TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP H NI KHOA CNG NGH THNG TIN

--------- ---------

BO CO N TT NGHIP
(H TRUNG CP)

TI : TM HIU CU TRC BO TR MY TNH

Gio vin hng dn Nhm sinh vin

: MAI THANH HNG : T DUY QUN NGUYN TIN DNG NGUYN CH QUYT

Lp Nin kha

: TIN1- K56 : 2009-2011

H NI , NGY 29 THNG 7 NM 2011 1

LI NI U
Cng vi s pht trin ca th gii v xu hng hi nhp kinh t quc t, t nc ta ang dn i mi v buc vo thi k cng nghip , va xy dng c s vt cht, k thut va pht trin nn kinh t t nuc. Hin nay nc ta ang xy dng v pht trin cc khu cng nghip , khu th , cao c Do , ngnh cng ngh thng tin khng th no thiu v c vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh xy dng v pht trin t nc. Trong cng cuc cng nghip ha v hin i ha cng nh tin trnh hi nhp su vo nn kinh t th gii ni chung v cc quc gia trong t chc WTO ni ring t ra cho nn kinh t v sn xut ca chng ta cn phi p ng c cc yu cu chung ca th gii. C th nhn thy mt iu l nn sn xut ca chng ta hin ti mang tnh th cng v ht sc lc hu, do iu kin cn v qu trnh hi nhp thnh cng l phi hin i ha nn kinh t, hin i ha v t ng qu trnh sn xut. Lch s nhn loi chng kin nhng cuc cch mng v khoa hc k thut v gn y nht l cuc cch mng v cng ngh thng tin. Vi s tr gip ca mytnh v h thng my tnh, con ngi nng cao nng sut v t ng ha ngy mt hiu qu hn. Nm trong chng trnh o to chuyn ngnh cng ngh thng tin ca trng i hc cng nghip h ni . Vi mc ch b sung kin thc v k nng ngh nghp lm tin cho qu trnh cng tc sau ny . Nhm chng em chn ti: TM HIU CU TRC V BO TR MY TNH. ti ny nhm trang b cho em nhng ni dung nh sau: + Lch s pht trin ca my tnh , cc th h ca my tnh , v cch phn loi my tnh ,cc bin i c bn ca h thng . + Gii thiu cc thnh phn c bn ca mt h thng my tnh , khi nin v cu trc my tnh , m t kin trc my tnh , cc kiu cu to . + Gii thiu cu trc ca b vi s l trung tm, t trc chc nng v nguyn l hot ng ca cc b phn bn trong my tnh m t c im chi tit cc b phn trn my tnh , v mt s k thut s l trong qu trnh vn hnh my tnh.
2

Cui cng nhm chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy c to iu kin v gip chng em trong thi gian va qua cng ton th cc thy c gio trong khoa cng ngh thng tin, nhit tnh gip v cho chng em nhiu kin thc qu gi v nhng vn m chng em ang tm hiu gip chng em hon thnh ti thc tp mt cch tt nht . Tuy nhin ti ny vn cn nhiu thiu st mong cc thy, c thng cm v gp kin cho chng em.Chng em xin chn thnh cm n! * chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy c!

MC LC
PHN 1. TNG QUAN V MY TNH:
3

1.1. 1.2. 1.3.

CC TH H MY TNH..trang 6 PHN BIT MY TNH XCH TAY V MY BNtrang 11 PHN CNG V PHN MN..trang 11

PHN 2. NHNG THNH PHN C BN TRONG MY TNH: 2.1. MAINBOARD .trang 14 2.2. CPU...trang 20 2.3. RAM..trang 23 2.4. A CNG ...trang 28 2.5. CD, CD-RW, DVD...trang 38 2.6. FDD...trang 42 2.7. BN PHM , CHUT...trang 43 2.8. MN HNH ..trang 50 2.9. B NGUN ..trang 58 2.10. V MY .trang 64 PHN 3. BO TR , NNG CP MY TNH: 3.1. BO TR MY TNH .trang 68 3.2. NNG CP MY TNH .....trang 70 - NNG CP CPU .trang 70 - NNG CP RAM trang 71 - NNG CP ROM BOIS ..trang 73 - NNG CP HDD..trang 75 - NNG CP CD-ROM, CD-RW...trang 76 - NNG CP H IU HNH..trang 76

PHN 4. MT S LI V CCH KHC PHC: 4.1. LI MAINBOARD..trang 78 4.2. LI CNG ..trang 79 4.3. LI RAM.trang 79
4

4.4. LI CPU .trang 80 4.5. LI NGUN MY TNH ..trang 81 4.6. LI MN HNH..trang 81 4.7. LI MY TNH NHN BIT QUA M THANH....trang 82

PHN 1: TM HIU TNG QUAN V MY TNH

1.1. CC TH H CA MY TNH :

Trong qu trnh pht trin ca my tnh. Lch s pht trin my tnh thng c nhc n cc th h khc nhau ca thit b my tnh. Mt th h dng ch tnh trng ci thin trong qu trnh pht trin sn phm. Thut ng ny cng c s dng trong nhng tin b khc nhau ca cng ngh my tnh mi. Vi mi th
5

h mi, cc mch nhn c nh hn v tin tin hn so vi th h trc trc khi n.Kt qu ca thu nh, tc , sc mnh, v b nh my tnh c t l tng ln. Pht hin mi lin tc c pht trin c nh hng n cch chng ta sng, lm vic v vui chi. Mi th h ca cc my tnh c c trng bi pht trin cng ngh chnh m v c bn thay i cch thc cc my tnh hot ng, kt qu l cc thit b ngy cng nh hn, r hn, mnh hn v hiu qu hn v ng tin cy. Tm hiu v mi th h v nhng pht trin dn n cc thit b hin ti m chng ta s dng ngy nay.

1.1.1. Th h my tnh th nht (1945 - 1958) : in hnh ca th h ny l 3 loi my tnh sau. N l nn tng pht trin my tnh sau ny My tnh ENIAC (Electronic Numberical Integrator And Command) do John Mauchly v John Presper Eckert (i hc Pensylvania - M) thit k v ch to, l chic my s ho in t a nng u tin trn th gii. Ngun gc: D n ch to my tinh ENIAC c bt u vo nm 1943. y l 1 n lc nhm p ng yu cu thi chin ca BRL (Ballistc Research Laboratory - Phng nghin cu n o qun i M) trong vic tnh ton chnh xc v nhanh chng cc bng s liu n o cho tng loi v kh mi. S liu k thut: ENIAC l 1 chic c th hin bng 1 vng gm 10 n chn khng, trong ti mi thi im ch c 1 n trng thi bt th hin 1 trong 10 ch s t 0-> 9 ca h my tnh khng l vi 18.000 bng n chn khng, nng hn 30 tn, tiu th lng in nng khong 140Kw v chim 1 din tch khong 1393 m2. Mc d vy n lm vic nhanh hn nhiu so vi cac loi my tnh in c cng thi vi kh nng thc hin 5000 fp tnh cng trong 1 giy ng h. im khc bit gia ENIAC vi cc th h my tnh khc l ENIAC s dng h m thp phn ch khng fi nh phn. Vi ENIAC, cc con s c biu din
6

di dng thp phn v vic tnh ton cng c thc hin trn h thp phn. B nh ca my bao gm 20 b "tch lu", mi b c kh nng lu j 1 s thp fn c 10 ch s. Mi ch s thp phn. Vic lp trnh trn ENIAC l cng vic vt v v fi thc hin ni dy bng tay thng qua vic ng/m cc cng tc cng nh cm vo hoc rt ra cc dy cp in. Hot ng thc t: My ch thc s hot ng vo thng 11/1945 vi nhim v u tin khng fi l tnh ton n o m thc hin cc tnh ton fc tp dng trong vic xc nh tnh kh thi ca bom H. Vic c th s dng my vo mc ck khc vi mc ck ban u cho ta thy tnh a nng ca ENIAC. My hot ng di s qun l ca BRL cho n khi n b tho ri vo nm 1955. Vi s ra i v thnh cng ca ENIAC, nm 1946 c xem nh nm m u cho k nguyn my tnh in t, kt thc s n lc nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc ko di trong nhiu nm lin trc . 1.1.2. Th h my tnh th hai (1958 1964): S thay i u tin trong lnh vc my tnh in t xut hin khi c s thay th n chn khng bng n bn dn. n bn dn nh hn, r hn, ta nhit t hn trong khi vn c th c s dng theo cng cch thc ca n chn khng to nn my tnh. Khng nh n chn khng vn i hi phi c dy, c bng kim loi, c bao thy tinh v chn khng, n bn dn l mt thit b trng thi rn c ch to t silicon c nhiu trong ct c trong t nhin. n bn dn l pht minh ln ca phng th nghim Bell Labs trong nm 1947. N to ra mt cuc cch mng in t trong nhng nm 50 ca th k 20. D vy, mi n cui nhng nm 50, cc my tnh bn dn ha hon ton mi bt u xut hin trn th trng my tnh. Vic s dng n bn dn trong ch to my tnh xc nh th h my tnh th hai, vi i din tiu biu l my PDP-1 ca cng ty DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) v IBM 7094 ca IBM. DEC c thnh lp vo nm 1957 v cng trong nm cho ra i sn phm u tin ca mnh l my PDP-1 nh cp trn. y l chic my m u cho dng my tnh mini ca DEC, vn rt ph bin trong cc my tnh th h th ba.

Cu hnh vi nhiu thit b ngoi vi ca my IBM 7094. y c nhiu im khc bit so vi my IAS m chng ta cn lu . im quan trng nht trong s l vic s dng cc knh d liu. Mt knh d liu l mt module nhp/xut c lp c b x l v tp lnh ring. Trn mt h thng my tnh vi cc thit b nh th, CPU s khng thc thi cc ch th nhp/xut chi tit. Nhng ch th c lu trong b nh chnh v c thc thi bi mt b x l chuyn dng trong chnh knh d liu. CPU ch khi ng mt s kin truyn nhp/xut bng cch gi tn hiu iu khin n knh d liu, ra lnh cho n thc thi mt dy cc ch th trong my tnh. Knh d liu thc hin nhim v ca n c lp vi CPU v ch cn gi tn hiu bo cho CPU khi thao tc hon tt. Cch sp xp ny lm gim nh cng vic cho CPU rt nhiu. Mt c trng khc na l b a cng, im kt thc trung tm cho cc knh d liu, CPU v b nh. B a cng lp lch cc truy cp n b nh t CPU v cc knh d liu, cho php nhng thit b ny hot ng c lp vi nhau. 1.1.3. Th h my tnh th ba (1964 1974): Mt n bn dn t cha, n l thng c gi l mt thnh phn ri rc. Trong sut nhng nm 50 v u nhng nm 60 ca th k 20, cc thit b in t phn ln c kt hp t nhng thnh phn ri rc n bn dn, in tr, t in, v.v... Cc thnh phn ri rc c sn xut ring bit, ng gi trong cc b cha ring, sau c dng ni li vi nhau trn nhng bng mch. Cc bng ny li c gn vo trong my tnh, my kim tra dao ng, v cc thit b in t khc na. Bt c khi no mt thit b in t cn n mt n bn dn, mt ng kim loi nh cha mt mu silicon s phi c hn vo mt bng mch. Ton b qu trnh sn xut, i t n bn dn n bng mch, l mt qu trnh tn km v khng hiu qu.Nhng vn nh vy lm nn tng cho vic dn n cc bi ton mi trong cng nghip my tnh. Cc my tnh th h th hai ban u cha khong 10000 n bn dn. Con s ny sau tng ln nhanh chng n hng trm ngn, lm cho vic sn xut cc my mnh hn, mi hn gp rt nhiu kh khn.

S pht minh ra mch tch hp vo nm 1958 cch mng ha in t v bt u cho k nguyn vi in t vi nhiu thnh tu rc r. Mch tch hp chnh l yu t xc nh th h th ba ca my tnh. Trong mc tip sau y chng ta s tm hiu mt cch ngn gn v cng ngh mch tch hp. Sau , hai thnh vin quan trng nht trong cc my tnh th h th ba, my IBM System/360 v my DEC PDP-8, s c gii thiu cng vi cc tnh nng ni bt ca chng. 1.1.4. Th h my tnh th 4 (1974 HIN NAY): Vi tc pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh, mc cho ra i cc sn phm mi mc cao, cng nh tm quan trng ca phn mm, ca truyn thng v phn cng, vic phn loi my tnh theo th h tr nn km r rng v t c ngha nh trc y. Trong phn tip theo, hai thnh tu tiu biu v cng ngh ca my tnh th h th t s c gii thiu mt cch tm lc. B nh bn dn: Vo khong nhng nm 50 n 60 ca th k ny, hu ht b nh my tnh u c ch to t nhng vng nh lm bng vt liu st t, mi vng c ng knh khong 1/16 inch. Cc vng ny c treo trn cc li trn nhng mn nh bn trong my tnh. Khi c t ha theo mt chiu, mt vng (gi l mt li) biu th gi tr 1, cn khi c t ha theo chiu ngc li, li s i din cho gi tr 0. B nh li t kiu ny lm vic kh nhanh. N ch cn mt phn triu giy c mt bit lu trong b nh. Nhng n rt t tin, cng knh, v s dng c ch hot ng loi tr: mt thao tc n gin nh c mt li s xa d liu lu trong li . Do vy cn phi ci t cc mch phc hi d liu ngay khi n c ly ra ngoi. Nm 1970, Fairchild ch to ra b nh bn dn c dung lng tng i u tin. Chip ny c kch thc bng mt li n, c th lu 256 bit nh, hot ng khng theo c ch loi tr v nhanh hn b nh li t. N ch cn 70 phn t giy c ra mt bit d liu trong b nh. Tuy nhin gi thnh cho mi bit cao hn so vi li t. K t nm 1970, b nh bn dn i qua tm th h: 1K, 4K, 16K, 64K, 256K, 1M, 4M, v gi y l 16M bit trn mt chip n (1K = 210, 1M = 220).
9

Mi th h cung cp kh nng lu tr nhiu gp bn ln so vi th h trc, cng vi s gim thiu gi thnh trn mi bit v thi gian truy cp. B vi x l: Vo nm 1971, hng Intel cho ra i chip 4004, chip u tin c cha tt c mi thnh phn ca mt CPU trn mt chip n. K nguyn b vi x l c khai sinh t . Chip 4004 c th cng hai s 4 bit v nhn bng cch lp li php cng. Theo tiu chun ngy nay, chip 4004 r rng qu n gin, nhng n nh du s bt u ca mt qu trnh tin ha lin tc v dung lng v sc mnh ca cc b vi x l. Bc chuyn bin k tip trong qu trnh tin ha ni trn l s gii thiu chip Intel 8008 vo nm 1972.y l b vi x l 8 bit u tin v c phc tp gp i chip 4004. n nm 1974, Intel a ra chip 8080, b vi x l a dng u tin c thit k tr thnh CPU ca mt my vi tnh a dng. So vi chip 8008, chip 8080 nhanh hn, c tp ch th phong ph hn v c kh nng nh a ch ln hn. Cng trong cng thi gian , cc b vi x l 16 bit bt u c pht trin. Mc d vy, mi n cui nhng nm 70, cc b vi x l 16 bit a dng mi xut hin trn th trng. Sau n nm 1981, c Bell Lab v Hewlett-packard u pht trin cc b.

1.1.5. Th h my tnh th 5( ang pht trin ): Th nm th h thit b my tnh, da trn tr thng minh nhn to, vn cn trong pht trin, mc d c mt s ng dng, chng hn nh nhn dng ging ni, ang c s dng ngy nay.

1. 2. PHN BIT MY TNH XCH TAY V MY TNH BN : 1.1.1. My tnh xch tay l my tnh :

10

L mt my tnh c nhn gn nh c th mang xch c. N thng c trng lng nh, ty thuc vo hng sn xut v kiu my dnh cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau .My tnh xch tay c y cc thnh phn c bn ca mt my tnh c nhn thng thng. my tnh xch tay : c tch hp sn ,bn phm , chut , mn hnh . Dung lng pin vi mc ch s dng nhiu khi di chuyn nn dung lng pin l mt yu t quan trng nh gi v my tnh xch tay, dung lng pin ln cho php thi gian lm vic di hn khi khng s dng ngun in dn dng. Trng lng my tnh thun tin cho qu trnh mang i li, trng lng cng thp cng tt. 1.1.2. My tnh bn l my tnh : My tnh bn thng c t trn bn, do n c tn bn. Loi my tnh ny thng to nht trong tt c cc PC. Mi b phn trong my tnh bn thng tch ri v c th thay i c. c bit l bn c th gn thm cc thit b ngoi vi vo my tnh bn.

1. 3. PHN CNG V PHN MN : Cc chng trnh vit bng ngn ng my (cp 1) c thc thi trc tip bng cc mch in t ca my tnh, khng c trnh thng dch v bin dch no can thip vo. Cc mch in t cng vi b nh v cc thnh phn xut / nhp to nn phn cng my tnh. Phn cng bao gm cc mch tch hp, cc board mch in, cable, ngun cung cp, b nh, thit b u cui, Thit b ngoi vi dng nhp hay xut d liu. Bn phm, chut, scanner, thuc thit b nhp, mn hnh, my in, thuc thit b xut. Cc a thuc b nh ngoi cng c th coi va l thit b xut va l thit b nhp. Cc thit b ngoi vi lin h vi CPU qua cc mch giao tip . Phn mm bao gm cc gii thut v cc biu din ca cc gii thut ny gi l chng trnh. N chnh l tp hp cc lnh to thnh mt chng trnh, ch khng phi l cc phng tin vt l lu tr chng.

11

Mt dng trung gian gia phn mm v phn cng gi l phn do (firmware). N chnh l thnh phn bao gm phn mm c t vo bn trong cc mch in t trong qu trnh sn xut. Phn do c dng khi chng trnh khng thay i hay him khi phi thay i nh chng trnh iu khin t trong ROM BIOS. Mt thao tc bt k thc thi bng phn mm c th c gn trc tip vo phn cng v mt lnh bt k thc thi bng phn cng cng c th c m phng bng phn mm. Quyt nh t mt s chc nng vo phn mm v cc chc nng khc vo phn cng da trn cc yu t gi thnh, tc , tin cy. Trn nhiu my tnh u tin, phn cng v phn mm c phn bit r rng. Phn cng thc hin vi lnh n gin nhcng v nhy, cc th tc khc phi do lp trnh vin t thit k. Sau , mt s thao tc thng xuyn thc thi i hi cc nh thit k hng n yu cu xy dng cc mch in t thc thi cc thao tc ny. Kt qu l hnh thnh xu hng di chuyn cc thao tc theo hng t cp cao xung cp thp hn. Mt s thao tc trc y c lp trnh cp my quy c, sau c chuyn xung thc thi phn cng. Tuy nhin, khi xut hin th h my tnh dng vi lp trnh v th h my tnh nhiu cp, li xut hin xu hng ngc li, ngha l di chuyn cc thao tc t cp thp ln cp cao hn. V d nh lnh cng s c thc hin trc tip bng phn cng cc my trc kia. i vi my tnh c vi lp trnh ha, lnh cng ca cp my quy c c thng dch bng mt vi chng trnh chy trn cp thp nht v c thc thi bng mt chui cc bc nh: tm lnh, np lnh, xc nh lnh, nh v d liu, tm v np d liu t bnh, thc thi php cng v lu tr kt qu. Mt s c trng trc y c lp trnh cp my quy c, sau c thc hin bng phn cng hay vi chng trnh: - Cc lnh nhn, chia s nguyn. - Cc lnh x l du chm ng. - Cc lnh gi th tc v quay v t lnh gi th tc. - Cc lnh m. - Cc lnh qun l chui k t. - Cc c trng lm tng tc tnh ton chui: nh a ch ch s v nh a ch gin tip. - Cc c trng cho php chng trnh di chuyn trong b nh sau khi thc thi (cp pht li b nh). - Cc xung clock cho th tc nh thi.
12

- Cc ngt bo hiu cho my tnh. - Kh nng chuyn i qu trnh. Nh vy, ta thy ranh gii gia phn cng v phn mm l khng nht nh v thng xuyn thay i. Theo quan im ca lp trnh vin, cch thc thc thi mt lnh l khng quan trng, ngoi tr tc thc thi. Nh vy, phn cng ca ngi ny c th l phn mm ca ngi kia.T dn n tng thit k my tnh c cu trc (structured computer). l cu trc mt my tnh thnh mt chui cc cp, lp trnh vin lm vic trn cp n khng quan tm n cc cp khc.

PHN 2: NHNG THNH PHN C BN TRONG MY TNH.

2.1. MAINBOARD: Thut ng Bo mch ch thng dng nhiu nht trong ngnh cng nghip my tnh ni chung nh mt t dnh ring, mc d c rt nhiu thit b khc cng c th c bn mch chnh c gi l "bo mch ch". Bi vit ny ni n Bo mch ch trong cc my tnh ni chung m ch trng nhiu hn l ca my tnh c nhn. Bo mch ch l bo mch in chnh v ln nht trong mt my PC. y l mt bn mch ng vai tr trung gian giao tip gia cc thit b vi nhau, cho php tt c cc b phn khc ca mt my tnh kt hp li vi nhau, to thnh mt h thng hon chnh hot ng. Tt c cc mch in v cc thnh phn c bn cn thit
13

cho mt my PC hoc l c cha sn trong bo mch ch hoc l c gn vi bo mch ch thng qua cc kt ni cm vo hay dy dn lin kt (khe cm, cm, u ni). Trong cc thit b in t Bo mch ch l mt bn mch ng vai tr l trung gian giao tip gia cc thit b vi nhau. Mt cch tng qut, n l mch in chnh ca mt h thng hay thit b in t. C rt nhiu cc thit b gn trn bo mch ch theo cch trc tip c mt trn n, thng qua cc kt ni cm vo hoc dy dn lin kt, phn ny trnh by s lc v cc thit b , chi tit v cc thit b xin xem theo cc lin kt n bi vit c th v chng.

Chipset cu bc cng vi chipset cu nam s quyt nh s tng thch ca bo mch ch i vi cc CPU v i khi l hiu nng ca bo mch ch. BIOS: Thit b vo/ra c s, rt quan trng trong mi bo mch ch, chng cha thit t cc thng s lm vic ca h thng. BIOS c th c lin kt hn dn trc tip vo bo mch ch hoc c th c cm trn mt cm c th tho ri.
14

Kt ni vi bo mch ch: Ngun my tnh: Khng th thiu trong h thng, ngun my tnh cung cp nng lng cho h thng v cc thit b ngoi vi hot ng. CPU: Thng c cm vo bo mch ch thng qua cc cm (socket) ring bit tu theo tng loi CPU (dng t "cm" ch l tng i bi cc cm hin nay s dng tip xc) RAM: Rt quan trng trong h thng my tnh, RAM c cm trn bo mch ch thng qua cc khe cm ring cho tng th loi. Bo mch ho: S dng tng tc ho my tnh, mt s bo mch ch c th khng s dng n bo mch ho bi chng c tch hp sn trn bo mch ch. Bo mch m thanh: M rng cc tnh nng m thanh trn my tnh, mt s bo mch ch c tch hp sn bo mch m thanh. cng: Khng th thiu trong h thng my tnh c nhn. Mt s my tnh tun theo chun PC nhng s dng trong cng nghip c th khng s dng n cng truyn thng, chng c s dng cc loi flash. CD, DVD: Cc a quang, a mm Bn phm my tnh: S dng nhp d liu v lm vic vi my tnh. Chut : Phc v iu khin v lm vic vi my tnh. Bo mch mng: S dng kt ni vi mng. Bo mch mng c th c tch hp sn trn bo mch ch hoc c cm vo cc khe PCI hoc ISA (vi cc h thng my tnh c trc kia). Modem: S dng kt ni vi Internet hoc mt my tnh t xa. Loa my tnh: Xut m thanh ra loa my tnh; Thit b ny kt ni trc tip vi cc bo mch ch c tch hp bo mch m thanh trn n. Trong trng hp khc n kt ni thng qua giao tip USB hoc bo mch m thanh ri.
15

Webcam: S dng cho tn ngu trc tuyn, hi hp trc tuyn... My in: Dng trch xut vn bn, hnh nh ra giy. My qut: S dng s ho cc bc nh hoc vn bn. V my tnh l thit b m bo mch ch cn lp t trong n cng vi cc thit b khc ( trn) cu thnh nn mt my tnh hon chnh. Tuy nhin i khi mt s overlocker c th khng cn s dng n thit b ny nhm to ra h thng my tnh d dng cho vic tho lp, thay i v thun tin cho vic lm mt cc thit b ca h. Cu trc mt bo mch ch tiu biu s dng CPU ca hng AMD. im khc bit y l CPU c ni thng ti RAM khng thng qua Chipset cu bc Cu trc bo mch ch s lc gii ngha nh sau: CPU kt ni vi Chipset cu bc (North Bridge), ti y chipset cu bc giao tip vi RAM v bo mch ho. Ni chung, cu trc my tnh c nhn dng b x l Intel n thi im nm 2007 CPU s dng RAM thng qua chipset cu bc. Chipset cu bc c ni vi chipset cu nam thng qua bus ni b. Do tnh cht lm vic "nng nhc" ca chipset cu bc nn chng thng to nhiu nhit, bo mch ch thng c cc tn nhit cho chng bng cc hnh thc khc nhau. Chipset cu nam ni vi cc b phn cn li, bao gm cc thit b c tnh nng nhp/xut (I/O) ca my tnh bao gm: cc khe m rng bng bus PCI, cng, quang, USB, Ethernet... V c bn, cu trc bo mch ch s dng CPU ca hng AMD ging nh cu trc ca bo mch ch s dng CPU ca hng Intel. AMD cng nh nhiu hng khc u cha a ra nh hng ring ca mnh m phi theo cu trc ca Intel bi s pht trin ca my tnh c nhn ngay t thi im s khai pht trin theo cu trc nn tng ca cc hng IBM - Intel. Phn ny ch ni ra nhng s khc bit nh trong cu trc bo mch ch s dng CPU ca AMD so vi bo mch ch s dng CPU ca hng Intel: v mt s cu trc bo mch ch cho b x l AMD c th cho php CPU giao tip trc tip vi RAM m iu ny ci thin ng k s "tht c chai" thng thy cu trc bo mch ch s dng CPU ca hng Intel.
16

Vi th h chipset X58/P5x/H5x, Intel gim ti cho chp cu bc bng vic chuyn cc bus giao tip vi Ram v VGA ln CPU qun l. Cu to bn mch in ca bo mch ch: Bn mch in ca bo mch ch c cu to khc bit mt cht so vi cc bn mch in ca cc thit b in t thng thy khc. a s cc bn mch in cc mch in n gin u c cu to hai mt (mt trc v mt sau) cha cc ng dn trn n. Do c rt nhiu cc ng dn hot ng vi tn s khc nhau nn (theo quy tc chung) bn mch phi c thit k vi cc ng dn khng gy nhiu sang nhau, y l mt im khc bit khin vic thit k bn mch ca bo mch ch khc vi cc bo mch thng thng. bo mch ch, do cha nhiu linh kin vi cc ng dn ln nn chng c thit k t 3 n 5 lp (thm tr nhiu hn): Ngoi hai lp mt trc v mt sau th gia ca bo mch cng c cc ng dn. Ngoi tc dng cm v dn cc linh kin trn b mt n, bo mch ch cn c thit k truyn mt phn nhit t cc thit b to nhit trn n v truyn nhit ra mt din tch rng c lm mt bng khng kh. ASUS l mt hng phn cng ca i Loan thng rt thnh cng trong vic thit k tn nhit ra bn mch ca bo mch ch. Tn nhit trn bo mch ch: Do c nhiu linh kin c th pht nhit ti trc tip hoc c cm, gn trn bo mch ch nn vn tn nhit rt c coi trng trong thit k. Phng thc tn nhit thng thy trn bo mch ch bao gm:

17

S dng cc tm, phin tn nhit bng nhm hoc ng c lp vi cch truyn nhit t nhin ra mi trng xung quanh hoc tn dng lung gi t qut CPU thi ra. S dng qut to s tn nhit cng bc, tuy nhin cch dng qut hin nay dn t c dng bi s ri ro c th xy n khi bo mch ch c s dng sau vi nm v qut c th b h hng dn n thit b c tn nhit bng qut ny s b h hng. S dng cng ngh ng truyn nhit lin kt cc cm chi tit cn tn nhit vi nhau. Cc cm c gn kt vi nhau thng l: Chipset cu bc-Chipset cu nam-Transistor iu tit in nng cho CPU v bo mch ch. Cho php s tn nhit bng nc vi cc h thng tn nhit nc gn ngoi bng cch thit k cc u cm ng nc ch sn. Cc thit b cn tn nhit trn bo mch ch: Chipset cu bc l thit b m bt k bo mch ch no cng phi tn nhit cho n bi s pht nhit ln ta ra bi chng l cu ni quan trng ca h thng v lm vic lin tc. Nhiu bo mch ch tch hp sn bo mch ho trong chipset cu bc khin chng cng to nhit nhiu hn.

18

Chipset cu nam mi c coi trng s tn nhit trong thi gian gn y (trc y chng thng c trn m khng c gn bt k mt tm tn nhit no) bi cc tnh nng v thit nng m rng c th lm n hot ng mnh hn v pht nhit nhiu hn. Cc transistor trng cho phn iu ch ngun ca bo mch ch v CPU: Nhiu bo mch ch thit k p mt lng ca cc transistor ny xung trc tip bo mch tn nhit ra bo mch, mt s bo mch ch thit k cc tm phin tn nhit ring, s t cc bo mch ch cao cp thit k ng truyn nhit lin kt chng vi cc thit b tn nhit khc. Thit k ring ca cc nh sn xut phn cng: Cc nh sn xut phn cng lun to ra cc s thay i trong thit k cu trc ca bo mch ch nn mi hng khc nhau s to ra mt s thay i no so vi cc kin trc thng thng hng s ch ca khch hng. Chnh iu thc y cng ngh pht trin, to ra s pht trin khng ngng. u ni ngun 24 chn theo chun ATX ATX l chun bo mch ch thng dng nht hin nay, chng c pht trin c chn lc trn nn cc chun c (Baby-AT v LPX) vi s thay i ca thit k v lin quan nhiu n vic thay i u ni ngun vi ngun my tnh, tnh nng qun l in nng thng minh v s thay i nt khi ng mt phin lm vic. Mt thay i khc l s tp hp cc cng kt ni vo/ra v pha sau ca h thng my tnh c nhn (bao gm cc khe cm m rng pha di v cm cng vo/ra pha trn (I/O connector panel) i vi v my tnh kiu ng).

2. 2: CPU: CPU vit tt ca ch Central Processing Unit (ting Anh), tm dch l n v x l trung tm. CPU c th c xem nh no b, mt trong nhng phn t ct li nht ca my vi tnh. Nhim v chnh ca CPU l x l cc chng trnh vi tnh v d kin. CPU c nhiu kiu dng khc nhau. hnh thc n gin nht, CPU l mt con chip vi vi chc chn. Phc tp hn, CPU c rp sn trong cc b
19

mch vi hng trm con chip khc. CPU l mt mch x l d liu theo chng trnh c thit lp trc. N l mt mch tch hp phc tp gm hng triu transitor trn mt bng mch nh. B x l trung tm bao gm B iu khin v B lm tnh.

B iu khin : L cc vi x l c nhim v thng dch cc lnh ca chng trnh v iu khin hot ng x l,c iu tit chnh xc bi xung nhp ng h h thng. Mch xung nhp ng h h thng dng ng b cc thao tc x l trong v ngoi CPU theo cc khong thi gian khng i.Khong thi gian ch gia hai xung gi l chu k xung nhp.Tc theo xung nhp h thng to ra cc xung tn hiu chun thi gian gi l tc xung nhp - tc ng h tnh bng triu n v mi giyMhz. Thanh ghi l phn t nh tm trong b vi x l dng lu d liu v a ch nh trong my khi ang thc hin tc v vi . B s hc-logic: C chc nng thc hin cc lnh ca n v iu khin v x l tn hiu. Theo tn gi,n v ny dng thc hin cc php tnh s hc(+,-,*,/)hay cc php tnh logic(so snh ln hn,nh hn...)
20

M t chc nng: Chc nng c bn ca my tnh l thc thi chng trnh. Chng trnh c thc thi gm mt dy cc ch th c lu tr trong b nh. n v x l trung tm(CPU) m nhn vic thc thi ny. Qu trnh thc thi chng trnh gm hai bc: CPU c ch th t b nh v thc thi ch th . Vic thc thi chng trnh l s lp i lp li qu trnh ly ch th v thc thi ch th. Tc : Tc x l ca my tnh ph thuc vo tc ca CPU, nhng n cng ph thuc vo cc phn khc (nh b nh trong, RAM, hay bo mch ha). Tc CPU c lin h vi tn s ng h lm vic ca n (tnh bng cc n v nh MHz, GHz, ...). i vi cc CPU cng loi tn s ny cng cao th tc x l cng tng. i vi CPU khc loi, th iu ny cha chc ng; v d CPU Core 2 Duo c tn s 2,6GHz c th x l d liu nhanh hn CPU 3,4GHz mt nhn. Tc CPU cn ph thuc vo b nh m ca n, v nh Intel Core 2 Duo s dng chung cache L2 (shared cache) gip cho tc x l ca h thng 2 nhn mi ny nhanh hn so vi h thng 2 nhn th h 1 ( Intel Core Duo v Intel Pentium D) vi mi core tng cache L2 ring bit. (B nh m dng lu cc lnh hay dng, gip cho vic nhp d liu x l nhanh hn). Hin nay cng ngh sn xut CPU lm cng ngh 65nm. Cc CPU u c ch to theo cc bc di y: Thit k: y l bc cc kin trc s thit k chip, ngha l cch n s lm vic nh th no. Ch to sn xut (wafer): y l qu trnh chnh trong vic sn xut chip v chng ta s xem xt n n trong hng dn ny. Chun b kin khun rp: Bc ny c bn gm vic ct cc chip t wafer

ng gi: Trong bc ny, cc thit b u cui v phn chnh c b sung vo chip Kim tra: CPU c kim tra trc khi em i bn
21

Cc nh sn xut: Hai nh sn xut CPU ln hin nay l Intel v AMD:

Mt trong nhng CPU u tin ca hng Intel l chip Intel 4004. Tung ra th trng vo thng 11 nm 1971, Intel 4004 c 2250 transistors v 16 chn. Mt CPU ca Intel nm 2006 l chic Intel Northwood P4, c 55 triu transistors v 478 chn. Nh sn xut AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) cng c nh gi cao cho mt s sn phm CPU ca h. 2. 3. RAM: RAM (vit tt t Random Access Memory trong ting Anh) l mt loi b nh chnh ca my tnh. RAM c gi l b nh truy cp ngu nhin v n c c tnh: thi gian thc hin thao tc c hoc ghi i vi mi nh l nh nhau, cho d ang bt k v tr no trong b nh. Mi nh ca RAM u c mt a ch. Thng thng, mi nh l mt byte (8 bit); tuy nhin h thng li c th c ra hay ghi vo nhiu byte (2, 4, 8 byte).

22

RAM khc bit vi cc thit b b nh tun t chng hn nh cc bng t, a; m cc loi thit b ny bt buc my tnh phi di chuyn c hc mt cch tun t truy cp d liu.Bi v cc chip RAM c th c hay ghi d liu nn thut ng RAM cng c hiu nh l mt b nh c-ghi, tri ngc vi b nh ch c ROM . RAM thng thng c s dng cho b nh chnh (main memory) trong my tnh lu tr cc thng tin thay i, v cc thng tin c s dng hin hnh. Cng c nhng thit b s dng mt vi loi RAM nh l mt thit b lu tr th cp . Thng tin lu trn RAM ch l tm thi, chng s mt i khi mt ngun in cung cp.

Mt s loi RAM. T trn xung: DIP, SIPP, SIMM 30 chn, SIMM 72 chn, DIMM (168 chn), DDR DIMM (184-chn). B nh RAM c 4 c trng sau:
23

Dung lng b nh: Tng s byte ca b nh ( nu tnh theo byte ) hoc l tng s bit trong b nh nu tnh theo bit. T chc b nh: S nh v s bit cho mi nh Thi gian thm nhp: Thi gian t lc a ra a ch ca nh n lc c c ni dung ca nh . Chu k b nh: Thi gian gia hai ln lin tip thm nhp b nh. Mc ch: My vi tnh s dng RAM lu tr m chng trnh v d liu trong sut qu trnh thc thi. c trng tiu biu ca RAM l c th truy cp vo nhng v tr khc nhau trong b nh v hon tt trong khong thi gian tng t, ngc li vi mt s k thut khc, i hi phi c mt khong thi gian tr hon nht nh. Phn loi RAM Ty theo cng ngh ch to, ngi ta phn bit thnh 2 loi:

SRAM (Static RAM): RAM tnh DRAM (Dynamic RAM): RAM ng

RAM tnh RAM tnh c ch to theo cng ngh ECL (dng trong CMOS v BiCMOS). Mi bit nh gm c cc cng logic vi 6 transistor MOS. SRAM l b nh nhanh, vic c khng lm hy ni dung ca nh v thi gian thm nhp bng chu k ca b nh. RAM ng RAM ng dng k thut MOS. Mi bit nh gm mt transistor v mt t in. Vic ghi nh d liu da vo vic duy tr in tch np vo t in v nh vy vic c mt bit nh lm ni dung bit ny b hy. Do vy sau mi ln c mt nh, b phn iu khin b nh phi vit li ni dung nh . Chu k b nh cng theo m t nht l gp i thi gian thm nhp nh.
24

Vic lu gi thng tin trong bit nh ch l tm thi v t in s phng ht in tch np v nh vy phi lm ti b nh sau khong thi gian 2s. Vic lm ti c thc hin vi tt c cc nh trong b nh. Cng vic ny c thc hin t ng bi mt vi mch b nh. B nh DRAM chm nhng r tin hn SRAM. Cc loi DRAM: (Double Data Rate SDRAM), thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "DDR". C 184 chn. DDR SDRAM l ci tin ca b nh SDR vi tc truyn ti gp SDRAM (Vit tt t Synchronous Dynamic RAM) c gi l DRAM ng b. SDRAM gm 3 phn loi: SDR, DDR, v DDR2. - SDR SDRAM (Single Data Rate SDRAM), thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "SDR". C 168 chn. c dng trong cc my vi tnh c, bus speed chy cng vn tc vi clock speed ca memory chip, nay li thi. DDR SDRAM i SDR nh vo vic truyn ti hai ln trong mt chu k b nh. c thay th bi DDR2. DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM), Thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "DDR2". L th h th hai ca DDR vi 240 chn, li th ln nht ca n so vi DDR l c bus speed cao gp i clock speed. RDRAM (Vit tt t Rambus Dynamic RAM), thng c gii chuyn mn gi tt l "Rambus". y l mt loi DRAM c thit k k thut hon ton mi so vi k thut SDRAM. RDRAM hot ng ng b theo mt h thng lp v truyn d liu theo mt hng. Mt knh b nh RDRAM c th h tr n 32 chip DRAM. Mi chip c ghp ni tun t trn mt module gi l RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module) nhng vic truyn d liu c thc hin gia cc mch iu khin v tng chip ring bit ch khng truyn gia cc chip vi nhau. Bus b nh RDRAM l ng dn lin tc i qua cc chip v module trn bus, mi module c cc chn vo v ra trn cc u i din. Do , nu cc khe cm khng cha RIMM s phi gn mt module lin tc m bo ng truyn c ni lin. Tc Rambus t t 400-800MHz
25

Rambus tuy khng nhanh hn SDRAM l bao nhng li t hn rt nhiu nn c rt t ngi dng. RDRAM phi cm thnh cp v nhng khe trng phi cm nhng thanh RAM gi . Cc thng s ca RAM c phn loi theo chun ca JEDEC Dung lng RAM c tnh bng MB v GB, thng thng RAM c thit k vi cc dung lng 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 MB, 1 GB, 2 GB... Dung lng ca RAM cng ln cng tt cho h thng, tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc h thng phn cng v h iu hnh u h tr cc loi RAM c dung lng ln, mt s h thng phn cng ca my tnh c nhn ch h tr n ti a 4 GB v mt s h iu hnh (nh phin bn 32 bit ca Windows XP) ch h tr n 3 GB. BUS.

Cc loi modul ca RAM Trc y, cc loi RAM c cc hng sn xut thit k cm cc chip nh trn bo mch ch thng qua cc cm (c dng DIP theo hnh minh ho trn), iu ny thng khng thun tin cho s nng cp h thng. Cng vi s pht trin chung ca cng ngh my tnh, cc RAM c thit k thnh cc modul nh SIMM, DIMM (nh hnh minh ho trn) thun tin cho thit k v nng cp h thng my tnh. SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module) DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) SO-DIM: (Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module): Thng s dng trong cc my tnh xch tay. Tnh tng thch vi bo mch ch Khng phi cc RAM khc nhau u s dng c trn tt c cc bo mch ch. Mi loi bo mch ch li s dng vi mt loi RAM khc nhau tu thuc vo chipset ca bo mch ch.
26

2. 4. A CNG : a cng l dng lu tr d liu trn b mt cc tm a hnh trn ph vt liu t tnh. a cng l loi b nh "khng thay i" (non-volatile), c ngha l chng khng b mt a cng, hay cn gi l cng (ting Anh: Hard Disk Drive, vit tt: HDD) l thit d liu khi ngng cung cp ngun in cho chng.

a cng l mt thit b rt quan trng trong h thng bi chng cha d liu thnh qu ca mt qu trnh lm vic ca nhng ngi s dng my tnh. Nhng s h hng ca cc thit b khc trong h thng my tnh c th sa cha hoc thay th c, nhng d liu b mt do yu t h hng phn cng ca a cng thng rt kh ly li c. a cng l mt khi duy nht, cc a cng c lp rp c nh trong ngay t khi sn xut nn khng th thay th c cc "a cng" nh vi cch hiu nh i vi a mm hoc a quang.

27

2.4.1.Tng quan: cng thng c gn lin vi my tnh lu tr d liu cho d chng xut hin mun hn so vi nhng chic my tnh u tin. Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh, a cng ngy nay c kch thc cng nh i n cc chun thng dng vi dung lng th ngy cng tng ln. Nhng thit k u tin a cng ch dnh cho cc my tnh th ngy nay a cng cn c s dng trong cc thit b in t khc nh my nghe nhc k thut s, my nh s, in thoi di ng thng minh (SmartPhone), my quay phim k thut s, thit b k thut s h tr c nhn... Khng ch tun theo cc thit k ban u, a cng c nhng bc tin cng ngh nhm gip lu tr v truy xut d liu nhanh hn: v d s xut hin ca cc a cng lai gip cho h iu hnh hot ng ti u hn, gim thi gian khi ng ca h thng, tit kim nng lng, s thay i phng thc ghi d liu trn cc a t lm cho dung lng mi a cng tng ln ng k.

2.4.2. Lch s pht trin: Nm 1955 cng u tin trn th gii c l IBM 350 Disk File c ch to bi Reynold Johnson ra mt nm 1955 cng my tnh IBM 305. cng ny c ti 50 tm a kch thc 24" vi tng dung lng l 5 triu k t. Mt u t c dng truy nhp tt c cc tm a khin cho tc truy nhp trung bnh kh thp. Nm 1961 Thit b lu tr d liu IBM 1301 ra mt nm 1961 bt u s dng mi u t cho mt mt a. a u tin c b phn lu tr tho lp c l IBM 1311. ny s dng a IBM 1316 c dung lng 2 triu k t. Nm 1973
28

IBM gii thiu h thng a 3340 "Winchester", a u tin s dng k thut lp rp ng hp (sealed head/disk assembly - HDA). K s trng d n/ch nhim d n Kenneth Haughton t tn theo "sng trng Winchester" 30-30 sau khi mt thnh vin trong nhm gi n l "30-30" v cc trc quay 30 MB ca a cng. Hu ht cc a hin i ngy nay u s dng cng ngh ny, v ci tn "Winchester" tr nn ph bin khi ni v a cng v dn bin mt trong thp nin 1990. Trong mt thi gian di, a cng c kch thc ln v cng knh, thch hp vi mt mi trng c bo v ca mt trung tm d liu hoc mt vn phng ln hn l trong mi trng cng nghip khc nghit (v s mong manh), hay vn phng nh hoc nh ring (v kch c qu kh v lng in nng tiu th). Trc thp nin 1980, hu ht a cng c cc tm a c 8" (20 cm) hoc 14-inch (35 cm), cn mt gi thit b cng nh din tch sn ng k (tiu biu l cc a cng ln c a tho lp c, thng c gi l "my git"), v trong nhiu trng hp cn ti in cao p hoc thm ch in ba pha cho nhng m t ln chng dng. V l do , cc a cng khng c dng ph bin trong my vi tnh n tn nm 1980, khi Seagate Technology cho ra i a ST-506 - a 5,25" u tin c dung lng 5 MB. C mt thc t l trong cu hnh xut xng, my IBM PC (IBM 5150) khng c trang b a cng.

a lp trong ngy cng c s dng nhiu trong PC trong khi cc a lp ngoi tip tc ph bin trn my Macintosh ca hng Apple v cc nn tng khc. Mi my Mac sn xut gia gia cc nm 1986 v 1998 u c mt cng SCSI pha sau khin cho vic lp t thm phn cng mi tr nn d dng; tng t nh vy, "toaster" (my nng bnh) Mac khng c ch cho a cng (hay trong Mac Plus khng c ch lp a cng), cc i tip theo cng vy th nn SCSI lp ngoi l c th hiu c. Cc a SCSI lp ngoi cng ph bin trong cc my vi tnh c nh lot Apple II v Commodore 64, v cng c s dng rng ri trong my ch cho n tn ngy nay. S xut hin vo cui thp nin 1990 ca cc chun giao tip ngoi nh USB v FireWire khin cho a cng lp ngoi tr nn ph bin hn trong ngi dng thng thng c bit i vi nhng ai cn di chuyn mt khi lng ln d liu gia hai a im. V th, phn ln cc a cng sn xut ra u c tr thnh li ca cc v lp ngoi.
29

Ngy nay Dung lng a cng tng trng theo hm m vi thi gian. i vi nhng my PC th h u, a dung lng 20 megabyte c coi l ln. Cui thp nin 1990 c nhng a cng vi dung lng trn 1 gigabyte. Vo thi im u nm 2005, a cng c dung lng khim tn nht cho my tnh bn cn c sn xut c dung lng ln ti 40 gigabyte cn a lp trong c dung lng ln nht ln ti mt na terabyte (500 GB), v nhng a lp ngoi t xp x mt terabyte. Cng vi lch s pht trin ca PC, cc h a cng ln l MFM, RLL, ESDI, SCSI, IDE v EIDE, v mi nht l SATA. a MFM i hi mch iu khin phi tng thch vi phn in trn a cng hay ni cch khc l a v mch iu khin phi tng thch. 2.4.3. Cu to: a cng gm cc thnh phn, b phn c th lit k c bn v gii thch s b nh sau: Cm a: Bao gm ton b cc a, trc quay v ng c. a t. Trc quay: truyn chuyn ng ca a t. ng c: c gn ng trc vi trc quay v cc a. Cm u c u c : u c/ghi d liu Cn di chuyn u c (head arm hoc actuator arm). Mch iu khin: c nhim v iu khin ng c ng trc, iu khin s di chuyn ca cn di chuyn u c m bo n ng v tr trn b mt a. Mch x l d liu: dng x l nhng d liu c/ghi ca a cng. B nh m (cache hoc buffer): l ni tm lu d liu trong qu trnh c/ghi d liu. D liu trn b nh m s mt i khi a cng ngng c cp in.

30

V a cng gm cc phn: Phn cha cc linh kin gn trn n, phn np y li bo v cc linh kin bn trong. V a cng c chc nng chnh nhm nh v cc linh kin v m bo kn kht khng cho php bi c lt vo bn trong ca a cng. a t : a thng cu to bng nhm hoc thu tinh, trn b mt c ph mt lp vt liu t tnh l ni cha d liu. Tu theo hng sn xut m cc a ny c s dng mt hoc c hai mt trn v di. S lng a c th nhiu hn mt, ph thuc vo dung lng v cng ngh ca mi hng sn xut khc nhau. Trn mt mt lm vic ca a t chia ra nhiu vng trn ng tm thnh cc track. Trn track chia thnh nhng phn nh bng cc on hng tm thnh cc sector. Cc sector l phn nh cui cng c chia ra cha d liu. Theo chun thng thng th mt sector cha dung lng 512 byte. Tp hp cc track cng cng bn knh (cng s hiu trn) cc mt a khc nhau thnh cc cylinder. Ni mt cch chnh xc hn th: khi u c/ghi u tin lm vic ti mt track no th tp hp ton b cc track trn cc b mt a cn li m cc u c cn li ang lm vic ti gi l cylinder (cch gii thch ny chnh xc hn bi c th xy ra thng hp cc u c khc nhau c khong cch n tm quay ca a khc nhau do qu trnh ch to). Trc quay l trc gn cc a t ln n, chng c ni trc tip vi ng c quay a cng. Trc quay c nhim v truyn chuyn ng quay t ng c n cc a t. Trc quay thng ch to bng cc vt liu nh (nh hp kim nhm) v c ch to tuyt i chnh xc m bo trng tm ca chng khng c sai lch bi ch mt s sai lch nh c th gy ln s rung lc ca ton b a cng khi lm vic tc cao, dn n qu trnh c/ghi khng chnh xc. u c n gin c cu to gm li ferit (trc y l li st) v cun dy (ging nh nam chm in). Gn y cc cng ngh mi hn gip cho a cng hot ng vi mt xt cht hn nh: chuyn cc ht t sp xp theo phng
31

vung gc vi b mt a nn cc u c c thit k nh gn v pht trin theo cc ng dng cng ngh mi u c trong a cng c cng dng c d liu di dng t ho trn b mt a t hoc t ho ln cc mt a khi ghi d liu. S u c ghi lun bng s mt hot ng c ca cc a cng, c ngha chng nh hn hoc bng hai ln s a (nh hn trong trng hp v d hai a nhng ch s dng 3 mt). Cn di chuyn u c/ghi l cc thit b m u c/ghi gn vo n. Cn c nhim v di chuyn theo phng song song vi cc a t mt khong cch nht nh, dch chuyn v nh v chnh xc u c ti cc v tr t mp a n vng pha trong ca a (pha trc quay). Cc cn di chuyn u c c di chuyn ng thi vi nhau do chng c gn chung trn mt trc quay (ng trc), c ngha rng khi vic c/ghi d liu trn b mt (trn v di nu l loi hai mt) mt v tr no th chng cng hot ng cng v tr tng ng cc b mt a cn li. Ton b c ch c/ghi d liu ch c thc hin khi my tnh (hoc cc thit b s dng a cng) c yu cu truy xut d liu hoc cn ghi d liu vo a cng. Vic thc hin giao tip vi my tnh do bo mch ca a cng m nhim. Ta bit rng my tnh lm vic khc nhau theo tng phin lm vic, tng nhim v m khng theo mt kch bn no, do qu trnh c v ghi d liu lun lun xy ra, do cc tp tin lun b thay i, xo trn v tr. T d liu trn b mt a cng khng c cha mt cch lin tc m chng nm ri rc khp ni trn b mt vt l. Mt mt khc my tnh c th x l a nhim (thc hin nhiu nhim v trong cng mt thi im) nn cn phi truy cp n cc tp tin khc nhau cc th mc khc nhau. Nh vy c ch c v ghi d liu a cng khng n thun thc hin t theo tun t m chng c th truy cp v ghi d liu ngu nhin ti bt k im no trn b mt a t, l c im khc bit ni bt ca a cng so vi cc hnh thc lu tr truy cp tun t (nh bng t).
32

Thng qua giao tip vi my tnh, khi gii quyt mt tc v, CPU s i hi d liu (n s hi tun t cc b nh khc trc khi n a cng m th t thng l cache L1-> cache L2 ->RAM) v a cng cn truy cp n cc d liu cha trn n. Khng n thun nh vy CPU c th i hi nhiu hn mt tp tin d liu ti mt thi im, khi s xy ra cc trng hp: a cng ch p ng mt yu cu truy cp d liu trong mt thi im, cc yu cu c p ng tun t. a cng ng thi p ng cc yu cu cung cp d liu theo phng thc ring ca n. S hot ng ca a cng cn thc hin ng thi hai chuyn ng: Chuyn ng quay ca cc a v chuyn ng ca cc u c.S quay ca cc a t c thc hin nh cc ng c gn cng trc (vi tc rt ln: t 3600 rpm cho n 15.000 rpm) chng thng c quay n nh ti mt tc nht nh theo mi loi a cng. Khi a cng quay u, cn di chuyn u c s di chuyn n cc v tr trn cc b mt cha ph vt liu t theo phng bn knh ca a. Chuyn ng ny kt hp vi chuyn ng quay ca a c th lm u c/ghi ti bt k v tr no trn b mt a. Ti cc v tr cn c ghi, u c/ghi c cc b cm bin vi in trng c d liu (v tng ng: pht ra mt in trng xoay hng cc ht t khi ghi d liu). D liu c ghi/c ng thi trn mi a. Vic thc hin phn b d liu trn cc a c thc hin nh cc mch iu khin trn bo mch ca a cng.

2.4.4. Cc cng ngh s dng a cng: S.M.A.R.T (Self-Monitoring, Analysis, and Reporting Technology) l cng ngh t ng gim st, chun on v bo co cc h hng c th xut hin ca a cng thng qua BIOS, cc phn mm thng bo cho ngi s dng bit
33

trc s h hng c cc hnh ng chun b i ph (nh sao chp d liu d phng hoc c cc k hoch thay th a cng mi). Trong thi gian gn y S.M.AR.T c coi l mt tiu chun quan trng trong a cng. S.M.A.R.T ch thc s gim st nhng s thay i, nh hng ca phn cng n qu trnh li xy ra ca a cng (m theo hng Seagate th s h hng trong a cng chim ti 60% xut pht t cc vn lin quan n c kh): Chng c th bao gm nhng s h hng theo thi gian ca phn cng: u c/ghi (mt kt ni, khong cch lm vic vi b mt a thay i), ng c (xung cp, r ro), bo mch ca a (h hng linh kin hoc lm vic sai). S.M.A.R.T khng nn c hiu l t "smart" bi chng khng lm ci thin n tc lm vic v truyn d liu ca a cng. Ngi s dng c th bt (enable) hoc tt (disable) chc nng ny trong BIOS (tuy nhin khng phi BIOS ca hng no cng h tr vic can thip ny). cng lai (hybrid hard disk drive) l cc a cng thng thng c gn thm cc phn b nh flash trn bo mch ca a cng. Cm b nh ny hot ng khc vi c ch lm vic ca b nh m (cache) ca a cng: D liu cha trn chng khng b mt i khi mt in. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca cng lai, vai tr ca phn b nh flash nh sau: Lu tr trung gian d liu trc khi ghi vo a cng, ch khi my tnh a cc d liu n mt mc nht nh (tu tng loi cng lai) th a cng mi tin hnh ghi d liu vo cc a t, iu ny gip s vn hnh ca a cng ti hiu qu v tit kim in nng hn nh vic khng phi thng xuyn hot ng. Gip tng tc giao tip vi my tnh: Vic c d liu t b nh flash nhanh hn so vi vic c d liu ti cc a t. Gip h iu hnh khi ng nhanh hn nh vic lu cc tp tin khi ng ca h thng ln vng b nh flash. Kt hp vi b nh m ca a cng to thnh mt h thng hot ng hiu qu.

34

Nhng cng lai c sn xut hin nay thng s dng b nh flash vi dung lng khim tn 256 MB bi chu p lc ca vn gi thnh sn xut. Do s dng dung lng nh nh vy nn cha ci thin nhiu n vic gim thi gian khi ng h iu hnh, dn n nhiu ngi s dng cha cm thy hi lng vi chng. Tuy nhin ngi s dng thng kh nhn ra s hiu qu ca chng khi thc hin cc tc v thng thng hoc vic tit kim nng lng ca chng. 2.4.5. Thng s v c tnh Dung lng Dung lng a cng l mt thng s thng c ngi s dng ngh n u tin, l c s cho vic so snh, u t v nng cp. Ngi s dng lun mong mun s hu cc a cng c dung lng ln nht c th theo tm chi ph ca h m c th khng tnh n cc thng s khc. Dung lng ca a cng tnh theo cc n v dung lng c bn thng thng: byte, kB MB, GB, TB. Theo thi quen trong tng thi k m ngi ta c th s dng n v no, trong thi im nm 2007 ngi ngi ta thng s dng GB. Ngy nay dung lng a cng t tm n v TB nn rt c th trong tng lai theo thi quen, ngi ta s tnh theo TB. Tc quay ca a cng thng c k hiu bng rpm (vit tt ca t ting Anh: revolutions per minute) s vng quay trong mt pht.Tc quay cng cao th cng lm vic nhanh do chng thc hin c/ghi nhanh hn, thi giam tm kim thp. Cc thng s v thi gian trong a cng Thi gian tm kim trung bnh (Average Seek Time) l khong thi gian trung bnh (theo mili giy: ms) m u c c th di chuyn t mt cylinder ny n mt cylinder khc ngu nhin ( v tr xa chng). Thi gian tm kim trung bnh c cung cp bi nh sn xut khi h tin hnh hng lot cc vic th vic c/ghi cc v tr khc nhau ri chia cho s ln thc hin c kt qu thng s cui cng.Thng s ny cng thp cng tt.

35

Thi gian tm kim trung bnh khng kim tra bng cc phn mm bi cc phn mm khng can thip c su n cc hot ng ca a cng. Thi gian truy cp ngu nhin (Random Access Time): L khong thi gian trung bnh a cng tm kim mt d liu ngu nhin. Tnh bng mili giy (ms). y l tham s quan trng do chng nh hng n hiu nng lm vic ca h thng, do ngi s dng nn quan tm n chng khi la chn gia cc a cng. Thng s ny cng thp cng tt. Thi gian lm vic tin cy MTBF: (Mean Time Between Failures) c tnh theo gi (hay c th hiu mt cch n thun l tui th ca a cng). y l khong thi gian m nh sn xut d tnh a cng hot ng n nh m sau thi gian ny a cng c th s xut hin li (v khng m bo tin cy). Mt s nh sn xut cng b a cng ca h hot ng vi tc 10.000 rpm vi tham s: MTBF ln ti 1 triu gi, hoc vi a cng hot ng tc 15.000 rpm c gi tr MTBF n 1,4 triu gi th nhng thng s ny ch l kt qu ca cc tnh ton trn l thuyt. Hy hnh dung s nm m n hot ng tin cy (khi chia thng s MTBF cho (24 gi/ngy 365 ngy/nm) s thy rng n c th di hn lch s ca bt k hng sn xut a cng no, do ngi s dng c th khng cn quan tm n thng s ny.

2.4.6. B nh m: B nh m (cache hoc buffer) trong a cng cng ging nh RAM ca my tnh, chng c nhim v lu tm d liu trong qu trnh lm vic ca a cng. ln ca b nh m c nh hng ng k ti hiu sut hot ng ca a cng bi vic c/ghi khng xy ra tc thi (do ph thuc vo s di chuyn ca u c/ghi, d liu c truyn ti hoc i) s c t tm trong b nh m. n v thng bnh bng kB hoc MB.

36

H iu hnh cng c th ly mt phn b nh ca h thng (RAM) to ra mt b nh m lu tr d liu c ly t a cng nhm ti u vic x l i vi cc d liu thng xuyn phi truy cp, y ch l mt cch dng ring ca h iu hnh m chng khng nh hng n cch hot ng hoc hiu sut vn c ca mi loi a cng. C rt nhiu phn mm cho php tinh chnh cc thng s ny ca h iu hnh tu thuc vo s d tha RAM trn h thng.

2. 5. CD, CD-RW, DVD: Ngy nay ghi CD (CD Burner) tr thnh mt thit b chun trong cc my tnh th h mi v cng ngy cng c nhiu ngi say m nhc trang b CD Burners cho h thng my tnh .

hiu c nhng yu t c bn trong cng ngh CD. CD lu tr nhc v cc file khc di dng s (Digital), c ngha l cc thng tin trn a c th hin di dng dy cc s 0 v 1. Trn a CD thng thng, nhng s 0 v 1 c th hin bi hng triu cc im g ln (Bump) v cc ch phng trn b mt phn x ca a. Cc Bump v ch phng ny c sp xp trn cc rnh lin tc ch rng khong 0,5 micron v di ti 5 km. c cc thng tin ny, CD Player s chiu cc tia Laser ln b mt cc rnh ny. Khi tia Laser chiu vo mt vng phng trn rnh, tia Laser c phn x trc tip ti b phn cm bin quang (Optical Sensor) trn h thng Laser. Khi CD Player hiu l s 1. Khi tia Laser chiu ln cc

37

Bump, nh sng c phn x theo hng khc v khng ti c Optical Sensor, CD Player s nhn ra l s 0. Cc Bump c sp xp thnh hnh xon c lin tc, bt u t pha tm ca a. CD Player s quay a trong khi h thng Laser chuyn ng t pha gn tm CD ra ngoi. tc n nh, cc Bump pha ra CD chuyn ng nhanh hn cc Bump pha tm ca CD. gi cc Bump chuyn ng bt bin so vi h thng Laser, CD Player phi lm gim tc quay ca a khi h thng Laser dch chuyn dn ra ngoi. Cc my ch to CD dng tia Laser cng cao khc cc s Bump vo cc a thu tinh c trng vt liu quang in tr. Qua cc qu trnh cng phu, cc s Bump ny c in ln a bng cht liu Acrylic. Sau chng c trng mt lp nhm hoc mt kim loi khc to b mt phn x c th c c. Cui cng a c trng mt lp Plastic trong sut bo v b mt kim loi phn x chng cc vt xc v hng b mt. c c mt a CD, nh sn xut phi thc hin cc cng vic kh tinh vi v phc tp bao gm nhiu bc v s dng nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau. Do qu trnh sn xut phc tp nn CD khng c sn xut n l. N ch kh thi trong vic sn xut hng lot v cc a CD phi c cng ni dung. Do vy cc CD truyn thng vn c coi l thit b lu tr Read Only c trung bnh i vi a s ngi tiu dng ging nh LP hay DVD thng thng. Do nhu cu lu tr thng tin ngy cng ln trong khi dung lng cc a mm s dng trong my tnh khng p ng c, vo u thp k 90 cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc ny c gng tm cch to ra cc a CD c kh nng ghi d liu dng s. p ng nhu cu ny cc hng sn xut in t gii thiu mt gii php cho php m ho CD vi cc bc n gin. CD-R (CD Recordable Disc) khng c bt k Bump hay vng phng no trn b mt. Thc cht n c mt lp kim loi phn x trn nm trn mt lp m cht cm quang.

38

Khi a cha c ghi thng tin g (Blank Disc) lp m c mu trong m, nh sng c th i qua v phn x trn b mt kim loi. Nhng khi lp m ny c lm nng vi tia sng hi t c tn s c bit v cng mnh n s chuyn thnh c v nh sng khng th xuyn qua c. Bng cch to ra cc im m lin tc trn rnh CD ng thi vi cc vng trong m, chng ta c th to ra mt s s m CD Player chun c th c c. nh sng Laser s phn x tr li b cm bin khi chiu ln lp m trong m ging nh khi n phn x li t cc vng phng CD thng thng. Cng vic ca CD Burner l to ra (Burn) cc s s trn a CD trng. Do cc d liu c m ho chun xc trn b mt nh nh vy nn h thng ghi phi hot ng cc k chnh xc. CD Burner iu khin h thng Laser ht nh CD Player nhng CD Burner chng khng gi l Read Laser m l Write Laser. Write Laser mnh hn Read Laser v tc ng ln a hon ton khc: thay i b mt ch khng phn x li nh sng. Read Laser khng mnh lm c lp m nn c th chy a CD-R trn CD m khng s b ph hu d liu ghi trn . Write Laser cng di chuyn t pha gn tm ra ngoi mt cch chnh xc nh Read Laser khi a quay. Lp Plastic di cng ca a c cc ng rnh c ch to sn s hng dn h thng Laser i theo ng chnh xc. ng nht tc quay vi chuyn ng ca h thng Laser, CD Burner gi cho tia Laser i theo rnh ghi mt tc khng i. ghi d liu, CD Burner d dng bt tt Laser Writer ng b vi s 1 v 0. Cc im c c m ho thnh 0 cn cc vng trong m c m ho thnh 1.

39

Hu ht cc CD Burner u c th to ra cc a CD hot ng c nhiu tc (Multiple Speed). tc 1X, tc quay ca CD bng vi tc khi n c c bi CD Player c ngha l phi mt ng 60 pht ghi on nhc di 60 pht. Trong khi vi tc 2X ch cn na gi l c th ghi c on nhc trn. nhng tc ghi ln, CD Burner phi c h thng iu khin Laser c bit ng thi tc kt ni gia CD Burner v my tnh phi c m bo. Ngoi ra loi a trng dng ghi cng phi c thit k ph hp vi vic ghi d liu tc ny. u im chnh ca a CD-R l n c th c dng vi hu ht cc loi CD Player v CD-ROM ang c s dng rt nhiu lu tr nhc v d liu. Thm vo n c kh nng lu tr ln v tng i r. Tr ngi chnh ca kiu cng ngh ny l khng th s dng li c a ghi. Mt khi a trng c ghi d liu, n khng th xo v ghi li c. Trong nhng nm gia thp k 90, cc hng in t li gii thiu mt dng CD mi gii quyt c vn ny l CDRW (CD Rewritable). Cng ngh CD-R cho php to ra a CD-R lu tr c rt nhiu d liu. Chng c th lm vic vi hu ht cc loi CD Player v gi tg i r. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh cc thit b lu tr khc nh bng hay a mm, CD-R khng th ghi li ln na mt khi lu d liu vo. a CD-RW l mt bc tin so vi CD-R, n c xy dng thm chc nng xo (Erase Function) cho php ghi ln ton b d liu c da trn cng ngh Phase-Change Technology. Trong a CD-RW, phn t Phase-Change l mt hp cht ha hc ca Bc, Telua, Antimon v Indi. Vi tc ng vt l, nh dng ca hp cht ny s thay i khi c lm nng mt nhit no . Khi hp cht ny c lm nng n nhit nng chy (khong 600 C) n s chuyn sang dng lng cn nhit kt tinh (khong 200 C) n s chuyn sang th rn. Khi lm nng hp cht trong a CDRW n nhit nng chy ri lm lnh tht nhanh n s vn cn dng lng v khng nh hnh ngay c khi di nhit kt tinh. kt tinh hp cht ny, phi gi hp cht ng nhit kt tinh mt khong thi gian no chng chuyn sang trng thi rn trc khi lm lnh li. Hp cht dng trong a CD-RW khi trng thi kt tinh s trong m v khi dng lng khng nh hnh s hp thu c hu ht nh sng. Vi mt CD trng mi cht liu trn vng ghi d liu u th kt tinh, nh sng s chiu qua lp ny
40

n lp kim loi v phn x li b cm bin nh sng. m ho thng tin trn a, CD Burner dng Write Laser lm nng hp cht n nhit nng chy. Kt qu l i vi CD-R cc m c c to ra cn i vi CD thng thng l cc Bump, chng khng phn x tr li cc tia Laser trn lp kim loi. Mi vng khng phn x c tia Laser trn a c biu th bng s 0 cn cc im vn kt tinh v phn x li tia Laser c biu th bng s 1Vi CD-R, Read Laser khng mnh thay i trng thi lp vt liu dng ghi d liu v yu hn Write Laser. Khi Erase Laser khng mnh lm nng chy hp cht trn CD-WR, n c cng cn thit lm nng hp cht n im kt tinh. Bng cch gi hp cht nhit ny, Erase Laser lm hp cht tr v trng thi kt tinh v kt qu l n xo b mi vng hin th s 0. Gi y a xo c th dng lu d liu mi. Do a CD-RW khng phn x tia sng nhiu nh dng CD c nn khng th c n bi CD Player v CD-ROM kiu c v ch yu c dng Backup d liu.

2.6. FDD: L thit b dung c v ghi a mn , ng vi mi loi kch thc ca mi loi a mn ta s c mt loi a mn khc nhau do ngi ta sn xut loi a mn kch thc khc nhau v h tr dung lng cao . Lch s pht trin : lch s pht trin ca a mm lun song hnh vi s pht trin ca a mn , nhng trong qu trnh pht trin a mn do c cc phng tin lu tr d liu khc c nhiu u in hn hn so vi lu tr bng a mn ln a mn hin khi cn c s dng chng bin mt khi cc my tnh ngay nay.

41

Cu to v hot ng :cc a mn lu tr d liu thng qua lu tr trn b mt , do a mn da trn nguyn l c v ghi theo tnh cht t . a mn c cu to mt phn ging nh cc a cng , nhng mi chi tit bn trong n c yu cu thp hn a cng , tt c cc cch lm vic vi a mm u qua mt khe hp ca a mn .

2.7. BN PHM , CHUT MY TNH :

2.7.1. chut my tnh :

42

2.7.1.1. C ch cm ng : 2.7.1.1.1. c hc: Bt c ai ang s dng my vi tnh u bit r vai tr v nh hng v cng quan trng ca chut (mouse) my vi tnh nh th no! c Douglas Engelbart pht minh nm 1964, n khng phi l th g mi m hay qu rc ri nhng l thnh phn khng th thiu trong sut my chc nm nay. Trong nhiu nm pht trin, chut my tnh cng c nhiu bin i v ci tin, khng ch v kiu dng m cn c cng ngh cm ng. Chut ngy nay c nhy v nhiu tnh nng tt hn rt nhiu so vi vi nm trc y y l c ch khi thy ca chut v ko di hng chc nm sau v hin nay vn c th tm thy cc lai chut bi (mt nhnh ca c ch cm ng c) ca hng. Ch chut My tnh xut hin u tin trn th gii c kch thc kh ln vi hai bnh xe vung gc nhau v bn s s dng c hai tay iu khin n: mt tay cm chut v tay kia cm mt bn phm nh c khong 5 nt bm. Ti nm 1970, k s Bill English ca Xerox PARC thay th bnh xe c in bng mt vin bi ni ting m chng ta u bit. Vin bi ny c th chuyn ng theo mi hng, chuyn ng ny s c hai bnh xe nh bn trong chut ghi nhn, trn bnh xe c cc khe h nh cho php mt tia sng pht qua ti u cm ng bn kia, mi ln ngt s cho bit chut di chuyn. Cui cng, mt thit b cm ng s thu thp tn hiu v tng kt thnh gi tr ta tng ng ca chut trn mn hnh. Kiu thit k ny c dng trong sut thp k 80, 90. kiu dng hin i m bn thy c thit k ban u ti hc vin EPFL (tri tim ca cng ngh Chu Au thi k ), sau sn phm han thin c tung ra th trng ln u tin thng qua mt chi nhnh ca EPFL m sau ny tr thnh mt trong nhng nh sn xut thit b tr (Pointing Device) tn tui Logitech 2.7.1.1.2.Quang hc: C ch ca chut quang hc l bc tin ng k trong ch to chut. N loi b hon ton thnh phn c hc (bi v bnh xe), thay bng mt thit b bt hnh
43

siu nh. Thit b ny s lin tc chp li b mt m ngi dng di chut v thng qua php so snh gia nhng bc hnh ny, b x l bn trong chut s tnh ton c ta . Ni mt cch nm na, chut bi s dng u cm ng quang bt chuyn ng ca vin bi th chut quang s dng thit b ghi hnh bt chuyn ng ca b mt. Trn thc t, tnh ton chnh xc th hnh nh chp phi tt. V th, nhim v quan trng u tin l phi c thit b soi sng b mt v mt thit b gi l n LED c s dng cho vic ny. Khi chiu sng b mt, tia sng s b phn chiu v hi t thng qua mt thu knh trc khi chm vo b cm ng. Nh th hnh nh s rt chi tit. u im ca th h chut quang hc l khng c cc b phn c nn hon ton khng s hng hc do n mn hay bi bn. Vic bo tr cng rt n gin (ch cn lau mt c l xong). Thm vo chi tit v nhy ca c ch cm ng quang cng tt hn rt nhiu. Tuy nhin chut quang khng th lm vic trn b mt bng hoc trong sut, cn cc b mt sc s th chut hat ng khng chnh xc. iu ny ng vi nhng th h chut u tin. Ngai ra, mt s loi chut r tin c h thng x l hnh nh km s khng kh nng tnh ton khi ngi dng di chuyn vi tc nhanh (chut cao cp c th theo c tc di chuyn ln ti 1m/s). v im yu cui cng ca chut quang l ngn in nhiu hn chut c. 2.7.1.1.3. Laser: Cm ng laser l cng ngh mi nht v tin tin nht hin nay. Khng ch tha hng y u im quang hc m chut laser cn c nhiu c im u vit khc. c gii thiu u tin vo nm 2004 di s hp tc ca Logitech v Agilent Technologies, Logitech MX1000 l i din u tin ca th h chut laser xut hin trn th trng. Ch chut ny s dng mt tia laser nh thay th cho n LED nh thng thng. Cng ngh laser cho php tia sng c tp trung cao hn v c bit n nh. Nh th chut c th tng chi tit ca hnh nh chp ti 20 ln trn l thuyt. Tuy nhin MX1000 khng p ng tc thi khi bn nhc n ln ri xung, iu ny l do tnh nng tit kim nng lng ca n (nhng phin bn sau ny khng ri vo tnh trng ).

44

2.7.1.2. Kiu kt ni: 2.7.1.2.1. C dy: Serial: chut s dng cng ni tip serial (hay cn gi l cng COM) rt thng dng vo thp k 90 nhng hin nay rt t gp, mt phn do cng COM gi ci v chm chp dn dn b lai khi th h my tnh mi. Ngoi ra, s thng tr ca USB cng gp phn tin n vo d vng. PS2: c dng trong thi gian kh di v by gi vn cn, mi bo mch ch vn c hai cng PS2 dnh cho chut v bn phm. Tuy nhin cng b nh hng ca chun USB m PS2 dn b y ti b tuyt chng. Hu ht cc lai chut mi u s dng cng USB v i km mt adapter chuyn i USB <-> PS2 USB: y l chun giao tip thng dng nht hin nay i vi cc lai chut d c ui hay khng ui, bn kh c th tm c lai chut no khng yu cu mt cng USB trng trn my vi tnh. u im ca USB chnh l bng thng rng hn nhiu ln so vi Serial hay PS2, v th cc lai chut cao cp c th gi s lng ln tn hiu nh v ti PC v nh vy , tnh chnh xc cng nh nhy cm s tng ng k. Mt s nh sn xut cn s dng knh d liu 16-bit tng cng chnh xc v gim tr so vi kt ni 8-bit thng thy trn dng chut bnh dn.

2.7.1.2.2. Khng dy: Sng radio: y l kiu kt ni khng dy u tin v cng thng dng nht c cc nh sn xut trang b cho chut khng dy ca ho. Mt b chut my tnh dng giao tip kiu ny gm b thu tn hiu kt ni vi my tnh v chut ri khng dy lp pin. Hai thnh phn ny giao tip vi nhau qua sng radio tn s 27MHz. mt s cng ngh mi nh Fast RF ca Logitech gim ng k mc tr khi pht, nhn tn hiu. Bluetooth: vn c coi nh mt kiu kt ni khng dy trao i d liu gia cc thit b di ng. Thi gian gn y, nhng thit b tr s dng kt ni Bluetooth xut hin ngy cng nhiu trn th trng. Mt s v d nh Dinovo Media Desktop
45

ca Logitech hay Microsoft Optical Desktop Elite for Bluetooth. V c bn, chut khng dy s dng Bluetooth c th lm vic vi hu ht cc thit b thu/pht Bluetooth nhng nu dng ng b thu i km, ngi dng s tn dng c nhng tnh nng c bit m nh sn xut trang b. So vi chut dng sng Radio, sn phm Bluetooth c tm hat ng xa hn, tr thp hn v bng tn s dng l 2,4GHz. RFID: y l pht minh c nht v nh v chut khng dy do A4Tech a ra. Chut s dng RFID v d nh A4Tech ND-30 RFID buc ngi dng phi s dng km theo bn di ring. im mnh ca kiu thit k ny l chut khng cn s dng pin hay dy dn, v th trng lng chut rt nh. Tn hiu ta s c ghi nhn thng qua trng in t gia bn di kt ni vo my tnh v chut. Tuy nhin bn nn ch rng RFID b gii hn v tm hat ng: ch bng ng di dy dn ni bn di vo cng USB my tnh.

2.7.1.3. Bn phm bnh v xe cun : Ngc vi thit k bn trong, nt bm ca chut ci tin kh chm chp v hnh nh ch thay i v s lng, kiu dng v v tr m thi. Ch chut t do Engelbart pht minh u tin ch c mt nt bm v sau tng ln 3 nt. Nhng loi chut ban u thng c t mt ti ba nt v v sau tng ln bn hoc hn. Tuy vy, v c bn, mi loi chut u c ti thiu hai nt bm chnh. Nhim v ca nt bn tri l chn v khi ng cc i tng, nt phi m cc menu tnh nng ca i tng m ngi dng chn. Nhng nm cui th k 20, chut my tnh c mt s ci tin v phm bm. Sn phm thi k ny thng c 5 phm khc nhau. Ty thuc vo nhu cu ca ngi s dng m nhng phm ph ny c nhiu chc nng ring bit, v d nh Forward (tin), Backward (li) khi duyt web, chng cng c th c gn nhiu tnh nng ty chon ty vo phn mm i km. Theo Douglas Engelbart, s lng phm bm ti u ca chut nn cng nhiu cng tt v thc t cho thy iu l ng. Mt pht minh quan trng trong thit k chut ni ring v cc thit b tr ni chung chnh l bnh xe nh gia hai nt bm m chng ta hay thy ngy nay. N s dng cho cc tc v cun trang hoc phng to/ thu nh cc i tng. V sau,
46

Logitech v Microsoft gii thiu phin bn tin tin hn c tn gi l bnh xe nghing (tilt-wheel) dnh cho nhng sn phm cao cp ca h. Vi bnh xe mi, ngi dng c th gt sang hai bn thc hin chc nng cun ngang. i khi bn cng c th tm thy ngng sn phm s dng cng ngh cm ng thay v bnh xe d bm bi v trc trc, in hnh nh V500 ca Logitech.

2.7.1.4. Tc v chnh xc: Vic thng mi ha v cc chiu tip th bin thng s k thut ca chut tr nn rc ri hn nhiu so vi bn cht ca chng. Trc tin l tc x l hnh nh: cng nhiu hnh nh c chp t b cm bin ca chut, chnh xc ca n s cng cao. Mt s ngi cho rng sc mnh ca my tnh hin ti ch x l cng lc vi trm mu hnh mi giy. iu ny ng nhng nu s lng mu cng nhiu, gi tr trung bnh s cng chun hn v thc t, thit b trung gian chu trch nhim tnh ton ta chnh l b x l bn trong chut. N s x l mu hnh ly cc gi tr trung bnh trc khi gi n my tnh Mt n v khc dng nh gi chut l DPI (Dots per inch) hay cn gi l phn gii ca mt cm ng. Ban u ngi ta s dng CPI (Counts per inch) tnh ton tc chut. CPI v DPI ch khc nhau v n v tnh (CPI s dng centimet cn DPI s dng s lng im nh). V sau do nhng l do k thut, DPI dn thay th CPI. Gi tr ny th hin s im nh con tr chut s ly mu c khi di chut 1 inch trn b mt. iu ng ch l con s ny cng cao, chnh xc tng ln li t l thun vi tc chut. V th bn c th di chuyn con tr ti im mnh mun rt nhanh, m khng phi di chut nhiu nhng ngc li, bt c di chuyn no d nh nht cng s b ghi nhn v iu ny hon ton khng c li cho tnh chnh xc. Cng rc ri hn cho ngi dng khi ch s DPI ca chut cn ph thuc vo phn gii mn hnh m s dng. Ly v d: vi cng mc DPI, khi chuyn phn gii hin th t 1024x768 ln 1600x1200 hoc cao hn, bn s phi di chuyn chut di hn cho cng mt khong cch trn mn hnh. Chnh v th nhng gi tr DPI thng thy trn cc cc sn phm th h mi (c bit l cc loi chut cho game th) nh 1600dpi, 2000dpi thc ra l kh nng p ng v tc ca chut
47

vi phn ng ca ngi chi ngay c phn gii cao. T ta thy rng, do chnh xc t l thun vi tc di chuyn nn vic iu khin chut s gy kh khn hn. Cc nh sn xut c nhiu cch x l vn ny thng qua phn mm hoc trc tip t phn cng. Tuy nhin, nguyn tc chnh vn l b qua cc im nh v nh th r rng chnh xc cng s gim i khi tc chut h thp xung. Vn cn bng gia hai gi tr tc v chnh xc c gii quyt da vo phn gii mn hnh ca ngi dng. Mc 800dpi v 1280x1024 l kh hp, mc Dpi cao vi phn gii mn hnh cng ln s gip hn ch tc con tr di chuyn trong khi vn gi c tnh chnh xc. Trong thc t, chut 1600dpi n 2000dpi s rt tuyt khi s dng trn mn hnh 1600x1200 hoc 2048x1536 tr ln, nhng nu bn dng chng mn hnh phn gii thp hn (di 1280x1024) th rc ri s xy ra: rt kh chn i tng, do khi bn di chuyn chut mt khong cch rt nh, con tr c th chy t gc mn hnh ny sang gc mn hnh i din ri. y s l bt li ln vi nhng ngi dng yu cu chnh xc khong nh (micro) nh thit k hay game chin thut.

2.7.2. Bn phm my tnh :

Trong my tnh, mt bn phm l mt thit b ngoi vi c m hnh mt phn theo bn phm my nh ch.

V hnh dng, bn phm l s sp t cc nt, hay phm. Mt bn phm thng thng c cc k t c khc hoc in trn phm; vi a s bn phm, mi ln nhn
48

mt phm tng ng vi mt k hiu c to ra. Tuy nhin, to ra mt s k t cn phi nhn v gi vi phm cng lc hoc lin tc; cc phm khc khng to ra bt k k hiu no, thay vo tc ng n hnh vi ca my tnh hoc ca chnh bn phm. 2.7.2.1. Cng giao tip Bn phm kt ni vi bo mch ch qua: PS/2, USB hoc kt ni khng dy 2.7.2.2. Cc loi bn phm Bn phm khng dyBn phm khng dy ang dn ph bin vi nhng ngi s dng mun s t do ang tng ln. D sao, bn phm khng dy cn pin hot ng, v c th sp t mt vn an ninh v nguy c ca s nghe trm. 2.7.2.3. Cch s dng Trong cch s dng bnh thng, bn phm dng nh vn bn vo mt b x l ch, trnh son tho vn bn, hay bt c hp ch khc. 2.7.2.4. Lnh Mt bn phm cng c dng vit lnh vo my tnh. Mt v d in hnh trn PC l t hp Ctrl+Shift+Esc . Vi phin bn Windows hin thi t hp ny m Task Manager cho php ngi s dng qun l nhng qu trnh ang hot ng, tt my tnh ... Di Linux, MS-DOS v mt vi phin bn c ca Windows, t hp Ctrl+Alt+Del thc hin mt 'cold' hay 'warm' reboot.

2.8. MN HNH:
Mn hnh my tnh l thit b in t gn lin vi my tnh vi mc ch chnh l hin th v giao tip gia ngi s dng vi my tnh. i vi cc my tnh c nhn (PC), mn hnh my tnh l mt b phn tch ri. i vi my tnh xch tay mn hnh l mt b phn gn chung khng th tch
49

ri. c bit: mn hnh c th dng chung (hoc khng s dng) i vi mt s h my ch. 2.8.1. Mn hnh my tnh loi CRT:

Thng gp nht l cc loi mn hnh my tnh vi nguyn l ng phng chm in t (ng CRT, nn thng t tn cho loi ny l "loi CRT"). Cc mn hnh loi CRT c cc u nhc im: u im: Th hin mu sc rt trung thc, tc p ng cao, phn gii c th t c cao. Ph hp vi games th v cc nh thit k, x l ho. Nhc im: Chim nhiu din tch, tiu tn in nng hn cc loi mn hnh khc, thng gy nh hng sc kho nhiu hn vi cc loi mn hnh khc. Nguyn l hin th hnh nh Mn hnh CRT s dng phn mn hunh quang dng hin th cc im nh, cc im nh pht sng theo ng mu sc cn hin th cn cc tia in t tc ng vo chng to ra s pht x nh sng. ng phng CRT s to ra cc tia in t p vo mn hunh quang hin th cc im nh theo mong mun. tm hiu nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca cc mn hnh CRT, ta hy xem nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca mt mn hnh n sc (en trng), cc nguyn l mn hnh CRT mu u da trn nn tng ny.

50

Nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca mn hnh en-trng cc mn hnh CRT c in: Ton b lp hunh quang trn b mt ch hin pht x mt mu duy nht vi cc mc thang xm khc nhau to ra cc im nh en trng. Mt im nh c phn thnh cc cng sng khc nhau s c iu khin bng chm tia in t c cng khc nhau. Chm tia in t c xut pht t mt ng pht ca n hnh. Ti y c mt dy tc (kiu ging dy tc bng n si t) c nung nng, cc in t t do trong kim loi ca si dy tc nhy khi b mt v b ht vo in trng to ra trong ng CRT. to ra mt tia in t, ng CRT c cc cun li tia theo hai phng (ngang v ng) iu khin tia ny n cc v tr trn mn hunh quang. m bo cc tia in t thu hp thnh dng im theo kch thc im nh thit t, ng CRT c cc thu knh in t (hon ton khc bit vi thu knh quang hc) bng cc cun dy hi t chm tia. Tia in t c qut ln b mt lp hunh quang theo tng hng, ln lt t trn xung di, t tri qua phi mt cch rt nhanh to ra cc khung hnh tnh, nhiu khung hnh tnh nh vy thay i s to ra hnh nh chuyn ng. Cng cc tia ny thay i theo im nh cn hin th trn mn hnh, vi cc im nh mu en cc tia ny c cng thp nht (hoc khng c), vi cc im nh trng th tia ny ln n gii hn, vi cc thang mu xm th tu theo mc sng m tia c cng khc nhau. Nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca mn hnh mu Nguyn l hin th hnh nh ca mn hnh mu loi CRT ging vi mn hnh en trng trnh by trn. Cc mu sc c hin th theo nguyn tc phi mu pht x: Mi mt mu xc nh c ghp bi ba mu c bn. Trn mn hnh hin th lp hunh quang ca mn hnh en trng c thay bng cc lp pht x mu dc t trn xung di mn hnh (iu ny hon ton c th quan st c bng mt thng).

51

2.8.2. Mn hnh my tnh loi tinh th lng:

Mn hnh my tnh loi tinh th lng da trn cng ngh v tinh th lng nn rt linh hot, c nhiu u im hn mn hnh CRT truyn thng, do hin nay ang c s dng rng ri, dn thay th mn hnh CRT. u im: Mng nh, khng chim din tch trn bn lm vic. t tiu tn in nng so vi mn hnh loi CRT, t nh hng n sc kho ngi s dng so vi mn hnh CRT. Nhc im: Gii hn hin th nt trong phn gii thit k (hoc phn gii bng 1/2 so vi thit k theo c hai chiu dc v ngang), tc p ng chm hn so vi mn hnh CRT (tuy nhin nm 2007 xut hin nhiu model c p ng n 2 ms), mu sc cha trung thc bng mn hnh CRT. phn gii ca mn hnh tinh th lng d c th t c theo ngi s dng, tuy nhin hin th r nt nht phi t phn gii thit k ca nh sn xut. Nguyn nhn l cc im nh c thit k c nh (khng tng v khng gim c c v s im nh v kch thc), do nu thit t phn gii thp hn phn gii thit k s xy ra tnh trng tng t vic c 3 im nh vt l (thc) dng hin th 2 im nh hin th (do ngi s dng thit t), iu xy ra lc ny l hai im nh vt l s hin th trn vn, cn li mt im nh gia s hin th mt na im nh hin th ny v mt na im nh hin th kia - dn n ch c th hin th mu trung bnh, dn n s hin th khng r nt.
52

im cht trong mn hnh tinh th lng Mt trong cc tiu ch quan trng nh gi v mn hnh tinh th lng l cc im cht ca n (khi nim im cht khng c cc loi mn hnh CRT). im cht c coi l cc im m mn hnh khng th hin th ng mu sc, ngay t khi bt mn hnh ln th im cht ch xut hin mt mu duy nht tu theo loi im cht. im cht c th xut hin ngay t khi xut xng, c th xut hin trong qu trnh s dng. im cht c th l im cht en hoc im ch trng. Vi cc im cht en chng t l v d ln vo hnh nh, cc im cht trng thng d ni v gy ra s kh chu t ngi s dng. Theo cng ngh ch to cc im cht ca mn hnh tinh th lng khng th sa cha c. Thng t l xut hin im cht ca mn hnh tinh th lng chim khong 30% tng sn phm xut xng nn cc hng sn xut c cc ch bo hnh ring. Mt s hng cho php n 3 im cht (m khng bo hnh), mt s khc l 5 im do khi la chn mua cc mn hnh tinh th lng cn ch kim tra v s lng cc im cht sn c. kim tra cc im cht trn cc mn hnh tinh th lng, tt nht dng cc phn mm chuyn dng (dn d tm cc phn mm kiu ny bi chng thng min ph), nu khng c cc phn mm, ngi s dng c th to cc nh ton mt mu en, ton mt mu trng, ton mt mu khc v xem n ch chim y mn hnh (full screen) kim tra. Cng ngh mn hnh tinh th lng phi s dng cc n nn to nh sng n cc tinh th lng. Khi iu chnh sng chnh l iu chnh nh sng ca n nn. iu ng ni y l mt s mn hnh tinh th lng c hin tng lt sng ti cc vin bin ca mn hnh (do cch b tr ca n nn v s che chn cn thit) gy ra cm gic hin th khng ng u khi th hin cc bc nh ti. Khi chn mua cn th hin th trnh mua cc loi mn hnh gp li nh vy, cch th n

53

gii nht l quan st vin mn hnh trong thi im khi ng Windows xem cc vng sng c qu l hay khng. Mn hnh rng v mn hnh chun 4:3 thng thng Trong mn hnh tinh th lng thng c hai loi, mn hnh theo chun 4:3 thng thng v mn hnh theo chun rng. Vi mn hnh kiu CRT th thng dng nht vn theo chun thng thng, rt c bit mi c mn hnh rng. Tuy nhin hin nay xu th ngi s dng ang dn chuyn sang s dng mn hnh rng bi dn cc game h tr mn hnh rng tt hn. Vn la chn gia loi thng v rng hin nay cng hay gy nhiu tranh ci trn cc din n bi thi quen s dng ca tng ngi.

2.8.3. Mn hnh my tnh loi khc: Ngoi hai th loi chnh thng dng trn, mn hnh my tnh cn c mt s loi khc nh: Mn hnh cm ng Mn hnh cm ng l cc loi mn hnh c tch hp thm mt lp cm bin trn b mt cho php ngi s dng c th iu khin, lm vic vi my tnh bng cch s dng cc loi bt ring hoc bng tay ging nh c ch iu khin ca mt s in thoi thng minh hay Pocket PC. Mn hnh cm ng xut hin mt s my tnh xch tay cng vi h iu hnh Windows XP Tablet PC Edition. Mt s my tnh cho cc t im cng cng cng s dng loi mn hnh ny phc v gii tr, mua sm trc tuyn hoc cc mc ch khc - chng c ci t h iu hnh Windows Vista mi nht. Mn hnh my tnh s dng cng ngh OLED L cng ngh mn hnh mi vi xu th pht trin trong tng lai bi cc u im: Cu to mng, tit kim nng lng, p ng nhanh, tui th cao...
54

V c bn, ngoi hnh mn hnh OLED thng ging mn hnh tinh th lng nhng c kch thc mng hn nhiu do khng s dng n nn. Cc kiu giao tip kt ni ca mn hnh my tnh Hai kiu giao tip thng dng gia mn hnh my tnh v my tnh l: D-Sub v DVI. D-Sub l kiu truyn theo tn hiu tng t, cc mn hnh CRT u s dng giao tip ny. DVI l kiu truyn theo tn hiu s, a phn mn hnh tinh th lng hin nay s dng chun ny, phn cn li vn s dng theo D-Sub. Kiu giao tip ny c u im hn so vi kiu D-Sub l c th cho cht lng nh tt hn. Tuy nhin s dng kiu DVI i hi cc ho phi h tr chun ny (a s cc cc ho ri u c cng DVI, tuy nhin cc ho tch hp sn trn bo mch ch phn nhiu l khng h tr). iu chnh mn hnh my tnh Mc nh theo sn xut, cc ch lm vic c a v thng s thit k, do tu thuc vo ngi s dng m cn phi iu chnh li cho ph hp. Vi cc mn hnh tinh th lng, hu ht vic iu chnh ch lin quan n thit lp ch hin th, mu sc. Vi cc mn hnh kiu CRT cn phi iu chnh nhiu hn. Do c im chuyn i gia ch hnh nh, ch chuyn i gia cc cun li tia s lm vic khc nhau, do ph hp vi ch phn gii thng xuyn s dng ca ngi dng my tnh, cn phi thit lp li mn hnh cho ph hp (hnh nh chim y mn hnh, khng to s mo m, bin dng khi hin th). Phn di y ch ni n vic iu chnh mn hnh CRT v c tin hnh theo th t. a ton b thit lp ca mn hnh v mc nh: Do vic iu chnh s dch chnh khung hnh c th c thc hin trn my tnh (bi mt s driver cc mn hnh cho php) nn c th thc hin mt s s iu chnh trn h thng, cn a v mc nh trc khi thc hin vic iu chnh trn mn hnh.

55

Tin hnh iu chnh trn mn hnh thng qua cc nt iu chnh: Chnh khung hnh hin th nh hn so vi cc gii hn mp bin ca khung hnh v mi hng (iu chnh nh i ng u). Cn chnh v tr khung hnh nh v pha trung tm khung hnh. Cn chnh gin u v hai hng tri phi v trn xung sao cho khung hnh chim y mn hnh (thc hin 2 ln vi hai chiu ngang v dc). iu chnh xoay nghing, mo khng ng u theo chiu dc v lch (thnh hnh bnh hnh) sao cho khung hnh ngay thng v hp l nht. Tch hp thit b khc trn mn hnh my tnh Ngoi chc nng hin th, mn hnh my tnh ngy nay cn c tch hp cc tnh nng khc: Loa: Thng mt s hng sn xut tch hp loa vo mt s model k c ca loi CRT v tinh th lng. Loa thng c gn hai chic vo hai bn pht stereo, mt s mn hnh c sn xut cho cc games th cn c c cc loa siu trm. Mt cch khc loa cng c th c gn chm hoc giu pha sau mn hnh. Micro: cng c th c gn km vo mn hnh (thng i cng vi loa). Webcam: c tch hp sn vi mt s model ca mn hnh my tnh. Kt hp gia micro, loa, webcam s ph hp cho mt s ngi s dng thng xuyn tn ngu trc tuyn (chat). Tuy nhin tt c cc tnh nng gn thm ny thng c tch hp ch yu cho ngi dng vn phng, cht lng ca chng thng tm thp, khng th dng cho cc mc ch chuyn nghip.

2.9. NGUN MY TNH: Ngun my tnh l mt thit b cung cp in nng chobo mch ch, cng v cc thit b khc..., p ng nng lng cho tt c cc thit b phn cng ca my tnh hot ng.

56

2.9.1. Nguyn l hot ng:

T ngun in dn dng (110Vac/220Vac xoay chiu vi tn s 50/60Hz) vo PSU qua cc mch lc nhiu loi b cc nhiu cao tn, c nn thnh in p mt chiu. T in p mt chiu ny c chuyn tr thnh in p xoay chiu vi tn s rt cao, qua mt b bin p h xung thnh in p xoay chiu tn s cao mc in p thp hn, t y c nn tr li thnh mt chiu. S d phi c s bin i xoay chiu thnh mt chiu ri li thnh xoay chiu v tr li mt chiu do c tnh ca cc bin p: i vi tn s cao th kch thc bin p nh i rt nhiu so vi bin p tn s in dn dng 50/60Hz. Ngun my tnh c lp trong cc my tnh c nhn, my ch, my tnh xch tay. my bn hoc my ch, bn c th nhn thy PSU l mt b phn c rt nhiu u dy dn ra khi n v c cm vo bo mch ch, cc a, thm ch c cc cc ho cao cp. my tnh xch tay PSU c dng mt hp nh c hai u dy, mt u ni vi ngun in dn dng, mt u cm vo my tnh xch tay. Ngun my tnh cung cp ng thi nhiu loi in p: +12V, - 12V, +5V, +3,3V... vi dng in nh mc ln. 2.9.2. Vai tr :

Ngun my tnh l mt b phn rt quan trng i vi mt h thng my tnh, tuy nhin c nhiu ngi s dng li t quan tm n. S n nh ca mt my tnh
57

ngoi cc thit b chnh (bo mch ch, b x l, b nh truy cp ngu nhin, cng...) ph thuc hon ton vo ngun my tnh bi n cung cp nng lng cho cc thit b ny hot ng. Mt ngun cht lng km, khng cung cp cng sut hoc khng n nh s c th gy ln s mt n nh ca h thng my tnh (cung cp in p qu thp cho cc thit b, c nhiu nhiu cao tn gy sai lch cc tn hiu trong h thng), h hng hoc lm gim tui th cc thit b (nu cung cp in p u ra cao hn in p nh mc). 2.9.3. Cc kt ni u ra ca ngun my tnh :

Ngun my tnh khng th thiu cc u dy cm cho cc thit b s dng nng lng cung cp t n. Cc kt ni u ra ca ngun my tnh bao gm: - u cm vo bo mch ch l u cm c 20 hoc 24 chn - Tu th loi bo mch ch s dng. Phin bn khc ca u cm ny l 20+4 chn: Ph hp cho c bo mch dng 20 v 24 chn + u cm cp ngun cho b x l trung tm (CPU) c hai loi: Loi bn chn v loi tm chn (thng dng l bn chn, cc ngun mi thit k cho cc bo mch ch i mi s dng loi tm chn. - u cm cho cng, quang (giao tip ATA) (peripheral connector): Gm bn chn. - u cm cho a mm: Gm bn chn. - u cm cho cng, quang giao tip SATA: Gm bn dy. - u cm cho cc cc ho cao cp: Gm su chn. - Cc u cm cho bo mch ch v thit b ngoi vi c ni vi cc dy dn mu phn bit ng in p, thng thng cc dy dn ny c hn trc tip vo bn mch ca ngun. Tuy nhin c mt s nh sn xut thay th vic hn sn vo bn mch ca ngun bng cch thit k cc u cm ni vo ngun. Vic cm ni c u im l loi b cc dy khng cn dng n trnh qu nhiu dy ni trong thng my gy cn tr lung gi lu thng trong thng my, nhng theo tc gi (TMA) th n cng c nhc im: To thm mt s tip xc th hai trong
58

qu trnh truyn dn in, iu ny lm tng in tr v c th gy nng, tip xc km dn n khng thun li cho qu trnh truyn dn.

2.9.4. Quy c mu dy v mc in p trong ngun my tnh:

Quy c chung v cc mc in p theo mu dy trong ngun my tnh nh sau: - Mu en: Dy chung, C mc in p quy nh l 0V; Hay cn gi l GND, hoc COM. Tt c cc mc in p khc u so vi dy ny. - Mu cam: Dy c mc in p: +3,3 V - Mu : Dy c mc in p +5V. - Mu vng: Dy c mc in p +12V (thng quy c ng +12V th nht i vi cc ngun ch c mt ng +12V) Mu xanh Blue: Dy c mc in p -12V.

Mu xanh Green: Dy kch hot s hot ng ca ngun. Nu ngun trng thi khng hot ng, hoc khng c ni vi my tnh, ta c th kch hot ngun lm vic bng cch ni dy kch hot (xanh green) vi dy 0V (Hay COM, GND mu en). y l th thut kim tra s hot ng ca ngun trc khi ngun c lp vo my tnh. - Dy mu tm: in p 5Vsb (5V standby): Dy ny lun lun c in ngay t khi u vo ca ngun c ni vi ngun in dn dng cho d ngun c c kch hot hay khng (y cng l mt cch th ngun hot ng: o in p gia dy ny vi dy en s cho ra in p 5V trc khi kch hot ngun hot ng). Dng in ny c cung cp cho vic khi ng my tnh ban u, cung cp cho con chut, bn phm hoc cc cng USB. Vic dng ng 5Vsb cho bn phm v con chut tu theo thit k ca bo mch ch - C hng hoc model dng in 5Vsb, c hng dng 5V thng. Nu hng hoc model no thit k dng ng 5Vsb cho bn phm, chut v cc cng USB th c th thc hin khi ng my tnh t bn phm hoc con chut my tnh.
59

- Mt s dy khc: Khi m rng cc ng cp in p khc nhau, cc ngun c th s dng mt s dy dn c mu hn hp: V d cc ng +12V2 (ng 12V c lp th 2); +12V3 (ng 12V c lp th 3)c th s dng vin mu khc nhau(tu theo hng sn xut) nh vng vin trng, vng vin en.

2.9.5. Cng sut v hiu sut:

Cng sut ngun c tnh trn nhiu mt: Cng sut cung cp, cng sut tiu th v cng sut ti a...Hiu sut ca ngun thng khng c ghi trn nhn hoc khng c cung cp khi ngun my tnh c bn cho ngi tiu dng, do cn lu n c hai thng s ny. Cng sut tiu th:L cng sut m mt ngun my tnh tiu th vi ngun in dn dng. Cng sut tiu th c tnh bng W l cng sut m ngi s dng my tnh phi tr tin cho nh cung cp in (tt nhin phi tnh thm cng sut ca mn hnh my tnh trong trng hp my tnh thuc loi my tnh c nhn) Cng sut cung cp:ca ngun c tnh bng tng cng sut m ngun cp cho bo mch ch, CPU v cc thit b hot ng. Cng sut cung cp thng ph thuc vo s lng v cc c tnh lm vic ca thit b. Cng sut cung cp thng nh hn cng sut cc i ca ngun. Cng sut cung cp ca ngun my tnh cc thi im v ch lm vic khc nhau l khc nhau, n khng bnh qun v trung bnh nh nhiu ngi hiu. Cc thit b thng xuyn thay i cng sut tiu th thng l: - CPU: C nhiu ch tiu th nht: Khi lm vic t, khi gim tc (thng thy cc CPU cho my tnh xch tay, cc CPU dng Core 2 duo ca Intel...), khi lm vic ti a. - Cc ho: Khi cn x l mt khi lng ho ln (khi chi games, x l nh, bin tp video...) cc tiu tn hn mc bnh thng.

60

- Chipset cu bc (NB): linh kin tiu th nng lng nhiu nht trn bo mch ch, nu bo mch ch tch hp sn cc ho th chipset cu bc tiu tn nng lng hn, v giao ng mc tiu th tu theo ch ho. - quang: Khi c hoc ghi s tiu tn nng lng hn mc bnh thng. - Cc qut trong my tnh nu c c ch t ng iu chnh tc theo nhit ca h thng.

Cng sut cc i tc thi: ca ngun my tnh l cng sut t c trong mt thi gian ngn. Cng sut ny c th ch t c trong mt khong thi gian rt nh - tnh bng mili giy (ms). Rt nhiu hng sn xut ngun my tnh dng cng sut cc i tc thi dn ln nhn sn phm ca mnh. Cng sut cc i lin tc: L cng sut ln nht m ngun c th t c khi lm vic lin tc trong nhiu gi, thm tr nhiu ngy. Cng sut ny rt quan trng khi chn mua ngun my tnh bi n quyt nh n s lm vic n nh ca my tnh. Thng thng mt h thng my tnh khng nn thng xuyn s dng n cng sut cc i lin tc bi khi ny mt trong cc linh kin in t trong ngun my tnh lm vic t n (hoc xp x) ngng cc i ca n. Hiu sut ca ngun my tnh c xc nh bng hiu s gia cng sut cung cp v cng sut tiu th ca ngun. Mi thit b chuyn i nng lng t cc dng khc nhau u khng th t hiu sut 100%, phn nng lng b mt i b bin thnh cc dng nng lng khc khng mong mun (c nng, nhit nng, t trng, in trng...) do hiu sut ca mt thit b rt quan trng. Trong ngun my tnh, nng lng tiu hao khng mong mun ch yu l nhit nng v t trng, in trng.

61

Cc b ngun my tnh tt thng c hiu sut t trn 80%. Thng thng cc ngun c kim nghim t hiu sut trn 80% c dn nhn "sn phm xanh bo v mi trng" hoc ph hp chun 80+. Chim a s cc ngun my tnh trong cc my tnh t lp rp hin nay trn th trng Vit Nam l cc ngun cht lng thp hoc mc trung bnh. Hiu sut cc ngun ny ch t nh hn 50-70%.

2.9.7. Gii nhit cho ngun my tnh :

Cc linh kin khc khng cn gii nhit hoc gii nhit t nhin bng lung gi cng bc qua ngun: IC (t to nhit), t in , in tr (thng), bin p (c sinh nhit nhng t hn nn c th gii nhit t nhin) v cc linh kin khc. Cc linh kin in t c gii nhit bng cc tm tn nhit kim loai p st trc tip vo linh kin. Cc tm tn nhit kim loi thng s dng dng hp kim nhm. Cc tm tn nhit thng c hnh dng phc tp c din tch tip xc vi khng kh ln nht, c nh hng n gi t cc qut lm mt ngun. a s cc ngun cht lng tt u c c ch iu chnh tc qut, khi ngun lm vic vi cng sut thp, cc qut quay chm m bo khng n. Khi cng sut t n mc cao hoc cc i th cc qut quay tc cao. a s cc qut cho ngun l loi qut dng bc, mt s ngun cht lng tt dng qut dng vng bi. Qut dng vng bi thng bn hn (t khong 400.000 gi lm vic), quay nhanh hn, t n hn so vi qut dng bc (qut dng bc c tui th cao nht khong 100.000 gi lm vic).

2.10. V MY :

V my tnh l mt thit b dng gn kt v bo v cc thit b phn cng trong my tnh . V my tnh c nhiu th loi khc nhau, cc thit k ring bit ca v my tnh to ra cc s khc bit ca cc hng my tnh khc nhau v cc model khc nhau trong cng mt hng.
62

- V my tnh cn p ng cc yu cu ti thiu sau: cng vng m bo chu lc va p ( mc thp) t mi hng; khng lm tc ng lc n cc thit b bn trong khi mang vc, di chuyn my tnh. C cc v tr gn cc thit b trong my tnh: ngun my tnh , bo mch ch, cc loi a quang , ia cng , a mm hoc ZIP, cc thit b ngoi vi. C kh nng thng gi tt, c th trang b cc qut lm mt mt s v tr tu thuc vo bo mch ch. C kh nng tip nhn nhit t cc thit b v tn nhit ra mi trng. C kh nng hn ch s thm nhp ca cn trng v bi vo trong my tnh. Hn ch ting n ra ngoi. C gn sn cc thit b ti thiu: Nt Power khi ng my tnh. Hai loi n LED bo hiu ch hot ng ca ngun in trong bo mch ch v ch lm vic ca cc cng, quang.

63

C th c nt Reset khi ng li h thng khi gp li cn reset li ch lm vic ca phn cng (mt s my tnh chuyn chic ca cc hng sn xut khng s dng nt ny) -Kch thc v my tnh Tu theo cc h thng khc nhau m c s thay i v kch thc v my tnh. Thng thng my tnh c nhn c gm hai th loi ngun gc: My tnh c thit k ring bit, do cc hng sn xut phn cng thit k v lp rp mi chi tit (thng gi l "my ng b") v loi my tnh c ngi s dng t lp rp t cc linh kin ring l. i vi cc loi my tnh ng b, v my tnh thng nh gn, c kch thc ph hp vi bo mch ch trong my tnh. i vi cc my tnh do ngi s dng t lp rp i hi v my tnh phi ph hp vi nhiu loi kch thc ca bo mch ch khc nhau. -Vt liu ch to: V my tnh thng c ch to bng tng hp nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau ti cc v tr khc nhau. Chim a phn nht l thp ch to cc khung chnh; cc tm v khoang cng, quang; tm nh v bo mch ch; phn mt sau v phn trong ca mt trc. V phn hai mt bn: Ch to bng tn vi cc loi v my tnh thng thng, bng hp kim nhm i vi cc v my tnh cht lng cao. Mt trc a phn c ch to bng nha. i vi mt s loi v my tnh mt trc c cu to bng li hoc tm hp kim nhm. Phn v ngoi ca v my tnh thng c sn bng cng ngh sn tnh in m bo v thm m v chng gy r r in nh hng n ngi dng. Mt s loi v my tnh c cu to bng cc vt liu khc nh mi ca ton b v ngoi (hoc mt phn) nhm to ra s c o, gip ngi dng c th nhn xuyn vo bn trong my tnh, tuy nhin vt liu ny thng khng cc iu kin v cng vng v tn nhit, cc loi v my tnh kiu ny ch c gi tr v hnh thc.
64

Trong mt s trng hp c bit, mt s phn ca v my tnh c th c ch to bng cc loi vt liu khc thng nh: g, thu tinh... -Tnh cht cng vng: V my tnh cn phi c tnh cng vng m bo nh v tt cc thit b bn trong. i vi cc cng, quang v mm c th khng cn n s cng vng bi bn thn chng c th chu ng s va p nhng i vi cc bo mch (bo mch ch cng nh cc bo mch m rng khc) cn yu cu s cng vng ca v my tnh bi tnh cht ny c th lm nh hng n chng. Nu v my tnh c th b bin dng hoc b vn vo th cc bo mch ang c nh v chc chn vo chng s b vn xon dn n h hng. Mt mt khc, a s cc b x l hin nay u to nhiu nhit, cn dng n cc b tn nhit s (cha nhiu ng hoc thm ch c cc b tn nhit bngng nguyn khi) hoc cc chipset cu bc v cu nam u c tn nhit kt hp vi cc bo mch ho cao cp rt nng n - To ra tng th h thng thit b trn bo mch ch kh nng, nu nh tm nh v bo mch ch khng cng vng s lm un vn, gy t mch dn n h hng sau mt thi gian s dng -S chnh xc khi lp rp thit b: S chnh xc khi ch to v my tnh khi lp rp cc bo mch ch v bo mch m rng c th nh hng n tui th ca cc thit b ny. Bi vic sn xut v my tnh bng cc phng thc khc nhau: t ng, bn t ng hay th cng u c th dn n vic ch to thiu chnh xc -Lu thng gi v tn nhit: Bn trong my tnh l cc thit b s sinh ra nhit , cc ngun nhit c th pht ra t : CPU, chipset cu bc , chipset cu nam , RAM, cng , cc transistor ngun ca bo mch ch .. Do v my tnh cn c kh nng lu thng gi lm mt cc thit b ta nhit ny . Nu s lu thng gi khng m bo tt, khi my tnh lm vic bn trong thng my s tng dn nhit , dn n h thng lm vic khng n nh v gy gim tui th cc thit b.
65

S lu thng v qu trnh lm mt trong thng my khng th thc hin theo ch t nhin, cc v my tnh thng c thit k t mt, hai qut tr ln v gn cc v tr khc nhau tu theo thit k ca thng my v chun ca bo mch ch. -V my tinh thit k m rng cc tnh nng : Nhm hp dn ngi dng, cc hng sn xut thit k cc v my tnh vi nhiu tnh nng cng thm ngoi cc tiu chun thng thng. Hin th nhit v iu khin tc qut: Loi ny c mt mn hnh LCD nh pha mt trc c chc nng hin th mt s thng tin: Nhit bn trong thng my (thng qua mt sensor cm bin nhit ca v my tnh), tc qut ca thng my, ch chuyn d liu ca cng v quang (thng qua tn hiu n ca my tnh)...v my loi ny c th thit lp gi nhit thng my mt thng s no do ngi dng thit t do s iu khin tc qut lu thng gi ca v my tnh. V my bo mt vi kho chng trm: Loi v my c tch hp sn cc kho kho v my tnh vi mt vt c nh no (nh bn lm vic).

PHN 3 : BO TR NNG CP MY TNH

3.1. BO TR MY TNH : Cc thnh phn c bn :
-

v my v b ngun mainboard CPU v qut CPU a cng

66

a mm a CDROM Mn hnh B iu hp mn hnh Card n thanh Card modem Bn phm Chut Cp ide Cp a mm Cp audio a cdrom Phm mm a mn khi ng

Trong qu trnh s dng my vi tnh, ta nn b ra mt cht thi gian chm sc n. Mt s thao tc n gin c th gip my chy nhanh v m hn, cng nh c th phng trnh nhng h hng . Lau chi v tra du cho qut: Trong cc thit b ca my vi tnh th qut d b ng bi v gy ting n nht. lau chi, trc tin bn phi tho qut ra, sau dng mt chi lng mm qut sch bi xung quanh v trn cnh qut. Ch , khng nn dng kh nn thi bi trn cc cnh qut, v tc thi ca kh nn c th lm cnh qut quay qu tc gii hn v lm hng qut. tra du cho qut th trc tin bn dng vt hay vt nhn no tho np nha y trn qut (c mt s qut khng c np ny), tip theo g ming bo v ra, sau nh duy nht mt git du vo l chnh gia ca qut, ri y kn li l xong. Lm sch cc b phn bn trong: Cng vic ny nn lm t nht hai ln mi nm. u tin, m thng my ra v dng kh nn thi vo cc gc khut ca my trc, sau bn mi thi ti cc phn cn li, nu khng c dng c thi kh nn th c th dng chi lng mm lau chi cng c, sau ly qut gi thng thi sch bi cn bm vo my. Ta cng cn lm sch b phn tn nhit ca CPU v cc b tn nhit khc. Tho qut CPU ra, sau ly kh nn hay chi lng lm sch cc cnh tn nhit, gip CPU gii nhit tt hn.

67

t my v tr thong mt: t my vi tnh cao hn mt t t nht 30 cm v xa tng khong cch tng t. Ch khng nn t my gc tng v trong phng kn v n c th lm khng kh trong phng nng ln v gy nng my! Bn cng nn trnh ch, mo n gn my v lng ca n c th bay vo my tnh, qut, bn phm... C th ni cc nhim v c bn cho vic bo tr my tnh l nhng nhim v m hu nh ngi dng no cng bit, tuy nhin thi im no thc hin cng vic no v tn xut thc hin nh th no th chc chn khng phi tt c. Chnh v vy trong bi ny chng ti s gii thiu cho cc bn v cc nhim v c bn ny nhng nhn mnh hn c l vn tn xut cn thc hin mi nhim v . Thng xuyn kim tra h iu hnh: Tt nht l nn nng cp n ln phin bn mi nht, cng nh ti cc bn update v cc l hng. Hng ngy: Backup d liu. Chc chn s chng ai mun mt nhng cng vic mnh ang lm hm qua. V vy hy thc hin backup hng ngy cho ti liu, nh v d liu ng dng ca bn. Hng tun: Qut malware.Chng trnh antivirus thi gian thc cng cha th c gi l hon ho; i khi chng vn c k h cc phn mm c hi c th vt qua v xm nhp vo my bn. c an ton, hy thc hin qut phn mm c hi bng mt chng trnh bo mt khc. thc hin vn ny, bn cn phi c mt chng trnh ng tin cy. Bn c th s dng mt chng trnh min ph no v khng cn yu cu phn mm ny c b bo v thi gian thc. Chng ti c gi cho cc bn mt s chng trnh nh SUPERAntiSpyware hoc Anti-Malware ca Malwarebytes. Tt nht l bn nn s dng c hai v chy xen k mi phn mm mt tun. Hng thng: Dn cng. Qua thi gian, cc file ca bn s cht ng v b phn mnh to ra nhiu mu d liu nm di rc u trong phn vt l ca a cng. nh hng ca vn ny c th dn n lm chm my tnh v kh khn trong vic render.

68

Windows c mt chng trnh defragger kh hon ho. trong Windows Explorer, kch chut phi vo C: v chn Properties. Kch tab Tools, sau kch nt Defragment Now. Ngi dng XP s nhn c mt nt bt u qu trnh dn . Tuy nhin hai h iu hnh Vista v Windows 7 li cung cp cho bn mt ty chn c th cu hnh vic dn theo lch trnh. y l mt ci tin kh th v gip bn c th lp trnh trnh mt cch t ng cng vic dn cho a cng ca mnh.

3.2. NNG CP MY TNH: 3.2.1. Nng cp CPU: Thng thng hu ht mi ngi u cho l ch cn mua mt b vi x l c tc ln nht l hon ton c th p ng c nhng cn thit. Tuy nhin iu khng thc s ng, khi mua mt CPU c tc rt cao, c th l cao nht vo thi im chn, nhng li ngh l CPU c tc cao nh vy th s tit kim khng cn phi mua RAM vi dung lng ln. iu qu l khng c li cho bi ton ti u h thng. Trong khong thi gian my tnh ang thc hin vic trao i b nh th mt CPU c tc cao s lng ph rt nhiu thi gian trong qu trnh ch i nhn ri ny. Khong thi gian ny thng din ra lin tc chnh v vy m hiu sut ton h thng s khng cao. Mi h thng u c mc ch ring ca n. Phi lm sng t v mc ch s dng cho my tnh ca mnh. V d, nu my tnh c s dng chnh nh mt ti nguyn gia nh c dng chung v lt web th khng nn chn my tnh c cu hnh cao nh my chi game. Hy xem xt vo ton b cc mc tiu chnh cho h thng trc khi chn CPU. iu lm cho bn tit kim c mt khon v c th khng cn mua nhng b b vi x l c tc qu cao. iu cng c ngha l c th s dng s tin cho mc ch khc, v d nh mua mt cng c dung lng ln hn chng hn.

69

Hu ht cc hng dn v ni qua v cch chn CPU da trn ng dng s s dng, nhng chng ta li cho rng m hnh s dng mi l ci quan trng hn bn thn nhng ng dng. . Cc nhim v nn sau s khng l vn chnh cho s la chn CPU nhng cng cn phi bit ti thiu ha s dng CPU cho cc nhim v ny. Cn bng y c ngha l cn bng nhng g cn thit. Nhng cn thit nh trn chng ta cng cp n l hon ton khc nhau. Nu thc hin rt nhiu vic lin quan n ha th chn mt b b vi x l c tc cao v c bp mi thch hp c vi cc card ha 3D. Cn nu trong trng hp bn ch lt web, lm vic vi word th ch cn n mt CPU vi tc va phi v c th chn lun c card ha tch hp lun trong mainboard. Mt h thng c gi l cn bng s gim thiu cho rt nhiu chi ph trong khi hiu sut thu c l hon ton p ng c vi nhu cu, khng c thnh phn no trong thit b phi nhn ri ch i thnh phn khc thc thi phn nhim v ca n.

3.2.2. Nng cp Ram: B nh truy cp ngu nhin (Random Access Memory), c gi chung l RAM thng l yu t m ngi dng my tnh chn nng cp khi mun tng tc x l cho h thng. V khi nhc n vic nng cp RAM cho h thng, phn kh nht khng phi l vic lp t b nh RAM vo bo mch ch nh th no m l ch chn sao cho ng v chnh xc cc loi RAM ph hp. Xem k bo m trong PC ca mnh xc nh loi Ram c th ph hp vi h thng my. Bit r nhng yu cu ca bo m trc khi mua Ram th mi vic s thng sut. Mua liu lm cho h thng khng khi ng c, gy ra cc thng bo li c nh, hoc (trong trng hp xu nht) c th lm hng ngay chnh b Ram . Di y l nhng iu cn bit r v bo m ca mnh trc khi mua b nh.

70

Kiu Ram. B chip (chip set) trn bo m s quyt nh h thng my h tr kiu b nh no. Hu ht cc b chip Pentium th h u tin h tr DRam loi Fast Page Mode, thng gi ngn gn l DRam, hoc loi c tc nhanh hn gi l Edo Ram. Kiu cm. Cc chip nh c bn ra theo hai kiu mun: Simm v Dimm . Hu ht cc bo m ca h thng 386 v 486 u dng cm Simm 72 chn. Mun Dimm 168 chn cha Edo Dram hoc SDram; loi Dimm ny thng thy trn cc my Pentium th h u tin v trn tt c cc my Pentium II. Mc d mun Dimm c th lp tng chic mt, nhng mun Simm 72 chn th phi ci t theo tng i (gi l bank) c cng dung lng. Mt s loi bo m yu cu phi cm mun nh vo theo mt th t xc nh - thng thng cc mun ln nht vo cc bank u tin. C mt s t bo m i hi bn phi dng cc mun cng mt c. Tc . Cc loi chip nh chy theo cc tc khc nhau. Cc chip Dram v Edo Dram ni chung c tc 80, 70, hoc 60 nan giy (thng thng trn v chip Dram hoc Edo Dram u c ghi s hiu cho bit tc ca chip). Lp b nh nhanh vo mt bo m chm th c nhng s khng tng hiu nng h thng. Cn lp b nh chm vo bo m nhanh c th gy ra trc trc. Cho nn phi mua b nh c cng tc vi loi b nh ang c lp trn bo m. Kim tra li. Mt s mun Ram c sn kh nng kim tra li (gi l parity), nhng mt s khc th khng. Khng c ln ln chng vi nhau. Rt may l a s cc h my Pentium u dng b nh khng parity, cho nn vn ny khng c nh hng i vi a s ngi mua b nh. Bn cng c th tin hnh kim tra chng trnh ci t CMos; vic kim tra li phi c thit lp trong Bios. Mu chn cm. Cc mun Simm v Dimm loi c u c chn m vng ph hp vi mu ca cc cm b nh trn bo m. Loi bo m v b nh mi dng thic cho tn nn c chn mu bc. t kt qu tt nht, khng dng ln hai loi mu chn ny; qua vi nm c th hnh thnh mt lp xit gy ra li b nh.

71

S lng Ram cn thit cho PC nhiu hay t l ty thuc vo h iu hnh v cng vic phi gnh vc ca n. Mun bit PC ang c bao nhiu Ram, hy nhp nt phi chut ln My Computer.Proper-ties v chn nhn General. Sau khi hon thnh vic nng cp, s nhn thy c s khc bit r rng khi cho chy cc trnh ng dng hoc chuyn i gia chng vi nhau . Tuy nhin, cng b sung thm nhiu Ram, mc tng hiu nng ng vi mi megabyte s khng tng ln tng ng. Quy lut gim dn tc dng bc l r y. Ti t nht l mt s my Pentium thm ch cn chy chm hn li. L do l c mt s b chip - nhng chip dng iu khin lung d liu chy trong PC - ch h tr cache cho 64 MB u tin trong Ram h thng. ng s lng mun : Ngoi vic phi ch n cc c trng ca bo m, cn phi xc nh s lng mun v t hp ca cc mun nh mua cho ng. Cc yu t ny ph thuc vo s lng cm cn trng trn bo m v dung lng mun nh m bo m c th h tr. Cc bo m ch tip nhn nhng t hp nht nh no ca cc mun nh trong cc cm b nh ca chng. Ti liu hng dn s dng s lit k lng Ram tng cng c h tr v cc t hp mun nh c trng to nn lng RAM .

3.2.3. Nng cp Rom Bios: Nng cp BIOS hay flash BIOS, flash Firmware ni chung l nhng thao tc cp nht phn mm iu khin (BIOS) cho bo mch chnh (mainboard). Cc thao tc ny thng tim tng nhng mi nguy him cho phn cng my. Song, i lc li l cch nhanh nht gip fix li h thng, tng cng kh nng h tr phn cng v gii quyt c nhng vn tng chng nh phc tp khng ng ti. BIOS l : BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) l thnh phn rt quan trng trong mt h thng my tnh. N ng vai tr nh mt chng trnh iu khin, qun l vic kt ni cc thit b trn my tnh. Nhiu ngi vn ln ln gia khi nim BIOS v CMOS v ROM BIOS. Ta c th hiu mt cch n gin, CMOS l cng ngh ch to chp ROM (b nh ch c) v BIOS chnh l phn mm c thit k
72

v ci t trn chp CMOS (nn chp ny cn c gi l ROM BIOS). Ngy nay, BIOS c np vo cc chp dng Flash ROM v c th thay i ni dung mt cch linh hot bng chnh cc chng trnh do cc nh sn xut vit ra. Vy v sao phi flash BIOS, flash BIOS c thc s cn thit hay khng?

Flash BIOS Ci thin nhng tnh nng ng gi cho phn cng h thng : Thc ra, khng phi lc no ta cng thc hin vic flash BIOS, nht l khi h thng my tnh vn hot ng n nh. Tuy nhin, trong vi trng hp nht nh th vic flash BIOS l cn thit. Mt trong nhng ng dng thng gp nht ca flash BIOS chnh l nng cao kh nng nhn din CPU i mi. ng dng th hai ca vic flash BIOS l b sung tnh nng tng thch vi cc thit b phn cng mi v fix li do ngi dng pht hin trong qu trnh hot ng. cng l l do v sao cc phin bn BIOS lun c cp nht khi cc dng sn phm mi c pht hnh. V iu cui cng hy nh, nu nh h thng hot ng khng n nh m cc thao tc trn phn mm khng th can thip c, lc by gi bn hy ngh n vic flash BIOS. Flash BIOS khng nguy him nh: C th xa hay ci t phin bn BIOS mi tng t nh ci t phn mm vo h thng, thao tc thc hin kh d dng, thi gian thc hin vi chc giy cho n vi pht. Trong cc ti liu nh km trn hu ht cc mainboard, nh sn xut u cung cp trang ch bn download phn mm, ni y cng s cha lun cc phin bn mi ca BIOS v cc cng c dng flash. Tuy nhin, vic flash BIOS kh nguy him nu thao tc sai, phin bn BIOS khng ph hp hay flash gia chng b s c mt in th h thng s khng th khi ng c. Do , cn tun th cc quy tc di y m bo an ton. Mt s quy tc trong qu trnh flash BIOS: Hin nay, chng loi BIOS c kh nhiu, t cc hng AMI, Award Song, mt s quy tc chung cho vic flash BIOS l: - Ch ti BIOS t chnh trang ch ca nh sn xut v chn ng phin bn BIOS dnh cho model my ca mnh.
73

- Ch nn thc hin flash bng cng c m nh sn xut cung cp, tuyt i khng dng cng c ca hng th ba. - Nn s dng cc cng c ca nh sn xut my tnh kim tra phin bn BIOS hin thi, ng thi cnh bo nu phin bn mi b li hay khng hp l trc khi tin hnh flash

3.2.4. Nng cp HDD: Lp t cng mi l mt trong cc nng cp ph bin nht v l s u t c ch vo my tnh. Nhng hy thc t: nu my l 486 hoc Pentium cc i u th nng cp chng c li g lm, bi nhng chip ny khng chy kp vi tc lu chuyn d liu cc nhanh ca cc cng i mi nht, thnh th li v hiu ha chnh th mnh ca cng l tc . Nu l trng hp ca mnh , c l n lc cn u t mua hn mt h mi. Mt khi vn quyt nh nng cp cng, hy cn nhc k lng kinh nghim v k vng ca mnh. Nu mi lm quen vi my tnh, cha g ngn ngm ngh n vic cm c vt, hoc nu qu vng tay vng chn, hy mt dch v my tnh lm gip. Mt khc, nu thnh tho my tnh th lp a mi chng phi vic g kh. Hin nay cc b nng cp cng u c km theo ch dn tng bc cng nh dng c lp t v cp. Thm ch cc b nng cp cn c mt phn mm gip loi tr hon ton nhng kh khn v khng tng thch vi cc h c hn v t ng ha vic chuyn d liu t c sang mi. Nu my cha ti mt nm tui, c th n c mt giao din UltraDMA ci sn, i khi gi l UltraATA hay AT-4, hot ng tuyt ho vi cc UltraDMA hin nay. C th gn UltraDMA vo mt EIDE chun - l giao tip thng c trong cc my tnh sn xut trong vng ba bn nm tr li y, nhng hiu qu s khng c ti a nh vi UltraDMA. Cc my tnh c hn cn nng cp BIOS th mi c th chy vi UltraDMA; hy kim tra li vi nh sn xut. Nu my ca khng c giao tip UltraDMA (xem li trong ch dn km theo my), b ra thm 60 - 80 USD mua mt card UltraDMA gn thm vo, a mi s hot ng hon ho ngay.
74

3.2.5. Nng cp CD-ROM , CD-RW:

Ngy nay a CD c l tr nn quen thuc vi hu ht chng ta. Nu mun ci t Microsoft Office 97, hay chi tr chi hoc n gin ch nghe bn Giao Hng S 9 ca Beethoven trong khi lm vic, cn phi chy a CD. iu ny c ngha l phi c mt CD-ROM. Nhng nu mun xem phim trn my vi tnh, hay t lm phim hoc chun b h thng sn sng tip nhn nhng phn mm th h mi, cn phi nng cp a.

3.2.6. Nng cp h iu hnh:

Thc hin mt sao lu tt c d liu quan trng i vi mt s phng tin truyn thng khc vi a cng. Nu vic ci t tai nn hoc c vn trong qu trnh nng cp, c nguy c mt i mt s hoc tt c cc d liu . Chng phn mnh a cng ca my tnh a. Nn tt c cc file cho n khi khng c tp tin b phn mnh trn a . Trong qu trnh ci t mt h iu hnh mi c nhiu tp tin s c ghi vo a cng v tt nht l h sao chp vo tp tin trn a cng c lin tc v khng b phn mnh. To mt th mc mi cho h iu hnh mi s c ci t vo. Thng thng nng cp s c t trong th mc ca s hin hnh. Cch tt nht l ci t vo mt th mc khc nhau mt s tp tin hin ang c trn h thng c bo tn cho n khi chc chn rng tt c mi th hot ng. Mt thay th cho iu ny l sao chp ton b ni dung th mc ca s hin ti vo mt th mc mi m c th lu tr cc bn sao ca cc tp tin trong, cho n khi chc rng mi th ang chy ng trn h iu hnh mi. Khi ng li my tnh sau khi hon thnh cc hot ng bc 1. Bt u qu trnh nng cp l tt nht thc hin vi mt h thng mi. Khi ng li my tnh s khi phc li n n mt nh nc bit n v bt u nng cp vi mt h thng m ch c mt s gii hn ca my tnh qu trnh ang chy.

75

t a nng cp vo CD v n s t ng chy bt u ci t. C c thng tin m cn phi nhp trong thi gian u ca qu trnh ny. CD c s serial c sn. Tr li tt c cu hi ca chng trnh ci t v chp nhn tt c cc gi tr mc nh m chng trnh cung cp tr khi bit chnh xc nhng g ang lm. Cc gi tr mc nh l tt nht cho hu ht ngi dng thiu kinh nghim. Khi ng li my tnh mt thi gian cui cng khi ci t nng cp hon thnh. Mt ln na, y l phng php tt nht bt u t mt im c bit n trong trng hp gp vn vi h thng. Khi ng li my tnh v thc hin chng phn mnh a trn cc a cng. Trc khi cc tp tin bt u ln xn th ln mt ln na, hy chc chn rng cng l . iu ny s cung cp hu ht cc khng gian trng a cng c sn cho cc chng trnh mi v cc tp tin. i qua cc chng trnh m c trn h thng v chc chn rng tt c h u m v hot ng m khng c li. Nng cp mt h iu hnh trn my tnh c th gy ra vn vi phn mm hin ti. Nu gp vn , kim tra trang web ca nh sn xut cho cc bn v li v sa li cho cc vn vi h iu hnh nht nh. Khi phc tt c cc sao lu cc tp tin v d liu trong mt s trng hp b mt hoc thay i trong qu trnh ci t nng cp.

76

PHN 4 : MT S LI TRONG MY TNH V CCH KHC PHC.

4.1. Li mainboard: Mainboard l thnh phn chnh yu trong my vi tnh. H hng do mainboard gy ra s lm cho ton b h thng chp chn khng n nh hoc h thng ngng hot ng Ni chung l rt kh chu. - khng nhn card m rng , AGP, sound khng nhn RAM li ny a s l do cc mi tip xc gi mainboard vi cc card m rng hoc c th l do chn RAM r dn n khng tip xc tt. x l: v sinh sch th li hoc chuyn sang khe cm khc v th li. - Cht BIOS: Li ny trc y do mt loi virus chuyn n Chip BIOS. Ngoi ra li a s l do ngi s dng mun th chc nng nng cp BIOS m ra. Li ny nu do qu trnh nng cp BIOS khng thnh cng th d xc nh. Cn li, phi dng card test main th mi bit c X l: Ghi nhn li hng sn xut mainboard, model, Fix cng nhiu chi tit cng tt. Ln Internet Search tm file BIN ca BIOS Download v chp . Ph t. (Rt thng xy ra - do ngun khng n nh): Hin tng my hay treo gia chng mn hnh ng cng khng lm g fc, thm ch nt RESET cng khng tc dng, ch c rt in ngun mi. Quan st cc t ha trn main. Trong trng hp ny cc t s bung ln X l: Thay cc t ny ti trung tm my tnh

4.2. Li cng :

77

Du hiu ca mt cng bt u ng nh L mt thnh phn ht sc quan trng ca my nn khi cng b li th gn nh ngay lp tc s hng chu nhng vn nh tc m, lu, xa cc tp tin rt chm hay my tnh thng xuyn b treo . iu d nhn ra du hiu cng bt u h hi l my c d liu qu chm. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do s dng lu ngy, thng xuyn mt in t ngt hoc tt my khng ng quy cch. Thm vo , mt thi quen xu ca nhiu ngi l n restart mi khi 1 ng dng no b li Not Responding cng khin cng nhanh n hn ngh hu. Mt li khc thng gp l khng nhn a. Khi gp li ny s thy thng bo Disk Boot Failure v khng th khi ng c my. C th cng b hng. Hy kim tra li ton b cp cng cng nh cp CD room. V sinh cc im tip xc nh khe cm, tt c cc u cp data v cp ngun. Nu khng c, hy chun b sn tinh thn v "hu bao" sm mt chic cng mi. Thng thng khi x l nhng tc v nng n cng c th khin my b treo trong khong mt thi gian nhng khi nguyn nhn l do a cng th chut v bn phm u khng th s dng c v ch cn mt cch thot khi tnh trng l khi ng li my. Sau s l s xut hin nhng v khch khng mi m n l nhng tp tin rt l khng bit t u ra. Qu trnh khi ng my cng s gp nhng trc trc nh b ng hoc khng nhn cng. Trng hp nng hn l khi b li vt l, a cng s pht ra nhng m thanh to hn bnh thng v i lc c nhng m thanh rt l nh ting cch to.

4.3. Li RAM: y l nguyn nhn kh ph bin dn n cc s c my tnh nh khng th khi ng, chy chm hoc t nhin treo. Ngoi l do tui tc, nhiu khi RAM li do cch s dng ca chnh ngi dng. Rt nhiu trng hp ngi s dng my vi tnh mua v lp nhng thanh RAM khng ph hp vi mainboard v khng hiu
78

ti sao my tnh khng th khi ng (V d mainboard ch h tr RAM DDR2 nhng li cm RAM DRR3). Bn cnh , nhng s c cng bt ngun t vic ngi s dng "bt" chic RAM lm vic qu sc bng vic chy qu nhiu ng dng cng lc hoc lm dng cc phn mm cheat, hack speed Bi vy, nn kim tra li RAM nu gp nhng trng hp nh my b treo d ang chy nhng chng trnh rt nh nhng hoc khi my pht ra nhng ting bp ngn lin tc lc khi ng. Hy kim tra tip xc ca RAM, tho ra lau chi v cm li tht cht. Nu ang dng 2 thanh RAM th hy chy th tng thanh RAM mt bi rt c th 1 trong 2 thanh RAM b li. chc chn hn, c th s dng mt s chng trnh kim tra dung lng v sc khe ca RAM.

4.4 . Li CPU: Nu my tnh c hin tng chm dn sau khi khi ng c 1 thi gian nht nh, treo hon ton v khng thm khi ng bt chp vic nhn nt Restart, hoc hay thng xuyn tt ngm khi ang s dng th nguyn nhn thng thuc v b vi x l trung tm (CPU). Ch yu li trn l do CPU qu nng. Nu vy, bin php gii quyt tt nht nn v sinh v bi keo tn nhit cho Chip. Tuy nhin, cng nn xem liu qut tn nhit c b hng hoc v tnh qun cm li gic ngun ca qut tn nhit sau khi tho ra v sinh hay khng. Mt im cn lu na l thng my. Hy chn mt chic v case tt m bo lung kh nng ta ra khi cc linh kin hot ng c lu thng d dng. ng ham r v iu c th v tnh bin phn bn trong chic my tnh thnh mt thit b km . Cui cng cng nn cn nhc n vic thay CPU mi nu mn hnh en ngm lc khi ng v l du hiu ca mt con chip km

4.5. Li ngun my tnh:

79

Ngun i khi khin my khng khi ng c, khng nhn CD hay HDD vi li cho HDD khi thy khng nhn m qun mt 30-40% l li do ngun. Nu li gy nn tnh trng khng nhn HDD hay CDROM th th i dy cm ngun khc cn hay b cc dy cm khng cn thit nh CDROM vn c gii quyt khng. Mt trong nhng l do cho tnh trng ny l do ho hng ngun. My tnh khng kch ngun c.Mt trong cc nguyn nhn l Ngun cht Khc phc: ta c th kim tra ng dy cp ca ngun v nu trng hn khng phi do dy ta ln thay mt ci ngun khc .

4.6. Li mn hnh my tnh : Theo cu to: Loi ph bin dng n (CRT) loi tinh th lng (LCD). Cc li thng gp ca mn hnh my tnh: - Li mu khng ng, vo xem phim th r r nh l khng ng, khng mu. i vi ngi c kinh nghim s dng my tnh th d thy y l pan cha nhn ng driver Card mn hnh. - Mt hng mt mu, hoc ch cn mt mu: Do lng cp, cm chc li l OK.Nhng sau nhiu ln cm vn b, C th dy ni tnh hiu b t rut bn trong. Nu thay dy khc m vn b. Bo mu bn trong b h mi hn. Nu chm mch cc mi hng vn cn b th c th transitor cng sut mu, IC gii m mu b li ta c th thay th . - Hnh b git git, lc khng, lc mt mu lc bnh thrg: c th dy b li hoc lng ta c th cm li dy hoc thay dy mi. Nu kim tra dy xong m vn b c th my b h mch ton b. Tho my chm mi hn trn mch. - Hnh nhe ch khng c ni bt ln chng 15 pht mi r li bnh thng: Mn hnh my tnh b m do my trong mi trng m c. - Hnh hi ti, m nhng chnh sng ln th mn hnh c hoc ln khng r lm v nhn nhc mt: th y c th do bng hnh qu yu ta ln thay mn hnh khc. 4.7. Li my tnh nhn bit qua m thanh:

80

Khi khi ng, my tnh s t ng thc hin mt qu trnh t kim tra ,gi tt l POST. Qu trnh ny s kim tra hu nh ton b cc phn cng bn trong my nh CPU, RAM, card mn hnh, cng Nu mi th u n th h thng s ti h iu hnh, nhng nu c vn chng s bo li. Vy li l cch nhn bit m bo li m thanh (beep code) dng cho cc my tnh s dng BIOS Award hoc Phoenix. Trc ht cn xem qua mt s m li m thanh thng gp sau y:

Ting bp 1 ngn 1 di 1 ngn 1 di 2 ngn Di lin tc Ngn lin tc

Tnh trng h thng n nh RAM b li Card mn hnh b li RAM khng c gn ng B cp ngun b li hay b qu nhit

NHN XT CA THY C GIO

81

 * chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy c!

82