f (a), f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn ), f (b) B3: GTLN = max{ f (a), f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn ), f (b) } GTNN = Min{ f (a), f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn ), f (b) } V d 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s y Hng dn: D thy h m s lin tc trn (0;
2
1 0 +
y' 1 x 1 y' 0 x2 1 0 x 1. 2 2 y x x 1 (0; ) D thy x Vy Minf(x) = 2 khi x = 1 v hm s khng c gi tr ln nht. V d 2. x3 Tnh GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y 2 x 2 3x 4 trn on [-4; 0] 3 Hng dn Hm s lin tc trn [-4; 0], x 1 f '( x ) x 2 4 x 3 f '( x ) 0 x2 4x 3 0 x 3
y' 1
16 khi x = -4 hoc x = -1 x [-4;0] 3 Bi 1. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s (nu c): a. f(x) = x3 3x 2 9 x 1 trn [-4; 4] Min y
a. f(x) =
c. f(x) = x 1 - x 2
I. Kin thc cn nm Cho hm s y = f(x) c th l (C) y = y0 l tim cn ngang ca nu mt trong hai iu kin sau c tho mn: lim f ( x ) y0 , hoc lim f ( x ) y0
x x
x = x0 l tim cn ng ca (C) nu mt trong cc iu kin sau c tho mn: lim , lim , lim , lim
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0
ng thng y = ax + b ( a 0 ) c gi l tim cn xin nu mt trong hai iu kin sau tho mn: lim [f ( x ) (ax + b)] = 0 hoc lim [f (x ) (ax+b)]=0
x x
P( x ) Q( x )
Phng php Tim cn ng: Nghim ca mu khng phi l nghim ca t cho php xc nh tim cn ng. Tim cn ngang, xin: + Det(P(x)) < Det (Q(x)): Tim cn ngang y = 0 + Det(P(x)) = Det(Q(x)): Tim cn ngang l t s hai h s bc cao nht ca t v mu. + Det (P(x)) = Det(Q(x)) + 1: Khng c tim cn ngang; Tim cn xin c xc nh bng cch phn tch hm s thnh dng: f(x) = ax + b + ( x ) vi lim ( x ) 0 th y = ax + b l tim cn xin.
x
V d 1. Tm cc tim cn ca cc hm s: 2x- 1 x2 x 7 x+2 a. y = b. y = c. y = 2 x+2 x 3 x 1 Hng dn 2x 1 2x 1 ; lim a. Ta thy lim nn ng thng x= 2 l tim cn ng. x 2 x x 2 x 2 2 1 2 2x 1 x 2 nn y = 2 l tim cn ngang ca th hm s. lim V lim x x 2 x 2 1 x b. x2 x 7 + lim . Nn x = 3 l tim cn ng ca th hm s. x 3 x 3 1 1 0 Vy y = x+ 2 l tim cn xin ca th hm s. + y x 2 . Ta thy lim[y - (x + 2)]= lim x x x 3 x 3 x 2 . Nn x = 1 l ng tim cn ng. c. Ta thy lim x 1 x2 1 x 2 + lim 2 . Nn x = -1 l tim cn ng. x 1 x 1 1 2 x 2 x x2 0 . Nn y = 0 l tim cn ngang ca th hm s. + lim 2 x x 1 1 1 x2 8
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Dng 2. Tim cn ca hm v t y Phng php Ta phn tch
ax 2 bx c (a 0)
ax2 bx c
a x
Vi lim ( x ) 0 khi y
x
Vi lim ( x ) 0 khi y
x
V d Tm tim cn ca hm s: y H-ng dn
y 9( x 2)2 6
Cc tnh gii hn v cc ca hm s y
f ( x) g( x )
lim f ( x ) x 0 L
L>0 L<0
lim g( x ) x 0
0 0
Du ca g(x) Tu + +
f ( x) lim x x g( x ) 0 0 + + 5 2 - 3x -x + 3 g. y = x c. y =
c. y =
-4 x+1 4-x h. y = 3x + 1 d. y =
x2 3x x2 4 1 2(x- 1)2 d. y = 2- x x 4x 3
2
g. y = x- 3 +
h. y =
2x3 x 2 x2 1
Bi 3. Tm tim cn cc hm s
a. y = b. y = c. y
x2 x x 1 x+ 3 x+ 1 x 1 x2 4
-5
-5
-5
5
-2
-2
-2
-4
-4
-4
Bi 4. Xc nh m th hm s: y
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Bi 5. Tnh din tch ca tam gic to bi tim cn xin ca th to vi hai trc to ca cc hm s: 3x2 x 1 -3x2 x 4 a. y = b. y = x 1 x 2 x 2 2(m 1) x 4m 3 Bi 6.(HSP 2000). Tm m tim cn xin ca th hm s y to vi hai trc to x 2 mt tam gic c din tch bng 8 (vdt) x 2 x(3m 2) 3 3m Bi 7. Cho hm s: y (1) x 1 a. Tm m tim cn xin ca th i qua im A(4; 3) b. Tm m -ng tim cn xin ca (1) ct Parabol y x 2 ti hai im phn bit. 4. kho st v v hm bc ba Dng 1: Kho st v v hm s y ax3 bx 2 cx d (a 0) Ph-ng php 1. Tm tp xc nh. 2. Xt s bin thin ca hm s a. Tm cc gii hn ti v cc v cc gii hn ti v cc (nu c). Tm cc -ng tim cn. b. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s, bao gm: + Tm o hm, xt du o hm, xt chiu bin thin v tm cc tr. + in cc kt qu vo bng. 3. V th ca hm s. + V -ng tim cn nu c. + Xc nh mt s im c bit: Giao vi Ox, Oy, im un. + Nhn xt th: Ch ra tm i xng, trc i xng (khng cn chng minh) V d 1. Cho hm s: y x 3 3x 2 1 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s. b. Tu theo gi tr ca m, bin lun s nghim ca ph-ng trnh: x 3 3x 2 1 m H-ng dn a. 1. TX: D 2. S bin thin ca hm s a. Gii hn ti v cc 3 1 lim ( x 3 3x 1) lim x 3 (1 2 ) x x x x3 0 x 2 3 1 lim ( x 3 3x 1) lim x 3 (1 2 ) 3 + 0 y' 0 x x x x + 3 c. Bng bin thin y x 0 y' 3x 2 6 x y' 0 3x 2 6 x 0 x 2 -1 Hm s ng bin trn cc khong ( ;0) v (2; + ) V nghch bin trn khong (0; 2). Hm s t cc i ti im x= 2 ; v yC=y(2)= 3 Hm s t cc tiu ti im x =0 v yCT = y(1) = -1 3. th y 0 . Vy giao vi Oy ti im O(0; -1) + Giao vi Oy: cho x = 0 6 x 6 0 x 1 . im A (1; 1) + y '' 0 + Nhn im A lm tm i xng. b.
2 -5 -2
+ -
10
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! S nghim ca ph-ng trnh l s giao im ca 2 th y Da vo th ta c kt qu bin lun: m > 3: Ph-ng trnh c 1 nghim. m 3 phng trnh c 2 nghim -1< m < 3: Phng trnh c 3 nghim. m = -1: Phng trnh c 2 nghim m < -1: Phng trnh c 1nghim
x 3 3x 2 1 v y =m
Cc bi ton v hm bc ba Bi 1(TNTHPT 2008) Cho hm s y 2 x 3 3x 2 1 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s. b. Bim lun theo m s nghim ca ph-ng trnh 2 x 3 3x 2 1 m Bi 2 (TN THPT- ln 2 2008) Cho hm s y = x3 - 3x2 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s cho. b. Tm cc gi tr ca m ph-ng trnh x 3 3x 2 m 0 c 3 nghim phn bit. Bi 3 (TNTHPT - 2007) Cho hm s y= x3 3 x 2 c th l (C) . a/ Kho st v v th hm s . b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im A(2 ;4) . Bi 4 (TNTHPT - 2006) Cho hm s y= x 3 3 x 2 c th (C) . a/ Kho st v v th hm s . b/ Da vo th bin lun s nghim phng trnh :
x 3 3 x 2 -m=0 .
Bi 5 (TNTHPT 2004- PB) Cho hm s y= x3 6 x 2 9 x c th l (C) . a/ Kho st v v th hm s . b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im c honh l nghim ca phng trnh y=0 . c/ Vi gi tr no ca m th ng thng y=x+m2-m i qua trung im ca on thng ni cc i vo cc tiu . Bi 6 (TNTHPT 2004 - KPB) Cho hm s y= x3 3mx 2 4m3 . a/ Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1 . b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im c honh x=1 . Bi 7 (H- A- 2002) Cho hm s y x3 3mx 2 3(1 m2 )x m3 m2 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m= 1 b. Tm k ph-ng trnh: x 3 3x 2 k 3 3k 2 0 c 3 nghim phn bit. c. Vit ph-ng trnh -ng thng qua 2 im cc tr ca th hm s (1). Bi 8 (C SP MGTW- 2004) Cho hm s y = x3 - 3x2 + 4m 11
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! a. Chng minh th hm s lun c 2 cc tr. b. Kho st v v th hm s khi m = 1 Bi 9 (H-B- 2007) Cho hm s y x3 3x 2 3(m2 1) x 3m2 1 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m =1 b. Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu v cc im cc tr cch u im O. Bi 10 (H - D - 2004) Cho hm s y = x3 3mx2 + 9x + 1 a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 2 b. Tm m nghim ca phng trnh y= 0 thuc ng thng y = x+ 1
Bi 8 Cho hm s y = (x -1)(x2 + mx + m) a. Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit b. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi m= 4 Bi 3 Cho hm s y 2 x 3 3(m 1) x 2 6(m 2) x 1 a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m =2 b. Vi gi tr no ca m hm s c cc i, cc tiu. Bi 5 (H 2006- D) Cho hm s y x 3 3x 2 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s. b. Gi d l -ng thng qua im A(3; 20) v c h s gc m. Tm m -ng thng d ct (C ) ti 3 im phn bit. (Gi -ng thng d qua M(x0;y0) c h s gc m c dng: y = m(x - x0) + y 0) Bi 7 Cho hm s y = (x - m)3 - 3x a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 1 b. Tm m hm s cho t cc tiu ti im c honh x = 0 Bi 8 Cho hm s y = (x -1)(x2 + mx + m) c. Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit d. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi m= 4 Bi 11 Cho hm s y = x 3 2mx 2 m2 x 2 a. Kho st v v th hm s khi m =1 b. Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti x = 1 Hm bc bn trng ph-ng v mt s bi tp c lin quan I. Mt s tnh cht ca hm trng ph-ng Hm s lun c cc tr vi mi gi tr ca tham s sao cho a 0 Hm s t gi tr cc i, cc tiu
y' 0
b 2a
th hm s lun nhn Oy l trc i xng. Nu hm s c ba cc tr tr chng to thnh mt tam gic cn. Dng ton: Kho st v v th ca hm s V d 1 (TNTHPT-2008) 12
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Cho hm s y x 2 x a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s. b. Vit ph-ng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im c honh x = -2 V d 2. Cho hm s y x 4 4mx 3 3(m 1) x 2 1 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m =0 b. Vi gi tr no ca m hm s c 3 cc tr Bi tp hm s trng ph-ng Bi 1. Kho st v v th cc hm s sau: a. y= -x 4 2 x 2 b. y = x 4 x 2 2 c. y = x 4 6 x 2 1 1 5 d. y = x 4 3 x 2 e.y = -x 4 +2x 2 +3 f. y = x 4 +2x 2 +1 2 2 Bi 2. Cho hm s y x 4 2m2 x 2 1 a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m =1 b. Tm m th hm s c ba cc tr l ba nh ca tam gic vung cn. Bi 3 (H Lt - 2002) a. Gii ph-ng trnh x 4 2 x 2 1 0 b. Kho st v v th hm s y = x 4 2 x 2 1 c. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca ph-ng trnh x 4 2 x 2 1 m 0 Bi 4 (H Thi Nguyn - 2002) Cho hm s y x 4 2mx 2 (C m ) a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 1 b. Hy xc nh m hm s th hm s c 3 cc tr Bi 5. (H Vinh - 2002) 1. Kho st v v th hm s y x 4 5x 2 4
3 0 c 4 nghim phn bit. 2. Xc nh m ph-ng trnh x 4 5 x 2 m 2 Bi 6 x4 9 Cho hm s y 2x2 4 4 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s b. Bin lun theo k s giao im ca (C) vi th (P) ca hm s y k 2 x 2 Bi 7 Cho hm s y x 4 2mx 2 m3 m2 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 1 b. Xc nh m th (Cm ) ca hm s cho tip xc vi trc honh ti 2 im Bi 8. (H Cn th - 2002) Cho hm s y x 4 2 x 2 2 m (Cm) a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 0 b. Tm cc gi tr ca m th (Cm) ca hm s ch c hai im chung vi Ox c. Chng minh vi mi m tam gic c 3 nh l ba cc tr l mt tam gic vung cn.
4 2
13
HO NG CONG
BAI TOAN TONG QUAT: Cho ho ng cong (Cm ) : y PHNG PHAP GIAI: Ta co : Ho ng cong (Cm ) i qua iem M 0 ( x0 ; y0 )
f ( x, m)
( m la tham so )
Bien luan theo m so ng cong cua ho (Cm ) i qua iem M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) cho trc.
y0
f ( x0 , m)
(1)
Xem (1) la phng trnh theo an m. Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (1) ta suy ra so ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M 0 Cu the: Neu phng trnh (1) co n nghiem phan biet th co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M 0 Neu phng trnh (1) vo nghiem th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu khong i qua M 0 Neu phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi m th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu i qua M 0 Trong trng hp nay ta noi rang M0 la iem co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm ) Dng 1: TM IEM CO NH CUA HO NG CONG BAI TOAN TONG QUAT: Cho ho ng cong (Cm ) : y PHNG PHAP GIAI
f ( x, m)
( m la tham so )
y0
f ( x0 , m) nghiem ung
(1)
Bc 2: Bien oi phng trnh (1) ve mot trong cac dang sau: Dang 1: Am B 0 m Am 2 Bm C 0 m Dang 2: A 0 Ap dung nh ly: Am B 0 m (2) B 0
A Am
2
0 0 (3) 0
Bm C
B C
Bi tp Bi 1. Cho h (Cm) y x3 3(m 1) x2 2(m2 4m 1)x 4m(m 1) . CMR: Khi m thay i th h -ng cong lun qua mt im c nh. mx 1 Bi 2. Cho h th (Cm): . Tm cc im c nh m th ca hm s lun i qua vi mi m 1 x m x 2 mx m 1 Bi 3. Cho h (Cm) c ph-ng trnh: y . Chng minh rng (Cm) lun i qua mt im c nh. x 1 14
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Bi 4. Cho hm s (Cm): y x 3mx 2m a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 1. b. Chng minh rng h -ng cong lun i qua mt im c nh. mx 1 ,m 1 . Gi (Hm) l th ca hm s cho. Bi 5. Cho hm s: y x m a. Chng minh rng vi mi m 1 , h -ng cong lun qua 2 im c nh. b. Gi M l giao im ca 2 tim cn. Tm tp hp cc im M khi m thay i. Bi 6. Cho hm s: y (m 2) x 3 2(m 2) x 2 (m 3) x 2m 1 (C m ) . Chng minh rng h th lun qua ba im c nh v 3 im c nh cng nm trn mt -ng thng. Dng 2: Tm im h th hm s khng i qua Ph-ng php: B1: Gi s M(x0; y0) l im m h -ng cong khng th i qua. B2: Khi c ph-ng trnh: y0 f ( x0 , m) v nghim vi m t tm -c (x0; y0) B3: Kt lun v im m h -ng cong khng th i qua. Bi 1. Cho hm s y ( x 2)( x 2 2mx m2 1) (C m ) . Tm cc im m (Cm) khng th i qua.
3
(3m 1) x m2 m Bi 2. Cho hm s y x m a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 1. b. Tm cc im trn -ng thng x = 1, sao cho khng th c gi tr no ca m th hm s i qua. Bi 3. Cho th hm s y 2 x 3 3(m 3) x 2 18mx 8 (C m ) . Chng minh rng trn -ng cong y = x2 c hai im m (Cm) khng i qua vi m m.
CHUYN : PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH V T I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG 1. Bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh a) Phng php Thng thng nu ta gp phng trnh dng : A B C D , ta thng bnh phng 2 v , iu i khi li gp kh khn hy gii v d sau
3
A B 3 3 A.B
3
v ta s dng php th : 3 A b) V d
Bi 1.
Gii: k x
x 3
3x 1 2 x
2x 2
x 3 3x 1
x 2 x 2 x 1 , gii phng
trnh ny d nhin l khng kh nhng hi phc tp mt cht . Phng trnh gii s rt n gin nu ta chuyn v phng trnh : Bnh phng hai v ta c : Th li x=1 tha
3x 1
2x 2
4x
x 3
6 x2 8x 2
4 x 2 12 x
x 1
f x
g x
h x
k x
15
h x
g x
f x
x3 1 x 3
h x
k x
g x
x 1
x2
x 1
x 3
Gii: iu kin : x 1 Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh ? Nu chuyn v th chuyn nh th no? Ta c nhn xt :
x3 1 . x 3 x 3
x 3 x2
x2
x 1
x2
(2)
x3 1 x 3
x3 1 Bnh phng 2 v ta c: x 3
Th li : x 1
3, x 1
l nghim
f x f x
g x h x
h x k x
k x g x
k x .g x
th ta bin i
2. Trc cn thc 2.1. Trc cn thc xut hin nhn t chung a) Phng php Mt s phng trnh v t ta c th nhm c nghim x0 nh vy phng trnh lun a v c dng tch x
x0 A x
0 v nghim , ch
iu kin ca nghim ca phng trnh ta c th nh ga A x b) V d Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh sau : Gii: Ta nhn thy : 3x 2
0 v nghim
3x 2 5 x 1
3x 2 3x 3
2x 4 3x 2 5 x 1
x2 2
3 x2
x 1
x 2 3x 4
3 x 2
5x 1
2 x 2 v x2 2
3 x2 x 1 x2 2
x 2 3x 4
3x 6 x 2 3x 4
x2 5
Ta c th trc cn thc 2 v :
D dng nhn thy x=2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh . Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau (OLYMPIC 30/4 ngh) : Gii: phng trnh c nghim th :
x 2 12 5 3x
x 2 12
x2 5
3x 5 0
5 3
Ta nhn thy : x=2 l nghim ca phng trnh , nh vy phng trnh c th phn tch v dng x 2 A x 0 , thc hin c iu ta phi nhm , tch nh sau :
16
x 2 12 4 3x 6 x 2 x x 2
2
x2 5 3 x 1 x
2
x2 4 x 2 12 4 3 0 x
3 x 2 2
x2 4 x2 5 3
12 4
5 3 x 2
x x3 1
x 2 x2 5 3
x 2 12 4
3 0, x
5 3
Gii :k x 3 2 Nhn thy x=3 l nghim ca phng trnh , nn ta bin i phng trnh
3
1 2 x 3
2 5
x 3 1
3
x 3 x2 1
2
x 3 x 2 3x 9 x3 2 5
2 3 x2 1 4
2
Ta chng minh : 1
3
x 3 x2 1
2
1
3
x 3 x2 1 1 3
x 2 3x 9 x3 2 5
2 3 x2 1 4
Vy pt c nghim duy nht x=3 2.2. a v h tm a) Phng php Nu phng trnh v t c dng A B C , m : A B C dy C c th l hng s ,c th l biu thc ca x . Ta c th gii nh sau :
A B A B
, khi ta c h:
A A
B B
2 A
2x2
x 1
x 4
2x 8 2x
2
x 9
2 x2 2x
2
2x
x 4 x 1
2 x 4
2 x2
x 9
2x2
x
x 1 2
0 8 7
Vy ta c h:
2 x2 2x
2
x 9 x 9
x 1 x 1
2 2x
x 9
x 6
8 7
x 1
1 th bi ton tr nn n gin hn x
17
x 2 3x 1
2002)
x 3
x2 1
4 3 10 3x
2
3
2x2 1
x 2 3x 2
x2 1
2x2 x2 8
2x 3
x2
x 2
2 x 5 x
x2 4
2 x 2 16 x 18
2x 4
x 1 2x 3
x 2 15
3x 2
u v 1 uv
u 1 v 1
au bv
A2 B2
ab vu
u b v a
3
0
3 3
x 1 1
x 2 1 x x 2 1 0 x
3
x 1
x 2 3x 2 0
1
x2 x
x2
x 1 x
x 1
x 1
x2
x 1 1 x
x 1
x 1
x 3 2x x 1
2x
4x 3
x 3 2x
x 1 1
x 3
x 1 x 0
4x x 3 4 x
0
2
4x x 3: 1 x 3
4x 2 x 3
Bk
4x x 3
x 1
Dng hng ng thc k Bin i phng trnh v dng : A Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : Gii: k: 0
3 x
3 x
3
3x
1 3
10 3 3
10 1 3
9x2
x 4
18
3 x
9x
x 3 1 3x x 3 1 3x
x 1 x 5 18 97
2 x 3 3 3x x 2
Gii : pttt
x 2
3x
x 1
II. PHNG PHP T N PH 1. Phng php t n ph thng thng i vi nhiu phng trnh v v t , gii chng ta c th t t
v ch iu kin ca t nu phng trnh ban u tr thnh phng trnh cha mt bin t quan trng hn ta c th gii c phng trnh theo t th vic t ph xem nh hon ton .Ni chung nhng phng trnh m c th t hon ton t f x thng l nhng phng trnh d .
f x
x2 1 x2 1 1
x2 1
x 2 1. x
1 t
t 1
6x 1
4x 5
4 5
0) th x
2. t4 t2 5 . Thay vo ta c phng trnh sau: 4 10t 2 25 6 2 (t 5) 1 t t 4 22t 2 8t 27 16 4 (t 2 2t 7)(t 2 2t 11) 0
1 2 2; t3,4 1 2 3
4 x 5(t
Ta tm c bn nghim l: t1,2 Do t
0 nn ch nhn cc gi tr t1
1 2 2, t3 1 2 3
2 va x
Cch khc: Ta c th bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh vi iu kin 2 x2 Ta c: x 2 ( x 3)2 ( x 1)2 0 , t ta tm c nghim tng ng. n gin nht l ta t : 2 y 3 Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau: x iu kin: 1 x 6 t y
6x 1 0
x 1
6
y 5
21 2
x 1( y 5) ( y2
y 4 10 y 2
1 2 17
y 20 0 ( vi
(loai), y
19
11 2
17
2
2004
x 1
x 1
x pttt
21 y
y2
y 1002
y 1
2x x
1 x
3x 1
1 x 0
1 x
1 x
x4
x2
2x 1
Gii: x t t= 3 x
1 x
1 x
1 , Ta c : t 3 t 2 0 x
t 1
1 2
15 x 2 x 2 5
2 x 2 15 x 11
x2
x 2 11
31
n
( x 5)(2 x) 3 x2 3x (1 x)(2 x) 1 2 x 2 x 2
x 17 x 2 x 17 x 2 9
2 n (1 x)2
3n 1 x2
(1 x)2
3x 2
x 1
4 x 9 2 3x 2 5 x 2
Nhn xt : i vi cch t n ph nh trn chng ta ch gii quyt c mt lp bi n gin, i khi phng trnh i vi t li qu kh gii 2. t n ph a v phng trnh thun nht bc 2 i vi 2 bin : Chng ta bit cch gii phng trnh: u 2 uv v2 0 (1) bng cch
u v
a. A x
u v
bB x
mu 2
c A x .B x
nv 2
20
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Chng ta hy thay cc biu thc A(x) , B(x) bi cc biu thc v t th s nhn c phng trnh v t theo dng ny . a) . Phng trnh dng : a. A x Nh vy phng trnh Q x Xut pht t ng thc :
bB x
c A x .B x
P x Q x A x .B x aA x bB x
x3 1 x4
x 1 x2 x4
x 1 2x2 1 x2 x2 x 1 x2 x 1
x2 1
x2
x4 1
2x 1 x2
2x 1
4 x4 1
2 x2 2 x 1 2 x2
2x 1
bt c 0 gii
x4 1 Hy to ra nhng phng trnh v t dng trn v d nh: 4 x 2 2 2 x 4 c mt phng trnh p , chng ta phi chn h s a,b,c sao cho phng trnh bc hai at 2 nghim p
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 x 2 Gii: t u
2
x 1
5 x3 1
x 1, v
x2
u
Phng trnh tr thnh : 2 u
2
5uv
3 4 x 3
u
x2 1
2v 1 v 2
Tm c: x
5 2
37
3x 1
5 x 1 7 x3 1
x 1
x2
x 1 2 x2
7 x 1
x 1 x2 7
x 1 x 1
v 9u 1 u 4
ng nht thc ta c: 3 x 1 t u
x 1 x2
7 uv
x 1 0 ,v
x 1 0 , ta c: 3u 2v
Ta c : x
6
3
3x 2
x 2
6x
x3 3x 2
2 y3
Pt c nghim : x
2,
2 2 3
u v mu 2 nv 2
21
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Phng trnh cho dng ny thng kh pht hin hn dng trn , nhg nu ta bnh phng hai v th a v c dng trn. Bi 1. gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii: Ta t :
3 x2 1
x4
x2 1
3v u 2 v2 4x 1
u v
x2 x
2
1
x2 2x 2x 1 3x 2
1 . Bnh phng 2 v ta c : 2
x2 2x 2x 1
u v
1 2
x2 1
x
2
x2 2x 2x 1
x2 2x
u
2x 1
1 2 1 2 5 5 v v
Ta c th t :
2x
2x 1
5
khi ta c h : uv
u
x2 2x 1 2 5 2x 1
Do u , v
0. u
5 x 2 14 x 9
x2
x 20
5 x 1
x2
x 20 x 1
x 1 vy ta khng th t
Nhn xt : khng tn ti s
5x 2
x2
x 20
u v
x2 x 1
x 20
Nhng may mn ta c : x 2
x 20 x 1
4x 5
x 4 x 5 x 1
5 ( x2
x 4 x2 4x 5
3 x 4
. Cc em hy t sng to cho mnh nhng phng trnh v t p theo cch trn 3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton T nhng phng trnh tch
x 1 1
x 1 x 2
0,
2x 3
2x 3
x 2
Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht . T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d sau . Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii:
x2
2 x 1 2 x2
t t 3 x 1
x2
2 , ta c : t 2
2 x t 3 3x
22
x2 2x 3
x2 1
x2 1 x2 1 x 1t 0
2x 3
x 1t 2 x 1
t2
x 1t 2 x 1
t t
2 x 1
0 , khai trin ra ta s c pt sau
1 x
2 1 x
1 x
1 x
1 t 2 thay vo th c pt: 3t 2
1 x t 4
1 x 1
0
2
Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t dng bnh phng . Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo C th nh sau : 3x
2
2 1 x
1 x
2
48
x 1 1 khng c
1 x ,
1 x
21 x
thay vo pt (1) ta c:
4 4 2 x
9 x 2 16
16 2 4 x 2
16 2 x
0
t
9 x 2 16
2 4 x2
0 . Ta c: 9 x 2 16t 32 8 x
9 2 x2 8
Ta phi tch 9 x 2
2 4 x2
lm sao cho
Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch 4. t nhiu n ph a v tch Xut pht t mt s h i s p chng ta c th to ra c nhng phng trnh v t m khi gii n chng ta li t nhiu n ph v tm mi quan h gia cc n ph a v h Xut pht t ng thc a b c
3
a3 b3 c3 3 a b b c c a , Ta c 0
a3 b3 c3
7x 1 3 3x 1
3 3
a b c
a b a c b c
3 x. 5 x
5 x. 2 x
2 3 , gii h ta c: 5
2 x
2 u2 5 w2
uv vw wu uv vw wu uv vw wu
u v u w u v v w v w u w
3 x , ta c : 3 v 2 5 x
x 239 120
w
u 30 60
23
x 2 3x 2
2 x2
2x 3
x2
x 2
a
Gii . Ta t :
2x2 1 x 2 3x 2 2x x2
2
b c d
, khi ta c :
a b c d a 2 b2 c2 d2
2x 3 x 2
x 1 9x 3
3
4 x2 5x 1 2 x2
x
4
x 1 x
1 x
1 x
x3
x2 1 x
x v
30
t tm c h theo u,v
x3 x
25 x3
t y
35 x3
x3
y3
35
xy( x y3 y ) 30 35
, gii h ny ta tm c
x3 ( x; y ) (2;3) (3; 2) . Tc l nghim ca phng trnh l x {2;3} 1 2 1 x 4x 4 Bi 2. Gii phng trnh: 2 iu kin: 0 x 2 1
t
4
2 1 x x v
0 u
2 1,0 v
1 4 2 v
v
4
2 1
u 1 2 v v
2
u v u
2
2 1
1 4 2
2
1 4 2
v4
2 1
1)
x 1
x 1, b
a2 b 5 b2 a
Vy
(a b)(a b 1)
5 x 1
a
11
b 1
17 2
24
5
x 1 5 x
x 1 1
6 2x 5 x
6 2x 5 x
8 3
5 x 5 5 x,v 5 y 0 u, v
u2
10 .
v2
10 z) 8 3
(u v) 2 (u v) 1
10 2uv 2 uv 4 3
4 u
4 2(u v
5.2 Xy dng phng trnh v t t h i xng loi II Ta hy i tm ngun gc ca nhng bi ton gii phng trnh bng cch a v h i xng loi II Ta xt mt h phng trnh i xng loi II sau :
x 1 y 1
2 2
y 2 x 2
(1) (2)
By gii ta s bin h thnh phng trnh bng cch t y ta c phng trnh : x 1 Vy gii phng trnh : x2
2
f x
x 2 1 , khi
( x 2 1) 1
2x
x2 2 x
x y
2 2
x 2
ay b ax b
2
x 2 ta t li nh trn v a v h
, ta s xy dng c phng trnh dng
ax b b
ax b b
Tm li phng trnh thng cho di dng khai trin ta phi vit v dng :
pn a' x b'
v t
y
Vic chn
ax b a v h , ch v du ca
???
pn a' x b'
l chn c.
Bi 1.
iu kin: x
2x
2 2x 1
1 2
2 2x 1
2 x 1 th ta a v h sau:
x2
2x
2( y 1)
y 2 2 y 2( x 1) y )( x y ) 0
6x 1
4x 5
5 4
25
2 4x 5
(2 x 3) 2
2 4 x 5 11
(2 x 3) 2 (2 y 3) 2
4y 5 4x 5
(x
y )( x
y 1)
y 1 0
y 1 x
x 1
3}
(2 x 3) 2 (2 y 3)
2
2y
x 1
3x 1
c , v t h ny chng ta xy dng c bi ton phng trnh sau : Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh: 4 x2 5 13x 3x 1 0
13 33 Nhn xt : Nu chng ta nhm nh nhng phng trnh trc : 2 x 3x 1 4 4 13 3x 1 th chng ta khng thu c h phng trnh m chng ta c th gii c. t 2 y 4 thu c h (1) ta t : y 3x 1 , chn , sao cho h chng ta c th gii c , (i xng
hoc gn i xng ) Ta c h :
3x 1 y
y2
y 3x y 5
1 0 (1) 0 (2)
4 x 2 13x 5
2
4 x 2 13x
2
(*)
gii h trn th ta ly (1) nhn vi k cng vi (2): v mong mun ca chng ta l c nghim x Nn ta phi c :
4
1 , t 3
3 13
3x 1
, ta chn c ngay
2;
(2 y 3), ( y
2y x 1 3x 1
3 ) 2
(x y )(2 x 2 y 5) 0
(2 x 3)2 (2 y 3)2
15 8
97 11 8 73
2y 5 0
15 8
97 11 ;
;
73 8
3x 1 x 4
26
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! khi t 3x 1 2 y 3 , nu t 2 y 3 thy du ca cng du vi du trc cn. Mt cch tng qut . Xt h:
f ( x) f ( y)
Nu t (2) tm c hm ngc y g x thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh Nh vy xy dng pt theo li ny ta cn xem xt c hm ngc v tm c v hn na h phi gii c. Mt s phng trnh c xy dng t h. Gii cc phng trnh sau 1)
4 x2 13x 5
3x 1 0 3x 1 0 4 2x2 x 2 3
81x 8
x3
27 3 81x 8
27 x3 54 x2 36 x 54
27 3 81x 8
3x 2
46
Ta t : 3 y 2 3 81x 8 Cc em hy xy dng nhng phng trnh dng ny ! III. PHNG PHP NH GI 1. Dng hng ng thc : T nhng nh gi bnh phng : A2 T phng trnh
2
B2
B2
5x 1 2 x
9 5x 2
9 5x
4 x 2 12
x 1 4 x 5x 1
B
x 1 2 , du bng khi v ch khi
1 x
1 x 1
1 x
khi : A
A B
f x f ( x)
A B
f x f x
Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn, nhng c nhiu bi nghim l v t vic on nghim khng c, ta vn dng bt ng thc nh gi c Bi 1. Gii phng trnh (OLYMPIC 30/4 -2007):
2 2 x 1
x 9
27
0
2 2 2
2 2 x 1
2 2
x 1
1 x 1
x x 1
x 9
Du bng
2 2 x 1
1 x 1
x
x4
1 7
9 x2 x4 16
x 1
Bin i pt ta c : x 2 13 1 x 2
9 1 x2
2 2
256
13. 13. 1 x
3. 3. 3 1 x
13 27 13 13x2 3 3x2
16 2
2
40 16 10 x2
64
Du bng
1 x2 1 x 3 10 x 2 16 10 x 2
2
x x
2 5 2 5
Bi 3. gii phng trnh: x3` 3x2 Ta chng minh : 8 4 4 x 4 Bi tp ngh . Gii cc phng trnh sau
8x 40 8 4 4 x 4
x 13 v x3 3x2 8x 40 0
x 3
x 3
x 13
1 2x
4
1 2x
x
1 x
1 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 x 2 48
4 x4 4
16 x 4 5 6 3 4 x3 x x3` 3x2 8x 40 8 4 4 x 4
8 x3
2 x4 8 4 4 x4
2 x2
64 x3 x 4 8 x 2 28 1 1 2 2 4 x x x
3. Xy dng bi ton t tnh cht cc tr hnh hc 3.1 Dng ta ca vc t Trong mt phng ta Oxy, Cho cc vc t: u
x1 ; y1 , v
x2 ; y 2
khi ta c
u v
x1
x2
0 , ch t s phi dng
28
u.v
u . v .cos
3.2 S dng tnh cht c bit v tam gic Nu tam gic ABC l tam gic u , th vi mi im M trn mt phng tam gic, ta lun c MA MB MC OA OB OC vi O l tm ca ng trn .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi M O . Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn v im M ty trong mt mt phng Th MA+MB+MC nh nht khi im M nhn cc cnh AB,BC,AC di cng mt gc 1200 Bi tp 1) 2)
2 x2
2x 1
2x2
3 1 x 1
2 x2
3 1 x 1 3
x2 4x 5
x 2 10 x 50
IV. PHNG PHP HM S 1.Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo hm n iu Da vo kt qu : Nu y f t l hm n iu th f x f t x t ta c th xy dng c nhng phng trnh v t 2 x3 x 2 1 mi x 0 ta xy dng phng trnh : Xut pht t hm n iu : y f x
f x
2 x3
3x 1
2 x3
x2 1 2
3x 1
3x 1
x 2 3x 1 2 3x 1
T phng trnh f x 1
3x 1 th bi ton s kh hn 2 x3 7 x 2 5 x 4 2 3x 1
3x 1
3x 1 khi ta c h :
3
2 x3 7 x 2 5 x 4 2 y 3 3x 1 y 2
2 x 1
x 1 = 2y 3
y2
4 x2 4x 4
2
Hy xy dng nhng hm n iu v nhng bi ton v t theo dng trn ? Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 x 1 2 Gii:
2
3x 2
9 x2 3
2x 1 2
2x 1
3x 2
3x
f 2x 1
1 5
3x
Xt hm s f t
t 2
t 2 3 , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c x
4 x2 5x 6
3
7 x2 9 x 4
7 x2
9 x 4 , ta c h :
x3 4 x 2 5 x 6 7x
2
9x 4
y3
x 1
x 1
Xt hm s : f t
x 5 f y f x 1 y
3
x 1
x 1
3
7x
9x 4 x
1 2
4x 1
29
CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! V. PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA 1. Mt s kin thc c bn: Nu x
1 th c mt s t vi t
x v mt s y vi y
0;
sao cho
x cos y
Nu 0
x 1 th c mt s t vi t
0;
x v mt s y vi y
0;
sao cho
x cos y
Vi mi s thc x c t sao cho : x tan t ; 2 2 Nu : x , y l hai s thc tha: x 2 y 2 1 , th c mt s t vi 0 t Nu : x Nu 0
1 th t sin t
x vi t x , vi t
2
hoc x hoc x
cos y vi y cos y , vi y
x 1 th t sin t
2 1 , th t x sin t , y cos t vi 0 t 2
, tng t cho trng hp khc ; 2 2
0;
0;
a , ta c th t : x
a , vi t sin t
x l s thc bt k thi t : x
tan t , t
; 2 2
Ti sao li phi t iu kin cho t nh vy ? Chng ta bit rng khi t iu kin x f t th phi m bo vi mi x c duy nht mt t , v iu kin trn m bo iu ny . (xem li vng trn lng gic ) 2. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php lng gic nh th no ? T cng phng trnh lng gic n gin: cos3t sin t , ta c th to ra c phng trnh v t
1 x2
(1) (2)
2 x x2 Nu thay x trong phng trnh (1) bi : (x-1) ta s c phng trnh v t kh: 4 x3 12 x 2 9 x 1 (3) Vic gii phng trnh (2) v (3) khng n gin cht no ? Tng t nh vy t cng thc sin 3x, sin 4x,.hy xy dng nhng phng trnh v t theo kiu lng gic . 3. Mt s v d
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau : Gii: iu kin : x
1 x2
1 x
1 x
2 3
1 x2 3
1
1 x
3
Vi x [ 1;0] : th
1 x
0 (ptvn)
30
x [0;1] ta t : x
cos t , t
0;
2 6 cos x 1
1 sin t 2
2 sin t 1 2x 1 2x
cos t
1 6
1 2x
1
1 2x
1 2x 1 2x
1 2cos x 1 2cos x
1 x2
x 1 2 1 x2
1 2
2 v nghim
3) x3
3x
x 2
6x 1 2x
6x 1 4 x3 3x 1 2
Gii: Lp phng 2 v ta c: 8 x3 Xt : x
1 , t x
cos t , t
0;
. Khi ta c S
m phng trnh bc 3 c
ti a 3 nghim vy cng chnh l tp nghim ca phng trnh. Bi 4. .Gii phng trnh x 2 1 Gii: k: x
1 x2 1 1 ,t ; sin t 2 2 cos t 0
1 , ta c th t x
Khi ptt:
1 1 cot t sin 2 x
1
2
sin 2t
3 1
1 2
2
x2 1
x2 1
2x
2 x 1 x2
0, x
Ta c th t : x
tan t , t
x3
1 x2
x 2 2x2
x 1
4 2x 4
x3
x2
x 1 1
16 2 x
x4 1
9 x 2 16
16 2 4 x 2
31
2 x2 2 x 30
2007. 30 4 x 2007 12 x 8 2x 4 2 2 x 9 x 2 16 3 x 1 3 x 1 x3 2 3 x 3 x 1 2x 1 4x 5 3x 1 2x 7 x 3
x 3 x2 1
30. 2007
3 4 x 3
3 3 1 x2
x2 1
3
1 x
x 2 3x 1
2008x2 4 x 3 2007 4 x 3
4 3 10 3x
2
3 3
3
x2
2 x2 1 1
x 1 3x 8 2 x 2 1
2 x 5 x
x2 4
x 12 x 1 36
x 1 2x 3
4x 1
x3 1 2 x3 2 x 1
2x
x 1 x
1 x
3 x
1 x
2x2 1
x 2 3x 2
2x2
2x 3
x2
x 2
2 x 2 16 x 18 x2 1 2x 4 3x 2 3x 2 2 x x 2 3x 1 12 x 2 x 1 3x 9
x 1 x 1 4 x3 x 2 4 x 2 3x 3 4 x x 3 2 2 x 1
4
5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 5 x 1 3 6 x 1 8 x3 4 x 1 15 30 x 2 4 x 2004 30060 x 1 1 2 4x 9 7 x2 7 x 28
4 x2 4 x 10 8 x 2 6 x 10
3 x
CHUYN : PHNG TRNH V T I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG x D (*) B A B 0 Dng 1 : Phng trnh A A B Lu : iu kin (*) c chn tu thuc vo phc tp ca A 0 hay B 0 B 0 Dng 2: Phng trnh A B A B2 Dng 3: Phng trnh A 0 B C B 0 +) A (chuyn v dng 2)
A B 2 AB C
3
+)
B
3
A B 3 3 A.B
x2 1 x 1 b) x 2x 3 0
a)
3 x x 9
2 x 1 5 2x 4
32
x 1 1 3x 2 x 1 3
h)
3x 4
2x 1
x2 x2
x 3
x 12
i) ( x 3) 10
Bi 2: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: Bi 3: Cho phng trnh: x 2 1 x m -Gii phng trnh khi m=1 -Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
x 2 3x 2
2m x x 2
Bi 4: Cho phng trnh: 2 x 2 mx 3 x m -Gii phng trnh khi m=3 -Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c nghim. II.PHNG PHP T N PH Phng php t n ph thng thng. f ( x) (vi iu kin ti thiu l t -Nu bi ton c cha f ( x ) v f ( x ) khi t t phng trnh c cha tham s th nht thit phi tm iu kin ng cho n ph). -Nu bi ton c cha khi g ( x)
0 . i vi cc
f ( x) ,
f ( x) ,
g ( x ) v
f ( x). g ( x)
k t
f ( x) g ( x) ; f ( x).g ( x) v f ( x) g ( x)
k khi c th t:
f ( x)
g ( x) suy ra a2
x2
f ( x).g ( x)
x 2 th t x
a 2 th t x
t2 2
a sin t vi
a vi t sin t
hoc x
a cos t vi 0 t
a vi cos t
2 2
\ 0 hoc x
0;
2
x2 a 2 ta c th t x
a .tan t vi t
; 2 2
x2 4x 6
2 x 8 12 2 x
f) g)
2 x2 5x 2 2 2 x2 5x 6 1
5 2 x 2 3x 9
3x 3 2
2 6
x 2 3x 2 2 2 x 2
x 2 11 31
x) 3 x2
6x 2
3x
2 x 2 8 x 12
h) x 2
d) 3x 2 15 x
2 x2 5x 1
i) ( x 5)(2
a) x 3 b) c)
1 x2
x 2 1 x2
6 4 d) 64 x 112 x
1
1 x
1 x
1 x
1 x
1 x
e) x
x x2 1
56 x 2 7 35 12
2 1 x2
2 x 1 x2
2 x2 1 0
33
4 x 3
x 1 x 3
1 x
2x
x2
2x 3 m
-Gii phng trnh vi m = 9 -Tm m phng trnh c nghim. 2. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton L vic s dng mt n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh mt phng trnh vi mt n ph nhng cc h s vn cn cha x. -T nhng phng trnh tch
x 1 1
x 1 x 2
0,
2x 3
2x 3
x 2
Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht. T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d sau . Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii: t
x2
2 x 1 2 x2
0 t t
2
3 x 1
x2
2 , ta c : t 2
2 x t 3 3x
x2 2x 3
x2 1
x2 2 x 3, t
x2 1
x2 1
x 1t
chn
x 1t 2 x 1
1 x 2 1 x
t2
1 x
x 1t 2 x 1
2 1 x
t t
2 x 1
1 t 2 thay vo th c pt: 3t 2
1 x t 4
1 x 1
0
2
Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t dng bnh phng . Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo C th nh sau : 3x
2
2 1 x
1 x
2
48
x 1 1 khng c
1 x ,
1 x
21 x
thay vo pt (1) ta c:
4 4 2 x
9 x 2 16
34
16 2 4 x 2
16 2 x
0
t
9 x 2 16
2 4 x2
0 . Ta c: 9 x 2 16t 32 8 x
9 2 x2 8
Ta phi tch 9 x 2
2 4 x2
lm sao cho
Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch. Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau: a) (4 x 1) x 3 1
2 x3
2x 1
b) x 2 1
2 x x2
2x
4
c) x 2 1 2 x x 2 2 x d) x 2 4 x ( x 2) x 2 2 x 3. Phng php t n ph chuyn v h. x ,v x v tm mi quan h gia a) Dng thng thng: t u theo u,v. Chng hn i vi phng trnh:
m
x v
t tm c h
m
f x
vm c
f x
c ta c th t:
u v
a b
f x f x
suy ra u m
vm
a b . Khi ta c h
um u v
a b
Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau: a) 3 2 x 1 b) 3 9 x 2 c) x x 1 x 1 b) Dng phng trnh cha cn bc hai v ly tha bc hai:
x 1 ( x 1) x
x2
ax b
c(dx e)2
e
vi
d ac e bc
dy e
2 2
Cch gii: t: dy
dy e dy e
ax b c(dx e)2 x
ax b x dy e
->gii
c dy e
Nhn xt: D s dng c phng php trn cn phi kho lo bin i phng trnh ban u v dng tha mn iu kin trn t n ph.Vic chn ; thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng :
x ax b
pn a' x b'
3
l chn c.
c dx e
x
3
vi
d ac e bc
3 3
Cch gii: t dy
e
3
dy e
ax b x
acx bc (ac d ) x dy bc
dy e c dx e
c dx e
c(dx e)3
7) 4 x2 13x 5 8) 4 x2 13x 5 9)
3
3x 1 4 x2 13x 5 3) x3 2 3 3 3x 2
2)
81x 8
x3
3x 1 0 3x 1 0 4 2x2 x 2 3
35
4x 9 7 x2 7 x 28 3 5) x 1 2 3 2 x 1
4) 6) x 3 35 x3 x
3
x 0
35 x3
30
II. PHNG PHP HM S S dng cc tnh cht ca hm s gii phng trnh l dng ton kh quen thuc. Ta c 3 hng p dng sau y: Hng 1: Thc hin theo cc bc: Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f ( x ) k Bc 2: Xt hm s y f ( x ) Bc 3: Nhn xt: Vi x x0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do x0 l nghim Vi x x0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do phng trnh v nghim Vi x x0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do phng trnh v nghim Vy x0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh Hng 2: thc hin theo cc bc Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f ( x) g ( x) Bc 2: Dng lp lun khng nh rng f ( x ) v g(x) c nhng tnh cht tri ngc nhau v xc nh x0 sao cho
f ( x0 )
4 x2
4x 4
3x 2
2
9 x2 3
2x 1 2
2x 1
t 2
3x 2
3x
f 2x 1
1 5
3x
Xt hm s f t
t 2 3 , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c x
4x 1
4 x 2 1 1, x 1
x3 4 x 5 , x 1 3 x x 2 , x 1 2 x 2 x 2
x2 3 4 x
x3 ,
x 1
x 2
3 , 2x 1
36