cng Quy hoch mi trng 2011

Cu 1.Khi nim c bn Mi trng l g? Mi trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v cc yu t vt cht nhn to c quan h mt thit vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi c nh hng ti i sng, sn xut, s tn ti v pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin. Thnh phn mi trng: -L nhng yu t to thnh quanh mi trng: khng kh, t, nc, m thanh, nh sng, lng t, ni , rng, sng, h, bin, sinh vt, cc h sinh thi, khu dn c, khu sn xut, khu bo tn thin nhin -Ngoi ra, c nhiu cch phn lai thnh phn mi trng, ty vo mc ch nghin cu: thnh phn t nhin v thnh phn nhn to, thnh phn mi trng t, nc, khng kh Ti nguyn L mt thuc tnh ca mi trng m con ngi c th tip nhn trong phm vi gii hn x hi, kinh t, th ch (C.C. Park 1998) Hiu mt cch n gin, ti nguyn l tt c nhng thnh phn ca mi trng m con ngi c th khai thc phc v cho cc hot ng sn xut, sinh hot ca mnh. Cc dng ti nguyn: Ti nguyn khng ti to Ti nguyn c th quay vng Ti nguyn ti to Khng c to ra hay hnh thnh tr li vi tc tng ng vi tc khai thc L mt dng c bit ca ti nguyn khng ti to, khng b mt i khi ta s dng chng, c th ti ch, s dng chng nhiu ln (kim loi) Mi vt th sng c kh nng ti sn xut v sinh trng,. Mt khi tc s dng chng cn nh hn tc ti sn, xut, moi trng c duy tr ph

Ti nguyn khng cn kit Chc nng ca mi trng

hp, chng s t thay th. Tuy nhin, 1 qun x c th khng ti to nu ta s dng chng 1 cch ba bi. Khng c th sng no c th tn ti nu ta khai thc chng vi tc ln hn kh nng ti sn xut hoc l ph hy sinh cnh ca chng. nh sng mt tri hay ti nguyn nc trn Tri t, khng ph thuc thuc vic ta s dng chng hay khng

-Ni sinh sng ca con ngi v cc sinh vt khc -Dch v thm m (cnh quan con ngi cm thy d chu, hp dn v hi phc). -Cung cp nguyn liu cho cc hot ng kinh t, cung cp cc tin ch cho mi c nhn, dch v cho cuc sng. -Tip nhn cc cht thi. Chc nng ny chng t kh nng ca mi trng trong vic vn chuyn, pha long v bin i cht thi thnh cc cht khng c hi. Pht trin bn vng L s pht trin p ng cc nhu cu ca th h hin ti m khng lm tn hi kh nng ca cc th h tng lai trong p ng cc nhu cu ca h. An ninh mi trng "An ninh mi trng l trng thi m mt h thng mi trng c kh nng m bo iu kin sng an ton cho con ngi trong h thng ". Theo Hi ng Bo an Lin hp quc (1992)s khan him cc ti nguyn thin nhin, suy thoi v nhim mi trng v nhng him ho (mi trng) c th gy suy yu nn kinh t, gia tng i ngho, gia tng bt n chnh tr, thm ch tr thnh ngi n cho cc cuc xung t v chin tranh, Mt h thng mi trng b mt an ninh c th do cc nguyn nhn t nhin (thin tai) hoc do cc hot ng ca con ngi (khai thc cn kit ti nguyn thin nhin, thi cht c vo mi trng gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng, suy gim a dng sinh hc,...) hoc phi hp tc ng ca c hai nguyn nhn trn. Trng

thi an ninh ca ring phn h sinh thi t nhin c gi l an ninh sinh thi, do an ninh sinh thi l mt kha cnh ca an ninh mi trng. D n Thin nin k ca Hi ng chu M ca LHQ xc nh l vic m bo an ton trc cc mi nguy hin mi trng sinh ra do s yu km trong qun l hoc thit k v c nguyn nhn trong nc hay xuyn quc gia ( Michael J.Penders and William L.Thomas, NR&E Winter 2002 ). An ninh ( ngun ) nc Mt b phn ca an ninh mi trng trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc, lin quan n thiu ht v tranh chp ngun nc hay l lt . Bin i mi trng S bin i v cht lng v cu trc mi trng do cc nguyn nhn t nhin hoc nhn to c tnh chu k hay khng c chu k. Bin i kh hu (BKH) S bin ng trng thi trung bnh ca kh quyn ton cu hay khu vc theo thi gian t vi thp k n hng triu nm ( IPCC, 2007 ). Nhng bin i ny c gy ra do qu trnh ng lc ca Tri t, bc x mt tri, v gn y c thm hot ng ca con ngi. BKH trong thi gian th k XX n nay c gy ra ch yu ( 90%) do con ngi, do vy thut ng BKH ( hoc cn c gi l s m ln ton cu global warming ) c coi l ng ngha vi BKH hin i. Chi tr dch v h sinh thi Payments for Ecosystems Services PES: hay cn gi l chi tr dch v mi trng, l vic nhng ngi hng li t cc dch v h sinh thi chi tr cho nhng ngi tham gia duy tr, bo v v pht trin cc chc nng ca h sinh thi . Dch chuyn nhim Biu hin s thoi thc trch nhim i vi vn nhim mi trng ca cc nc pht trin bng vic chuyn nhng x nghip gy nhim, hay cht thi sang nhng nc ang pht trin. Cc nh khoa hc mi trng gi y l s tc ot sinh thi. Dng chy cht thi Vic vn chuyn chn cht thi c hi cc nc ang pht trin thng c c nc xut khu ln nc nhp nhu ngy trang b mt. Cc nc xut khu thng ln lt lm gi giy t hi quan v danh mc hng ha ngay c khi nc nhp khu ng tip nhp rc, hot ng giao dch vn thng nm

trong vng b mt v ngi ta s chi pht nu n b cng khai trc d lun. Bi nu vic nhp khu cht thi c hi tm thi mang li li ch ti chnh, song a phn cc nc nhp khu u khng mun b xem l thng rc ca cc nc cng nghim giu c. Thi gian trc y, dng chy cht thi c xu hng t cc nc pht trin phng Ty v pha cc nc ang pht trin ti khu vc chu . Tuy nhin, hin nay, trc nhng phn ng ngy cng nhiu ca ngi dn v chnh ph cc nc chu , cc tp on t bn c khuynh hng dch chuyn dng chy cht thi sang cc cc nc thuc th gii th 3. Cc nc ny nhn chung c nn kinh t km pht trin, ngho i v bnh dch. Chu Phi c nguy c tr thnh mt bi rc khng l ca th gii, nht l rc thi cng ngh nh linh kin my tnh, in thoi Nhiu lon sinh thi H sinh thi b mt cn bng, b suy thoi nng, b bin i khng mong i do nhng tc nhn nhn to hoc cn cha bit r. nhim xuyn bin gii Cht nhim ( ch yu l cht thi nguy hi ) c chuyn t nc ny sang nc kia mt cch cng khai b mt. Sinh vt l xm nhp L loi sinh vt ( bt k ng vt hay thc vt) c ngun gc t nc khc xm nhp vo trong nc qua con ng nhp ging cy trng, vt nui hay bng cc con ng cn cha bit r. Suy thoi mi trng S bin i mi trng theo chiu hng bt li cho con ngi. Suy thoi l trng din nu xy ra t t v lu di ( v d hoang mc ha ) suy thoi l cp din nu xy ra nhanh, mnh v t ngt ( v d nh l lt ). Thm ha mi trng S c mi trng gy thit hi ln v ngi v ti sn, tc ng xu n trt t an ton x hi v trin ( v d ng t Haiti 2/2010, v n nh my in ht nhn Chernobyl Ukaraina ) Nu thm ha ch yu gy hi cho cc h sinh thi k c tnh mng con ngi m t gy thit hi v kinh t x hi th c gi l thm ha sinh thi. T nn mi trng

"T nn mi trng l vic con ngi buc phi ri khi ni c tr truyn thng ca mnh tm thi hay vnh vin do nhng nguyn nhn mi trng gy nguy him cho cuc sng ca h". Hin nay, trn th gii c 225 ngi th c mt ngi phi t nn mi trng. Nguyn nhn ca t nn mi trng l s t hp ca mt s yu t sau:

Khng c t canh tc, mt t c tr. Mt rng, hoang mc ho. Xi mn t. Mn ho hoc ng ngp. Hn hn, thiu nc. i ngho. Suy gim a dng sinh hc. Bin ng kh hu v thi tit xu. Suy dinh dng v dch bnh. Qun l nh nc km hiu qu.

T nn mi trng chnh l ch th ca s mt n nh v l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n xung t. Xm lc sinh thi Tnh trng nhp siu ti nguyn mi trng cc nc pht trin v xut siu ti nguyn mi trng thu c ngoi t cc nc ang pht trin. V d vic nhp khu r khong sn th, g rng. T cc nc ang pht trin vo nhng nc pht trin. Xung t mi trng -Mu thun gia cc nhm quyn li ny sinh khi cng mt khng gian mi trng nhng li c s dng vi cc mc tiu khc nhau, nhng li u c cng nhn v mt php l. Mu thun do s dng mi trng nhng khng c php l cng nhn th khng gi l xung t mi trng, -Nhiu nh nghin cu Vit Nam coi xung t mi trng l bt c mu thun no ny sinh khi cc php nhn khc nhau cng s dng mi trng vi nhng mc tiu khc nhau m khng n c s php l ca quyn s dng. Cu 2. c im ca cc vn mi trng

Ngoi ng Cc vn mi trng c th c xem xt nh cc vn ca ngoi ng, ngha l cc hiu ng khng c cp ti trn th trng giao dch. Ngoi ng c xem l cc hng ha khng c ch s hu xc nh. V d: ngi hng xm chi n piano m , sn xut cng nghip thi cc cht nhim vo khng kh v nc l nhng v d in hnh. Cc hiu ng khuch tn Khong cch ln thng tch cc nh hng khi ngun ca n. nhim nc vng ven bin chu th sng Hng, c th do cc cht c hi thi ra t Vit Tr hay H Ni l mt v d. khu vc chu nhim c th rt xa so vi ngun gy nhim. Nhng c dn sng ven ng b nhim do bi, ting n bi cc phng tin vn ti i qua. S pht hin DDT trong trng l mt v d khc v s khuych tn cc nh hng theo c khng gian v thi gian. Ta c th a ra nhiu v d khc lin quan n mt dng sng, mt lu vc. nhim xuyn bin gii vng min hay quc gia cng l mt hin tng th hin hiu ng khuch tn nhim. Tnh cht bt bnh ng S khng cng bng xut hin gia nhng ngi tm cch khai thc ti nguyn mi trng nh l mt loi hng ha cng cng v ngi phi tr gi thng l nhng ngi ngho. Dn c sng cc khu vc th thng l nhng ngi c thu nhp v trnh vn ha cao hn, c nhu cu s dng hng ha nhiu. Tuy nhin qu trnh th ha khin ngun ti nguyn t ch suy gim hoc khng th s dng c, t l nghch vi nhu cu pht trin ngy cang tng. Trong khi , nhng ngi ngho, sng nhng khu vc c ngun ti nguyn di do, do trnh k thut lc hu nn kh nng khai thc ti nguyn phc v i sng rt hn ch. V d nh ngi dn cc khu vc m khong sn t c kh nng khai thc ti nguyn khong sn pht trin kinh t, nng dn s hu ngun ti nguyn t trng v cng qu gi nhng trnh canh tc lc hu Cc nh t bn, nhng ngi giu, c kh nng kinh t ln hn rt nhiu s tm cch khai thc v hng li ch t cc ngun ti nguyn trong khi nhng ngi dn ngho sng ti chnh nhng khu vc giu ti nguyn li t c hng li t ngun s hu ca h, nhiu khi cn phi gnh chu nhng tc hi ca cc hot ng khai thc v s dng ti nguyn ( bin i vn ha truyn thng, nhim gia tng). l nguyn nhn gy ra cc xung t mi trng.

Tr thi gian Cc nh quy hoch thng ch ti cc khong thi gian trung bnh v di hn trong tng lai, m khong thi gian c th khng vi mt s vn mi trng. Chu k sinh hc thng di hn nhiu so vi thi gian quy hoch l 10 20 nm, chu k a cht th li cng di hn rt nhiu. Cc hiu ng v sc khe thng ko di mt th h hay hn, trong khi c th xut hin nhng thay i khc. iu khin cho vic nghin cu mi quan h nguyn nhn hiu ng gp kh khn. Cc hot ng quy hoch cn tnh ti kh nng phc hi ca mi trng trong thi gian di. Thi gian c th ngn hay di ty vo mc tc ng ca con ngi v kh nng hi phc ca mi trng. V d, quy hoch pht trin khu cng nghip trong thi gian no cn tnh n mc nh hng ca khu cng nghip n mi trng xung quanh, tng hay gim theo thi gian, kh nng phc hi ca cc yu t mi trng cng nh kh nng mi trng chu tc ng ca cc yu t mi pht sinh (cc nhu cu ca con ngi, s tng dn s, xu hng gi ha, xu hng s dng t ai, s dng ngun nc) Tng trng ly tha S hiu bit khng y v quy lut tng trng theo hm s m l mt vn mi trng. Mt ci h cha mt chic l. Mi ngy chic l li sinh i. Hai l vo ngy th hai, bn chic vo ngy th ba, c nh th n ngy th ba mi th ph kn mt h. Ti thi im no mt h b ph kn mt na v cu tr li l ngy th 29. Tri t ca chng ta vi 5 t ngi sng trn c th y mt na, cn qu t thi gian xoay s. Vn l phi bit to ra nhng hnh ng tp th v c tnh cht phng nga cao. Cc hot ng tng trng kinh t t thi k tin cng nghip n nay sn sinh ra mt lng kh thi nh knh rt ln. Tc tng lng kh thi ngy cng nhanh hn, nht l vo cui th k 20. Mc nhim vi cc loi mi trng t, nc, khng kh tng nhanh vi tc chng mt v tr thnh hin tng ton cu ch khng cn mang tnh cht cc b. Hiu ng tch ly Tp trung s ch ch yu vo nhng d n hay cc hiu ng n l c th b qua cc nh hng tng dn mang tnh tch ly vi mi trng. Mi trng th ngy cng b suy thoi do con ngi c xu hng thch nghi vi nhng s thay i nh, dn dn v phn tn.

 nhim mi trng xy ra mt khu vc c kh nng ly lan sang cc khu vc khc. nhim mi trng mt khu vc c th c ngun gc do chnh nhng hot ng pht trin khu vc hoc c s ly lan t cc ngun nhim khc. S tch ly nhim xy ra do s ly truyn nhim gia cc khu vc. Ngoi ra, s nhim cn c th tch t theo thi gian, do s pht trin lin tc ca cc hot ng kinh t x hi khi m cc yu t mi trng cha thi gian phc hi. Hiu ng cng hng L hiu ng khi hai hoc nhiu tc nhn gy nn nhng nh hng ln hn so vi nh hng ca tng tc nhn ring bit cng li. V d SO2 v NOx ring bit th t nguy him nhng khi c nng lng quang ha t mt tri v hi m trong khng kh th chng to thnh sng m v mc nguy him ca chng tng ln rt nhiu. Bi amiang v thuc l gy ung th, thuc l v tia phng x cng c tc dng cng hng. Cc ngun nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, y t khng c x l ring trc khi a vo h thng nc thi chung cng l mt ngun nhim quan trng Vit Nam hin nay. Tip cn vn theo tng giai on Mi trng l mt h thng hot ng ph thuc mt cch phc tp v lin tc. Cc hot ng th ch ca x hi li theo giai on/chu k. Khi c s thay i v ngi lnh o l c nhng s khc bit trong tip cn, x l cc vn mi trng. y l ni dung quan trng, cn c ch trong qu trnh ra quyt nh qui hoch v qun l ti nguyn, mi trng. Yu cu quy hoch v bo v mi trng trong thi gian di thng mu tun vi nhu cu pht trin kinh t theo giai on: 5-10 nm. Cc nh khoa hc v mi trng thng c xu hng quy hoch bo v mi trng vi chin lc di hn trong khi cc nh chnh tr thng a ra cc k hoch pht trin theo tng thi k. V th, cn bng mi quan h gia nhu cu pht trin vi yu cu bo v mi trng l mt vn ng lu . Tnh a phng.

S khc bit trong cc vn mi trng gia cc vng hay a phng, gia Vit Nam v cc nc khc trn Th Gii phi c th hin thng qua cc gii php c tnh a phng. Thc t chng ta khng th a ra mt gii php mang tnh cng ngh v p dng cho ton b cc quc gia cng nh cc vng lnh th trn Th Gii. Khng ch quy m quc gia, trong quy m vng min, hot ng quy hoch pht trin cng phi m bo pht huy v pht trin cc th mnh a phng v t gy nh hng nht ti cc yu t mi trng bn a. Ni cch khc, quy hoch mi a phng cn c tnh cht c trng, ph hp vi c th ca vng min nhng khng nm ngoi quy hoch chung ca quc gia. Cu 3. Quy hoch v pht trin Business park Khi nim Business Park l khi nim chung ca cc KCN (Industry Park), khu nghin cu khoa hc (Science, Research Park), khu cng ngh cao (Hi-tech, Technology Park), khu vn phng (Office Park), khu thng mi (Bussiness Park) v cc khu chc nng tng t khc Di bt k tn gi no, Business Park lun l s kt hp gia cng vin Park, v thng mi Bussiness. Cu trc BP Ngy nay, Business Park c hiu l mt cng ng pht trin mang tnh chuyn bit, c mt cu trc tng th hp nht theo dng cng vin, bao gm cc cng trnh lin hon a chc nng nhm phc v cc nhu cu s dng khc nhau t sn xut cng nghip ti khng gian cng s, thng mi, dch v, v cc cng trnh chc nng khc nhm phc v nhu cu ca nhng ngi lm vic ti y. Hnh v (slide 7, pp5) 8 c trng ca BP *BP thng nm vng ngoi , ven th v gn nt giao thng hay tuyn giao thng chnh *BP l mt khu vc pht trin a chc nng, bao gm cc khu cng trnh lin hon a nng nhm phc v nhiu nhu cu s dng a dng v khc nhau ca nhng ngi lm vic ti y *BP c qui hoch v thit k theo dng cng vin. BP c mt xy dng thp

*BP to lp mi trng hon ho cho con ngi sng, lm vic v ngh ngi cng nh to lp mt mi trng pht trin thun li. *BP c qui hoch v thit k nhm gim thiu cc tc ng xu ti mi trng tng cng hiu qu s dng t *BP l ng lc pht trin kinh t x hi v th ha ca khu vc hay mt vng lnh th *BP xc tin, h tr vic nghin cu, sng to v pht trin khoa hc cng ngh cao gia cc doanh nghip v trng i hc, h tr cc doanh nghip pht trin kinh doanh v thc y s pht trin kinh t *BP l mt m hnh pht trin bn vng. Thnh phn chc nng ca BP Khu cng nghip KCN hin i ngy nay bao gm cc khu vc sn xut qui m ln, khu vc kho tng v c/hoc khng khu vc vn phng lm vic vi din tch hn ch. -Khu vc trung tm iu hnh, cc vn phng v phc v cng cng -Khu vc sn xut -Khu vc kho tng -Khu vc cng vin, cy xanh -Khu vc cung cp v m bo h tng k thut -H thng ng giao thng. Khu nghin cu khoa hc L mt khu vc c qui hoch v thit k nhm khai thc mi quan h vi cc trng i hc hay vin nghin cu nghin cu, ci tin v chuyn giao KHCN. Cc thnh phn chc nng bao gm: -KV trung tm iu hnh v phc v cng cng -KV cc vn phng lm vic v nghin cu, th nghim -KV sn xut cng nghip v trin khai ng dng KHKT -KV kho tng (c th c) -KV cng vin, cy xanh

-KV cung cp v m bo h tng -H thng ng giao thng KV nh v dch v khu (c th c). Khu cng ngh cao Khu cng ngh cao l khu vc c qui hoch v thit k dnh cho cc doanh nghip k thut cao vi mc tiu p dng, trin khai cc thnh tu KHCN mi nht cng nh nghin cu ci tin chng, M hnh thnh phn chc nng ging nh khu nghin cu khoa hc. Khu nh kho v phn phi hng ha Cn c gi l khu Trung tm giao lu hng ha; l khu vc tp trung cc cng trnh nh kho lu tr ln, thng l cc cng trnh thp tng. Cc thnh phn chc nng ch yu gm: -KV trung tm iu hnh v dch v vn chuyn -KV phc v cng cng -KV cc nh kho lu tr kt hp vi KV bc xp hng ha v bi xe -Khu trng by, gii thiu sn phm -KV cng vin, cy xanh -KV cung cp v bo m h tng k thut -H thng ng giao thng. Khu vn phng - thng mi L khu vc c qui hoch v thit k s dng lao ng cht xm. Cc thnh phn chc nng bao gm: -KV trung tm iu hnh v cc dch v thng mi -KV cng cng, ngh ngi gii tr v vn ha, th thao -KV cc vn phng lm vic -KV nghin cu, th nghim -KV sn xut CN nh -KV cng vin, cy xanh

-KV cung cp v m bo h tng k thut -KV nh v dch v -H thng ng giao thng. Khu vc Trung tm iu hnh v dch v Bao gm cc cng trnh qun l iu hnh, cc cng trnh dch v h tr doanh nghip pht trin: hp tc lin kt, thng mi, o to v cung cp nhn lc, Thng c t v tr li vo chnh. Khu vc phc v cng cng Ngh ngi gii tr v vn ha th thao -Phc v nhu cu ca ngi lao ng trong BP v ca dn c cng ng ln cn: siu th, qun n, gii kht, nh tr, trung tm y t, cc CLB, b bi, thm m, cng vin, khch sn, -Cc cng trnh trn c b tr nhm thu ht, to iu kin phc v tt nht v thun tin nht cho dn c trong v ngoi BP -H thng cnh quan t nhin v nhn to c c bit ch trng -Mt dn c thp vi cc cng trnh thp tng. Khu vc cc vn phng lm vic nghin cu v th nghim -L khu t c qui hoch v thit k theo mt tng th thng nht, lin hon v a chc nng -Cc cng trnh trong khu vc ny c th c b tr nhiu tng nhm tit kim qu t v tng hiu qu s dng, -Tnh linh hot, a nng, tin nghi v tit kim nng lng l yu t khng th thiu trong cc cng trnh -Mt xy dng thng mc trung bnh. Khu vc cc kho cha v phn phi hng ha -Chuyn lu tr v phn phi hng ha: nh kho dng thp tng v ngn cha dng cao tng, -L ni gii thiu, giao dch v bun bn ca doanh nghip -L cc cng trnh c qui m ln v rt ln, vi cc li vn chuyn hng ha, bi bc d v cc bi xe.

Khu sn xut cng nghip -Tp trung cc doanh nghip sn xut cng nghip, sn xut ng dng hay trin khai KHCN -Cc cng trnh thng 1 2 tng, vi qui m ln v rt ln, -1 s ngnh cng nghip nh c th xy cao tng -H thng cy xanh thng chim t 10 15% nhm tng cng cnh quan mi trng. Khu cng vin - cy xanh -Cng vin cy xanh v mt nc l yu t khng th thiu -Cnh quan t nhin vn c ca khu vc c bo tn v pht huy mc ti a kt hp vi cng trnh nhn to -Cc h nc c vai tr iu ha nc v duy tr h sinh thi t nhin -Gi tr ca BP ph thuc nhiu vo cht lng mi trng cnh quan. Khu vc cung cp v m bo k thut h tng Bao gm cc cng trnh cung cp v m bo k thut cho ton b hot ng ca Bussiness Park: trm cp nc, trm in, x l cht thi,. H thng ng giao thng -Bao gm: h thng ng b, ng st v ga trung chuyn, bi xe v gara, bn xe but, tuyn i b v xe p -Vi cc BP c qui m vn chuyn ln, cc tuyn giao thng vn ti hng c th c tch ring vi tuyn giao thng ca ngi lao ng v cc hot ng giao dch. Khu vc nh v dch v khu -Cc BP hin i gi bao gm cc khu nh cht lng cao v cc khu dch v khu i km theo, -Vi 1 n v hon chnh c y cc thnh phn chc nng: trung tm cng cng, thng mi dch v, hnh chnh, trng hc, mang li mi trng sng cht lng cao cho ngi lm vic ti y. Cu 4. Quy hoch v pht trin bn vng nng thn Vng nng thn

L vng sinh sng, lm vic ca cng ng ch yu l nng dn, l ni c mt dn c thp, mi trng ch yu l thin nhin, c s h tng km pht trin, tip cn th trng v sn xut hng ha thp. Cc c trng c bn ca vng nng thn -L vng sinh sng v lm vic ca cng ng ch yu l nng dn, -Sn xut nng nghip l c bn -So vi th, vng nng thn c kt cu h tng km pht trin hn, trnh sn xut hng ha v tip cn th trng thp hn -Thu nhp, i sng, trnh vn ha, KHCN, ca vng nng thn thp hn so vi thnh th -Giu tim nng v ti nguyn thin nhin Nhng vn c bn trong pht trin nng nghip An ninh lng thc L kh nng tip cn cho tt c mi ngi mi lc c lng thc cho mt cuc sng khe mnh v hot ng. Cc thnh phn ca n l s sn c lng thc v kh nng kim c lng thc Pht trin nng nghip bn vng L s qun l v bo tn, s thay i v t chc v k thut nhm m bo tha mn nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi c cho hin ti v mai sau. S pht trin nh vy ca nng nghip s m bo khng tn hi ti mi trng, khng gim cp ti nguyn, ph hp v k thut, cng ngh v c x hi cng nhn. Cng nghip ha -L mt qu trnh m cc x hi ngy nay chuyn t mt kiu kinh t ch yu da trn nng nghip vi cc c im nng sut thp, tng trng rt thp sang kiu kinh t c bn da trn cng nghip vi cc c im nng sut cao v tng trng tng i cao (UNESCO, 1977) -L hot ng m rng tin b k thut vi s li dn ca tnh th cng trong sn xut hng ha v cung cp dch v -Xu hng chnh ca qu trnh CNH nng thn l *Khi phc ngnh ngh truyn thng ca a phng

*Pht trin ngnh ngh mi, sn phm mi. Cu5. 8 nguyn tc pht trin bn vng *Con ngi l trung tm ca PTBV *Pht trin kinh t l nhim v trung tm, kt hp cht ch, hp l v hi ha vi pht trin kinh x hi, vi khai thc hp l, s dng tit kim v hiu qu ti nguyn thin nhin theo nguyn tc mi mt: kinh t, x hi v mi trng u c li, *Bo v v ci thin mi trng phi c coi l mt yu t khng th tch ri ca qu trnh pht trin. Phi p dng ng b cc cng c php l v kinh t, kt hp vi tuyn truyn vn ng, *Pht trin phi m bo p ng mt cch cng bng nhu cu ca th h hin ti v khng gy tr ngi ti cuc sng ca cc th h tng lai. *Khoa hc v cng ngh l nn tng v ng lc cho CNH, HH, pht trin nhanh, mnh v bn vng t nc, *PTBV l s nghip ca ton ng, cc cp chnh quyn, cc b, ngnh v a phng; ca cc c quan, doanh nghip, on th x hi, cc cng ng dn c v mi ngi dn, *Gn cht vic xy dng nn kinh t c lp t ch vi ch ng hi nhp kinh t quc t, *Kt hp cht ch pht trin kinh t - x hi, BVMT vi m bo quc phng, an ninh v trt t an ton x hi. Cu6. 5 lnh vc Kinh t *Duy tr tng trng kinh t nhanh v bn vng, *Thay i m hnh sn xut v tiu dng theo hng thn thin vi mi trng, *Thc hin qu trnh cng nghip ha sch *Pht trin nng nghip v nng thn bn vng, *Pht trin bn vng cc vng v a phng Cu7. 5 lnh vc x hi *Tp trung n lc xa i gim ngho, y mnh thc hin tin b v cng bng x hi, *Tip tc gim mc tng dn s v to thm vic lm cho ngi lao ng,

*nh hng th ha v di dn nhm pht trin bn vng cc th, phn b hp l dn c v lao ng theo vng, *Nng cao cht lng gio dc nng cao dn tr v trnh ngh nghip, ph hp vi yu cu ca s pht trin t nc, *Pht trin v s lng v nng cao cht lng ca dch v chm sc sc khe, ci thin cc iu kin lao ng v v sinh mi trng. Cu8. 9 lnh vc mi trng *Chng tnh trng thoi ha t, s dng hiu qu v bn vng ti nguyn t, *BVMT nc v s dng bn vng ti nguyn nc, *Khai thc hp l v s dng tit kim, bn vng ti nguyn khong sn, *Bo v mi trng bin, ven bin, hi o v pht trin ti nguyn bin, *Bo v v pht trin rng, *Gim nhim khng kh cc th v khu cng nghip, *Qun l cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi, *Bo tn a dng sinh hc, *Thc hin cc bin php lm gim nh BKH v hn ch nhng nh hng c hi ca BKH, phng v chng thin tai. Cu9 . c im ca quy hoch mi trng Quan im h sinh thi : Quan im ny xem xt con ngi trong t nhin hn l tch khi n, ngha l nhn mnh mi tng tc gia con ngi vi cc h sinh thi t nhin v rng hn l sinh quyn. Cc dng quy hoch khc c xu hng tp trung hp hn. C th, con ngi cng l mt thnh phn ca h sinh thi, c tc ng ln n cc thnh phn cng nh hot ng ca h sinh thi. Mi trng sinh thi l ngun cung cp ti nguyn cho cc hot ng sng ca con ngi, l ni cha ng cht thi ca cc hot ng sng v c bn nht l cung cp ni c tr cho con ngi. Nhng bin i ca h sinh thi cng c tc ng ngc li ln cuc sng ca con ngi. V th, khng th tch yu cu quy hoch pht trin kinh t ca con ngi khi vn bo v v pht trin cc yu t sinh thi.

Tnh h thng: Xem xt tng th cc thnh phn lin quan tp trung vo cc thnh phn ch cht v cc mi quan h ca chng, tha nhn cc h thng l m, tng tc vi mi trng, nhn bit s lin h v ph thuc gia cc h thng. Cc thnh phn ca mi trng khng tn ti c lp m c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau to thnh mt th thng nht. V vy, cc hot ng pht trin hay hot ng quy hoch cn lu n tng tc gia cc thnh phn trong h thng , khng gy bin ng ti cc mi quan h hoc nhng tc ng gy ra khng qu ln i vi h thng mi trng thay v tp trung vo mt vi yu t trong h thng . Tnh a phng : t mi trng nhn mnh tnh c trng ca mi a phng, tuy nhin cn thit phi xem xt cc thnh phn mi trng v s bin i mi trng trong mt phm vi ln hn. Mi khu vc, mi a phng c c trng mi trng rt khc nhau, th hin tnh c th ca a phng , c v mi trng t nhin v c mi trng kinh t-x hi. Cc hot ng pht trin cn phi ph hp vi cc c th mi trng ca khu vc . V th, quy hoch mi trng cn c bit lu n kh nng thch hp ca n vi iu kin a phng. Phng n quy hoch i vi khu vc nng thn, min ni khc vi khu vc ng bng, quy hoch vng ven bin khc vi nhng vng su trong lc a. Cc yu t mang tnh a phng khc nh dn tc thiu s, vn ha bn a, h sinh thi t nhin ca khu vc cng cn c lu tm, c kh nng tr thnh nhng c th pht trin ca khu vc. Tnh bin i theo thi gian : Xem xt s thay i mi trng theo cc chu k khc nhau, di v ngn, qu kh v tng lai. Nu cc qu thi gian khng hp l, quy hoch mi trng s khng t c mc tiu t ra. Cc dng quy hoch khc thng c trc thi gian ngn hn. H sinh thi l mt h thng m, ngha l c s trao i c v cht v lng vi mi trng ngoi. Cc yu t mi trng c s thay i theo thi gian. Cc h sinh thi cng c s thay i theo thi gian. Hot ng quy hoch cng phi tnh n yu t ny qua trnh quy hoch mang tnh lu di, thch hp vi s bin i ca mi trng trong mt khong thi gian tng i di. V d, qu trnh quy hoch cn lu tm n xu hng di c, nhp c trong tng lai, xu hng tng hay gim dn s, mc gi ha ca dn s, nhu cu v cc dch v cng ng Tnh cht hng vo tc ng : Nghin cu xem xt y nhng nh hng mi trng do hot ng ca con ngi v s phn b ca chng (ai c li, ai phi chi tr). Cc dng quy hoch khc thng c nh hng u vo tp trung ch yu vo d liu, mc tiu v k hoch hn l vo tc ng ca cc hot ng pht trin.

Quy hoch mi trng nhn mnh n nh hng ca cc hot ng pht trin i vi cc yu t mi trng ni ring v h thng mi trng ni chung. ng thi quan tm ln n cc ngun gy ra cc tc ng l nhiu hay t, mc nghim trng m tc ng gy nn, tc ng tp trung vo khu vc no, i tng no chu tc ng... S pht thi khi thi ca mt nh my hay mt khu cng nghip no gy nh hng n nhng khu vc no, mc nh hng n cc loi mi trng, nh hng ti i sng ngi dn sng trong khu vc chu tc ng ra sao. Mt vn khc cng cn c lu trong qu trnh quy hoch, l nh hng xu hng th ha ln ti nguyn t v nhu cu lng thc. th ha, bn cnh kh nng nng cao trnh vn ha v cht lng cuc sng cng a n nhiu tc ng c hi vi mi trng: hin tng suy gim lng t trng, gp phn tng nh hng ca bin i kh hu vi con ngi, nhng thay i trong vn ha, phong cch sng v khin vn an ninh lng thc tr nn ngy cng cp bch. Vit Nam, xu hng th ha lm mt mt din tch t trng trt rt ln (do chuyn i mc ch s dng xy dng c s h tng), chnh iu ny gy ra s thiu ht t s dng cho mc ch trng trt, kt hp vi tnh hnh thi tit din bin ngy cng phc tp, th nguy c thiu ht lng thc ca mt nc xut khu lng thc nh nc ta ang rt ng lo ngi. Tnh phng nga : Khuynh hng ch o trong chin lc QHMT l nhu cu bo tn, trong n tp trung vo vic lm gim nhu cu i vi mt loi hng ha hay dch v c kh nng gy ra cc stress hn l vic chp nhn cc nhu cu nh l t ra t trc v c gng tp trung vo vic lm gim thiu hay loi b cc nh hng mi trng. Cu10. 16 nguyn tc quy hoch mi trng 1. Xc nh mc tiu lu di v trc mt ca a phng lin quan n chnh sch ca chnh ph cc cp khc nhau hng dn quy hoch, tr gip cho vic nh gi. 2. Thit k vi mc ri ro thp. To tnh mm do v kh nng thay i c tnh thun nghch trong cc quyt nh v s dng t, c s h tng v s dng ti nguyn. 3. Nhn dng cc vn v cu trc v nng lc ca cc th ch, sa i cho thch hp hay a vo p dng nhng ni thch hp. 4. Hiu r s tng thch v ko tng thch trong s dng t ai cn k. 5. Xy dng quy hoch bo v mi trng bao gm c vic nh gi v loi tr ri ro, k hoch ng cu v gim st mi trng.

6. a cc chnh sch mi trng v bin php bo v mi trng vo cc quy hoch chnh thc. 7. Quy hoch cho vic bo tn v to nng sut bn vng i vi cc dng ti nguyn. Thit k h thng gim st cc h sinh thi. 8. Xc nh, to ra v nng cao tnh thm m i vi cc dng ti nguyn cnh quan. 9. TM i vi cc d n mi, cc chng trnh, chnh sch, v chin lc kinh t a phng v vng, nh gi cng ngh trn quan im ti nguyn, vn ha, kinh t. 10. Phn tch tim nng v tnh thch hp ca t ai, lp bn nng sut sinh hc, xc nh mi lin quan gia din tch cc khonh t v ti nguyn sinh vt. iu tra mt cch h thng cc ngun ti nguyn hin c, nhn dng cc qu trnh hay chc nng t nhin i vi cc n v t ai. 11. Nhn dng cc vng hn ch hay c nguy c, cc vng nhy cm, cc cnh quan v vng a cht c o, cc khu vc cn ci to, khu vc c th s dng cho mc ch khc nhau. 12. Tm hiu cc c im ca h sinh thi, xc nh gii hn, kh nng chu ti v kh nng ng ha, mi lien h gia tnh n nh, kh nng chng tr v tnh a dng ca h sinh thi, nhn dng mi lien kt gia cc h sinh thi. 13. Tm hiu ng hc qun th ca cc loi then cht, xc nh cc loi ch th cht lng mi trng. 14. Xc nh nhng vn sc khe lin quan n cnh quan, nhn dng v kim sot ngoi ng i vi cc l t cc b cng tt. 15. Lp bn v tim nng vui chi gii tr, tm hiu mi lin kt vn ha gia s dng t nng sut v s dng ti nguyn. 16. Nhn dng cc gi tr, mi quan tm v s chp thun ca cng ng v th ch, pht trin chin lc thay i gi tr nhn vn, nhn thc mc c th, pht trin gio dc mi cp . Cu 11. Quy hoch pht trin th Khi nim th l im dn c tp trung vi t nht 4000 ngi, trong c t nht l 65% lc lng lao ng phi nng nghip; mt phn ng k dn s lm vic trong khu vc cng nghip, ti chnh, dch v, y t,. c c s h tng nh giao

thng cng cng, cp nc, cp in v cc dch v c bn khc p ng nhu cu cng nghip ha Nhng vn mi trng gn vi qu trnh hot ng th S dng t -Vic la chn t ai pht trin th cho ph hp l quan trng v ngha to ln cho mc tiu pht trin bn vng - qui hoch s dng t hiu qu, ngi ta tip cn phng php qui hoch h sinh thi. nhim cht thi rn trong th -HST th gm 3 chc nng khng tch ri nhau: sn xut, sinh hot v gii tr. -S chuyn ha vt cht trong HST th khng dng li qui lut t nhin, m b qui lut sn xut v tiu dng chi phi => HST th l mt h thng m, lun tn d vt cht: cht thi th. -C 2 hng c quan tm: *Nng cao sc chu ti ca mi trng bng cch duy tr v phc hi cc HST t nhin *Gim lng cht thi th bng cc qui trnh cng ngh thn mi trng nhim nc v v sinh ngun nc trong th -Lng nc ln c s dng hng ngy cho cc mc ch: sn xut cng nghip, sinh hot thi, phng chy cha chy, v sinh -Tnh cht nhim nc trong cc khu vc th khc nhau l khc nhau, ph thuc vo c im pht trin v hnh thi a l ca khu vc th -m bo ba sch: cp sch, thi sch, nc t nhin sng h sch l nhng yu cu v v sinh phng bnh, cnh quan mi trng m bo th pht trin ton din. nhim khng kh trong th -Khng kh trong th l ni thng xy ra s nhim nng n, cha nhiu kh c v bi => to nn cho con ngi nhng bnh tt nht nh -Phn loi bi theo yu cu v sinh gm 4 loi chnh: *Bi gy bnh phi: bi khong, bi aming, bi than, bi kim loi gy x phi, gim chc nng h hp

*Bi gy bnh ng h hp: bi len, thuc khng sinh, gy ra bnh vim mi, hng v ph qun *Bi gy bnh ngoi da: bi nha than, bi kim, bi axit gy vim da, trng c, mn nht *Bi gy bnh ng tiu ha: bi giy, bi bng ch, lm ri lon ng tiu ha Cc nhm cht c hi: nhm gy bng, nhm gy kch thch ng h hp, nhm gy ngt, nhm gy m, gy t, nhm gy c nhim ting n v chn ng th -Ting n trong th *Lm vic lu di trong iu kin ting n ln con ngi xut hin nhng bnh l v h thn kinh, thnh gic *3 nguyn nhn gy n: giao thng; hot ng cng nghip, ni ng ngi. -Chn ng trong th *Lm nh hng ti cng trnh v gy cm gic kh chu cho con ngi *Nguyn nhn ch yu l giao thng Lng ghp mi trng trong cng tc qui hoch th 1. Nghin cu mi trng trong qui hoch th - Xy dng h s mi trng cho qui hoch th - Nhn dng v phn tch cc vn mi trng - Lp bo co nghin cu mi trng cho qui hoch th 2. Lng ghp cc vn mi trng vo qui hoch th - Mc ch - Cc tiu ch p dng cho vic lng ghp mi trng vo qui hoch xy dng th Cu 12. Quy hoch vng lnh th Vng lnh th

L mt tng th cc yu t t nhin, kinh t, x hi c nhng c im nht nh v tnh cht, qui m, trnh , trn tng phn b mt khng gian tri t Cc cn c ca qui hoch vng lnh th -Nhu cu sn xut hng ha trong i sng v mc sn xut hng ha, -t ai v ti nguyn thin nhin, lao ng v t chc lao ng, vn v c s vt cht k thut, c s sn xut v t chc sn xut, qui trnh cng ngh, -Phn phi s dng sn phm hng ha trong i sng x hi, -Hng dn v h tr ca Nh nc v pht trin kinh t x hi, -Cn bng sinh thi v bo v mi trng Nhim v ca qui hoch vng lnh th -Xy dng c cu kinh t ng n sn xut chuyn mn hng ha v pht trin tng hp, -B tr c cu t ai p ng vi c cu kinh t -Xy dng h thng im dn c v cc cng trnh vn ha i sng, -Xy dng c s h tng: giao thng, dch v,, -T chc lao ng v xy dng s pht trin ca cc ngnh ph hp vi li ch x hi, Xy dng cc bin php bo v mi trng Nguyn tc c bn ca qui hoch vng lnh th -Xy dng nn kinh t hng ha ph hp vi nhu cu ca x hi v c ch th trng c s qun l ca nh nc, -Khai thc, s dng ti nguyn t ai, lao ng c hiu qu, to ra c cu kinh t ng n, gii phng v pht trin sc sn xut, -Gii quyt yu cu nng cao i sng vt cht, tinh thn ca mi ngi, -Tng cng c s h tng, to iu kin thun li cho sn xut v i sng ca nhn dn, -Xy dng h thng im dn c to iu kin thun li cho sn xut v i sng, ngh ngi ca nhn dn, -Thc hin cc qui trnh cng ngh tin b, cc gii php t chc lnh th v kinh t k thut nng cao nng sut lao ng, hiu qu sn xut ca x hi,

-m bo quan h ng n khai thc ti nguyn v bo v mi trng. Quan im qui hoch vng lnh th -Pht trin a mc tiu, -Tn dng ngun lc (t nhin, x hi,), -a dng ha sn xut, -Pht trin bn vng, -Bo v mi trng v ph hp x hi.