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LI M U

Ngy nay cng vi vic pht trin mnh m cc ng dng ca khoa hc k thut trong cng nghip, c bit l trong cng nghip in t th cc thit b in t c cng sut ln cng c ch to ngy cng nhiu. V c bit cc ng dng ca n vo cc ngnh kinh t quc dn v i sng hng ngy v ang c pht trin ht sc mnh m. Tuy nhin p ng c nhu cu ngy cng nhiu v phc tp ca cng nghip th ngnh in t cng sut lun phi nghin cu tm ra gii php ti u nht. c bit vi ch trng cng nghip ho - hin i ho ca Nh nc, cc nh my, x nghip cn phi thay i, nng cao a cng ngh t ng iu khin vo trong sn xut. Do i hi phi c thit b v phng php iu khin an ton, chnh xc. l nhim v ca ngnh in t cng sut cn phi gii quyt. gii quyt c vn ny th Nh nc ta cn phi c i ng thit k ng o v ti nng. Sinh vin ngnh Cng ngh T ng tng lai khng xa s ng trong ng ny, do m cn phi t trang b cho mnh c mt trnh v tm hiu bit su rng. Chnh v vy n mn hc in t cng sut l mt yu cu cp thit cho mi sinh vin Cng Ngh T ng. N l bi kim tra kho st kin thc tng hp ca mi sinh vin, v cng l iu kin cho sinh vin ngnh t tm hiu v nghin cu kin thc v in t cng sut. Qua y cho em c gi li cm n ti thy Trn Trng Minh tn tnh ch dn, gip em hon thnh tt n mn hc ny. n ny hon thnh khng nhng gip em c c thm nhiu kin thc hn v mn hc m cn gip em dc tip xc vi mt phng php lm vic mi ch ng hn,linh hot hn v c bit l s quan trng ca phng php lm vic theo nhm.Qu trnh thc hin n l mt thi gian thc s b ch cho bn thn em v nhiu mt. Qua y cho em c gi li cm n ti c Nguyn Th ip tn tnh ch dn, gip em hon thnh tt n mn hc ny. H Ni, ngy 24 thng 12 nm 2011 Sinh vin Nguyn Vn Quyn

CHNG I: TNG QUAN V CC B NGHCH LU


iu khin ng c in l mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng trong thit k truyn ng in. ng c in c thit k lun lun c mt tn s v in p nh mc. tn s v in p nh mc, ng c vn hnh vi hiu sut thit k v tn hao trong ng c l nh nht, em li gi tr kinh t ln nht. Khi vn hnh cc tr s nh mc th kh nng iu chnh tc ca ng c l rt thp v khi ng c khng cho php thay i qu nhiu do kh nng pht nng ca my. Trong truyn ng in th yu cu iu chnh tc thng xuyn c t ra v ngy cng yu cu chnh xc trong iu khin. Khi mun iu chnh tc ngoi nh mc th mt s thng s ca ng c phi thay i m bo iu khin vn hnh lu di. Phng php c ng dng u tin l iu khin in p t vo ng c v c nh tn s ca dng in bng in p li. Phng php ny t ra hiu qu vi nhng ng c cng sut ln v kh nng iu chnh tc khng cao, khi in p ng c thay i khng qu ln so vi nh mc. Mt s phng php thng thng thay i in p t vo ng c c p dng trong iu khin tc ng c: t in p hnh sin tr s thp hn nh mc vo ng c: Phn in p chnh lch gia in p li v in p t vo ng c c t ln mt thit b tiu tn, thng thng l cun khng. u im ca phng php ny l in p t ln ng c hnh sin do vy khng tn ti sng hi trong ng c, khng gy ra ting n. Nhc im ca phng php ny l gy ra tn hao trong cun khng, khi yu cu tc cng thp hn so vi nh mc th tn hao ny cng ln. t mt in p khng sin thp hn nh mc ln ng c: Phng php ny gi l iu p xoay chiu. Qu trnh thay i in p t ln ng c c thc hin bng cp mt in p khng lin tc cho ng c v khi in p hiu dng ca ng c thay i. Khi in p hiu dng ca ng c thay i th tc ca ng c thay i theo, khi ta iu khin c tc ng c. u im chnh ca phng php ny l khng gy tn hao trn thit b dng tiu tn phn in p chnh lch gia in p li v in p t ln ng c. Nhc im chnh ca phng php ny l tng tn hao trong ng c. Khi dng in khng lin tc s gy ra sng hi trong ng c, nhng sng hi ny s gy ra tn hao trong ng c tng. Khi tc yu cu thp hn nh mc cng nhiu th tn hao trong ng c cng tng. tc gn khng th gn nh khng iu khin c do tn hao sng hi trong ng c qu ln. T hai phng php iu khin tc ng c trn ta thy: Khi ng c yu cu di iu chnh tc ln, c bit khi yu cu iu chnh tc thi hai phng php trn gn nh hon ton khng p ng c do tn hao tng v hiu qu kinh t thp. Chnh v vy phng php iu khin tc ng c tn s nh mc khng p ng c vi nhng truyn ng in yu cu cao v iu chnh tc . Mt phng php khc c a ra iu khin tc ng c t hiu qu cao v kinh t l iu khin c tn s v in p t vo ng c. in p li khng t trc tip vo ng c m gin tip qua mt thit b bin i, thit b bin i ny s thay i tn s v in p ca ng c t c gi tr mong mun ca tc . Thit b thay i tn s v in p t vo ng c c gi vi tn gi chung l b nghch lu. B nghch lu s a ng c hot ng t thng s nh mc ny sang thng s nh mc khc m bo iu chnh tc chnh xc v gim tn hao em li hiu qu kinh t cao. B nghch lu thng thng c chia ra lm hai loi chnh:
1. S cn thit ca b nghch lu :

B nghch lu gin tip: in p li tn s cng nghip c bin i trc tip thnh tn s khc tn s li v cung cp cho ng c. Tn s ra ca b nghch lu thp hn tn s li. B nghch lu gin tip: in p li trc khi cung cp cho ti c chnh lu thnh in p mt chiu, in p mt chiu sau c bin i thnh in p xoay chiu cung cp cho ti. Tn s ra ca b nghch lu c th bin i t 0 n tn s nh mc ca b nghch lu.
1. Nguyn tc hot ng ca b nghch lu : 1.1.B nghch lu trc tip :

B nghch lu trc tip gm hai nhm chuyn mch song song ni ngc nh hnh v ( hnh 1.1). Trn th dng sng ca b nghch lu ta thy cng sut tc thi ca b nghch lu bao gm c bn giai on. Trong hai khong ta c tch in p v dng in ca b nghch lu dng, b nghch lu ly cng sut t li cung cp cho ti. Trong hai khong cn li ta c tch gia in p v dng in trong b nghch lu m nn b nghch lu bin i cung cp li cng sut cho li.

Hnh 1.1 B nghch lu trc tip tng qut thy c nguyn l hot ng, ta xt mch hot ng ca mch nghch lu hnh v (hnh 1.2a). u vo ca b nghch lu l in p xoay chiu mt pha, u ra l mt ph ti mt pha thun tr. Nhm chuyn mch ni theo s hai pha na chu k. Nhm chuyn mch dng c k hiu bng ch P (Position), nhm m k hiu bng ch N (Negative). Dng sng dng in c v nh hnh 1.2b, cm P ch dn trong nm na chu k ca in p, cc thyristor c mi khng c tr, iu c ngha l coi P nh l b chnh lu diode. Trong nm na chu k sau ch c nhm N dn tng hp ra phn ip p m ca na chu k in p ra. Theo dng sng ca in p biu din trn hnh 1.2b th tn s in p ra bng 1/5 tn s in p vo. Dng sng in p ny gn vi dng ca sng in p hnh ch nht v c cha mt s lng kh ln cc thnh phn song hi.
1.1.1. Nguyn l lm vic ca b nghch lu trc tip :

Hnh 1.2 S nghch lu im gia v cc trng thi Hnh 1.2c biu din khong dn ca cc van bn dn v dng in ca ngun cp.Ta thy dng in chy qua van bn dn l 1/2 sng hnh sin cn dng in ngun cp l hon ton sin. Vic iu khin cc van bn dn nh trn khng mang li hiu qu cao trong iu khin, sng in p ra c sin khng cao. Mun sng ra c dng sin cao phi iu khin thay i khong dn ca cc van thay i theo mt qui lut nht nh. Hnh 1.2d biu gn ng mt sng hnh sin c tng hp bng cch iu khin cc thi im mi cc thyristor. Phng php ny cng vi vic iu chnh pha lm gim cc iu ho bc cao ca dng sng in p u ra so vi dng sng in p cho trc. Theo cc dng sng ca dng in trn hnh 1.2e dng in ra mang nhiu thnh phn p mch ng vi tn s ngun, dng in ca mch b bin dng nhiu.
1.1.2. Lut iu khin nghch lu trc tip :

thun tin trong vic xem xt lut iu khin ca mt nhm chnh lu nghch lu ta gi gc m ca mt nhm l . Gc phi c iu khin sao cho tr s in p ra trung bnh trong tng khong ca cc nhm hp thnh dng sng tc thi ca nghch lu c dng nh mong mun. Thng thng trong cc mch iu khin ta thng iu kin theo hm arccos nn gi tr gc phi bin thin theo qui lut hnh sin theo thi gian vi chu k in p ra ca b nghch lu.

Hnh 1.3 S nghch lu im gia thay th v dng in vng Dng sng biu din trong hnh 1.3 c v trong trng hp bin ra ln nht ca in p ra c th t c. Cho nhm dng lm vic c in p ra cc i , dng sng ng in p ra ng vi gc m bng 0. Chuyn mch tip theo phi tho mn mt gi tr sao cho in p ra t gi tr nh mong mun. Cc giao im ca sng sin chun (dng in p u ra nh mong mun) vi cc sng cosin c v vi cc i ti cc thi im gc m bng 0 xc nh thi im kch m cc thyristor. Hnh v trn (Hnh 1.8) biu din u ra ca nhm dng. Ta cn phi ch rng trong ch chnh lu gc m ca van bn dn nh hn 900(gc m ) nhng trong ch nghch p1 lu, trong na chu k m, gc m phi ln hn 900 (gc m ), gc l gc m vt trc hay

p2

p2

gc m nhanh. Qu trnh xc nh hot ng ca nhm m c tin hnh tng t. Trong qu trnh m van c th tin hnh cho m sm hn qu trnh chuyn mch kt thc sm hn. gim in p u ra ta tin hh gim bin ca sng sin chun gi tr nh mong mun. Qu trnh gim in p ra i lin vi l thnh phn sng hi trong dng in cng tng ln. Qu trnh iu khin b nghch lu trc tip l qu trnh kh phc tp. S mch iu khin c trnh by trn hnh 1.9. Tn hiu pht hin c dng in vng trong b bin i s chuyn tn hiu kch m t nhm ny sang nhm khc m bo phi c mt nhm b kho.

B nghch lu trc tip c u im l c th a ra mt cng sut kh ln u ra nhng c mt s nhc im sau : Ch c th cho in p ra c tn s nh hn tn s in p li. Kh iu khin khin tn s nh v khi tn hao sng hi trong ng c kh ln. tinh v chnh xc trong iu khin khng cao. Sng in p u ra khng thc s gn sin. Chnh v nhng c im trn m mt loi nghch lu khc c a ra nng cao cht lng trong cung cp ngun l nghch lu gin tip. B nghch lu gin tip cho php khc phc nhng nhc im ca b nghch lu trc tip trn. Trong b nghch lu gin tip th trc khi c nghch lu in p li c chnh lu thnh in p mt chiu bng b chnh lu diode hoc b chnh lu c iu khin. in p mt chiu c qua mt b lc cung cp cho b nghch lu mt ngun in p mt chiu tng i n nh cho mch nghch lu. S b nghch lu gin tip c s khi nh hnh v :

1.2.B nghch lu gin tip :

Hnh 1.4 : S khi b nghch lu gin tip in p xoay chiu tn s cng nghip (50/60 Hz) c chnh lu thnh ngun mt chiu nh b chnh lu (CL) khng iu khin (chnh lu diode) hoc chnh lu c iu khin (chnh lu thyristor), sau c lc v c b nghch lu (NL) s bin i thnh in p xoay chiu c tn s thay i. Tu thuc vo b chnh lu v nghch lu nh hnh 1.5 m ta chia b nghch lu gin tip c chia lm ba loi : B nghch lu ngun dng in, chnh lu thyristor (hnh 1.5a) B nghch lu ngun in p, chnh lu thyristor (hnh 1.5b) B nghch lu ngun p iu bin rng xung (PWM) (hnh1.5c)
1.1.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca b nghch lu gin tip :

Hnh 1.5 : S khi cc b nghch lu gin tip


1.1.1. B nghch lu ngun dng in - chnh lu c iu khin : 1.1.1.1.B nghch lu mt pha :

in p xoay chiu c chnh lu thnh mt chiu nh b chnh lu c iu khin, thng l thyristor, in p mt chiu sau chnh lu c a qua cun khng lc. Cun khng lc c tc dng bin ngun in sau chnh lu thnh ngun dng cung cp cho mch nghch lu. i vi b nghch lu dng in cung cp t ngun in mt chiu thc t l khng i, khng ph thuc vo hin tng ca b nghch lu trong khong lm vic trc . Trong thc t th b nghch lu ngun dng c cung cp bng ngun in mt chiu qua cun dy c in cm ln (hnh 1.6), iu cho php lm thay i in p ca b nghch lu.

Hnh 1.6 : B nghch lu ngun dng mt pha Cc bin thin dng in c cn bng nh Ldi/dt. Nhng do di/dt nh nn ngun dng trong thc t khng thay i trong thi gian ngn. Chuyn mch n gin nht ca b nghch lu c dng in khng i ch cn c cc t in. Ta xt mt mch n gin c s nhhnh 1.6a. Khi cc thyristor T1 v T2 dn, cc t in tch in dng trn cc bn cc tri. Vic kch m cc thyristor T3 v T4 lm cc t in ni vo cc cc ca thyristor T1 v T2 tng ng kha chng li. By dng in i qua T3C1D1, qua ti sau qua D2C2T4 v v ngun. in p trn hai cc ca t in s o chiu mt s thi im nht nh ph thuc vo in p ca ti, cc diode D3 v D4 bt u dn. Dng in ngun sau mt thi gian ngn s chuyn t D1 sang D3 v t D4 sang D2. Cui cng cc dioe D1 v D2 ngng dn, khi dng in qua ti hon ton ngc chiu. ip p cc t i chiu chun b cho na chu k sau. Cc diode v trn hnh 1.6 c tc dng ngn cch t in vi in p ti. Dng in ti hnh ch nht nu ta b qua qu trnh chuyn mch, in p ra c thnh phn c bn hnh sin nhng c nh nhn ti cc im chuyn mch.
1.1.1.2.B nghch lu ba pha :

S mch nghch lu ba pha c dng nh hnh v (Hnh 1.7)

Hnh 1.7 : S mch nghch lu dng in in hnh Dng in cp cho ng c c dng xung hnh ch nht c bin khng i nn st p trn in cm tn ca stator bng khng v st p trn in tr stator khng i. Do in p trn hai cc ca ng c c to ra bi ti, khng phi do mch nghch lu. S ni dy khi chuyn mch v dng dng in pha c dng nh hnh 1.8. Trong thc t mch nghch lu dng in thung s dng cc thyristor iu khin khng hon ton c s nguyn l nh hnh 1.9. Dy qun ba pha c b tr i xng, nn in p ca ng c c dng gn vi in p hnh sin. Trong trng hp l tng th dng in c dng hnh ch nht c bin khng thay i. Nhng thc t th qu trnh chuyn mch ca thyristor khng phi l tc thi, cc thyristor cn c thi gian dn v kha hon ton, nn dng sng ca dng in khng phi l vung hon ton. Trong khong thi gian cc van T1 v T6 dn dng, dng in pha , cc t chuyn mch np in c cc tnh nh hnh v. Khi c xung m T2, T2 s dn v ia = ib T6 s b kho do in p ngc. Do ti c tnh cm, dng in Id khng b gin on ngay m s khp mch qua D6 C12 song song vi mch ni tip C46 C42 T2 np cho t C62 , in p trn t C62 tng tuyn tnh cho n khi dng iC xut hn, bt u chuyn dng ca D6 cho D2, tc l chuyn dng t pha a sang pha b.Kt thc qu trnh chuyn mch khi v v t C62phn cc ib = 0 ic = I d ngc li.

Hnh 1.8: S ni dy chuyn mch v dng dng in pha Mt s u im ca nghch lu ngun dng : C kh nng vt qua c cc s c chuyn mch v t phc hi v trng thi lm vic bnh thng. C kh nng hm ti sinh tr nng lng v li bng o du cc tnh ca in p mt chiu trong khi chiu dng in khng i chiu. V vy khng cn yu cu thm b chnh lu o chiu in p. S lm vic ca ng c khi trt m s t ng o du in p mt chiu v dng in mt chiu l i lng c iu khin. Do trong b nghch lu ngun dng nng lng s c t ng nghch lu tr v li.

Hnh 1.9 : S nguyn l mch nghch lu ngun dng

Nhc im ca b nghch lu ngun dng : Nhc im chnh ca b nghch lu ngun dng l khng th lm vic c ch khng ti. Kch thc ca t in v in cm lc ngun mt chiu kh ln. Cc t chuyn mch phi c tr s ln cn thit thu nhn nng lng ca cun dy stator khi chuyn mch. m bo nng lng phn khng ti thiu th ng c phi c thit k sao cho in cm tn nh nht. iu ny s lm tng mc gi ng c.
1.1.1. B nghch lu ngun in p chnh lu c iu khin : 1.1.1.1.B nghch lu mt pha :

in p xoay chiu tn s cng nghip sau khi qua b chnh lu c iu khin c t C lc thnh ngun p, cung cp cho mch nghch lu. S nghch lu mt pha c im gia c s nguyn l nh hnh 1.10. Ni in p mt chiu vo cc na dy qun s cp ca cc my bin p, bng cch i ni lun phin hai thyristor lm in p cm ng bn th cp ca my bin p c dng hnh ch nht cung cp co ng c.T in C c vai tr gip cc thyristor chuyn mch.V t C mc song song vi ti qua my bin p nn phi mc ni tip mt cun dy L ni tip vi ngun ngn khng cho t C phng ngc tr li ngun trong qu trnh chuyn mch ca cc van bn dn.
a. S nghch lu mt pha c im gia :

Hnh 1.10 : S nghch lu mt pha c im gia Khi mt thyristor dn in, in p ngun mt chiu E t vo mt na cun dy s cp. in p tng cng 2E c np cho t C. M thyristor tip theo s lm kho thyristor trc, nh qu trnh chuyn mch qua t c mc song song. Trong trng hp my bin p l l tng, sc t ng ca my bin p lun cn bng. Trong thc t, in p mt chiu trn hai u dy qun ch c th c duy tr bng t thng bin thin, do cn c dng in t ho ban u. ci thin dng sng ca in p ti cho gn vi sng hnh sin nn chn cc phn t mt cch thch hp sao cho trnh c phn nm ngang ca in p, ngha l kch m mt thyristor gn thi im dn ca thyristor khc, lm cho in p ti c tr s cc i. Nu ti khng phi l ti in tr th Khi ti l in cm , dng in ti tng ln ri li gim. Khi thyristor T1 dn, dng in chy t c ti a, c dng so vi a v ti nhn c dng in chy t c ti a. Khi thyristor T2 m i chiu in p ra th thyristor T1 b kho, nhng dng in ti

khng th i chiu t ngt, dng in s cp cng khng thay iin p v dng in c s lch pha nhau. S c trnh by nh hnh 1.11.

Hnh 1.11 : S lm vic vi ti phn khng Khi T1 b kho , ch c dng in chy t d n c qua D2 np tr li ngun mt chiu. Trong khi D2 dn, thyristor T2 b kho (cng thi im chuyn mch kt thc), in th ti im d m hn so vi c. V vy cng sut t ti c a tr li ngun mt chiu. Ta xt hnh 1.11b : thi im t2 dng in ti trit tiu,diode D2 ngng dn v thyristor T2 tr li dn dng, lm ngc chiu dng in ti, ti tr thnh ngun in. m bo thyristor T2 chc chn dn ti thi im t2, ta phi kch m theo nguyn tc chm xung. Qu trnh cng din ra tng t cho thyristor T1. Ta c th phi hp cc diode u bn pha s cp ca my bin p, nhng khi s dn n tn hao nng lng chuyn mch trong cun dy lc ngun. S phi hp cc diode gn u dy qun cho php ly li nng lng tch lu trong cun dy sau khi chuyn mchv do vy lm gim c tn hao trong mch. Ta xt ti c tnh in dung. Dng in p c trnh by n gin nh hnh 1.11c, dng in qua cc diode ti cc thi im t3 v t4 trc khi m thyristor lm i chiu in p ra. Trong trng hp tng qut sng in p v dng in khng phi l sin hon ton, ta ch xt sng in p c bn trong trng hp n gin.

b. Mch nghch lu na cu :

S mch nghch lu na cu c dng nh hnh v (hnh 1.12)

Hnh 1.12: S mch nghch lu na cu Ti ca mch nghch lu thng thng mang tnh cm nn trong s c thm hai diode ngc u song song vi cc Transistor tng ng, nhm ngn nga qu in p ln xut hin trn cc cc Transistor khi ng ct dng ti. Qu trnh dn ca cc van bn dn c th thy n gin qua qua th dng in v in p u ra ca b nghch lu. u im ca s l cu trc v iu kin n gin, tn t van bn dn. Nhc im ca s ny l kh nng p ng c cng sut ln l khng cao.

c. Mch nghch lu cu :

S mch nghch lu cu c s ng lc nh hnh v (Hnh 1.13)

Hnh 1.13 : B nghch lu cu mt pha Nu ti trong hnh 1.13a l ti thun tr, vic mi ln lt cc thyristor T1 , T2 v T3 , T4, in p mt chiu s t ln hai cc ca ti theo hai chiu to nn sng hnh ch nht. Trong trng hp ti in cm, dng in chm pha hn so vi in p mc d dng in p vn cn dng hnh ch nht. Dng sng biu din trn hnh 1.13c c v trong trng hp ti mang tnh cht in cm. Cc thyristor c mi bng xung chm lin tc trong khong 1800ca in p ra ca b nghch lu. Cui na chu k dng ca in p, dng in ti l dng v tng theo hm s m, khi thyristor T3 v T4 c mi kho thyristor T1 v T2 th in p i chiu, nhng dng in ti khng i chiu. Mch duy nht dng in ti chy qua l qua cc diode D3 v D4. Ngun in mt chiu c ni vi ti theo in p ngc vi ban u v cung cp ngun cho ti, dng in ti tng theo hm m. V cc thyristor yu cu phi c mi ng lc sau khi dng in ti trit tiu, nn cn phi a mt xung chm vo cc iu khin trong khong 1800 dn ca van. T ngun mt chiu in p c nh ta cng c th iu chnh in p ra ch nht c nhng khong in p bng khng (Hnh 1.13c). Ta nhn c in p hnh ch nht bng cch kch m

cc thyristor T1 v T4 trc cc thyristor T2 v T3.Trn hnh 1.13c biu din gc trc ny. Hay ni cch khc chm xung a vo T1 v T4 vt trc mt gc v T3.

l gc vt

so vi a vo T2

Dng sng trn hnh 1.13c, thi im thyristor T4 c kch m kho T1, dng in ti chy qua diode D4 nhng v thyristor T2 cn dn nn dng ti chy qua D4 v T2 lm ngn mch ti v trit tiu in p trn ti. Khi thyristor T3 c kch m v thyristor T2 b kho th dng in chy qua diode D3 lm i chiu in p ni vi ngun. Cc thyristor T3 v T4 bt u dn ngay khi dng in ti trit tiu. Cc dng in qua thyristor v diode khng cn ging nhau na. Hnh 1.14 ta c mt cch khc d nhn c mt sng gn hnh ch nht c b rng thay i c bng cch phi hp (cng) cc u ra lch pha ca hai b nghch lu sng hnh ch nht. B nghch lu 2 lch pha so vi b nghch lu 1 mt gc to nn in p chung c khong in p bng khng c rng bng

in p u ra c th iu chnh c bng cch gim in p mt chiu t vo b nghch lu. Mch cng sut ca nghch lu cu ba pha s dng Thyristor c trnh by hnh v ( Hnh 1.14), trong qu trnh chuyn mch v qu c b qua trong trng hp n gin. Dng sng in p u ra c trnh by hnh 1.15
1.1.1.1.B nghch lu ba pha :

Hnh 1.14 : B nghch lu cu ba pha B nghch lu bao gm ba na cu, mi na cu bao gm hai Transistor cao v thp, mi Transistor s ng ct bin i trong khong thi gian 1800. Mi na cu c dch pha 1200v dng sng cn bng ca ba pha c trnh by trong hnh 1.15. Ngun DC c trung tnh gi, mc ch ca trung tnh gi l lm thun li cho ta khi xt dng sng u ra ca b nghch lu, trong thc t th trung tnh ny khng c tht. in p DC c c t mt chnh lu cu v mt mch lc LC c mt ngun p tng i l tng. Dng sng ca in p ra. Dng sng in p u ra ca b nghch lu c xc nh bi dng ca mch in v phng php ng ct m khng ph thuc vo dng ca ti. Dng sng ra ny rt nhiu thnh phn sng hi bc cao, nhng dng in thi tng i bng phng hn, iu ny c c l do nh hng hiu ng lc ca ti. Theo cc dng sng trnh by trn hnh 1.15b c v trong trng hp ti thun tr. Dng in dy c dng gn hnh ch nht, mi thyristor dn 1/3 chu k dng in ti. Ta coi thyristor ch l nhng kho chuyn mch, tc l ta b qua qu trong cc van bn dn.ngun mt chiu c

ng m trong su khong tng hp nn u ra ba pha. Tn s ng ct ca thyristor xc nh tn s in p ra. in cm ca ti lm thay i dng sng hnh bc thang ca in p ra.Nguyn nhn ch yu l vic chuyn mch ca dng in ti trong cc diode lm duy tr cc chuyn mch (hnh 1.15a) khp kn trong khong ln hn 1200.

Hnh 1.15 : B nghch lu cu ba pha v cc dng sng Trong iu khin thyristor thng thng gc iu khin c chn bng 1800. Do vy ngun in mt chiu c ni vo ti qua mt thyristor n mt trong hai cc v c hai thyristor ni song song v cc khc. Dng sng trn hnh 1.16 biu din qua trnh dn trong vng 1800, in p dy hnh ch nht. Dng in ti c dng hnh bc thang v mi thyristor dn 1800.

Hnh 1.16 : B nghch lu cu ba pha lm vic trong vng 1800 ti R v cc dng song. B nghch lu ngun p l b nghch lu kh thng dng v b nghch lu loi ny c mt s u im sau : in p v dng in ra c iu bin gn sin hn. iu chnh in p ra d dng bng iu chnh gc m ca chnh lu v bng iu chnh khong dn ca thyristor. C kh nng lm vic ch khng ti Do s dng cc t lm mch lc ngun nn b nghch lu loi ny c kch thc nh gn hn nghch lu ngun dng.Khng c tn hao trong cun khng lc ngun. Nhc im ca b nghch lu ngun p - chnh lu c iu khin: Dng in v din p vn cha nhiu thnh phn sng hi tn s c bn. D b ngn mch pha nu khng kho thyristor hp l. Vi nhng h yu cu cao v iu chnh tc th b nghch lu ny kh p ng c do kh nng chuyn mch ca van bn dn. nng cao cht lng in p v dng in u ra ca b nghch lu, b nghch lu iu bin rng xung c a vo nghin cu v ng dng. Tiu chun c bn nh gi cht lng ca mt b nghch lu l mc gn sin chun ca in p v dng in u ra. Trong tt c cc b nghch lu c ng dng th b nghch lu iu bin rng xung c nh gi l b nghch lu cho php a ra dng sng gn sin nht. Nguyn l ca b nghch lu ny trong chng ny ta khng i su vo m n s c cp su hn chng sau, y ta ch ni qua v nguyn l s b c th so snh vi hai dng nghch lu trn.
1.1.1. B nghch lu iu bin rng xung - chnh lu khng iu khin :

CHNG II : B NGHCH LU IU BIN RNG XUNG


Cc b nghch lu cp trong chng I l nhng b nghch lu m dng sng ca dng in hoc in p a vo b nghch lu l nhng xung vung hon ton hoc xung c nhy cp m ta nh ngha chung l nhng b nghch lu nhy cp. B nghch lu nhy cp loi ny c nhng thun li v hn ch nht nh trong iu khin v dng sng u ra. Thun li ch yu l vn iu khin, trong iu khin, mt chng mc nht nh, th kt cu ca mch iu khin tng i n gin, thi gian ng ct ca van bn dn c c nh trong mt chu k. Ta thy c hai b nghch lu ngun dng v ngun p cp chng I th trong mt na chu k in p c bn u ra th cc van bn dn ch ng ct mt ln duy nht. C th ni rng tn s ng ct ca van bn dn bng hai ln tn s ca sng c bn b nghch lu. Kh nng chuyn mch ca van bn dn yu cu khng cao, do vy c th dng cho mch cng sut ln v cc van bn dn cng sut ln c tc chuyn mch thp, cc van cng sut cng ln th tc chuyn mch cng chm. Bn cnh u im trn th b nghch lu nhy cp trn bc l mt s nhc im, nhc im ln nht l kh nng sin ho dng in hoc in p khng cao. Do ng ct cung cp cho ti nhng xung vung nn khi ti l ng c s xut hin sng hi bc cao khng mong mun. Sng hi xut hin lm tn hao trong mch tng ln v tinh chnh trong iu khin gim. Khi tn s u ra yu cu cng thp th sng hi xut hin cng nhiu v khi tc cn khng th hai b nghch lu dng ny mt kh nng kim sot tc , c bit l b nghch lu ngun dng. B nghch lu iu bin rng xung ra i khc phc c nhc im ca hai b nghch trn. Dng sng u ra ca b nghch lu iu bin rng xung (PWM - Pulse Width Modulation) c iu bin gn sin hn, thnh phn hi bc cao c loi tr n mc ti thiu, kh nng iu khin thch nghi theo mi cp in p v mi tn s trong di tn s nh mc. Bng phng php PWM ta c th iu khin c ng c thch nghi theo mt ng c tnh cho trc. Nhc im ln nht ca b nghch lu PWM l yu cu van bn dn c kh nng ng ct tn s ln. Tn s thng thng ln hn khong 15 ln tn s nh mc u ra ca b nghch lu.
2. Nguyn l hot ng ca PWM : 1. S cn thit ca b nghch lu iu bin rng xung :

S mch lc PWM mt pha c biu din nh hnh 2.1 :

Hnh 2.1 : S mch nghch lu PWM mt pha

Hai i lng cn phi quan tm khi xem xt v PWM l: sng mang v sng iu bin. Sng mang: Sng mang l sng tam gic c tn s rt ln, c th n hng chc thm ch hng trm kHz. Sng iu bin: Sng iu bin l sng hnh sin c tn s bng tn s sng c bn u ra ca b nghch lu. Sng iu bin chnh l dng sng mong mun u ra ca mch nghch lu. Hnh 2.2 biu din in p u ra ca b nghch lu PWM n cc. Chu k ng m c iu khin sao cho b rng xung ca cc chu k l cc i nh sng hnh sin c bn.

Hnh 2.2: in p ra ca b nghch lu PWM n cc rng din tch ca mi xung tng ng gn vi din tch di dng sng hnh sin mong mun gia hai khong m lin tip. Cc iu ho ca sng iu ch theo phng php PWM gim r rt theo phng php ny. xc nh thi im kch m cn thit tng hp ng dng sng u ra theo phng php PWM (n cc) trong mch iu khin ngi ta to ra mt sng sin chun mong mun v so snh n vi mt dy xung tam gic c biu din trn hnh 2.3. Giao im ca hai sng xc dnh thi im kch m van bn dn.

Hnh 2.3 : th xc nh thi im kch m thyristor in p ca u ra b nghch lu PWM cc i khi ch xung vung, c ngha l khi u ra ca PWM ging nh b nghch lu ngun p cp chng I. Khi in p iu khin cng gim th b rng ca xung cng gim v trng xung cng tng, do vy in p ra gim. V vy c th iu khin in p u ra bng in p iu khin. Hnh 2.4 gii thch vic s dng sng tam gic so snh to im kch m van bn dn. Phn sng hnh sin nm pha trn xung tam gic s tng ng cho xung ra c b rng b. Gim bin sng hnh sin ta s c mt mt na s c xung

c b rng c. Xung sin c tn s nh hn nhiu tn s xung tam gic nn c th coi nh trong mt chu k xung tam gic th xung hnh sin khng thay i ln, v vy ta c c = b/2.

Hnh 2.4 : Gii thch vic s dng sng tam gic so snh Bin ca in p iu bin ra khng i nhng b rng xung thay i, do vy in p trung bnh u ra thay i v ta c bin in p sau b nghch lu thay i. Cch iu ch tng t cng c xem xt cho phn m ca sng sin chun. B rng a trn hnh v ng vi gi tr cc i ca song sin. iu ng ngha vi bin cc i ca sng sin chun khng ln hn xung tam gic. Qu trnh a xung c tn s cao vo s to ra ng ct tn s ln do vy s lm tng cc iu ho bc cao. Nhng ta c th d dng lc ra iu ho bc thp v tn s c bn sin hon. Bn canh ng c l ti in cm nn d dng lm suy gim cc iu ho bc cao c in p v dng in. Thay cho phng php iu khin PWM n cc nng cao cht lng iu khin ta c phng php iu khin PWM lng cc. Cc thyristor c kch m theo tng cp nhm trnh khong in p v khng (lng cc). Gin in p iu bin PWM lng cc c biu din trn hnh 2.5. Phn in p ngc trong na chu k u ra rt ngn. xc nh thi im van bn dn ngi ta iu ch sng ta gic tn s cao bng sng sin chun v vy khng to lch pha gia sng tam gic v sng hnh sin cu iu bin.

Hnh 2.5 : iu ch rng xung lng cc S ln chuyn mch nhiu trong mt chu k sng tam gic dn ti tn hao i chiu trong thyristor ca b nghch lu ln. chn b nghch lu c sng gn ch nht hoc b nghch lu PWM phi ch n gi thnh b xung phn t chuyn mch v tn hao chuyn mch, song song vi iu phi tnh n sng c bn cn ki u ra. Trong phn II ta c mt khi nim c bn v b nghch lu iu bin rng xung PWM. Phn ny ta s i su vo nh lng mt s i lng cn thit trong tnh ton b nghch lu PWM v vn hi bc cao u ra. Do yu cu ng ct vi tn s cao nn phn ln PWM s dng transistor nh : BJT, MOSFET, IGBT . lm phn t chuyn mch.V vy trong qu trnh xem xt v PWM ta dng transistor lm i tng nghin cu.
1. nh lng PWM :

CHNG III: THIT K MCH NG LC


Trong nghch lu ca dng phng php PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) ta c hai phng php nghch lu : Nghch lu PWM n cc Nghch lu PWM lng cc Hai phng php trn c nhng u im v nhc im nht nh, la chn c mt phng php PWM thch hp ta phi tin hnh phn tch u nhc im ca tng loi.
1.1.Phng php nghch lu PWM n cc : 1. xut phng n :

Hnh 3.1 : Nguyn l v cc dng in p ca PWM n cc

Hnh 3.2 : S nguyn l nghch lu n cc Trong phng php ny cc knh (ta nh ngha knh tng ng vi mt pha) hot ng c lp vi nhau. Qua trnh ng ct cc van bn dn c xc nh trc do qu trnh so snh in p ca sng sin chun v sng tam gic. in p pha c bin l Ud/2. in dy v in p pha c bin bng nhau. Khi in p hnh vung t ln ng c th dng in trong ng c tng ln theo hm s m, khi khng c in p t ln ng c s xy ra qu trnh x nng lng ca cm khng ca ng c, qu trnhx ny qua diode v ngun mt chiu. Qu trnh tng ta c th iu khin c cn qu trnh x l t nhin, khng c iu khin.

Hnh 3.3 : Dng in p v dng in pha thc t Hnh 3.3 biu din dng in v in p ca mt pha ng c khi cung cp p bng PWM n cc.

1.2.Phng php nghch lu PWM lng cc :

Hnh 3.4 : Nguyn l v cc dng in p ca PWM lng cc Qu trnh to ra in p iu bin trn mt pha l s phi hp chuyn mch ca mt s van ng ct trn cc knh khc nhau. in p ra l s tng hp in p ca hai pha. Qu trnh ng ct th bin in p pha bng 1/2Ud. in p pha bao gm c phn m v phn dng c bin bng nhau. in p dy c bin bng Ud. Trong phng php iu khin ny khng c phn in p bng khng ca ti trong qu trnh hot ng, hay ni cch khc, in p ngun in mt chiu lun c t ln ti. Qu trnh suy gim ca dng ti c th iu khin c bng xung m. Hai phng php trn l hai phng php nghch lu PWM c bn. V cu trc mch ng lc ca hai phng php khng c g khc nhau, m ch khc nhau v nguyn tc iu khin chuyn mch cc van bn dn. Hai phng php trn c cha nhng u im v nhc im nht nh. Phng php PWM n cc : u im : Mch iu khin n gin do khng c phn in p m trong thnh phn in p cc pha.
1.3.So snh hai phng php nghch lu :

S lng chuyn mch ca transistor t, do vy tn hao chuyn mch thp. Nhc im : in p ra c bin khng cao, bin ca in p iu bin l Ud/2. Khi ti c yu cu in p ln hn Ud/2 th phng php ny khng p ng c. Khi in p ra yu cu gi tr cn khng thi kh c th p ng c do kh nng chuyn mch ca van bn dn. Phng php PWM lng cc : u im : in p ra c bin ln, bin ca in p iu bin l Ud. C kh nng iu khin in p nh, do c phn in p xung m trong thnh phn in p pha nn c th iu khin in p pha v khng m vn m bo iu kin chuyn mch ca van bn dn. Kh nng p ng c yu cu cao v n nh dng in cng nh tn s. Do c phn in p m trong iu bin in p pha nn c kh nng khng ch dng in tt hn. Nhc im : Phc tp trong mch iu khin do phi phi hp ng ct cc van bn dn. Chn phng n nghch lu : Yu cu ca b nghch lu PWM cn thit k : in p ngun nui: Ba pha 380V/50Hz Tn s in p ra: 50Hz n nh tn s in p ra: 5% Cng sut ti : 6KVA in p ra : 220V H s cng sut 0.75 Ta thy rng yu cu n nh tn s u ra l kh cao, di iu chnh tn s ln. V vy ta thit k mch nghch lu theo nguyn tc ca nghch lu PWM lng cc.
1.1.Chn thit b bn dn ng ct v dng mch ng lc : 1.1.1. Chn thit b bn dn ng ct :

Tn s in p ra tn s c bn c gi tr kh ln, t 100 dn 500 Hz. y l mt tn s kh ln i vi mt b nghch lu. Trong b nghch lu s dng nguyn l PWM th tn s chuyn mch cn ln hn nhiu ln tn s c bn. Chnh v vy ta phi chn linh kin bn dn lm kho chuyn mch phi c tc chuyn mch kh ln. Cc loi linh kin bn dn c th p ng c yu cu tn s ny l: Transistor lng cc BJT - Bipolar Junction Transistor Transistor hiu ng trng MOSFET - Metal Oxide Semicoducter Field Effect Transistor IGBT l s kt hp ca BJT v MOSFET tin hnh la chn c van bn dn thch hp, ta tin hnh phn tchu nhc im cc van bn dn trn. Nhng vn c bn v BJT : Trong phn ny ta khng i su vo cu to ca Transistor m ta ch phn tch nhng yu t chnh ca n khi vn hnh. C th ni rng BJT l mt phn t ng ct c in nht v c s dng u tin cho mc ch ng ct sau nhim v khuych i. Di cng sut ca BJT: Ngy nay vi k thut tin tin th cc BJT c th c cng sut kh ln, cc van BJT c th c in p chu ng hng chc kilvn v c dng cho php c vi nghn Ampe. Tn s chuyn mch ca BJT cho php kh ln, tn s cho php vo khong 10kHz. Tn s ny cng gim khi

cng sut van tng. tuyn tnh xung in p ra ca BJT kh ln, nguyn nhn chnh do t k sinh trn van nh nen cho php van chuyn mch nhanh. Nhc im ch yu ca BJT l cng sut mch iu khin. Cc BJT cng sut ln thng c h s khuych i nh, c trn di 10 ln. iu ny ng ngha vi cng sut mch iu khin bng 1/10 cng sut mch ng lc nu ta s dng khuych i trc tip. Cng sut mch iu khin c th gim c nu ta s dng mch Dalington cho tng khuych i cui cng, tuy vy s gy ra mt vn l tr iu khin khi chuyn mch tn s ln. Tn hao v lm mt BJT : Nh phn tch, tn hao trong BJT kh ln do n c iu khin bng dng-p. Do tn hao kh ln nn cc mch dng BJT thng c cng sut nh, c vi trm ot. Vic s dng tn s cao hn c th lm c xong khng kinh t trong iu khin v lm mt van. Nhng vn c bn v MOSFET : Di cng sut ca MOSFET : Cng ngh MOSFET ra i ci tin c nhng nhc im trong iu khin BJT. iu khin ng m MOSFET l iu khin bng in p t ln hai cc, cc cng (G Gate) v cc ngun (S Source). Vic iu khin bng in p lm gim c kch thc v tn hao trong mch iu khin v dn ti kh nng tch hp thnh vi mch. Do s dng hiu ng trng nn MOSFET cho php tn s chuyn mch kh ln, c th n 100kHz. tuyn tnh ca in p cao do t k sinh trn van nh. Tuy vy cng sut ca MOSFET khng cao, kh nng lm vic in p cao khng bng c BJT. Cc MOSFET cng sut ln thng c in p lm vic di 1kV v dng in c vi chc Ampe. Tn hao v lm mt MOSFET : MOSFET l van bn dn c tn hao nh nht trong tt c cc van bn dn c th s dng ch ng ct. Do s dng chuyn mch bng hiu ng trng nn qu trnh chuyn mch gy ra tn hao nh. i lin vi l vic lm mt cho MOSFET tng i n gin, c th s dng hiu sut dng cao m vn c th dm bo iu kin lm mt. Do vy khi di cng sut c vi trm oat thi ta nn s dng MOSFET lm phn t ng ct. Nhng vn c bn v IGBT : Kt hp nhng u im ca BJT v mt cng sut v ca MOSFET v mt iu khin, IGBT ra i. S ra i ca IGBT gii quyt cho BJT v tn hao trong iu khin, v tng cng sut ng ct. Di cng sut ca IGBT : Di cng sut ca IGBT c th ni l ln nht trong cc van s dng nguyn l chuyn mch bng dng xung iu khin. Do khng b hn ch v iu khin nn c th ch to IGBT vi cng sut kh ln vi gi thnh khng qu cao. Ngy nay IGBT c th ch to in in p c 6kV v dng in c 3kA, trong khi yu cu in p mch iu khin ch khong 20V v khng cn dng iu khin do iu khin IGBT l bng in p nh MOSFET. Tn s chuyn mch ca IGBT cng kh ln, thng thng cc IGBT cng sut c tn s lm vic khong 20kHz. Tn hao v lm mt cho IGBT : Trong qu trnh vn hnh IGBT c tn hao thp hn BJT song li cao hn MOSFET. Do vy qu trnh lm mt ca IGBT phi c bit c ch khi di cng sut tn cao. Qua phn tch trn cng vi i chiu cng sut thit k ca b nghch lu ta chn IGBT lm phn t chuyn mch. Nhng iu quan trng v IGBT : Cng ging nh MOSFET, ta c hai loi IGBT l IGBT loi N v IGBT loi P. Hnh v 3.5 trnh by cu to bn trong ca IGBT loi N, trong tt c cc vn c ni n sau ny ta ch ly

IGBT loi ny lm v d. Nguyn nhn chnh l do phn ln IGBT l loi N v loi P hon ton c th phn tch tng t.

Hnh 3.5 : Cu trc bn trong ca IGBT loi N Ta thy rng trong IGBT c ba lp tip gip l J1, J2 v J3 nh hnh 3.5. Qu trnh in ch xy ra trn ba lp ny. V vy ta tin hnh phn tch hot ng ca IGBT da trn cu trc ca ba lp tip gip ny. Trng thi ng m ca van c iu khin, ging nh MOSFET, bng in p trn cc cngVG. Khi c in p t ln cc G v cc E nh hn in p cn thit m van bn dn th s khng c s bin i trong lp MOSFET v do van trng thi kho. Khi c ni vi ngun in p s c t trn lp tip gip J2, in p ny gy nn mt dng tri trn trong bn dn, dng in ny c gi tr kh nh v c nh ngha l dng in r ca van. in p chc thng theo chiu thun theo chiu thun chnh l in p chc thng lp tip gip ny. y l mt i lng qua trng cho van bn dn, phn t bn dn c th b ph hu do in p v dng in khi lp tip gip ny b nh thng.

Hnh 3.6: Cu trc bn trong khi IGBT dn Ngy nay, do cng ngh bn dn pht trin nn c th ch to IGBT in p cao v dng in ln. Cc IGBT cng sut c th ch to n in p khong 6,3 kV v dng in c vi nghn Ampe. Bn canh c th tch hp 6 IGBT trong mt khi thnh mt cu ba pha to iu kin thun li cho vic lm mt tp trung.
1.1.1. S mch ng lc :

Mch ng lc gm cc phn chnh sau y:

Phn chnh lu Phn lc Phn nghch lu Phn chnh lu : Phn chnh lu bao gm bin p chnh lu v b chnh lu khng iu khin - chnh lu diode.Bin p chnh lu l my bin p lc thng thng v c u / Y . Mc ch ca kiu du nhm loi tr sng hi bn th cp, khng cho qua chnh lu v tiu tm thnh phn ny bn s cp nhm trnh dng in vo li. Chnh lu diode dng cc diode cng sut c ni theo s cu. S cu c u im cho ra in p mt chiu sau chnh lu cht lng cao v kh nng cho ra in p ln khi dng cng mt loi van nh cc chnh lu khc.

Phn mch lc: Mch lc ta dng hai t ho c in dung v in p ln. Mc ch dng hai t l c c ngun p gn l tng v c c im trung tnh gi, thun li cho vic tnh ton b nghch lu v sau. Phn mch nghch lu: Mch nghch lu ta dng s nghch lu cu ba pha s dng phn t ng ct l MOSFET cng sut. u ra ti c u hnh Y. Ngoi cc phn trn cn c cc mch lc ,cc mch lc ny c tc dng bo v b nghch lu v b chnh lu diode, lc xung in tn s ln cho ngun cung cp. Cc mch lc bao gm: Mch lc trnh xung in p cao t li: l mch lc RC c mc ngay sau my bin p lc, mch ny c tc dng lc nhng xung in p cao t li sau khi i qua my bin p. Nh c mch ny m xung in p c gim ng k trc khi i vo mch chnh lu. Mch lc ca b nghch lu: Bao gm mch lc trc v sau chnh lu. Cc mch ny c tc dng lc ra thnh phn in p c bn cung cp cho ti v ngn khng cho thnh phn sng hi sang phn in p mt chiu. Thit b bo v v ng ct mch l Aptomat bn s cp v cu ch bn th cp.
1. Tnh ton thng s mch ng lc : 1.1.Chn h s iu bin tn s :

H s iu bin tn s l t s gia tn s sng mang v tn s sng iu bin.

mf =

fx fs

trong cng thc trn: fx : tn s sng mang fs : tn s sng iu bin H s iu bin tn s c mt ngha rt qua trong trong phng php nghch lu PWM. Vic chn h s iu bin s quyt nh cht lng v gi thnh ca b nghch lu.Cc c s chn h s iu bin:

Theo phn i cng chng II th cc thnh phn sng hi tn ti trong mt di xung quanh tn s chuyn mch v l bi s ca n l: ms , 2ms , 3ms ng vi h s iu bin bin bin i trong khong 0,1. Cc thnh phn sng hi bc cao xut hin cc tn s:

f h = ( jm k)fs
trong cng thc trn th: j : bi s ca h s iu bin tn s, k : s th t trong di tn s ng vi bi s ca h s iu bin tn s. Do vy ta c bc ca sng hi bc cao:

h = jmf k
Khi h = 1 ta c tn s c bn f1. Khi j c gi tr l th sng hi ch xut hin vi cc gi tr k chn v khi j chn , sng hi ch xut hin vi k l. Khi c gi tr l, cc thnh phn sng hi bc chn s khng tn ti do cc h s ca hm mf cos trong chui Fourier c gi tr bng 0. La chn tn s chuyn mch v h s iu bin tn s: Khi tn s chuyn mch ln c th gim c sng hi bc cao do khi tn s ny ta c th d dng lc c cc thnh phn ny. Tuy nhin khi tn s chuyn mch tng ng ngha vi tn hao trong b nghch lu tng ln. Tn s chuyn mch thc t trong truyn ng in nm di 6 kHz, hoc ln hn 20 kHz. Do h nghch lu cp ngun cho ng c 50/60Hz th tn s c bn ca in p ra c tr s cn thit n 200 Hz h s iu bin c th l 9 hoc nh hn, iu tng ng vi tn s chuyn mch 2kHz. Ngc li mf c th ln hn 100 khi tn s chuyn mch cao hn 20 kHz. Trong di iu khin ti u cng sut th tn s chuyn mch nm trong khong 6 kHz n 20 kHz. p dng cho b nghch lu c thit k th ta chn mf = 39. Khi tn s chuyn mch ln nht ca van bn dn trong b nghch lu l: = 50.39 = 1950 Hz = 1,95 kHz f
1.1.Chn h s iu bin bin :

H s iu bin bin l t s gia in p sng iu bin v in p sng in p mang.

ma =

U dkm U xm

trong : : bin in p sng iu bin U dkm : bin in p sng mang.

U xm
H s iu bin bin l mt i lng qua trng, i lng ny quyt nh in p u ra ca b nghch lu. H s iu bin bin l mt i lng thay i trong qu trnh vn hnh ca b nghch lu. Khong gi tr ca h s iu bin bin c chia lm hai phn :

Khong th nht

: khong ny c gi l khong iu khin tuyn tnh ca b nghch lu.

ma < 1

Khi iu khin trong khong ny th in p ra c iu khin tuyn tnh. Khong th hai : khong ny c gi l khong iu khin phi tuyn. Khi iu khin trong ma > 1 khong ny th in p ra t l phi tuyn vi in p iu khin. Hai khong iu khin trn c nhng u v nhc im nht nh. Trong khong iu khin tuyn tnh th in p ra gn in p hnh sin hn thnh phn sng hi c lc tt hn nhng i li tn hao trong b nghch lu tng do van bn dn phi chuyn mch nhiu ln trong mt chu k. V khi iu khin trong khong tuyn tnh th in p v cng sut u ra khng th t gi tr ln. Trong khong iu khin phi tuyn th c th cho ra u ra mt in p ln hn khi cng mt gi tr in p u vo nh ch iu khin tuyn tnh, nhng b li th trong thnh phn in p ra cha nhiu thnh phn sng hi do chuyn mch oc thc hin phn ln ch xung vung. Ch iu khin phi tuyn ch c thc hin khi yu cu cng sut u ra tng i ln v thng dng cung cp cho ng c ng b. Trong b nghch lu ta chn h s iu bin bin . iu c ngha l ta iu ma < 1 khin b nghch lu theo phng php tuyn tnh. thy c qu trnh iu khin tuyn tnh ta tin hnh phn tch in p ra tn s c bn v in p hi bc cao.
1.1.Phn tch in p u ra khi

ma < 1
Trong mt chu k tn s sng mang, in p sng iu bin uk bin i rt chm nn ta coi nh in p khng i trong mt chu k tn s sng mang (vn ny c cp trong phn i cng v PWM). Tr s trung bnh ca in p mt pha u ra c th tnh theo cng thc:

U AO =

u dk U dk . U xm 2

trong cng thc trn : : in p ca pha A so vi im trung tnh (im trung tnh c qui c l im U AO

gia hai t lc ngun) : in p tc thi ca in p iu bin. u dk : bin in p iu bin

U xm

: gi tr in p mt chiu ngun cung cp cho mch nghch lu.

Ud

Cng thc trn ch c s dng trong trng hp iu kin trong phn tuyn tnh (ma <1), cn khi khng tuyn tnh ( ) th cng thc trn khng cn chnh xc na. ma > 1 in p iu bin c a vo mch iu khin l mt in p hnh sin hun c tn s l tn s mong mun ca tn s c bn in p u ra. Tn s c gi tr v in p sng f1 = 1 2 iu bin l:

u dk = U dkm sin 1 t
iu kin

U dkm < Uxm


Tr s sng in p sng c bn u ra c th tnh theo cng thc:

(u AO )1 =

u dk U U sin(1 t) d = ma .sin( t) d 1 U xm 2 2
Ud 2

Bin in p sng c bn u ra: (U AOm )1 = ma

Ta thy rng in p sng c bn t ln tuyn tnh vi h s iu bin bin , chnh v vy di iu bin ma <1 c gi l di iu khin tuyn tnh ca b nghch lu. in p dy ca sng in p c bn: (u AB )1 = 3(u AO )1 = 3ma sin(1 t) Bin in p dy tn s c bn: (U ABm )1 = 3ma Ud 2 Ud 2

Tr s in p hiu dng in p sng c bn u ra: (U AB )1 = 3 ma Ud 2 2

in p u ra ca b nghch lu: U = 220 V in p trn l in p dy hiu dng ca b nghch lu. Trong qu trnh iu khin ta dng ch iu khin tuyn tnh, ta chn gi tr ma = 1,0. Ta c:

1.1.Tnh ton chn van ng ct : 1.1.1. Tnh ton in p chu ng yu cu ca IGBT :

U max = (U AB )max =

3 .1.Ud 2 2

in p mt chiu yu cu cung cp cho u vo ca b nghch lu: Ud = 2 2 2 2 Umax = 380 = 620V 3 3

c im ng ct ca cc van bn dn trong ch nghch lu l khng phi chu in p ngc t ln van, do vy qu trnh chn van c th chn h s an ton v p thp hn khi chn h s an ton v p khi chn van cho chnh lu thyristror. Bn cnh , do ta c cc mch lc cao tn LC nn t xy ra hin tng qu p trn van do xung p. Chn h s an ton v p ca van bn dn l 1,5. Do vy ta c in p chu ng yu cu ca van bn dn c gi tr bng:

U V = 1, 5.620 = 930V
1.1.2. Loi tr sng hi bc cao :

Khi h s iu bin bin ma= 1 th thnh phn in p sng hi trong in p dy l ln nht, do vy ta tin hnh loi tr sng hi trong trng hp in p ra yu cu ln nht v kim nghim trong ch in p ra nh nht. Qu trnh loi tr sng hi ta s loi tr i thnh phn no c bin ln nht v gn sng c bn nht. Cc thnh phn cn li ta s kim nghim li gi tr dng in theo gi tr thit b lc sng hi. Ta c in p ca cc thnh phn sng hi trong ch ma = 1 vi in p U d = 620V h Uh(V) 392 120,9 394 6,82 2.391 2.395 3.392 3.394 4.391 4.395 4.397 68,82 12,4 23,56 59,52 26,04 45,26 18,6

Bng 3.2 : Bng gi tr in p cc thnh phn sng hi trong thnh phn in p ra Trong bng gi tr in p sng hi ta thy thnh phn sng hi bc 37 v 41 c in p ln nht trong tt c cc thnh phn sng hi. Vic loi tr c hai sng ny s lm gim phn ln in p sng hi ra. V vy ta tin hnh loi tr hai sng ny. Mt khc, nu dng b lc thng thp th tn s cng cao th cng b chn nhiu, v vy khi loi tr sng bc 37 bng b lc thng thp th sng bc 39 cng b loi lun. Do nguyn nhn trn ta tin hnh thit k b lc thng thp ly sng bc 37 lm tiu chun thit k, cn cc sng khc s kim nghim li qua gi tr b lc. Cc loi b lc thng thp c th s dng: Trong s b lc ba pha ta c hai loi b lc l b lc RC v b lc LC. Trong c hai loi b lc u c t in, t in c th mc hnh tam gic hoc hnh sao, mi kiu mc u c nhng u nhc im ring. Khi mc t in hnh tam gic c u im l tit kim dung lng t xong khng loi tr ht c sng hi in p dy. B t u hnh sao dung lng t tng ln ba ln nhng i li ta loi c sng hi c in p pha v in p dy, v c bit khi t u hnh sao c trung tnh th c th loi lun c in p th t khng sinh ra khi chuyn mch van bn dn. B lc RC

B lc RC l loi b lc c in v n gin nht, vic b tr linh kin ca b lc nh hnh v (hnh 3.7).

Hnh 3.7 : Mch lc RC ba pha Mch lc RC c u im l n gin, r tin, vn hnh n nh. Nhc im chnh l gy tn hao trn in tr, nht l khi cng sut lc ln, kh nng chn lc tn s km. B lc LC Kt cu ca b lc LC bao gm cc linh kin nh hnh v (hnh 3.8).

Hnh 3.8 : Mch lc LC ba pha Mch lc LC l mch lc c kh nng lc tt nht, c kh nng lc c nhiu tn s theo mun. Nhc im ln nht ca mch lc l gi thnh v s vn hnh ca mch, s vn hnh ca mch km tin cy hn mch lc RC do trong mch c cun cm v c bit l loi mch lc ny gy nhiu cho cc thit b thng tin do c s pht sinh sng in t ca cun cm. Ch khi no ch s lc cao ta mi s dng loi mch lc ny. La chn b lc: Yu cu chnh ca b lc u ra ca b nghch lu l kh nng lc thnh phn hi bc cao tt, tn hao nh v kh nng p ng di tn s cao. V vy ta chn b lc LC cho u ra ca nghch lu.

Trong qu trnh thit k ta ly sng hi bc 37 lm ch tiu thit k, cc sng hi cn li c kim nghim qua cc gi tr ca b lc. Ch tiu ca b lc l dng in thnh phn sng hi chim di 1% thnh phn c bn.

1.1.1. Thit k b lc u ra ca b nghch lu :

Thnh phn sng hi bc 37 v 41 chim phn ln trong thnh phn sng hi, mt khc tn s cng cao th sng hi cng b chn nhiu, nn ta qui tt c cc sng v sng bc 37 tnh ton b lc. Gi s trng hp b nghch lu cung cp in cho ti in tr, trng hp ti mang tnh cm th ta c thm b lc th cp sau b lc sng hi, khi ta c t s:

Iout U o = = 1% Iin Ui

trong phng trnh trn: Iout : gi tr dng in sng hi i vo ti. Iin : dngin sng hi i vo b lc Uo : in p sng hi qua b lc Ui : in p nh mc ca sng c bn. n gin ta qui i tnh ton ba pha v tnh ton mt pha. Sau khi qui i ta c mch in ca b lc trn mt pha dng tnh ton b lc nh hnh v (hnh 3.9).

Hnh 3.9 : S thay th b lc trn mt pha Hm c tnh vo ra ca b lc:


1 jC

Uo 1 = = Ui jL + 1 1 2LC jC

trong cng thc trn: Uo : in p ra ca b lc Ui : in p vo ca b lc : tn s gc ca sng hi Ta c:

U h U hf 1 = = Uih U ihf 1 2 LC

trong : Uhf: in p pha ca sng hi u ra Uihf : in p pha ca sng hi u vo. Tn s gc ca sng hi bc 37: = 2. .37.50 = 11623,89 rad/s 37 Thay s ta c:

0, 01 =

1 1 2 LC

Gi tr ca t in c ch to thng thng phn l l 0,25 nn ta chn t in : C=50F. Khi in cm cun dy c gi tr:

LC = 0, 7475.106
Vy gi tr ca cc linh kin trong b lc l: C = 50 F L = 14.95 mH
1.1.1. Tnh ton dng in cn thit chn IGBT :

Cng sut trn mt pha ca b nghch lu: Pf = P/3 = 4500/3 = 1500 kW Dng in sng c bn trong ch lm vic: Iv = Id = If = f I v = Id = If = Pf P 3 4500 = f = = 6,84A U f min Umin 3.380

Ta chn dng an ton i qua l 8A Chn phng php lm mt bng i lu cng bc, dng qut gi. Chn h s d tr dng in l: Ki = 3,2 Dng in yu cu chn IGBT: Ivan = 3,2.8 = 25.6 A Vy ta c ch tiu chn van bn dn: Ivan = 25.6 A Uvan = 930 V Chn van bn dn lm nhim v ng ct: Vi cng ngh sn sut bn dn ngy nay th di cng sut trn cc van bn dn c th c tch hp trn mt phn t. Do ta chn su van c tch hp trn mt phn t.
1.2.Chn diode chnh lu v t lc ngun : 1.2.1. Chn diode chnh lu :

Thng s la chn: in p ra ca chnh lu: Ud = 620 V Dng in u ra ca chnh lu: Id = 4500/620 = 7,26 A in p th cp ca my bin p:

U2 =

U d 620 = = 265V Ku 3 6
l h s in p ca chnh lu cu diode.

trong cng thc trn

Ku =

3 6

in p ngc t ln diode:

U N max = K NV .U 2
trong KNV l h s in p ngc t ln diode, trong chnh lu cu th

K NV = 6
Thay ta c:

U N max = 6.265 = 649,11V


in p ngc chn diode c gi tr: UNV = KdtU.UNmax= 1,8.649,11 =1168,4 V trong KdtU l h s d tr in p, chn KdtU = 1,8. Dng in lm vic ca van c tnh theo dng hiu dng: ILV = Ihd = Khd.Id trong Khd l h s dng in hiu dng, trong chnh lu cu ta c: ; 1 1 K hd = I LV = .7, 26 = 4,19A 3 3 Chn h s d tr dng in KdtI = 3,2, dng in chn van: IV = 3,2.4,19 = 13,4 A Ch tiu chnh chn t lc ngun l ch tiu p mch ca in p u ra, vi b lc cht lng cao th ch s l 5%. in p ca ngun cung cp cho mch nghch lu c gi tr bng in p trn t. Tin hnh phn tch qu trnh hot ng ca t ta thy gm c hai qu trnh np v phng. Khi in p xoay chiu tng th song song vi n l qu trnh np t, khi in p ngun xoay chiu gim th song song vi n l qu trnh phng in ca t. Cc dng in p c m t trong hnh v (hnh 3.10).
1.1.1. Chn t lc ngun :

Hnh 3.10 : Cc dng in p ca b chnh lu thy c qu trnh np phng ca t ta xt mt qu trnh np phng ca t. tnh in dung cn thit ca t ta ch xt qu trnh phng ca t. Qu trnh phng ca t din ra trong khong thi gian t . in p cc i trn t coi nh bng in p cc i ca ngun cp. Phng trnh in p trn t trong qu trnh phng in:

u C = U 0e

Tp t

trong cng thc trn: uC : in p trn hai bn cc ca t. U0 : in p cc i ca ngun ba pha, c gi tr bng in p dy ca nhun ba pha. Tp : hng s thi gian phng in ca t. Qu trnh phng ca t kt thc khi ng c tnh np ca t giao vi ng in p dy tip theo trn th. Dao ng in p 5% tng ng vi in p cc i v cc tiu chnh lch nhau l 10%. in p cc i l U0 l bin ca in p dy. in p cc tiu l in p trn hai cc t khi kt thc qu trnh phng. in p sau khi kt thc qu trnh phng c gi tr:

U min = U 0e

Tp t

trong t l thi gian phng ca t. Hai ng in p trong hai qu trnh np, phng lin tip ca t lch nhau /3 . Theo trn ta c Umin = 90%.U0 hay:

U0e
T ta c : = 0,9
e
Tp t

Tp t

= 0,9U 0

Tp t = 0,105

Tnh khong thi gian phng in ca t in. Ta c : Umin =0,9U0 hay U 0 sin( (t + ) + / 3) = 0, 9U0 T ta c: = 1,1197
(t + ) + / 3

Khi t bt u phng in th in p ang xt c gi tr bng U0, iu tng ng vi:

U 0 sin( t + / 3) = 1 / 2
T ta c:

t + / 3 = / 6
V vy ta c:
= 0, 00189s

Hng s thi gian phng ca t: Tp = 0,105/0,00189 = 55,56 Ta c:


Tp = 1 RC

Trong R l in tr tng ng ca ti, c th tnh theo cng thc:

R=

U d 620 = = 85.4 Id 7, 26

V vy ta c:

C=

R 85, 4 = = 27, 66mF 2 Tp 55, 56 2

Ta thy rng in dung yu cu lc ngun ca b nghch lu l kh ln. Bn cnh in p u ra cng kh ln nn gi thnh ca b chnh lu cng tng i cao. C th gim in dung ca t i, tuy nhin phi thm mt b iu p sau b chnh lu, hoc dng b chnh lu c iu khin iu p u vo ca b nghch lu.

CHNG IV: M PHNG MCH NGHCH LU BNG PSIM


1. Mch chnh lu cung cp ngun 1 chiu cho mch nghch lu :

Ta s dng mch chnh lu diode khng iu khin, gi tr ca t c ly theo nh tnh ton trn ( C = 27,66 mF ). in p ra c dng nh sau :

Nhn xt : in p ra c thi gian qu rt ngn, gn nh tc thi, gi tr ra xp x 620V ( tha mn yu cu gi tr ca ngun 1 chiu cung cp cho mch nghch lu )

2. Mch iu khin IGBT bng phng php iu ch xung PWM :

Tn s sng sin vo l 50Hz hay chnh l tn s iu bin (Hnh 4.1) Tn s xung tam gic l 1,95kHz hay chnh l tn s sng mang (Hnh 4.2)

Hnh 4.1 : dng sng iu bin

Hnh 4.2 : dng sng mang Mi sng iu bin s c so snh vi sng mang qua b so snh Kt qu ta c dng xung nh sau :

Ti in cm c ghp ni vi s nghch lu ngun p c lp nh sau :

Dng in pha a c dng nh sau :

in p pha a c dng nh sau :

in p dy ab c dng nh sau :

Nhn xt : dng in ra tng i sin nhng in p ra vn cn rt xu v cha nhiu sng hi bc cao. iu ny c th hin r hn qua th FFT ca chng :

Nhn xt : ng nh nhng g chng ta phn tch, ti tn s 1850Hz v 2050Hz ( ng vi gi tr 392 ), bin sng hi c gi tr ln nht, gy nh hng xu nht n dng sng ra. 3. Mch nghch lu c lp ngun p s dng phng php iu ch PWM c thm mch lc : S dng b lc LC nh phn tch v tnh ton trn, ta c s nh sau :

Dng in pha a c dng nh sau :

in p pha a c dng nh sau :

in p dy ab c dng nh sau :

Nhn xt : dng sng in p ra sin hn rt nhiu, thi gian qu rt ngn (0,01s). nhn r hn, ta xt n th phn tch FFT ca chng :

Nhn xt : sng hi bc cao gn nh bin mt, iu gi thch v sao sng in p ra li c dng gn sin.

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