MUC LUC

MUC LUC..................................................................................i I.TONG QUAN N V SAN XUAT..........................................1 Lch s thanh lap tong cong ty Bia Ru NGK Sai Gon SABECO ....................................................................................................1 Cac san pham va dch vu hien nay...............................................2 C cau to chc cua SABECO..............................................................3 V the cua SABECO trong nganh cong nghiep bia Viet Nam.........4 Cac thanh tu at c trong 30 nam qua.......................................4 Nha may Bia Sai Gon Nguyen Ch Thanh......................................5 I.1Ve sinh moi trng..........................................................................7 An toan lao ong...................................................................................7 Phong chay cha chay (PCCC)........................................................10 X ly chat thai.................................................................................10 DAY CHUYEN CONG NGHE.................................................11 Nguyen lieu.........................................................................................11 Malt......................................................................................................11 Houblon ...............................................................................15

Nam men...........................................................................................18 Nguyen lieu thay the ..................................................................20

Nc...................................................................................................21 Cac chat phu gia khac...................................................................22 Cac dang nang lng s dung........................................................22 Qui trnh cong nghe............................................................................24 CHI TIET QUI TRNH CONG NGHE.........................................25 Xng nau...........................................................................................25 i

Xng APV............................................................................................38 Xng len men....................................................................................41 Xng loc.............................................................................................49 Xng chiet.........................................................................................59 MAY THIET B...................................................................69 May ra chai.......................................................................................69 I.2May thanh trung bia chai ...............................................................76 II.VE SINH CONG NGHIEP....................................................83 Khai niem ve CIP...............................................................................83 Cac loai vat lieu va phan ng vi tac nhan tay ra..........83 Cac chat lam sach............................................................................85 Tac nhan kh trung.........................................................................86 Qui trnh tay ra va kh trung trong he thong CIP....................86 NHAN XET...........................................................................90 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO.........................................................91

ii

I.

TONG QUAN N V SAN XUAT

Lch s thanh lap tong cong ty Bia Ru NGK Sai Gon SABECO 1
Lch s phat trien cua Sabeco gan lien vi qua trnh phat trien manh me va ben vng cua thng hieu Bia Sai Gon, thng hieu dan au Viet Nam trong lnh vc nc uong co con. Co the iem qua mot so giai oan chnh: Giai oan 1977-1988 + 01/06/1977: Cong ty Ru Bia Mien Nam chnh thc tiep nhan va quan ly Nha may Bia Ch Ln t hang BGI (Phap) va hnh thanh nen nha may Bia Sai Gon. + Nam 1981, ra i X nghiep Lien Hiep Ru Bia NGK II c chuyen oi t Cong ty Ru Bia Mien Nam. + Nam 1988, Nha may Bia Sai Gon tr thanh n v hach toan oc lap trc thuoc X nghiep Lien hiep Ru Bia NGK II Giai oan 1988-1993 + 1989 1993: hoan thanh he thong ai ly vi 20 chi nhanh tren ca nc. + 1993, Nha may Bia Sai Gon phat trien thanh cong ty Bia Sai Gon vi cac thanh vien: Nha may nc a Sai Gon Nha may c kh ru bia Nha may nc khoang aKai Cong ty Lien doanh Carnaud Metalbox Sai Gon san xuat lon Cong ty Lien doanh Thuy Tinh Malaya Viet Nam san xuat chai thuy tinh Giai oan 1994-1998 + 1994-1998: he thong tieu thu at 31 chi nhanh tren ca nc. + 1995, Cong ty Bia Sai Gon thanh lap thanh vien mi X Nghiep Van Tai. + 1996, tiep nhan thanh vien mi Cong Ty Ru Bnh Tay. + 1996 1998: thanh lap cac cong ty lien ket san xuat Bia Sai Gon vi cac thanh vien: nha may Bia Phu Yen, nha may Bia Can Th. Giai oan 1999-2002: + 2000, at c he thong Quan ly chat lng cua BVQI ISO 9002:1994
1

Thong tin c trch t website http://www.sabeco.com.vn

+ 2001, at c he thong Quan ly chat lng cua BVQI ISO 9001:2000 + Thanh lap cac cong ty lien ket san xuat bia: 2001, Cong ty Bia Soc Trang Nha may Bia Henninger Nha may Bia Hng Sen 2002, Cong ty Bia Lien doanh Bia Can Th Nha may Bia Ha Tnh Thanh lap Tong kho tai Nha Trang, Can Th, a Nang. Giai oan 2002 hien nay: + 2003, thanh lap Tong cong ty Bia Ru NGK Sai Gon SABECO tren c s Cong ty Bia Sai Gon va tiep nhan cac thanh vien mi: Cong ty Nc giai khat Chng Dng Nha may Thuy tinh Phu Tho Cong ty Thng mai Dch Vu Bia Ru NGK Sai Gon + 2004, thanh lap Tong cong ty Bia Ru NGK Sai Gon SABECO chuyen sang to chc va hoat ong theo mo hnh Cong ty me cong ty con theo quyet nh so 37/2004/Q-BCN cua Bo trng Bo Cong Nghiep. + 2006, hoan chnh he thong phan phoi vi 8 Cong ty CPTM SABECO khu vc. + 2007, Tong cong ty Bia Ru NGK Sai Gon SABECO lien tuc phat trien ln manh vi quan iem chu ao la san xuat, kinh doanh cac san pham Bia Sai Gon va au t mi tren nhieu lnh vc, san pham khac. Hien nay Tong cong ty Bia Ru NGK Sai Gon SABECO co tong cong 28 thanh vien.

Cac san pham va dch vu hien nay

Sau mot qua trnh phat trien lau dai, vi s ket hp cua mot so cong ty thanh vien, SABECO a phat trien nhieu lnh vc: bia, ru, nc giai khat, c kh, bao b, van tai, bat ong san. Nhng san xuat va kinh doanh bia van la trong tam phat trien cua cong ty. Cac san pham cua SABECO cung cac cong ty trc thuoc, lien ket: Bia: bao gom cac san pham bia chai SAIGON LAGER (450ml), SAIGON EXPORT (355ml), SAIGON SPECIAL (330ml); bia lon 333 (330ml). 2

 Ru: ru Vina Vodka (175 ml, 300 ml, 750 ml), ru Napoleon X.O (175ml, 700ml), ru e Bnh Tay (500 ml, 750 ml, 2.7 l), ru Nang Hng (500 ml),... Nc giai khat: Nc khoang DAKAI, Xa X Chng Dng,... C kh: bao gom cac san pham thiet b ap lc, thiet b cong nghiep, thiet b san xuat bia, ket cau thep va xay dng. Bao b: chuyen cung cap cac san pham chai thuy tinh, bao b, nut khoen, kho bai Van tai: giao nhan Bia Sai Gon, va phan phoi en cai ai ly, nha phan phoi, Bat ong san Me Linh: xay dng cao oc, cho thue van phong, ca hang ban le.

C cau to chc cua SABECO

a. Cac phong ban, n v trc thuoc tong cong ty: + Van phong tong cong ty + Ban tai chnh Ke toan + Ban tieu thu Th trng Thng hieu + Ban quan ly au t & phat trien + Ban ky thuat san xuat + Ban cung ng + Nha may bia trung tam 187 Nguyen Ch Thanh + Nha may Bia Sai Gon Cu Chi b. Cac cong ty trc thuoc SABECO + Cong ty TNHH 1 thanh vien TMDV Bia ru NGK Sai Gon + Cong ty co phan NGK Chng Dng + Cong ty co phan Ru Bnh Tay + Cong ty co phan C Kh & Xay lap Cong Nghiep IMECO + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Nghe Tnh + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Phu Yen + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Mien Tay + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Ha Nam + Cong ty co phan Bia-Ru Sai Gon ong Xuan + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Daklak + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Bnh Tay + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Song Lam + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Quang Ngai + Cong ty co phan Bia Sai Gon Vnh Long c. Cac cong ty lien doanh Lien ket + Cong ty TNHH Crown Sai Gon 3

+ + + + + + + +

Cong Cong Cong Cong Cong Cong Cong Cong

ty ty ty ty ty ty ty ty

TNHH Thuy tinh Malaya Viet Nam TNHH Me Linh Point TNHH Bao b SanMiguel Phu Tho TNHH San xuat ru va con Viet Nam co phan Bao b Kho bai Bnh Tay co phan Van tai va giao nhan Bia Sai Gon co phan Nc khoang aKai co phan Bao b Sabeco Song Lam

V the cua SABECO trong nganh cong nghiep bia Viet Nam
Nhan hieu Bia Sai Gon luon gi v tr so 1 ve lng tieu thu tai Viet Nam t khi thanh lp n nay, cac san phm ca Sabeco ang chim gn 35% th phn toan quc va a xut khu i khong 15 quc gia tren the gii. Sabeco a xay dng mt h thng mng li phan phi rng khp trong hn 40 tnh thanh c nc, chuyen oi 36 chi nhanh bia khu vc thanh 8 cong ty co phan, cac cong ty gan quyen li va trach nhiem vi Tong cong ty, phat trien th trng theo chieu sau, ly u tn, ci tin cht lng lam ng lc.

Cac thanh tu at c trong 30 nam qua

- La n v dan au toan nganh hoan thanh xuat sac nhiem vu chnh tr vi nang suat, chat lng va hieu qua cao, ieu o a ong gop khong nho vao s phat trien kinh te cua nganh, a phng va at nc. - n v hang au trong chnh sach xay dng va phat trien th trng he thong phan phoi trong lnh vc kinh doanh san pham bia cua Viet Nam vi san lng tieu thu chiem tren 35% th phan. - Thng hieu Bia Sai Gon gi vng c uy tn vi khach hang va ngay cang phat trien, xng ang la thng hieu LA NIEM T HAO CUA VIET NAM. - Thu nhap bnh quan can bo cong nhan vien: 1997 at 3,2 trieu ong, nam 2006 at 6,0 trieu ong/ngi/thang; tang 187,50%. - Cong tac xa hoi: 1997 at 812,4 trieu ong; nam 2006 at 3,3 ty ong; tang 406,20%. - Danh hieu Bia Sai Gon Hang Viet Nam chat lng cao, c ngi tieu dung bnh chon lien tuc trong 12 nam t nam 1997. - San pham Bia lon 333 at Huy Chng Bac tai cuoc thi bnh chon Bia quoc te to chc tai Australia nam 1999, 2000, va 2001

Nha may Bia Sai Gon Nguyen Ch Thanh

S o bo tr mat bang:

Chu thch 1. To bao ve

8. To x ly nc thai 2. Kho bia thanh pham 9. Cong trng xay dng 3. Kho cha nguyen 10. Khu vc phan lieu phoi bia 4. Van phong hanh 11. To ong lc hi chnh ot 5. Kho tap ket vat t 12. Silo nhap lieu 5

15. Xng loc 16. Len men chnh 17. Xng APV 18. Len men phu 19. Tank

6. To ong lc CO2 7. Xng chiet ong goi

xng nau 13. Xng nau va 14. Phong k thuat

outdoor

Quy mo san xuat: 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 2001

Nam

San lng 72.1 79.9 94.8 118.0 143.0 166.3 173.1 250.0 (Trieu 02 08 10 80 20 98 22 00 lt ) Trong nhng nam gan ay, nh hng phat trien nha may theo hng t ong hoa hoan toan, giam so lng nhan vien van hanh may, giam san lng san xuat, chuyen oi dan thanh nha may kieu mau phuc vu cho viec tham quan, nghien cu. Cac san pham cua nha may : San pham bia chai SAI GON LAGER - Thng hieu: SAIGON LAGER - Bao b: chai thuy tinh mau nau, dung tch 450 ml. - Ch tieu chat lng chu yeu: o con 4.3% the tch. - ac tnh ky thuat: s dung nguyen lieu la malt, gao, hoa houblon, nc. - ac tnh s dung: s dung tot nhat 10 12oC. - Th trng tieu thu: tren toan quoc.

San pham bia chai SAIGON EXPORT - Thng hieu : SAIGON EXPORT - Bao b: chai thuy tinh mau nau, dung tch 355 ml. - Ch tieu chat lng chu yeu: o con 4.9% the tch. - ac tnh ky thuat: s dung nguyen lieu la malt, gao, hoa houblon, nc. - ac tnh s dung: s dung tot nhat 10 12oC. - Th trng tieu thu: mien ong va Tay Nam bo, mien Trung. 6

- Xuat khau: Phap, My, c, Uc, Hongkong, Nhat, EU, Singapore. San pham bia lon 333 EXPORT - Thng hieu : 333 EXPORT - Bao b: lon nhom, dung tch 330 ml. - Ch tieu chat lng chu yeu: o con 5.3% the tch. - ac tnh ky thuat: s dung nguyen lieu malt, gao, hoa houblon, nc. - ac tnh s dung: s dung tot nhat 10 12oC . - Th trng tieu thu: toan quoc. - Xuat khau i: My, Nhat, Nga, ai Loan.

I.1

Ve sinh moi trng2

Qui nh ve tr moi mot, gian, chuot - Diet chuot : 3 thang mot lan, at bay diet chuot tai cac phong len men vao ngay ngh san xuat tuan cuoi thang do cac an toan vien phan xng thc hien. - Diet moi mot : 6 thang mot lan tai khu vc van phong phan xng, do nhan vien tr moi ben ngoai lam vao tuan cuoi thang 6 va thang 12. Ve sinh moi trng lam viec - Yeu cau ky thuat cua moi trng: khong co moc meo tren vach tng, ng i, hoc ket, cong ranh phai thoat nc, khong co mui hoi thoi. - Sat trung phong len men: 1 tuan mot lan bang cach rac thuoc vao cac gam thung len men, cac goc ket vao ngay ngh san xuat.

An toan lao ong

Cac hoa chat cha chlor (chlorua voi, hypochloride, chlor long, kh chlor) Tac hai cua chlor len ngi lao ong: - Gay bong da, nguy hiem nhat la bong mat. nong o thap, chlor kch ng niem mac, gay chay nc mat, ho va co that

Chu yeu tap trung xng nau, xng len men v ay la ni quyet nh chat lng san pham. Th 2 au tuan la ngay toan bo cac phan xng tong ve sinh, sa cha va bao tr may moc thiet b.

phe quan. nong o cao, co the gay chet bat ng, do ngng ho hap va ngat, phu phoi va phong hoa hoc. Bien phap phong nga: - Thng xuyen kiem tra, bao dng thay the thiet b, may moc, ng ong kp thi v chlor an mon rat nhanh. - Mang khau trang, gang tay, knh che mat khi tiep xuc vi hoa chat. - Khi tiep xuc vi chlor phai eo mat na chong chlor. Mat na phai trang thai tot, co hieu qua khi s dung. - Tuan thu nghiem chnh bang hng dan cong viec co chlor. - Kham sc khoe nh k hang nam. Formaldehyde (Formol) Tac ong cua formol len ngi lao ong: - Mat: cay mat, chay nc mat, kch ng mat. - Ho hap: ho, sac, kho th, tc ngc, au hai ben thai dng. - Da: sam da, nt ne, da day len, nga noi man, hoai th. - Mong tay: sam mau, de gay, mem nhun, ong vay, au buot . - Tiep xuc man tnh gay viem thanh quan, khan tieng, kem an, mat ngu, tim ap nhanh. Bien phap phong nga: - Mang khau trang, gang tay, knh che mat khi tiep xuc vi hoa chat. - Tuan thu nghiem chnh bang hng dan cong viec co lien quan en hoa chat. - Gi ni lam viec thong thoang. - Ve sinh sach se tai v tr lam viec trc va sau khi s dung hoa chat. Cac chat kiem an da (NaOH, NH4 OH) Tac ong cua kiem len ngi lao ong: -Da: bong da, loet da. - Mong tay, mong chan: de gay va rung khi ngam chan tay trong dung dch. - Mat: bong nghiem trong khi soude vang vao. - Uong nham se gay non ma, au bung d doi va thng dan en t vong. Bien phap phong nga: - Mang khau trang, gang tay, giay ung khi tiep xuc vi hoa chat. 8

- Tuan thu nghiem chnh bang hng dan cong viec co lien quan en hoa chat. - Gi ni lam viec thong thoang. - Ve sinh sach se tai v tr lam viec trc va sau khi s dung hoa chat. Hi lanh Tac hai cua moi trng lao ong lanh: - Gay ton thng da nh sng tay, phong, viem loet da. - Gay te cng mat cam giac cac au chi, viem tac tnh mach chi, gay au, viem c, viem day than kinh ngoai bien. - De mac cac benh ve ho hap: viem hong, viem phe quan, hen suyen. - Tang nguy c mac cac benh man tnh ve tim mach, thap khp. Bien phap phong nga: - S dung ay u cac phng tien bao ve ca nhan: ao am, gang tay, mu, giay ung bao ho. - Ngoi ngh 15 20 phut tai phong em (xa lanh) trc khi i ra ngoai hay i vao phong lanh e tranh thay oi nhiet o ot ngot. - Uong nc nong, ngh giai lao tai phong am. - An cac thc an ay u chat beo va chat am e chong lanh.

Kh CO2 Tac ong cua CO2 len ngi lao ong: - nong o thap (di 0.5%): kch thch trung tam ho hap lam tang nhp ho hap. - nong o cao (tren 1.5%): tang cng o ho hap, kch thch nao, trung tam van mach, giam cam giac, oi khi dan en hon me. Bien phap phong nga: - Than trong khi lam viec trong khong gian kn. - Neu ni lam viec co nong o CO 2 cao va nong o O2 thap th phai dung mat na cach ly (co nguon th rieng) khi vao lam viec.

Phong chay cha chay (PCCC)

- Viec PCCC la ngha vu cua toan the can bo cong nhan vien, ke ca khach en e lien he cong tac. Tat ca cac phong ban, phan xng, kho hang,... phai trang b ay u cac dung cu, phng tien PCCC va bo tr nhng ni de thay, de lay, de s dung va bao dng tot, s dung cha chay kp thi vi hieu qua cao. - Nghiem cam un nau, hut thuoc la trong kho hang, khu vc san xuat va nhng ni co bien bao Cam la hay Cam hut thuoc. Trong san xuat khi s dung cac chat de chay, no, oc, can chu y quan ly tat ca nguon la, ien nhiet va thc hien ung cac qui nh ve quy trnh cong nghe va ve sinh cong nghiep. - Khi thiet ke, thi cong he thong ien va thiet b ien phai am bao tieu chuan an toan ve PCCC. Khi can s dung han ien, han hi cac khu vc nguy hiem phai co s ong y cua ngi co tham quyen va ap dung cac bien phap an toan tuyet oi trc khi s dung.

X ly chat thai
Ve nc thai: Nc gieng dung ve sinh may moc, nha xng c dan ve he thong x ly tap trung, tai ay nc sau x ly c dung tiep lan 2, phuc vu viec ra nha xng, ve sinh thiet b. Dung dch can t bon len men c tap trung vao cac tank cha va ep thanh banh men, phan dung dch c a ve he thong x ly chnh. Ve kh thai: Kh thai t to ong lc (cung cap hi), xng chiet va xng nau c i qua cac cyclone lang bui trc khi a ra ngoai tri. Ve chat thai ran: oi vi ba hem t qua trnh loc nc nha, banh men va bui malt, bui gao c gom lai va ban lam thc an gia suc. oi vi chat thai ran nguy hai, nha may hp ong vi cong ty ve sinh moi trng e ch i chon lap.

10

DAY CHUYEN CONG NGHE

Nguyen lieu
Malt Malt la ten goi chung ch ngu coc nay mam (ai mach, tieu mach, thoc gao, thoc nep). Tuy nhien Viet Nam cha trong c ai mach, do o phai nhap malt t nc ngoai nen chi ph san xuat tang len. Do vay gia thanh cua tng loai bia tng ng vi ham lng malt nguyen chat, t o cung mot phan quyet nh xem bia co ngon hay khong.

Hnh 1. ai mach ngoai ong va sau khi thu hoach

Qui trnh san xuat malt Ngam ai mach vao nc ieu kien nhiet o thch hp e s nay mam xay ra; sau o m mam, say mam, tach bo re mam, va ket qua thu c la malt thanh pham. Ngam ai mach Ham lng am co san trong hat khi bao quan la toi thieu, ch u e duy tr s song tnh cua phoi mam, ch khong u de phoi mam phat trien, v vay muon cho phoi mam phat trien, hat nay mam tot, hat can hut them mot lng nc t do t moi trng. S chuyen bien t hat ai mach thanh malt la ket qua cua nhng qua trnh sinh hoa va cac qua trnh khac xay ra trong hat. Do vay, ngam ai mach la qua trnh au tien va rat quan trong, anh hng trc tiep en thi gian m mam, hao ph chat kho trong qua trnh san xuat malt, do o anh hng en chat lng thanh pham cua malt. Cac yeu to anh hng + Anh hng nhiet cua nc ngam: trong mot gii han nhat nh, neu nhiet o nc ngam cang tang th toc o hut nc cua hat cang nhanh va ngc lai. Nhiet o toi u cua nc ngam ai mach la 10 120oC. 11

+ Anh hng cua oxi trong ncngam: giai oan au cua qua trnh ngam trong nc, th oxy la yeu to quyet nh en cng o ho hap, giup giai phong ra nang lng can thiet cho s phat trien cua mam. Phng phap ngam Hien tren the gii s dung pho bien phng phap ngam ti phun, bang phng phap nay ta co the cung cap lien tuc, ay u lng oxy can thiet cho hat. Cu the nh sau: hat trc khi ngam c ra s bo nhng thung rieng, sau o c bo xuong mang li chuyen ong thanh tng lp day, mang li nay lien tuc i qua nhng voi phun nc kieu hoa sen, hat c ti lien tuc bi nhng luong nc rat mn va bao hoa oxy giong nh sng, lien tuc nh vay cho en khi at o am can thiet. m mam Khi hat ai mach qua qua trnh ngam a at en o am can bang can thiet cho s len mam se co nhng chuyen bien ly hoa, sinh hoa. Khi o neu cac ieu kien ve o am, nhiet o, oxy ay u va thch hp th phoi mam se phat trien nhanh. Co the noi giai oan m mam la qua trnh quan trong nhat e bien oi hat ai mach thanh malt. m mam ai mach nham muc ch: tao va duy tr ieu kien thuan li e he enzyme thuy phan tang trng ve khoi lng va cng o xuc tac. Giai phong he enzyme khoi trang thai ngh tao ieu kien e phan cat mot lng ang ke cac chat cao phan t thanh cac san pham n gian hn. ong thi pha v thanh te bao lam cho hat mem ra, tao nen nhieu s bien oi c ly va hoa hoc trong thanh phan hat ai mach. Bien oi trong hat malt + Bien oi sinh ly: s phat trien cua phoi mam lien quan en s ho hap va qua trnh tong hp nen nhng chat mi. + Bien oi sinh hoa: nhng phan ng thuy phan cac chat d tr trong noi nhu lien quan en cac enzyme. + Bien oi hoa hoc: la tac dung tng ho gia san pham sau thuy phan chat d tr cung hp chat hoa tan cua hat, t o hnh thanh nen hng v cua hat malt. + Bien oi vat ly: la s van chuyen qua lai cua cac chat hoa tan (dinh dng) gia 12

noi nhu va phoi mam. Nhng yeu to anh hng ti qua trnh m mam Trong thi gian m mam can co s kiem soat chat che cac yeu to ky thuat cua moi trng, ac biet la oxy, nhiet o, o am nham khong che c s phat trien toi thieu cua mam re va mam la, ong thi phai hoat hoa toi a cac he enzyme. Chnh nhng he enzyme nay se tac ong manh en cac bien oi sinh hoa trong noi nhu, nh vay se thu c malt co o phan giai cao, co li khi s dung trong qua trnh nau nc nha ve sau. Nhiet o m mam ong mot vai tro ac biet quan trong, anh hng trc tiep en hoat ong enzyme trong thi gian hat nay mam, nhiet o hat malt co xu hng tang dan do s thai nhiet trong qua trnh ho hap. Trong mot gii han nhat nh s gia tang nhiet o se thuc ay ho hap, cng o hoat ong cua cac he thong enzyme. T o tao ieu kien cho phoi mam phat trien manh, ong thi giam nhanh ham lng chat kho trong hat. Trong trng hp nhiet o tang qua gii han can thiet se anh hng xau en hieu suat chat hoa tan va chat lng malt. Cac he enzyme trong hat sau giai oan m mam + He enzyme oxy hoa kh: tham gia xuc tac qua trnh ho hap cua hat ai mach gom co cac enzyme nh oxydase, peroxydase, catalase, sacarase va maltase. + He thong enzyme sitase: la tap hp cua cellulase, hemicellulase va -glucosidase. Tong hoat ong cua he thong enzyme sitase trong qua trnh m mam se lam thay oi cau truc gia lp vo ngan cach gia vo trau va noi nhu. + He enzyme amylase: gom co -amylase, -amylase va amilo phosphatase tham gia qua trnh thuy phan tinh bot thanh ng maltose, dextrin. + He enzyme protease: trong hat ai mach, toan bo he thong enzyme nay trang thai lien ket, hau nh khong hoat ong. Phng phap m mam S dung pho bien hien nay la phng phap m mam thong gio, c tien hanh bang cach thoi luong kh trc tiep vao lp hat. Khong kh sau khi qua bo phan ieu hoa se c lam sach bui, vi sinh vat, ha nhiet o thap hn so vi nhiet o trong lp 13

malt t 2 3oC va o am bao hoa hi nc at khoang 98 100%. Say malt Malt ti luon co mot lng am kha ln (W = 40%), v the phai tien hanh say malt ngay sau giai oan m mam e cham dt sm s phat trien cua hat malt (s phat trien cua choi va re), han che toi a ton that chat kho cua hat, giup on nh chat lng malt khi bao quan va van chuyen i xa. Yeu cau - Tach triet e o am t do trong hat malt. - Bao toan c hoat tnh cua enzyme. - Thong qua che o say, ta thu c nhng loai malt theo yeu cau ky thuat. - Quan trong nhat trong say malt la tao ra melanoidin, mot hon hp bao gom nhieu hp chat, la yeu to quan trong chi phoi chat lng bia vang va la nhan to quyet nh ve hng v, mau sac, kha nang tao bot cho bia en. Tach re, mam malt Trong thanh phan hoa hoc cua re malt cha nhieu hp chat thuoc nhom acid alkaloid. Neu nhng hp chat nay ton tai trong bia se gay nen nhng v ang rat kho chu. Mat khac, mot so thanh phan hoa hoc trong re malt la nguyen nhan gay nen nhieu ru bac cao trong qua trnh len men bia. Do vay cong oan tach re malt ong vai tro quan trong quyet nh chat lng hat malt va bia thanh pham sau nay. Qua trnh tach mam c tien hanh ngay sau khi malt va ra khoi lo say. Luc nay mam va re trang thai kho, don, rat de gay, tuy nhien neu e nguoi th chung se hut am, tr nen dai va kho tach triet e. Bao quan malt Malt kho sau khi say tach mam va re can c bao quan ton tr nhiet o thap (<20oC), thoang va khong kh kho. Thi gian bao quan toi thieu la 4 tuan va toi a la 2 nam. Phai theo doi thng xuyen nhiet o va khong kh trong kho e kiem soat nhng bien oi sinh hoa gay anh hng xau len chat lng malt. Ch tieu anh gia chat lng malt kho Malt vang co mau vang rm, malt en co mau vang sam hn, vo malt phai ong anh, kch thc va hnh dang phai giong nh hat ai mach kho. Phai ac trng cho tng loai malt, khong co mui la, neu co 14

Mau Mui v

mui chua hoac moc chng to malt con am. Khong lan tap chat, hat khong b v, lng hat cho phep v o sach toi a la 15%, lng hat benh toi a la 1%, lng hat khong nay mam toi a la 5%. o am malt sau khi say <4.5% va trong bao quan tot cho phep W < 7%. Thi gian ng hoa 70oC cho malt vang la 10 20 phut, Thanh malt en la 20 30 phut. phan Tong lng chat hoa tan trung bnh chiem khoang 65 82% hoa hoc chat kho. Ham lng maltose trong malt vang khoang 70% chat hoa tan, malt en khoang 59 65% chat hoa tan. pH tao ra khi ng hoa t 5.5 6.5

Houblon

Hnh 2. Hoa houblon ti va cac dang thanh pham vien, cao.

Houblon thuoc ho day leo, song lau nam (30 40 nam), co chieu cao trung bnh 10 15 m. Hien nay tren the gii ang trong tren 100 giong hoa houblon khac nhau. Loai thc vat nay ch thch hp vi kh hau on i nen c trong nhieu c, CH Sec, Nga, Phap, My, Trung Quoc, Hoa houblon co hoa c va hoa cai 15

rieng biet cho tng cay, trong san xuat bia ch s dung hoa cai cha thu phan. Hoa c khong c s dung v no rat nho, cha t lng phan hoa (lupulin), chat ang cung rat kem. Hoa houblon la nguyen lieu c ban ng th 2 (sau ai mach) cua cong nghe san xuat bia. Hoa houblon lam cho bia co v ang du, hng thm rat ac trng lam tang kha nang tao va gi ben bot, lam tang o ben keo va o on nh sinh hoc cua san pham. Do nhng ac tnh cc k ac biet nh vay nen hoa houblon van gi mot vai tro oc ton va la nguyen lieu khong the thay the trong nganh san xuat bia. Thanh phan hoa Houblon Chat ang Chat ang tao cho bia co v ac trng va de chu. Khi hoa tan vao dch ng va ton tai trong bia, chat ang giup tang sc cang be mat dung dch gop phan gi ben bot. Chung con co tnh khang khuan do o lam tang o ben sinh hoc cua bia thanh pham. Cac thanh phan chu yeu - -acid ang (humulon): anh hng en 90% o ang, bao gom humulon va cac ong phan cua no, hp chat nay gay ang manh nhng khang sinh rat yeu. - -acid ang (lupulon): bao gom lupulon va cac ong phan i kem. Lupulon co tnh ang yeu hn humulon nhng co tnh khang sinh manh do o phai s dung ket hp ca 2 loai acid nay. - Nha mem: la polyme acid ang chung co kha nang tao ra lc ang cao hn lupulon. - Nha cng: cung la polyme acid ang nhng mat o cao hn nhieu so vi nha mem. Nha ang khong tan trong nc va dch ng do o khong co gia tr trong san xuat bia. Tanin (polyphenol) Ham lng tanin trong hoa houblon la 2 5% tnh theo chat kho, tap trung nhieu canh hoa va ai hoa. Chat nay co nhng tnh chat anh hng en qua trnh san xuat bia nh: v gat (lam se moi), giup hnh thanh ket tua protein, b oxy hoa thanh cac hp chat mau nau o, ket hp vi cac muoi sat hnh thanh cac hp chat en. Do nhng ac tnh nay, cac polyphenol gay uc trong bia, anh hng en v va mau sac cua bia. Tinh dau Tinh dau hoa houblon chiem 0.17 0.65% trong lng hoa. Tinh dau hoa tan trong dch ng, ton tai trong bia va tao cho bia mui thm ac trng rat nhe nhang va de chu. Tinh dau la chat 16

long trong suot mau vang nhat hoac khong mau co mui thm rat la nhng hoa tan rat yeu trong nc (0.4mg/l), kho hoa tan trong con thap nhng hoa tan hoan toan trong con nguyen chat va este. a phan tinh dau la nhng cau t de bay hi, do o trong thi gian un soi dch ng vi hoa houblon, co en 98% lng tinh dau thm tach khoi ch con 2% ton tai trong bia. Che pham hoa Houblon S dung hoa houblon nguyen canh trong san xuat bia co u iem la bao am c chat lng tot nhat. Nhng nhng thanh phan hu ch cua hoa houblon rat de b oxy hoa v the hoa hai ve phai tr trong moi trng kho rao, toi va co nhiet o thap. Thng ngi ta xay dng kho bao quan cach nhiet, that toi, va thong thoang bang khong kh kho, lanh, gi nhiet o khoang 0.5 2oC . Do o s dung dang nay khong kinh te va gap kho khan trong cong tac van chuyen, lu tr lau dai. - Dang hoa canh kho: hoa c say en khi at o am <13%, sau o c ep chat thanh banh, boc kn trong cac loai giay ac biet ma khong kh khong the tham tch qua c, ong thi co the nap them kh tr e ngan chan toi a tnh trang oxy hoa. - Dang hoa houblon hat, vien: e s dung thuan tien ton kem trong thi gian bao quan va van chuyen, ngi ta nghien nat canh hoa kho thanh dang bot. Sau o cho qua may ep vien nh hnh e thu gon va c boc trong giay ac biet co nap them kh tr nh hoa canh kho. Gia tr chat lng c tnh theo % -acid ang cua hoa canh va hoa vien nh nhau nhng hoa vien co hieu qua s dung cao hn nen c dung pho bien. - Cao hoa houblon: la hon hp cac chat ang c chiet tach bang dung moi hu c (thng la etanol) t hoa va em co ac lai. u iem la ham lng chat ang rat cao, bao quan lau dai. Nhc iem chu yeu cua cao hoa la ham lng tinh dau thap (do bay hi cung vi qua trnh tach dung moi). Thong thng gia tr s dung trong 1kg cao hoa tng ng 5 6 kg hoa canh hoac hoa vien.

17

Nam men

Hnh 3. Te bao nam men ang nay choi

Nam men noi - Hau het cac te bao khi quan sat nay choi th ng rieng le hay thanh tng oi, hnh dang chu yeu la hnh cau. - Nhiet o len men: 10 25oC - Len men manh, qua trnh len men xay ra tren be mat cua moi trng. - Khi qua trnh len men ket thuc, cac te bao ket chum, tao thanh lp day tren be mat cung vi bot bia, bia t trong cham. Nam men chm - Te bao nam men me va con sau khi nay choi thng dnh lai vi nhau thanh chuoi cac te bao co hnh cau hoac ovan vi kch thc khoang 7 10 m. - Nhiet o len men: 0 10oC - Qua trnh len men xay ra trong long moi trng nen kha nang len men tot. - Co kha nang len men hoan toan (v co the len men ng raffinose triet e). - Khi len men xong, cac te bao ket thanh chum hoac chuoi ket lang xuong ay tank rat nhanh, nh vay bia chong t trong hn hen men noi. Hien tai nha may Bia Sai Gon s dung nam men chm Saccharomyces Carlsbergensis c Hasen phan lap nam 1833 vi ay u cac ac tnh cua chung nam men chm vi nhieu u iem vt troi:

18

- Len men manh trong long moi trng; khi het nguon glucid th nam men co xu hng ket chum, chuoi va lang nhanh xuong ay thung len men, lam trong bia nhanh. - Len men c glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, saccharose, maltose. ac biet phan giai c raffinose va cac dextrin n gian, len men tot, tham ch nhiet o thap t 6 10oC (cac giong khac khong co kha nang nay). - Ngoai ra chung nam men nay con co kha nang tai s dung tot (6 - 8 i), ty le te bao chet <10%. S khac nhau ve ac iem sinh l cua nam men noi va chm Chu yeu kha nang len men cac loai ng trisaccharide (v du raffinose). Trong nam men chm co the s dung toan bo raffinose trong khi o nam men noi ch s dung khoang 1/3 loai ng nay. Ngoai ra chung con khac nhau ve kha nang ho hap, kha nang trao oi chat khi len men va hnh thanh bao t. Qua trnh trao oi chat nam men chm chu yeu xay ra qua trnh len men, con nam men noi xay ra chu yeu trong qua trnh ho hap, do vay sinh khoi cua nam men noi nhieu hn cua nam men chm. Nam men chm co nong o enzyme thap hn nam men noi. Kha nang tao nao bao t cua nam men chm lau hn va t hn nam men noi. S khac nhau ve cong nghe len men Nam men chm chia ra 2 loai tuy thuoc vao kha nang ket lang la nam men bui va nam men ket bong. Nam men bui la nam men phan ly mn trong dch len men va ket thuc t t khi ket thuc len men chnh. Nam men ket bong la loai nam men co the ket dnh vi nhau khi ket thuc qua trnh len men chnh. Nam men noi khong co kha nang nay. Ngoai ra nhiet o len men cua moi chung cung khac nhau. Nam men chm co the len men 4 12 oC, nam men noi la 14 25oC. Hau het cac chung nam men eu rat nhay cam vi moi trng co tnh acid cao, v du nh acid pyruvic. V vay trong qua trnh tien hoa, t ban than chung a hnh thanh mot c che giai oc acid bang cach chuyen hoa acid pyruvic thanh etanol va CO2, roi sau o ca hai chat nay eu c bai tiet ra ngoai. Theo cong nghe san xuat bia truyen thong, nam men chm thng len men nhiet o t 7 12oC, khi ket thuc qua trnh len men chung lang xuong ay thiet b. Trong khi o len men noi c thc hien ieu kien nhiet o t 18 22 oC, cuoi qua trnh len men cac nam men ket thanh tng chum va b hap thu 19

vao cac bot kh CO2 roi noi len be mat dch len men. Nh vay khi san xuat bia bang phng phap len men noi, nam men c tach khoi bia bang cach tach bot, con len men chm th xa can ay thiet b len men. Nguyen lieu thay the Trong san xuat bia viec dung the lieu thay cho malt tuy thuoc vao ieu kien chu quan va khach quan nh nham muc ch ha gia thanh san pham, tao ra cac san pham bia co mc chat lng khac nhau, cai thien mot vai tnh chat cua san pham hay theo n at hang cua ngi tieu dung. The lieu phai doi dao nguon glucid ma t o di tac dung cua enzyme trong malt, glucid cua the lieu se chuyen hoa thanh ng hoa tan. Khi s dung the lieu, chat lng cua chung se anh hng trc tiep en chat lng bia (mau sac, mui v), do o can quan tam en thanh phan hoa hoc cua the lieu. Trong nha may Bia Sai Gon hien nay s dung the lieu la gao (chiem 25%) do gao co nhng u iem sau: - Co san trong nc vi gia re va chat lng cao. - Do ham lng glucid va protein kha cao, kha nang chuyen hoa thanh chat hoa tan tot, co the at 90% chat kho. Thc te a cho thay co the thay the gao cho malt en 50% (neu malt co hoat tnh enzyme tot). Thanh phan hoa hoc cua gao: - Ham lng tinh bot: 77.8% - Hp chat nit: 7.9% - Ham lng chat beo 0.5% - Chat tro: 0.7% - o am: 12.6% Ch tieu chat lng gao dung e san xuat bia: - Hat phai sach, khong co tap chat, khong co hat moc, mui hoi. - Mau sac phai ong eu. Ngoai ra mot so ni co s dung the lieu khac nh: -Bap c s dung cac nc chau Phi hoac My La Tinh, v trong bap co ham lng lipid cao nam trong phoi v vay can phai tach bo phoi va vo hat. - ai mach: c s dung nhieu cac nc chau Au, Bac My hoac mot so nc trong c ai mach.

20

- Lua m: do ac tnh cua lua m khong co vo trau nh ai mach, mat khac ham lng gluten kha cao, v vay muon dung gao m lam the lieu cho malt ai mach thng phai m mam roi dung ket hp vi malt. - au: ham lng tinh bot trong au khong ln, thng nho hn 40% trong lng, v vay trong nau bia ngi ta dung au khong phai y ngha the lieu cho malt ma vi y ngha lam cho bia co kha nang tao bot manh, la nguon thc an tot cho nam men ve sau. Ngoai ra trong au con cha nhieu vitamin va cac chat kch to tang trng oi vi nam men. - ng saccharose: c s dung nh mot the lieu cao cap, a trc tiep di dang tinh the vao noi un vi hoa houblon hoac a vao di dang siro trong qua trnh chiet bia (oi vi mot vai loai bia ngot).

Hnh 4. Gao, bap va lua m la nhng the lieu pho bien trong san xuat bia

Nc Nc la nguyen lieu chnh e san xuat bia va chiem 77 90% trong lng bia thanh pham. Nc dung trong qua trnh tron, nau, ng hoa va pha loang dch len men. Ngoai ra, nc con c dung e ra nam men va ve sinh thiet b. Thanh phan cua nc anh hng rat ln en chat lng bia thanh pham. Tuy theo muc ch s dung ma yeu cau chat lng cua nc cung khac nhau: - Nc dung nau bia: neu co cac muoi cacbonat va bicacnonat se hoa tan chat ang, chat chat trong vo malt lam cho bia co v ang kho chu. Can lam mem nc trc khi a vao s dung. - Nc ra nam men phai sach, khong cha nhieu hp chat hu c va ac biet khong cha vi sinh vat tap nhiem. - Nc ra thiet b nen co o cng thap, ac biet khong cha NH3 va cac muoi nitrit. 21

Cac chat phu gia khac La nhng hoa chat s dung trong quy trnh cong nghe san xuat bia nhng chung khong c phep co mat trong san pham hoac co mat trong san pham vi ham lng quy nh. - H2SO4 am ac: giup ieu chnh pH cua dch ng, SO42- ket hp vi Ca2+ tao CaSO4 ket tua keo theo cac chat ban bam theo giup qua trnh lang va loc nhanh hn. - CaCl2: dang vien, dung trong giai oan au cua noi malt. Co tac dung tang kha nang chu nhiet, giup trao oi chat cua nam men trong tong hp protein, tang o ben tang tr bia, chong uc, tao ieu kien thuan li e cac enzyme hoat ong trong qua trnh len men. - Formol cong nghiep 10%: cho cung luc vi CaCl2 trong noi malt, tang kha nang khang khuan cua bia, lam ket tua tannin co trong vo malt tranh lam uc bia. - Caramel: dung trong giai oan au cua noi nau hoa houblon tao mau vang cho bia, tang o ng cua nc nha. - ZnCl2: cho cung luc vi caramel, giup thuc ay qua trnh len men. - Cac chat tr loc: loc trong dch ng, loc bia sau len men, c tao t rong bien, xng ong vat. - Cac chat chong oxi hoa: acid ascorbic, collupulin. Collupulin dung di dang che pham men co tac dung phan huy nhng chat co phan t lng cao trong bia (chu yeu la protid) e han che hien tng uc bia. - Hoa chat dung trong ve sinh cong nghiep nh HCl, NaOH, acid peracetic, nc chlor. - Acid lactic: tao pH cho dung dch. - Maturex: rut ngan thi gian len men phu va han che tao diacetyl. - PVPP: dung hap phu polyphenol tang cng o trong cua bia. - Than hoat tnh: lam sach nc va CO2.

Cac dang nang lng s dung

ien Nha may s dung li ien thanh pho, ng day 3 pha, tan so 60 Hz. ong thi, nha may co he thong may phat ien d phong. Dau ot (dau DO)

22

Phuc vu viec ot lo hi, cung cap hi nong cho nhu cau san xuat cac phan xng. ng hi c dan trong cac ong boc lp amiang cach nhiet. Kh nen (gio, kh CO2) oi vi gio lay t khong kh, phuc vu qua trnh lam sach, tay ra may moc, bui ban va van chuyen nguyen lieu malt, gao. oi vi kh CO2 s dung e tang ap, giam ap trong qua trnh bm nc nha vao tank len men, bao hoa dch bia may chiet. Nc Trc ay nha may s dung hoan toan bang nc gieng phuc vu qua trnh san xuat. Hien nay cac cong oan quan trong nh nau dch nha, ve sinh cong nghiep, suc ra chai va nc giai nhiet a c thay bang nc thanh pho. Nc gieng chu yeu dung trong ve sinh nha xng, ra ket bia va lam nc giai nhiet mot so cong oan phu.

23

Qui trnh cong nghe

Malt Sag (1 la) n n Ca n Xay N c CaCl2 Pha bomalt t a ho m a g hoa n Lo he c m Houblon Acid lactic Houblon ho a ZnCl2 caramen Lag ca n n La la h m n Khog kh n Na men m Vo ng tru Su kh c Le men chnh n Le men phu n La la h m n Lo c CO2 Ba ho CO2 o a Tag tr n Chai, lon Ta r y a chie t Thanh trug n Da nha n n og thug n n Sa pha n m XG CHIE N T VA NG GO O I ca n XG LO N C Bah men n Thu homen i X ly ca n R ba a Ga o Sag (2 la) n n Ca n Xay Pha boga t o Ho a ho N c H2SO4 Malt lo t N nog c n 760C Ba m he XG N NA U KHO CH A NGUYE LIE N U

XG APV N

Nha giog n n

XG LE N N MEN

Thuyet minh s lc: 24

- Nguyen lieu au vao (malt va gao) se c nha may tap trung kho cha roi theo ng ong ngam en 9 silo nhap lieu xng nau. Tai ay nguyen lieu trai qua qua trnh ray tach rac va ray tach san, tiep en en c nghien ra bot mn va nau thanh nc nha. - Nc nha sau nau c loc loai ba, roi chuyen qua noi un soi thc hien qua trnh houblon hoa tao mui, v ac trng cho bia. Sau cong oan nay, nc nha c chuyen qua xng APV e lam lanh roi bat au qua trnh len men. - Thong thng qua trnh len men cho bia noi a la 14 ngay (7 ngay len men chnh, 7 ngay len men phu), bia xuat khau la 21 ngay (7 ngay len men chnh, 14 ngay len men phu). Ket thuc qua trnh len men phu, bia se c loc lan cuoi va bao hoa CO 2 nham han che s phat trien cua vi sinh vat. Ke t ay bia san sang c em chiet va phan phoi en ni tieu thu.

CHI TIET QUI TRNH CONG NGHE

Xng nau
Chc nang: cung cap nc nha at cho xng APV. Trung bnh moi ngay xng nau 10 me, moi me khoang 2 gi 30 phut, hoat ong 24/24. Thuyet minh cu the:

Quat hut nguyen lieu Chc nang: Hut malt t bon cha nguyen lieu theo ng ong len tren cao vao bnh trung gian e chuan b cho cac qua trnh tiep theo. Nguyen ly hoat ong: - Quat hut se tao ap t tren cao, gio se thoi theo hng t di ham cha theo ng ong len tren lam cuon theo nguyen lieu. - Nguyen lieu c hut theo ng ong en bnh trung gian. Do bnh trung gian c cau tao la mot thung tru, co chieu sau va rong u cho hat malt khi i qua th se ri theo quan tnh xuong ay bnh ma khong b gio cuon i tiep. - oi khi nguyen lieu cung b cuon theo quat hut, v the co mot ng ong t 25

quat hut xuong trc tiep ray tach san e thu hoi nhng hat nguyen lieu nay.

26

1. 2. 3. 4. 1 5. 6.

Silo nhap lieu gao (x3) Silo nhap lieu malt (x6) Quat hut nguyen lieu Cyclone hut bui trc ray lan May ray tach rac May ray loai san

7. Cyclone hut bui sau ray lan 1 8. Can t ong 9. May nghien bua 10. Thung cha bot 11. Tank cha nc 12. Noi un gao

13. 14. 15. 16.

Noi un malt May ep hem Thung trung gian Noi un soi

17. Bo trao oi nhiet 18. Thung cha hoa houblon

27

Nguyen lieu: Xng nau co 9 silo nhap lieu, chia lam 3 silo danh cho gao (sc cha 100 tan/silo) va 6 silo danh cho malt (sc cha 80 tan/silo). Trong 6 silo danh cho malt th chia lam 3 nhom: silo 1 + 8, silo 5 + 6, silo 7 + 9. Hien nay nha may s dung malt Tus (c) va malt Phap MFB (Phap). T le nhap lieu gia malt va gao la 3:1, moi me gom 7500 kg malt va 2500 kg gao, tong cong la10 tan nguyen lieu/me nau. T le phoi tron gia 2 loai malt phu thuoc vao hoat o enzyme cua 2 loai malt o, thng la 1:1 Lam sach May ray tach rac Nguyen lieu sau khi c bm t kho cha vao 9 silo nhap lieu, tai ay c hut nh quat hut tao ap t di at len lau 5. Sau o dong nguyen lieu c o xuong ray tach rac tang 5, tren ng ong dan vao may ray tach rac co noi vi cyclone kh ong nham thu hoi bui malt s dung ve sau.3 Cau tao: - May c at nghieng khoang 10o theo phng ngang nham tao o doc cho nguyen lieu va rac trt xuong. - May gom hai lp li: lp tren co lo li hnh tron, ng knh khoang 5mm (oi vi gao) va 8mm (oi vi malt); lp di co lo hnh vuong nho hn. Gia hai lp nay co cac vien bi cao su chuyen ong lien tuc nham ay nguyen lieu xuong di, tranh cho rac va nguyen lieu b ket gia hai lp li. - May hoat ong nh hai motor co cong suat 25 kW (motor lech tam), khi hoat ong li rung manh theo phng nam ngang. Nang suat ray cua may 6 tan nguyen lieu/h

Hnh 5. May ray tach rac 2 tang

Cyclone nay hut bui nguyen lieu trc khi i qua ray tach rac, nguyen nhan v malt nhap lieu dang say kho co rat nhieu bot, bui can loai ra. oi vi gao th khong co cyclone nay.

28

Nguyen tac hoat ong: Nguyen lieu au cao, do lc rung, nguyen lieu se lot qua lp li tren, con tap chat tho b gi lai va c ay ra ngoai. Khi xuong lp li pha di, cac tap chat nh cat, bot mn se lot qua lp li nay, tai ay co noi vi mot cyclone kh ong na hut ra ngoai. Nguyen lieu sach (van con san) co ng knh tng ng nh hat malt/ gao se nam pha tren lp li, t ay co ong dan trc tiep xuong may ray tach san tang 3. May ray tach san Cau tao: - May co 2 au nhap lieu, mot au noi trc tiep vi may ray tach rac tang 4 va mot au t bm hut nguyen lieu tang 5. - May c bo tr nghieng mot goc 8 9o, co motor cong suat 25kW gan mot au tao o rung theo chieu doc. May co nang suat 5 tan nguyen lieu/h.

Hnh 6. May ray tach san

Nguyen tac hoat ong: May hoat ong theo nguyen tac kh ong va lac phang, theo o nguon nguyen lieu c cho au cao hn. Kh thoi vao va u e nang hat len, con san nang hn nam di. Khi sang rung, hat di chuyen ve au thap va o xuong di can, san nang hn i ve hng ngc lai va tap trung vao thung cha. Can Sau khi ray xong, nguyen lieu a tng oi sach va chuan b em nghien. e tranh cho may nghien qua tai ta can can mot lng nguyen lieu va u vi cong suat may. He thong can t ong tang 2 cho moi lan can gao la 14 kg, can malt la 30 kg. Nguyen tac can da tren trong lng nguyen lieu, khi at 29

yeu cau cai at th can m valve cho nguyen lieu vao gau tai e chuyen ngc len tang 4 cho vao may nghien.

Hnh 7. Can t ong

Hnh 8. Gau tai muc nguyen lieu

Nghien Nguyen lieu sau moi lan can theo he thong gau tai vao thung cha trung gian roi i vao may nghien bua tang 4. Tai ay nguyen lieu c a vao t tren xuong, chay qua mot nam cham ien nham thu nhng vun sat, kem co lan vao ma qua trnh ray khong loai triet e. Neu khong thu hoi c th nhng vun sat nay khi va ap trong may nghien bua, se san sinh tia la ien va lam chay ong c. Ngoai ra, tren ong dan may nghien co bo tr luong gio thoi vuong goc vi dong nguyen lieu, nhng hat nguyen lieu nhe se thay oi goc ri, ri vao thung nghien, con nhng hat san va tap chat nang se c gi lai va ri vao thung cha tap chat cua may. Muc ch: - Pha v cau truc tinh bot cua hat, nghien hat thanh bot mn e tang be mat tiep xuc vi nc, giup cho s xam nhap cua nc vao cac thanh phan noi nhu nhanh hn (qua trnh ho hoa tot hn. - oi vi gao: do s dung gao cha nay mam nen he thong enzyme hoat hoa thuy phan tinh bot va protein trong gao hau nh khong co. V vay e qua trnh ho hoa ve sau xay ra hieu qua, ta thiet ke may nghien sao cho bot ra cang mn cang tot. - oi vi malt: ngoai viec quan tam en kch thc cua bot nghien th o nguyen cua vo trau cung c tnh toan sao cho co li khi loc sau nay. Neu nghien tho th co li cho viec loc ba malt (bang may ep hem), luc nay phan vo ong vai tro nh lp vat lieu loc. Nhng neu nghien qua tho th o ng hoa 30

se khong hoan toan. Ngc lai, neu nghien qua mn th vo trau se b nat, khong tao c o xop cao, be mat lp loc de b bt kn, kha nang loc kem. Ngoai ra trong qua trnh nau va loc, cac chat trong vo trau (tannin, polyphenol, lignin...) se vao dch nha anh hng xau en chat lng bia thanh pham.

May nghien bua Cau tao: - May co tat ca 72 bua, c xep thanh 8 day, moi day co 9 bua, cong suat nghien 4 tan/h vi ong c 37 kW, quay 1500 vong/phut. - May co gan hop oi chieu, dung thay oi chieu quay cua bua, han che trng hp bua b mon mot pha. - Li nghien gom 2 lp, co ng knh 1.2 1.5 mm (gao) va 1.4 1.7 mm (malt). Thi gian nghien 2500 kg gao khoang 45 phut, 7500 kg malt khoang 90 phut.

Hnh 9. Mat cat trong may nghien bua

Hnh 10. May nghien bua trong thc te

Nguyen tac hoat ong: Nguyen lieu khi vao may se b ap nat va cha xat vao li nghien cho en khi at kch thc thch hp. Bot malt va bot gao sau khi nghien c hut vao trong cac tui vai nh ap lc bm, khong kh qua lp vai theo ng hut ra ngoai. Bot malt va bot gao c gi lai trong tui nay, theo nh ky may t ong ru bot xuong di bi kh nen. Bot nghien sau o se c vt tai a vao thung cha trung gian tang 2. Ho hoa 31

- Sau khi cha thung trung gian u so lng, nguyen lieu c cho xuong noi nau tang 1. Tai ay xay ra qua trnh ho hoa tinh bot gao va thuy phan s bo tinh bot thanh glucose. - oi vi gao, ta cho trc 18hl nc vao noi nau gao nham chong chay bot (luc nay canh khuay a bat au hoat ong). Tiep theo cho malt lot (a hoa vi nc) vao t 1 (khoang 140 kg bot malt), t 2 cach khoang 30 phut (khoang 120 kg bot malt). Thi gian xuong malt lot khoang 1 phut. S d s dung malt lot v malt co enzyme -amylase, enzyme nay se cat phan t tinh bot thanh nhng phan ngan hn, lam cho noi gao khong b von cuc, tranh khe, khet. Sau khi xuong malt lot xong th tien hanh nhap lieu gao. - Gao xuong theo phng ng va nc nong c phun vuong goc vao nham tang cng o hoa tan, tranh hien tng gao b von cuc. Thi gian e xuong het 2500 kg gao khoang 10 phut va nhiet o cua noi gao sau khi pha bot xong khoang 45 oC, pH dch gao luc nay kha cao v vay can bo sung khoang 100ml H2SO4 e ieu chnh ve khoang 5.2 5.6, ay la pH toi u cho enzyme amylase hoat ong. - Nang dan nhiet o len khoang 72oC trong thi gian 5 phut. Trong khoang thi gian nay hat tinh bot se bat au hut nc va trng n len, lam tang o nht cua dch bot (goi nom na la noi chao). Gi nhiet o 72oC trong 10 phut e -amylase tac dung len cac phan t amylose va amylopectin. Ket qua la sau mot thi gian ngan, cac phan t polyme cua tinh bot b cat thanh nhng phan t co so goc glucose t hn, tap hp thanh nhng dang dextrin khac nhau (goi la oligosaccharide). - Tiep tuc nang nhiet o len 83oC trong 10 phut va gi nhiet o nay trong 5 phut e tiep tuc ho hoa tinh bot. nhiet o tren 80oC enzyme amylase a b vo hoat, tuy nhien ket qua thuy phan tinh bot t luc au en thi iem nay a rat ang ke. - Tiep theo, them nc vao ha nhiet o xuong 72oC trong khoang 5 phut. Khi thi gian ha nhiet o xuong c 2 phut th ong thi xuong malt lot lan 2 (120 kg malt) e cung cap them enzyme -amylase giup cho qua trnh ho hoa triet e hn.Viet them nc giup lam giam o nht cua noi chao, ho tr viec thuy phan tinh bot va giai oan un soi ve sau. Ta gi nhiet o nay khoang 20 phut. - Nang nhiet o len 100oC trong thi gian 20 phut (khi nhiet o noi gao len 88oC th noi malt bat au hoat ong va gi nhiet o nay trong khoang 15 phut e ho hoa hoan toan tinh bot 32

tao ieu kien thuan li cho qua trnh ng hoa va qua trnh loc sau nay. Muc ch chnh cua viec ay len 100oC nham phan huy enzyme amylase va tieu diet cac vi sinh vat tap lan trong noi chao.

Hnh 11. Gian o nau bia

Noi nau Cau tao: - Lam bang thep hp kim crom-niken. ng knh 2m, cao 3.5m. Di ay co gan canh khuay quay vi toc o khong qua 3.8m/s, neu qua nhanh se sinh chuyen ong xoay tac ong xau en thanh phan dch nau. - Hi nc co p ~ 2.5 bar c a vao vung truyen nhiet kieu vo ao. Nc ngng tu c thu hoi ve bon nc chnh tang 2. - Ben ngoai co lap knh quan sat + ca ngi, ng knh 0.5m. - oi vi noi nau gao th co 2 ng nhap lieu danh cho malt lot va bot gao. Thao lieu di ay c dan trc tiep qua noi malt. - oi vi noi malt th co mot ng nhap lieu cho malt, 1 ong nho cho phu gia vao. Thao lieu di ay dan qua may loc. - gia noi co ong thoat hi dan thang len tang 6 ra ngoai.

33

 ng hoa + am hoa - Muc ch qua trnh ng hoa: la chiet toi a cac chat co the hoa tan trong nguyen lieu va thuy phan cac chat co phan t lng cao, tao thanh nhng chat n gian, hoa tan c vi nc tao thanh dch ng hoa - Khi nhiet o noi gao len 88oC, luc nay noi malt bat au hoat ong. Bot malt va nc c phun vao cung mot ong dan vi ap lc ln nham hoa tan vao nhau, tranh hien tng von cuc. ong thi luc nay canh khuay bat au hoat ong e bot malt khong lang xuong ay, tranh hien tng chay, khet. - Cung luc vi qua trnh pha bot malt, tien hanh bo sung them 5.6 kg CaCl2.2H2O nham lam mem nc. Ngoai ra Ca2+ co tac dung lam tang tnh ben va hoat tnh cua enzyme -amylase, cai thien s ket lang cua nam men sau nay. Thi gian e pha 7500 kg bot malt khoang 10 phut, khi o nhiet o noi malt khoang 45oC. 34

- Nang nhiet o len 50oC trong thi gian khoang 5 phut va gi nhiet o nay trong 5 phut (tuy theo ham lng acid amin trong malt ma thi gian am hoa dai hay ngan, nhng thong thng thi gian nay khoang 30 phut). Trong giai oan nay enzyme protease thuy phan protein theo trnh t: Protein albumose polypeptide peptone acid amin - Qua trnh thuy phan nay co y ngha vo cung quan trong trong cong nghe san xuat bia. Mac du lng protid va cac san pham thuy phan cua chung chiem mot lng rat be trong chat hoa tan cua dch ng (5 6%) song chung ong vai tro tham gia s hnh thanh chat lng bia. Cac phan t protid nh amino acid, peptide la nguon dinh dng khong the thieu c cho nam men. Cac protide co phan t lng trung bnh (albumose, peptone, polypeptide...) se tham gia vao viec tao v, tao bot va giup cho bia co kha nang gi ben bot. Tuy nhien, cac protide co phan t lng cao thng la nguyen nhan gay uc bia. - Qua trnh am hoa xong th chuyen sang cong oan nhap lieu chao t noi gao sang noi malt, thi gian hoi chao khoang 5 phut, ket thuc qua trnh hoi chao nhiet o khoang 65oC. Gi nhiet o nay trong thi gian 10 phut. ay la nhiet o toi u oi vi hoat ong cua enzyme -amylase, qua trnh phan cat tinh bot triet e nhat xay ra giai oan nay. - Sau giai oan nay qua trnh ng hoa xem nh ket thuc, tuy nhien van con mot so glucid chu anh hng cua -amylase nen ta tiep tuc nang nhiet o len 10oC na e tang toc qua trnh ng hoa. Nang nhiet o hon hp len 75oC trong vong 10 phut va gi nhiet o nay trong khoang thi gian 20 phut. ay la nhiet o thch hp cho -amylase tac dung len amylose va amylopeptin cua tinh bot tao thanh nhieu goc glucose t o tao thanh nhng phan t dextrin khac nhau. San pham chu yeu cua cong oan nay la dextrin (chnh cac dextrin nay se tao o keo, o bean, o day cua bot). en ay qua trnh ng hoa ket thuc. - Nang nhiet o len 76oC vi muc ch lam giam o nht cua ho malt, tao ieu kien thuan li cho qua trnh loc. Khi nhiet o len en 76oC th c bm ngay qua may loc, tach dch nha ra khoi ba hem. Loc hem - Qua trnh ng hoa tao ra dch ng giau cac chat cha nit de ong hoa, v the viec loc hem la tach dch ng ra khoi vo va nhng phan noi nhu cua hat khong tan. 35

- Qua trnh loc chia lam hai giai oan: 1/ Loc dch au: giai oan tach dch ra khoi ba (nc cot), trong suot qua trnh loc th ba hem ong vai tro nh lp tr loc. 2/ Ra ba: sau khi tach dch ra khoi ba, ta them vao mot lng nc nong (78 80oC) e thu hoi triet e dch ng con sot lai. May loc ep khung ban Cau tao: - Thiet b gom nhng khung bang nha polypropylen chu nhiet. oi vi ban mong th cha khong kh dung e ep vao phan dch nha nam gia ban day va ban mong. Ban day co lp li loc e tach gia nc nha va hem. - gia may co truc chnh va he thong xch keo 2 ben, muc ch e di chuyen cac module khi ra may. Pha di may co vt tai e lua ba hem ra ngoai.

Hnh 12. Khung ban loc cua may ep hem

Hnh 14. ng i cua dch nha trong may

Hnh 13. May loc khung ban

Nguyen tac hoat ong: Qua trnh lam viec chia lam 6 giai oan chnh. 1/ a dch vao khoang loc: bm dch t di len s dung ap suat thap khoang 0.15 0.2 bar, dch theo ng ong vao khoang khong gian gia ban mong va ban day. 36

2/ Loc dch hem: trong khi bm dch hem vao, o day cua lp ba tang dan tao thanh mot lp tr loc tren mang loc. Ap suat tang len trong 10 phut au nham gia chat dch nha, sau o khong oi. Ke tiep kh c bm vao ban nho, khien ap lc tang cao len khoang cha dch nha, tao ieu kien nc dch lot qua li loc vao ben trong ban ln, t o theo ng ong dan ra bon trung gian. Thi gian loc lan 1 khoang 20 phut. 3/ Nen s bo: khi dch loc au a rut het, ba b nen lai. Cac mang loc nen vi ap lc nhe 0.5 0.6 bar vao lp ba nen chiet c them mot lng chat tan na. Giai oan nay mat khoang 5 phut. 4/ Ra ba: nc ra 78oC c a vao cung vi ng vao cua dch nha ban au nham muc ch ra toan bo ong dan va hoa tan triet e lng ng con sot lai nam trong phan ba va loc. Giai oan nay khoang 50 phut. 5/ Nen: tiep tuc dan kh vao e nen phan dch lan 2, ap lc luc nay tng ng so vi nen s bo, thi gian khoang 10 phut. 6/ Thao ba: giai oan nay c thc hien thu cong, ta thao ri cac ban ra va xt nc vao gia cac khe nham ay ba rt xuong. Tong thi gian loc khoang 100 phut/me. Theo thi gian, cac ban loc b cong lai, bien dang do nhiet o lam anh hng en qua trnh nen ep. Mat khac, mang membrane cuaban nho b mat tnh an hoi, mang loc cua ban ln b nghet, rach do o phai bao tr nh k. Dch sau loc c dan qua bon trung gian trc khi chuyen vao noi un soi thc hien qua trnh houblon hoa. Houblon hoa Muc ch: - Qua trnh un soi dch ng vi hoa houblon la nham on nh thanh phan va tao cho bia co mui thm va v ang ac trng. ong thi cung xay ra mot so qua trnh khac nh s gia tang nong o, o acid, cng o mau4, s tao thanh cac chat kh, o nht giam xuong. - Dch ng sau loc cung vi nc ba co lan mot so vi sinh vat tap nhiem va cac hp chat khong tan khac, nh qua trnh un soi e loai cac yeu to bat li nay, giup on nh thanh phan hoa hoc theo yeu cau ky thuat. - Thng hon hp dch ng sau loc va nc ra ba co nong o ng thap hn yeu cau san xuat, ta goi la o balling. Nh
4

Tuy vay ta van bo sung caramen (ng khet) e tao o mau cho nc nha.

37

qua trnh un soi nay mot phan nc se bay hi dan en o balling se tang len, va nh qua trnh ha nhiet o dch ng ta co the ieu chnh o balling at yeu cau. Noi un soi Cau tao: c lam bang thep chu nhiet, dong nhap lieu c dan t bon trung gian xuong. Co ong thoat hi at nap va dan chung vi ong thoat hi cua noi nau malt. Nguyen ly hoat ong Noi c gia nhiet bang hi, bo phan truyen nhiet kieu vo ong c at ben ngoai. Dch se c bm vao ong cua thiet b trao oi nhiet, hi nong i ben ngoai. Trong khi dch ng c cap nhiet di ap suat thng th ben trong bo trao oi nhiet co s qua ap nhe bang cach ieu khien ap suat hi hoac toc o quay cua bm, bi vay dch ng c un nong ti 102 106oC. Kieu un soi nay goi la un soi ap suat thap. Khi dch ng quay tr lai noi nau, xa ap ra luc nay dien ra s bochi manh me. e at c hieu qua, ng ong dan dch ng co ng ong khoang 20 cm, hut dch ng t noi vao, tao nen mot lc khuay dch ng ben trong. V the noi un soi khong dung canh khuay nh cac noi khac. u iem cua dang noi nau nay so vi noi nau thong thng: - Ap suat un soi cao. Thi gian un giam 20 30% so vi cap nhiet kieu vo ao, tiet kiem nang lng. Tang hieu suat chiet chat ang t hoa houblon, protein tao keo ket tua hoan toan. Co the ieu chnh ap suat hi nc de dang, t o kiem soat toc o bay hi va nhiet o soi cua nc nha. - Viec xa ap giup loai bo cac chat thm khong mong muon, cac chat nay tach ra khoi dung dch va bay hi ra ngoai.Thc hien un soi tot lam giam pH, dch mau sang hn, v am a va o ben hng v gia tang. Nhc iem: - Can them nang lng ien e bm tuan hoan. - Ton kem chi ph boc lp cach nhiet cho toan he thong. - Ton kem chi ph au t thiet b truyen nhiet vo ong.

Xng APV
Nc nha sau giai oan houblon hoa se c bm qua phan xng APV, tai ay se thc hien qua trnh lang trong bang bon 38

whirlpool va lam lanh bang may Alfa Laval. Giai oan nay la khau cuoi cua nc nha trc khi vao tank len men.

Thung lang whirlpool Cau tao:

Nguyen tac hoat ong: Dch ng c bm vao thung vi van toc ln theo phng tiep tuyen vi thanh trong cua thung tao nen vung xoay. Nh co lc hng tam, can lang c hut vao tam thung va lang xuong ay. Cu the cac bc nh sau: - Trc khi bm dch nha vao thung whirlpool, can kiem tra tnh trang ve sinh, ong va m cac valve tren ng ong cho phu hp. - Ke en, bm dch nha vao thung lang, thi gian bm het dch nha t phan xng nau vao thung khoang 20 phut. Sau o, e yen cho lang can trong thung khoang 30 phut. - M valve ng ong ln thao nhanh dch nha. Khi the tch dch nha trong thung con 50 hl th m valve ng ong nho e thao tiep dch nha cho en het, ieu nay e tranh cho s xao tron lp can gan ay thung. Sau cung m valve ay e xa bo can lang, ong thi dung nc nong (100oC) e uoi het dch nha con d trong thung lang va ng ong. Lam lanh 39

Muc ch: Dch nha sau khi lang can se c lam lanh en nhiet o thch hp, chuan b cho qua trnh len men chnh (gia tr nhiet o khoang 8 15oC, tuy thuoc vao i men s dung), viec nay giup tang kha nang hoa tan cua oxi vao dch nha. Ben canh o, qua trnh lam lanh nhanh t 96oC xuong 8 15oC co tac dung han che s phat trien cua vi sinh vat va ngan can qua trnh oxi hoa cac polyphenol gay sam mau dch nha. Ngay sau khi lam lanh, dch nha se c nap khong kh nham e bao hoa oxi, tao ieu kien cho nam men sinh trng va phat trien trong giai oan au cua qua trnh len men chnh. Lng oxi cung cap khoang 8 10 mg/l dch nha. Cau tao:

Hnh 15. Nha nong (mau o) va chat lam lanh (mau xanh) di chuyen trong may

- May lam lanh Alfa Laval la thiet b trao oi nhiet dang khung ban, thiet b nay ben, hieu suat cao, a nang, de ve sinh, am bao vo trung, c cau tao bi nhieu tam ban manh bang thep khong g. So tam ban phu thuoc nang suat may. - Thiet b trao oi nhiet dang tam ban nay thuoc loai 2 cap (dung 2 loai tac nhan lanh la nc va glycol), lam bang thep khong g. Bon nh cua tam ban c uc lo tron e khi ghep lai vi nhau se tao thanh mng dan. - Cau tao cua cac tam ban c thiet ke sao cho khi ghep lai th dch nha va tac nhan lanh se chuyen ong ngc chieu nhau hai mat cua moi tam va thc hien qua trnh trao oi nhiet. Ben canh o, cac ng gan tren be mat tam ban co tac dung tao dong chay roi, tang quang ng chuyen ong cua lu chat, dan en tang dien tch tiep xuc, dan en tang hieu qua cua qua trnh truyen nhiet. Nguyen tac hoat ong: 40

- Nc nha 96oC bat au c lam lanh nh nc lanh 16 oC. Nc lam lanh sau khi ra khoi may co nhiet o la 68oC. Nc nong sau khi lam lanh c thu hoi s dung trong giai oan nau ng hoa e tan dung nhiet, hoac gia nhiet them e lam nc ra ba. - Sau khi lam nguoi s bo, tac nhan lanh tiep theo co the la nc lanh, glycol, amoniac hoac con va dch nha c lam lanh xuong nhiet o yeu cau. Can kiem tra may nh ky nham loai bo can bam tren cac tam ban, kiem tra ro r. Nhiet o (oC)

Vung 1 H2 Dch O nha 32 76 96 70

Vung 2 H2 Dch O nha 32 43 70 50

Vung 3 H2 Dch O nha 32 43 50 35

Vung 4 Glyc Dch ol nha -12 14 35 8 -15

au vao au ra

Van hanh thiet b: - Trc khi bm dch nha sau lang can vao thiet b trao oi nhiet, can kiem tra cac valve tren ng ong, bao phan xng ong lc cung cap glycol. - M valve nc va valve glycol lam lanh. Cai at nhiet o au ra cua dch nha vung 4 ung theo nhiet o yeu cau cho qua trnh len men (8 - 15oC). Trong qua trnh van hanh, can theo doi bieu o ghi nhiet o cua dch nha sau khi lam lanh tai tng thi iem e biet c thiet b lam viec co on nh hay khong, va a ra bien phap khac phuc kp thi.

Xng len men5

Chc nang - To nhan men giong: phu trach viec nhan giong men, thu hoi men sau qua trnh len men chnh va cham men vao nc nha. - To kiem soat len men: van hanh cac tank len men, kiem soat qua trnh len men cho en khi loc.

Dch nha trc khi vao xng len men phai am bao cac ch tieu: hoan toan vo trung, pH = 5.3, va o Plato la 13.

41

Thuyet minh cu the: 42

 Chuan b nam men Nam men mi (men i au): c nhan giong quy mo phong th nghiem. Tai phan xng len men, nam men tiep tuc c nhan giong theo quy trnh nh sau:

Hnh 16. Quy trnh nhan giong men

- Dch nha nong sau khi lang can se c cham trc tiep vao bon ln theo hng t di len tren e tranh xao tron, tong khoi lng nha lay vao la 3200 kg. - Dung hi nong e thanh trung dch nha trong bon ln (thong qua lp vo ao), nhiet o khoang 100oC trong thi gian 30 phut. - Dung glycol e lam lanh dch xuong 18oC. - Sau o, chuyen 300 kg dch nha sang bon nho, ong thi cay men giong vao bon nay (khoang 20 kg). Bat au thc hien nhan giong bon nho trong thi gian 2 ngay. Trong suot qua trnh nhan giong, dch men c bm tuan hoan va nap khong kh vo trung lien tuc theo chu ky: nap 5 phut - dng 2 phut, nhiet o bon se c giam dan t 18oC xuong 8oC tuy theo giai oan phat trien cua nam men. - Sau 2 ngay, o ng giam xuong khoang 7 8oPt, chuyen toan bo dch men trong bon nho sang bon ln va tiep tuc nhan giong trong 2 ngay. ieu kien nhan giong tng t nh bon nho, ong thi tien hanh ve sinh bon nho. - Ket thuc giai oan nhan giong th 2, o ng cung giam xuong khoang 7 8oPt, chuyen 400kg dch men sang bon nho va thc hien lai quy trnh nhan men luc au. Trong khi o, toan bo lng dch men con lai bon ln se c phan phoi cho cac tank len men chnh va sau cung ve sinh bon ln e chuan b t nhan men tiep theo. 43

- Trung bnh, moi tuan se cho ra 2 me men mi va vong tuan hoan cua thung men giong khoang 20 22 lan th thay thung mi. Nam men thu hoi: do nam men co the s dung t 8 en 9 i. Sau moi lan s dung, nam men c thu hoi, ray e loai te bao men chet va cac chat ket tua lan vao men. Lng men qua ray c can nh lng va phan phoi vao cac thung cha. Ke en, lay mau nam men e kiem tra cac thong so: o am ac cua dch men, t le te bao chet, kiem tra vi sinh. Tren c s o, ngi van hanh cap men se tnh toan lng men cho t len men tiep theo. Lng nam men bo sung vao dch nha c tnh sao cho khi cham u dch nha vao tank (ca tank co ien lan tank out door TOD) th mat o nam men khoang 20 trieu te bao/ml dch nha. Bao hoa O2 Trong suot qua trnh nhan giong ta phai thng xuyen suc kh O2 vao e tao ieu kien hieu kh cho nam men tang sinh khoi. Kh O2 c suc vao phai hoan toan vo trung. Do o O 2 i t phan xng ong lc se qua bo phan loc kh trung va trc khi vao thung nhan giong phai loi qua thuoc tm KMnO4 e kh trung lan cuoi. Khi chuyen men giong t thung nho sang thung ln hay t thung ln qua ng ong en bon len men chnh th ta dung ap lc kh O2 e ay i la chu yeu, ngoai ra co the dung bm e ho tr them. Ham lng O2 nap vao la khoang 6g/l dch nha. Len men chnh Hien nay nha may s dung ca hai phng thc len men co ien va len men hien ai vi thiet b tank outdoor. Qua trnh len men chnh nham chuyen hoa toan bo lng ng trong dch nha (a houblon hoa) thanh etanol va kh CO2 di tac ong cua nam men Saccharomyces Carsbergensis trong ieu kien yem kh. Len men co ien Cau tao:

44

Thiet b co dang hnh tru hnh khoi ch nhat, at nam nghieng goc 5o so vi mat ngang, c lam bang sat trang men, lam lanh bang vo ao ben ngoai hoac cac vong xoan glycol ben trong tank (2 hoac 3 vong). Cac bo phan chnh bao gom: - Ca nhap va thao lieu: dung e nap dch nha - Van lay mau, nhiet ke, ng ong glycol lam lanh - Suppap an toan hnh ch U co cha nc ben trong: khi ap suat trong tank tang ot ngot th nc trong ong se b xao tron manh. - ng ong thu hoi CO2 - Lantern: la thiet b e loai bot ra khoi kh CO 2 trc khi thu hoi. Ben trong cha nc va co valve 3 nga e chuyen CO 2 ve ng ong chnh hoac xa ra ngoai. - ay tank pha ben trong co bo phan chan nam men lan vao bia khi chuyen xuong len men phu. - en chieu sang at ben trong tank va nap knh quan sat Dien bien qua trnh: - Nha may s dung phng phap len men gian oan, len men chm trong thiet b kn. Dch nha sau khi c lang trong va lam lanh 8oC c bm theo ng ong dan vao thung len men chnh. - ong thi dch nam men t thung nhan giong cap 2 cung se theo mot ng ong khac i vao thung len men. T ay dch men se c cay vao cung chieu vi dch nha e hoa tan vao nhau, sau o dan ong en thung len men chnh. Cay giong theo phng phap nay se lam cho te bao nam men phan bo eu vao toan bo khoi nc nha ban au, tao ieu kien cho chung sinh trng va phat trien tot hn. 45

- Khi dch nha va dch men a c bm vao thung 350hl at yeu cau ve the tch th bat au duy tr nhiet o khoang 8 oC trong suot qua trnh len men. Do trong qua trnh len men, nam men s dung ng e tao ra ru va CO2 , ong thi toa ra lng nhiet ln. Theo c tnh c 1 kg ng th dch len men toa ra mot lng nhiet 628 kcal. ieu nay khien ta phai chu y en viec theo doi va duy tr nhiet o trong thung len men. Neu khong c cap lanh thng xuyen, nhiet o cua thung len men se tang, anh hng en chat lng bia sau nay. V vay, trong cac thung len men se co cac ng ong lam lanh kieu ruot ga hoac ng ong dan chay ben ngoai. - Trong thi gian len men phai xa kh bt kh CO2 e tranh tang ap suat gay no. Kh CO2 xa ra khong thoat ra ngoai khong kh ma se theo ng ong quay ve xng ong lc e thu hoi va s dung vao viec nap chai, lon. - Suot giai oan len men chnh moi ngay dch len men eu c lay mau kiem tra o plato nham xac nh toc o len men, biet c qua trnh len men a en giai oan nao. Thi gian len men chnh thng vao khoang 5 7 ngay. Lng nam men tiep vao thung len men la 20 trieu te bao/ml dch len men. - Hien nay phng phap len men chnh cua nha may la gi nhiet o on nh 8oC trong suot qua trnh len men. en khi ham lng ng trong dch len men con khoang 3.2 oPt th ta ha nhiet o xuong 5oC, roi xuong 2oC nham ket lang nam men. Luc nay la thi iem ket thuc qua trnh len men chnh (ham lng ng sot 3 oPt), chuan b len men phu. - Trong suot qua trnh len men, xac te bao va can len men tap trung di ay thung, do thiet ke ng ong thao bia non cao hn lp can nay nen ta n gian ch m valve cho bia non chay xuong cac thung len men phu at tang di. Nam men di ay thung se c bm thu hoi ve tank cha e tai s dung hoac ep lam banh men. Len men hien ai (trong tank outdoor) Cau tao: Thiet b co dang hnh tru ng, lam bang thep khong g, ay con vi goc con la 70oC. La thiet b co the thc hien qua trnh ca hai qua trnh len men chnh va len men phu (nhng ay nha may ch dung e len men chnh). Thiet b co 5 oan c lam lanh bang glycol (hien nay nha may ch dung 3 oan gia lam lanh con oan ay va nh khong s dung), ke en la lp vo cach nhiet va ngoai cung la lp vo nhom. 46

Cac bo phan chnh bao gom: - C cau xa ap: phong khi ap suat trong tank tang ot ngot, gia tr ap trong tank toi a cai at la 1 bar. - C cau tang ap: khi ap suat ben trong tank giam ot ngot en ap suat chan khong, th c cau nay co tac dung hut khong kh t ben ngoai vao e can bang lai ap suat, tranh cho tank chu lc ep ln t ben ngoai tac dung. - C cau thao va nhap lieu phan ay cua tank, van lay mau, cac au do nhiet o, ng ong thu hoi CO2.

Quy trnh cham dch nha vao tank out door tng t nh tank co ien nhng vi lng dch nha nhieu hn (khoang 1900 hl). Do cau tao c lam lanh theo tng oan nen co the tao s oi lu t nhien, tang kha nang tiep xuc cua nam men oi vi c chat, toc o len men cao, giup rut ngan thi gian len men chnh. Nhiet o cua qua trnh len men chnh c on nh nh he thong t ong va ap suat tank c gi on nh nh c cau xa ap tren nh.

47

Ngc vi tank len men chnh co ien, c cau thao lieu phan ay cua TOD cho phep lay men ra trc roi mi chuyen bia i. Ben canh o, lng men chet lang xuong ay cung c xa bo de dang (thc hien vao moi ngay 1 lan) giup han che toi a lng ba lan vao nam men thu hoi, chnh v vay nam men thu hoi t TOD th khong can phai cho qua ray. Khi o ng con khoang 3oPt ng vi thi iem ket thuc qua trnh len men chnh, ha nhiet o xuong 5oC trong thi gian 6 8 gi giup tao ieu kien cho nam men ket lang tot. Khi nhiet o at yeu cau, ong ng thu hoi CO2, ong thi dung CO2 nap them (neu thieu) vao tank en ap suat khoang 0.5bar (ieu nay co tac dung giup chuyen men de dang hn), sau o m valve thu hoi men. Do men TOD lang tot xuong ay va ong thi chu ap lc cua cot chat long pha tren kha ln nen men thu hoi rat ac, chnh v vay ma phai s dung hai bm: men qua bm banh rang e nen on nh lu lng roi qua bm ly tam e bm ve khu vc x ly men. Sau khi lay men xong, ha nhiet o xuong 2oC e chuyen bia sang giai oan len men phu. Do TOD va tank len men phu nam cung mot tang nha nen phai dung ap lc kh e chuyen bia i. Trc khi chuyen bia i, nap CO2 vao tank en ap suat khoang 1 bar. Can lu y m valve nap CO2 that cham e tranh kh loi keo theo bot bia trong ng ong, dan en lam nghet ng vao tai qua cau CIP nh, lam cho giam ap lc ay bia i (quan sat thong qua ong ho lu lng tren ng chuyen bia). Sau khi chuyen het bia th gan lai ng ong thu hoi CO2 hoac xa theo ng ong ngoai tri. Sau cung la tien hanh ve sinh tank.

Len men phu ay la giai oan rat quan trong v trong giai oan nay se dien ra s lang trong nh ha nhiet o t qua trnh len men chnh sang len men phu. nhiet o cao cua qua trnh len men phu, cac hat nho khong hoa tan ton tai l lng, en khi gap nhiet o thap phong len men phu chung dan dan lang xuong ay thiet b. Mat khac, nhiet o thap, qua trnh ong tu nha hublon, cac hp chat tanin protein cung dien ra. Te bao nam men chu anh hng cua nhiet o thap, ap suat va nong o CO2 cao nen cung lang xuong, hap phu len be mat te bao cac chat 48

huyen phu khac nhau tiep tuc qua trnh len men mot cach t t. Nh cac hien tng tren nen bia trong dan. Tuy giai oan len men phu, bia khong trong hoan toan nhng nh o khau loc bia se tr nen de dang hn. Qua trnh len men phu nay c thc hien khi ham lng ng maltose va cac loai ng n khac hau nh a c chuyen hoa het thanh ru. Trong thi gian len men phu, nam men con lai trong bia non tiep tuc len men lng ng con lai nay e tao ra CO2 va cac san pham khac. ong thi luc nay ham lng diacetyl tao thanh giai oan len men chnh c nam men kh va chuyen thanh acetoin, cac acid hu c tac dung vi ru e tao thanh este. Vay muc ch cua qua trnh len men phu va tang tr bia la qua trnh thu c mot loai nc uong bao hoa CO2, co hng thm va v de chu nh nhng qua trnh hoa hoc va hoa ly phc tap xay ra ieu kien nhiet o thap. Do o cung a on nh c thanh phan va tnh chat cam quan cua san pham. Phng phap thc hien: - Bia non c cho chay the nang xuong bon len men phu. Tai phong len men phu ta se duy tr nhiet o cua dch bia non trong thi gian len men phu la khoang 0 2oC. Dau hieu nhan biet ket thuc qua trnh len men phu tuy thuoc vao yeu cau cua tng loai bia c a ra th trng, phan ln phu thuoc vao ham lng diacetyl. Khi ham lng diacetyl giam en yeu cau th bia luc nay a chn va co the em i loc. - Thi gian len men phu co the keo dai t 12 40 ngay. Sau khi len men phu, bia se c lay mau em en phong ky thuat e kiem tra cac ch tieu ve vi sinh, ch tieu ve hoa ly e quyet nh xem a loc c cha.

Xng loc
Qua trnh pha bia Muc ch:

49

Dung nc a kh oxi (nc pha bia) e pha loang bia len men phu nham at c cac ch tieu danh cho bia ban thanh pham at ra. Quy trnh x ly nc pha bia
N thah pho c n

Gia nhie t o e 80 C n

CO2

Kh oxy

La la h m n e 3oC n

Hnh 17. C che kh oxi trong nc

N pha bia c (nog o n oxy <0.05m g/l)

Nguyen tac la dung kh CO2 e uoi oxi trong nc nhiet o cao (khoang 80oC, co tac dung lam giam o hoa tan cua oxi trong nc va thanh trung nc s bo), c tien hanh trong thap kh kh.Nc vao t tren nh thap c phan tan eu theo mat cat ngang cua thap, kh CO2 thoi t di len tren se uoi oxi ra khoi nc. Nc sau khi ra khoi thap se i qua bo trao oi nhiet nham giai nhiet mot phan. Ke en, kh CO2 se suc trc tiep vao nc tren ng ong trc khi c lam lanh bang glycol en 3oC. Nc sau khi x ly co nong o oxi < 0.05 mg/l c dung e pha bia. Nguyen tac cua may pha bia Hien nay, nha may ap dung phng phap len men bia nong o cao, sau o tien hanh pha loang. Tren c s o, nguyen tac cua may pha bia la da vao o hoa tan nguyen thuy cua dch nha ban au trc khi a vao len men (khoang 13oPt) va o con cua bia sau khi len men phu (5.3 5.5%), ta cai at thong so o hoa tan nguyen thuy cua dch nha tng ng vi bia thanh pham muon pha (o O.G.%). Khi o, may se tnh toan lng nc pha va hien th o con sau khi pha. Trong qua trnh van 50

hanh, can theo doi va ieu chnh thong so o O.G.% cai at e o con at gia tr mong muon. Qua trnh lam lanh Do s ton that nhiet lanh tren qua trnh van chuyen bia t tank len men phu ve may pha bia, bia sau khi pha co nhiet o khoang 4 8oC. Do vay, muc ch lam lanh bia sau khi pha la e tranh s that thoat CO2 trong bia, ong thi tao ieu kien cho cac can l lng tiep tuc ket lang e co the loai chung ra qua trnh loc ong tiep theo. Bia c lam lanh bang thiet b trao oi nhiet tam ban vi tac nhan lanh glycol, ap suat cua bia trc thiet b lam lanh co gia tr khoang 2 bar, nhiet o au ra cua bia la khoang 1oC. Qua trnh loc ong Muc ch: Qua trnh loc ong nham muc ch x ly lam trong bia, tang o ben keo, o ben sinh hoc cho bia thanh pham. qua trnh nay, cac thanh phan can hoc trong bia co kch thc 10 m bao gom: xac te bao nam men, mot so te bao men song con sot lai, cac protein ket tua,... se c loai ra nham gop phan hoan thien tnh chat cua bia thanh pham. Cau tao: Thiet b c lam bang thep khong g, co than hnh tru, ay hnh non. Ben trong cha cac ong loc, moi ong loc c tao thanh t nhng vong xoan lo xo xep kht nhau, ben ngoai ong c bao bi 2 lp bot loc (s dung bot diatomite): lp bot tho nam sat mat ngoai ong, ke en la lp bot mn. Nguyen ly hoat ong:

51

Thiet b loc ong hoat ong da theo nguyen ly loc tham thau vi lp bot diatomite bao quanh ong co vai tro nh mang loc. Bia i vao thiet b t di len tren, qua trnh loc xay ra ngay be mat cua ong loc, di ap lc tham thau, dch bia se i t ngoai vao trong ong, con nhng thanh phan can c hoc b mang loc gi lai mat ngoai ong, bia sau khi loc thoat ra nh thiet b. Cac thong so kiem soat trong qua trnh hoat ong cua thiet b loc ong la ap suat bia i vao, ap suat va nhiet o bia au ra, lu lng dong bia i ra, o trong cua bia sau khi loc.

Hnh 18. Mat ngoai thiet b loc ong

Van hanh thiet b: Trc tien la cong oan ap bot cho cac ong loc c thc hien nh sau: - Lp bot tho: s dung 2 loai vi tong khoi lng 41 kg c tron trong 200 lt nc bon ben ngoai. Bm nc pha bia vao ay thiet b va tien hanh chay tuan hoan trong 15 phut e ao bot, quan sat mat knh tren than thiet b e biet bot a ap het hay cha. - Lp bot mn: dung 34 kg tron trong 200 lt nc bon tron va tien hanh tng t nh tren trong 15 phut. Trong qua trnh loc bia, dung bot mn hoa tron bon ben ngoai va dung bm nh lng e bm lien tuc chung vi ng bia vao thiet b loc. Ap suat bia vao thiet b luc au la khoang 2bar, nhng do trong qua trnh loc, can c gi lai ben 52

ngoai mat ong loc nen dan dan ap suat cua bia au vao se tang len, bia sau khi loc co nhiet o 2oC va ap suat la 2 bar. Trong luc van hanh, can theo doi ap suat au vao cua thiet b va khi ap suat vt qua gia tr 6 bar th dng thiet b e xa bot ra ngoai (v ap suat toi a cho phep cua thiet b la 7 bar), hoac khi a dung u lng bot quy nh th cung ngng e xa bot ra khoi thiet b. Cong oan xa bot c tien hanh theo chieu ngc vi ng ra cua bia. Trc tien, dung nc pha bia e uoi bia ra khoi thiet b loc. Bm nc vao thiet b, m valve ng ong xa bot. Nap gio (khong kh) vao ng ra cua bia theo chieu ngc lai (ap lc gio vao khoang 2 bar). Khi o, gio thoi t trong ong loc ra ben ngoai co tac dung lam ri lp ao bot ra khoi ong. Sau khi xa het bot th tien hanh ve sinh thiet b. Qua trnh loc a Muc ch: Bia sau khi qua thiet b loc ong a at o trong cua bia thanh pham. Tuy nhien, trong dch bia van con cac thanh phan can l lng ma mat khong nhn thay c vi kch thc < 5m (chu yeu la cac polyphenol, cac protein co phan t lng trung bnh), va trong qua trnh bao quan, s co mat cua cac thanh phan nay trong bia se lam giam o ben keo, dan en tnh trang bia b uc, sam mau. Chnh v vay, muc ch cua qua trnh loc a la nham ngan chan hien tng tren, keo dai thi gian bao quan cho bia thanh pham. Qua trnh loc a s dung nha PVPP (polyvinylpolypyrrolidone) co kha nang hap phu chon loc tat ca cac hp cha phenol, cac protein va diacetyl bang cach hnh thanh cac lien ket hydro. Cau tao: Thiet b co than hnh tru va ay non. Ben trong co truc e lap cac a loc. a loc co dang hnh vanh khan, c lam bang thep khong g, cau tao gom 2 lp li ghep vi nhau: lp li co kch thc nho nam pha tren e hng cac nha loc, lp th hai co kch thc lo ln hn, co tac dung lp li pha tren, vanh trong cua lp li nay co cac khe e dan dch bia sau khi i qua lp li tren vao ong trung tam. Cac a c long vao ong trung tam, gia cac a co vong em. Ong trung c gan vi truc cua ong c nam di ay thiet b. Trong qua trnh loc, toc o cua ong c c cai at khoang 45 phut se quay 1/4 vong e ao tron eu cac hat nha loc tren be mat a. 53

Nguyen tac hoat ong:

Da vao qua trnh hap phu cua nha PVPP e loai cac hp chat polyphenol, cac protein cao phan t ra khoi bia. Cac thong so kiem soat trong qua trnh loc bao gom: ap suat bia vao (2bar), ap suat bia ra (2 bar) va nhiet o cua bia sau loc (2oC).

Hnh 19. Mat cat thiet b loc a

trong

Van hanh thiet b: Trc khi bat au loc bia, ngi van hanh phai thc hien cong oan ap lp nha len tren be mat cac a loc: - Chuan b nha: hoa tron nha PVPP vi nc bon tron ben ngoai theo t le khoi lng 1:9, pha thanh dch huyen phu co tong the tch khoang 1560 lt. - Tron 200 lt dch huyen phu nha vi bia e thc hien ap nha. Cho dch bia va nha i vao ng di cua thiet b, khi a lay bia vao ay thiet b th bat au cho chay tuan hoan trong thi gian 20 phut e ap nha, quan sat knh thay dch trong la c. - Trong qua trnh loc, nha se c tron tiep vao bia bang bm nh lng. Lng nha c s cho bia noi a la 20 g/hl bia va bia xuat khau la 25 g/hl bia. Khi a bm het toan bo dch huyen phu nha vao may loc a th dng qua trnh loc e tien hanh quy trnh tai sinh va thu nha ve bon. Cong oan tai sinh nha: - Dung nc pha bia uoi het bia ra khoi may loc. - Tiep tuc dung nc e xa sach thiet b trong khoang 40 phut. 54

- Dung NaOH nong nong o 2 2.5% chay tuan hoan 15 phut tnh t luc nhiet o at 65oC. Di tac cua NaOH nhiet o cao, cac hp chat hap phu tren be mat nha se c ra giai. Dung nc ra sach NaOH trong 40 phut, kiem tra lai bang giay quy. - Dung HNO3 nong o 0.1% chay tuan hoan trong 15 phut tnh t luc nhiet o at 85oC. Tiep tuc dung nc ra lai trong 40 phut va kiem tra bang giay quy. Cong oan thu hoi nha: - Dung CO2 nap ng ong vao e thoi nha ra khoi be mat a va ri xuong ay , luc nay nc a b ay het ra khoi thiet b. Tiep tuc bm nc vao thiet b va tang toc o quay cua ong c e xa tiep lng nha con sot lai tren a ong thi m valve tren ng ong thu hoi nha ve bon. Lap lai nhieu lan cho en khi quan sat thay mat a sach va nc trong suot la c. - Sau khi thu hoi nha ve bon, khuay tron eu va lay vao ong ong 1000ml huyen phu nha, e lang t nhien, sau o kiem tra neu lp nha lang t hn mc 500ml, ngha la bot nha a b hao hut, can phai bo sung them nha vao bon. Qua trnh loc ch Muc ch: Qua trnh loc ch co tac dung phong h e loai nhng can con sot lai trong bia nh: bot loc diatomite hay nha PVPP lan trong bia, gop phan am bao o trong tot cho bia. Bia trc khi vao may loc ch se c tron vi dung dch cha vicant, la chat co kha nang chong oxi hoa, giup keo dai thi gian bao quan cho bia. Lng vicant s dung cho bia noi a la 2 g/l bia va bia xuat khau la 3 g/l bia. Cau tao: Thiet b hnh tru, lam bang thep khong g, ben trong cha cac ong ch. Moi ong co loi la ong li inox, ben ngoai c quan ch mau trang

55

Hnh 20. Cac loai ong ch pho bien

Nguyen ly hoat ong: Bia vao thiet b se tham thau t ben ngoai vao ben trong cac ong ch va sau cung i ra ng ong pha di ay, thanh phan can sot (neu co) se c gi lai ben ngoai cac ong ch. Ap lc bia au vao khoang 1.6 bar, nhiet o vao 2oC va ap suat au ra 1.6 bar. Trong qua trnh loc, ngi van hanh can quan sat neu ap lc au vao tang len khoang 2 bar th chng to ong ch a b nghet, phai ngng day chuyen e thay cac ong ch mi. Qua trnh bao hoa CO2 Muc ch: Nham am bao cho bia co ham lng CO2 at gia tr mong muon, cai thien tnh chat cam quan cua san pham. Cau tao: Thiet b bao hoa CO2 co danh hnh tru at nam ngang, lam bang thep khong g. Ben trong co 3 ng ong tren o co uc lo e suc kh CO2 (2 ong dai va mot ong ngan).

56

Trc khi vao thiet b bao hoa CO2, bia se c chuyen vao buffer tank e on nh ap suat khoang 2 bar. Bo phan ieu khien se lay tn hieu e ieu chnh lu lng bia t buffer tank vao thiet b bao hoa CO2 sao cho the tch bia trong buffer tank luon chiem 40% the tch tank. au ra cua thiet b bao hoa CO2 co bo phan phan tch nong o CO2 cua bia sau khi c bao hoa, tren c s o, phat ra tn hieu e ieu khien valve cap CO2 vao thiet b bao hoa sao cho am bao nong o CO2 trong bia au ra at gia tr cai at. Ap suat cua bia trc khi bm qua khu vc TBF co gia tr on nh la 2 bar. Van hanh thiet b: Trc khi chuyen bia vao buffer tank, can nap CO2 e gai ap suat ben trong khoang 1.2 bar. Cai at gia tr % the tch cua bia trong buffer tank la 40%, va khi the tch bia c gia on nh th ap suat tren mat thoang cua tank co gia tr khoang 2 bar. thiet b bao hoa CO2, ngi van hanh can cai at thong so nong o CO2 trong bia sau bao hoa, va trong qua trnh van hanh can theo doi thng xuyen e tranh ap suat au ra cua thiet b bao hoa tang ot ngot trong trng hp tn hieu ieu khien khong chnh xac. Toan bo day chuyen tnh t luc pha bia en khi chuyen bia qua khu vc TBF eu hoat ong ong bo, lien tuc va da tren nguyen tac la loc ang ap: ap suat au vao va ap suat au ra cua day chuyen la 2 bar. 57

 Tang tr bia khu vc TBF: Cac tank khu vc TBF co cau tao tng t tank len men chnh co ien, co lp vo lam lanh bang glycol. Trc khi nap bia vao tank, dung kh CO2 cai ap suat trong tank khoang 0.8 1 bar nham tranh hien tng that thoat CO2, ong thi cai ap suat toi a trong tank la 1.5 bar. Trong qua trnh bia tr TBF, cac tank c lam lanh di 5oC. Bia tang tr trong TBF can at cac ch tieu ban thanh pham nh sau: Ch tieu o hoa tan nguyen thuy o con 20oC Ham lng CO2 hoa tan o chua o mau o trong
o

n v Pt

Loai bia 333 355 450 12.2 5.3 5.3 1.6 6.5 20 11.3 4.9 5.3 1.5 6.5 20 10.2 4.3 5.3 1.4 6 20

% Vcon/Vbia g/l ml NaOH 0.1N/10ml bia o EBC %

Khi phan xng chiet co nhu cau chiet bia, bo phan se kiem tra xem bia co can hay khong, sau o, tien hanh giao nhan theo the tch bia trong tank. Chu thch o o balling c phat trien bi 1 nha hoa hoc ngi c ten la Karl Balling, ch lng chat ran hoa tan (chu yeu la sucrose, %khoi lng) trong dung dch 17.5oC. o o plato la o ng trong bia. o plato ban au la o plato trong dch nha c a vao qua trnh len men. o plato con lai la o plato can c kiem soat, ngha la trong qua trnh len men, vi sinh vat se chuyen hoa ng thanh con nhng chung ta khong che lam sao e vi sinh vat khong chuyen hoa toan bo lng ng nay. V lng ng con lai se tao d v ngot trong bia khi chung ta uong vao.

58

Xng chiet
Chc nang: chiet bia vao chai, lon sau o ong ong goi, van chuyen en kho cha. Nha may co tat ca 3 day chuyen, nang suat trung bnh 1 day chuyen la 30000 chai/h, hoat ong 24/24 tr th 2 bao tr toan bo may moc. S o day chuyen bia chai:

Kho thnh phm

Chai s dng t trong kt

My cht pallet

My r pallet

My gp chai y

My ra kt

Kt

My gp chai rng Chai

In hn s dng

NaOH 2-2.5%

My ra chai

Kim tra nhn

Kim tra chai

My dn nhn

Bia

My chit bia v ng np

Np

My thanh trng

59

Kim tra dung tch bia

Thuyet minh cu the:

May ra pallet Pallet cha chai a qua s dung trong ket c xe van chuyen ti nha may va c a vao may ra pallet. May nay se boc 9 ket/lan a vao bang tai. 1 pallet gom 9 ket/tang va xep thanh 5 tang. Moi ket gom co 20 chai. Toc o cua may: 33 40 pallet/h. May gap chai Ket sau khi c chuyen len bang tai se i en may gap chai. Cac au gap chai hoat ong nh vao ap lc gio thoi vao au hut lam gian n bo phan cao su va bop chat vao au chai, ap lc gio khoang 3.5 kg/cm2. Moi lan hut 80 chai (4 ket). Toc o may trung bnh khoang 30000 chai/h. May ra ket Cac ket rong c a vao may qua bang tai, dung ap lc nc lam sach ket. Ket rong trc khi vao may se c up xuong e loai bo nhng chat ban. Sau khi c lam sach, ket se c lat lai va chuyen en may gap chai thanh pham. May gom 2 bm nc vi cac au phun c bo tr ben trong. Ap lc bm: 3 4 kg/cm2 May ra chai6 Cac chai sau khi s dung, c chuyen en ay va i vao khoang may. Dung dch tay ra la soude. Ket thuc qua trnh chai c ay ra bang chuyen e bat au viec chiet. May chiet Chai sau khi qua cong oan kiem tra c dan qua 1 bang tai dai vi muc ch on nh lu lng chai, tao ieu kien chuyen chai vao chiet c on nh. Tren be mat bang tai c boi trn e giam lc ma sat khi chai b ng lai, tranh gay qua tai ong c truyen tai bang chuyen. Trc khi vao may chiet, chai c i qua 4 cam bien theo trnh t: 1/ Cam bien quang kiem tra chieu cao chai, nguyen ly hoat ong la chieu 2 chum tia song song ngang qua chai, ch nhng chai co chieu cao nam gia 2 chum tia (che tia di va khong che tia tren) th mi c i qua.

Trnh bay chi tiet phan IV. MAY THIET B

60

2/ Cam bien kiem tra nc ong ay chieu tia sang t di len, neu co ton d nc th tia nay se b phan xa lam nhieu tn hieu. Da vao tia sang thu nhan c ma biet la ay chai kho hay khong. 3/ Cam bien soi vat the la se chup hnh t di len, neu trong chai co nhieu can ban th hnh chup se b en nhng cho o, may t ong so iem anh vi ay chai tieu chuan, may co can gat nhng chai khong at. 4/ Cam bien kiem tra mieng chai, neu mieng chai b me th sau khi ong nap se lam x kh CO2 va vi sinh vat se tap nhiem vao. Cac chai qua 4 cam bien tren se c cong nhan soi chai lan cuoi trc khi i vao may chiet. Viec kiem tra k lng trc khi vao chiet giup am bao he thong chiet hoat ong nhp nhang, tranh s co. Cau tao: - May gom to hp 2 thiet b: may chiet bia vao chai va may ong nut. Cum chiet bia vao chai c ieu khien chu yeu bi he thong cac cam c bo tr theo hanh trnh cua chai.

Hnh 21. Cau tao he thong chiet bia

Chu thch 1. Cau vo chai 2. Sao chan chai. Hoat ong nh vao mot piston kh nen, khi 61

co tn hieu dng vao chai th piston se ay len, khong cho sao quay t do chan chai lai. 3. Vt tai nha, a chai vao ung bc rang cua sao ay chai. 4. Bo truyen ong cho truc vt. 5. Sao a chai vao mam chiet. 6. Cam hut chan khong lan 1 7. Cam m CO2 e thoi khong kh ra khoi chai 8. Cam ong CO2. 9. Cam hut chan khong lan 2 10. Cam m CO2 (bat au chiet bia). 11. Mam mang chai, la bo phan chnh cua may. Gom mam tren va mam di. Mam di la bo phan tao chuyen ong i len cua chai, va la bo phan lien ket vi bo truyen ong cua may. 12. e chai, gom co 72 e, tng ng vi 72 chai, ben di co ranh cam tao chuyen ong len xuong cho chai. 13. Cam dung cho che o CIP (thanh trung). 14. Cam ong CO2 lan nhat, giam lng bia vao chai t t. 15. Cam ong CO2 lan hai, ong kn han, bia a vao u. day chuyen bia chai th cam ch ong CO2 mot lan. 16. Cam xa bot co chai, sau khi bia a vao ay chai th lng bot co chai kha nhieu xa bt ra ngoai. 17. Cam m CO2 , xa bot con lai ra ngoai. (chai a ra khoi ban mang chai) 18. Cam ong CO2 chuan b cho chai khac vao va lap lai qua trnh chiet bia nh tren. 19. Sao a chai ra khoi mam chiet. 20. Sao cua bo phan ong nut chai. Chai trc khi c ong nut se i qua tia nc ap lc cao, e uoi kh co chai ra het. 21. Sao chuyen chai ra cau tai sau khi ket thuc qua trnh ong nut. 22. Cau chai ra. a chai ay qua bo phan kiem tra e chuan b vao may hap. 23. Cac vach chai bang nha. Nguyen ly hoat ong: - Bia c rot vao chai nh vao s can bang ang ap gia khong kh trong chai va CO2 dn bia bon chit ben tren, bia theo au rot se chay xuong theo thanh chai e tranh tao bot. Khi mc bia cham en mieng cua au rot th dng lai nh s chenh lech ap suat gia khoang khong kh co chai va bon bia. - Tuy thuoc vao lng bia can rot vao chai ma ta thay bang cac au rot dai hay ngan. Va tuy thuoc vao hnh dang cua co chai 62

ma ta ieu chnh o cao cua mieng phot cao su doc tren voi chiet e lam giam bot trong qua trnh rot. Khi chai ra khoi he thong th gap 1 tia nc phun ngang vi ap lc manh nham ay khong kh va bot ra ngoai. Cac giai oan chiet bia: - Giai oan 1: hut chan khong. Chai khi vao may chiet cha ay khong kh. au voi chiet co lien ket vi mot bm chan khong, hut khong kh t trong chai ra. - Giai oan 2: tao ap suat oi khang. Sau khi hut chan khong, CO2 c a vao chai, co the t khoang khong pha ben tren be cha bia cua may chiet hoac t ngoai. - Giai oan 3: rot bia vao chai. Khi ap suat trong chai va ap suat trong be cha bia cua may chiet can bang nhau, bia c chay mot cach nhe nhang vao chai do s chenh lech the nang. Kh trong chai c ay ra ngoai theo ng dan kh cua voi chiet. Giai oan 4: ay chai. Qua trnh rot bia se dng lai khi mc bia cham ti ong dan kh ra cua au chiet. Khi o valve thong kh pha tren be cha bia cung ong lai. Giai oan 5: ha chai ra khoi voi chiet. Cac thong so van hanh: - Ap lc gio nguon vao: 4 6 bar - Ap lc gio ong m cam: 2 3 bar - Ap lc gio ong m pistion nang chai: 3 3.5 bar - Ap lc gio thoi nut: 1 2 bar - Ap lc CO2 vao bon chiet: 2 3 bar - Ap lc nc nguon en may: 1 2 bar - Ap lc bm hut chan khong: -0.9 -0.6 bar - Ap lc au voi phun nc vao chai uoi khong kh: 10 20 bar - Nhiet o bia nhan t phan xng len men: 4 10oC - Ap lc ong dan bia en may chiet: 4 5 bar - Toc o chiet toi a: 32.000 chai/h Bo phan ong nap: Cum ong nut hoat ong chu yeu nh ket cau c kh ben trong, cho phep hut nut khoen vao pheu va co can gat cho nut khoen lat up ung v tr, sau o se c di chuyen theo mot hng ti khuon dap va ay tng nap vao mieng chai. ung thi iem o, bua dap xuong ong chat nap vao co chai. Cac c cau nay hoat ong nh bo truyen ong, c ieu khien bang cam bien va kh nen. Nang suat thiet b ong nap phai ong bo vi thiet b chiet. 63

 May hap7 Chai sau khi ra khoi chiet se i qua may soi chai lng, hoat ong bang cach chieu tia phong xa , chum tia chieu vuong goc vi mc chat long va bot, neu the tch bia khong u th lng hat nhan c mang thu se nhieu, neu bia chiet d th lng hat xuyen qua se t hn, ch nhng chai co the tch ung yeu cau th mi i qua. Sau o chai c qua kiem tra trc tiep bang mat thng toan bo nhng bat thng cua chai. ay la ngi se chu trach nhiem au tien neu nha may nhan c phan nan ve nhng dau hieu bat thng lien quan en chai bia nh chai b lng, nt, me, co vat la ben trong. T ay bia se chuyen vao may hap se thanh trung nham loai triet e vi sinh vat va nam men trong chai, giup bao quan c lau hn. May dan nhan Dan nhan la cong viec gan thng hieu cua cong ty len san pham, an tng au tien cua ngi tieu dung chnh la thng hieu c in tren chai bia, dau hieu e phan biet vi cac thng hieu bia khac. Chnh v the viec dan nhan oi hoi o chnh xac ve kch thc, v tr nhan rat cao. Bia sau khi thanh trung se c bang tai van chuyen theo ng vong nham on nh lu lng chai trc khi vao thiet b dan nhan. Cau tao:

Cum trc khu vc dan nhan: 1. Cam bien kiem tra chai a c ong nap hay cha, neu phat hien chai cha ong nap th may se dng lai.
7

Trnh bay chi tiet phan IV. MAY THIET B

64

2. Cau vo chai au vao cua may. 3. Sao chan chai, hoat ong nh mot xylanh kh nen ben di. Khi may hoat ong, sao chan chai xoay t do do lc di chuyen cua chai tao ra, khi muon khong cho chai vao th xylanh kh nen se ep sao chan chai lam ngan dong chai vao may. 4. Cam bien phat hien chai vao. 5. Vt tai chai, tao ra khoang cach cac chai khp vi cac v tr tren sao cuon chai vao. 6. Sao cuon chai vao vung dan nhan. Cum cap nhan cho chai: 7. U mouse. Lam nhiem vu lay nhan a co keo t u tay lay keo va dan vao chai. Lc ep nhan vao chai la lc nen cua mouse khi b ep vao chai. 8. Bm keo. Hoat ong nh kh nen, bm hoat onng lien tuc trong qua trnh may lam viec, co the ieu chnh lng keo bm bang cach ieu chnh valve ng gio ra. 9. Thung cha keo. 10. Truc lan keo. Co the ieu chnh o day lp keo bang cach ieu chnh khe h gia dao gat keo va truc keo. 11. U tay lay keo. Lam nhiem vu cung cap nhan a co keo cho u mouse. 12. Bo phan cap nhan. Cum tao cac chuyen ong cho chai: 13. Mam mang chai. 14. Cac bo choi quet lam nhan om sat vao than chai. 15. e chai, co the t xoay tai cac v tr choi quet. 16. Cac cam bien phat hien thieu chai tren mam, c bo tr pha tren cua cac cay ty ep au chai. Cum sau khi ra khoi mam mang chai: 17. Sao cuon chai ra. 18. Con lan ay chai ra cau tai, giup chai khong b nga khi ra khoi sao cuon chai. 19. Bo choi quet nhan au chai, hoat ong nh 2 motor oc lap. 20. Cau tai chai ra khoi may. 21. Bo au thoi gio lam kho, sach au chai. 22. May in han s dung, ma so san xuat len au chai. Ngoai ra, may con co bo phan tao lc ep au chai, e gi cho chai khong b nga. Lc ep nh vao chuyen ong cua cam pha tren. Nguyen ly hoat ong: - Chai sau hap c cau tai di chuyen en may, qua bo cam bien soi kiem tra nap roi vao vt tai (5), qua cam bien quan sat 65

chai roi vao sao cuon chai (6) va mam mang chai (13), ong thi cam pha tren cac cay ty chan au chai se ep xuong lam gi chat chai vao cac e chai (14). - ong thi ben cum cap nhan, u tay lay keo (11) se lay keo va lay nhan cap cho u mousse (7). Ngoai chuyen ong xoay quanh truc cua u tay lay keo, con co chuyen ong lac quanh truc cua cac tay lay keo, e cho keo va nhan c tiep xuc het be mat. - Khi v tr tam cua 3 truc : truc mam mang chai (13), truc e chai (14) va truc u mouse (7) cung nam tren 1 ng thang th nhan se c dan vao chai, iem tiep xuc au tien cua nhan va chai la ng thang nam tren mat phang vuong goc vi ng noi 3 tam tren. - Sau o chai se c di chuyen qua cac v tr c bo tr choi (14) e nhan c dan sat vao chai, ngoai chuyen ong quanh truc cua mam mang chai, chai con chuyen ong lac quanh truc cua e chai (nh vao bo cam nam ben di) e be mat nhan c dan het len than va chai. - Khi en v tr chai chuyen vao sao cuon chai (17) th cac au ty gi chai cung rut len va chai tiep tuc c 2 con lan quet au chai lam nhiem vu ep nhan bac om sat vao au chai. Sau o chai c i chuyen ra khoi may nh cau tai (20). Chai tiep tuc di chuyen en v tr in date. - Chai bia sau khi dan nhan se c kiem tra thu cong e loai nhng chai dan nhan b loi. Ke t ay chai a hoan toan san sang e tieu thu, theo bang chuyen en may chat chai ay (nguyen tac hoat ong nh may gap chai rong). Sau o ket bia thanh pham theo bang chuyen en may chat pallet va c xe ch vao kho. S o bo tr thiet b day chuyen bia lon

66

Thng bia thnh phm

Pallet lon

Gi ng thng

Dn np thng v in date thng

My r lon

Kim tra trng lng thng

Trng ra lon

My dn 5/6 thng

My gp lon vo thng

Bia

My chit bia

In hn s dng ln lon

Np lon

My cn np

Ra lon - Pallet lon sau khi c may chat len bang tai se c chuyen en he thong nang piston. Tai ay piston se nang len mot oan bang chieu cao cua lon. Khi cong nhan gat can ieu khien se ay lp lon tren cung ti he thong bang chuyen. - Lp bang chuyen co be rong tng ng vi be rong cua 8 lon/hang. Sau o be rong giam dan xuong con 4 lon/hang, giam xuong 2 lon/hang va cuoi cung la 1 lon/hang. - Toc o cua may ra lon khoang 30000 lon/h. Ra lon - Lon c i theo mot ranh xoan giup xoay t ng sang ngang va i vao thiet b ra lon. ay la he thong vi voi phun gom 13 voi noi tiep nhau. 67

Kim tra trng lng Thuyet minh cu the: lon bia

My thanh trng

- Sau khi ra khoi he thong ra, lon se c oi chieu quay xuong di nham trut het nc ra khoi lon. Nc sau khi ra se theo mang hng a ra ngoai. May chiet, ong nap, thanh trung bia lon - Lon trc khi a en he thong chiet bia se c oi chieu quay len. - Ve nguyen tac hoat ong th he thong chiet bia, ong nap, thanh trung bia lon gan nh tng t bia chai. Ch khac he thong chiet bia lon so vi bia chai la cau tao he thong chiet rot cua piston phu hp vi mieng lon; chiet bia lon cung da tren nguyen tac ang ap nhng ap suat nap CO2 trong bia lon la 3 bar va ap suat cua tru chiet la 3 4 bar. - Sau khi chiet va ong nap th lon bia se c oi chieu quay xuong trc khi vao may hap (bien phap nay giup phat hien nhng lon ong nap khong chac, khi qua may hap di ap lc hi nong ben trong gian n ra se lam x nap lon, nhng lon nay khi qua may kiem tra se b phat hien va loai ra). Thi gian lon qua may thanh trung la khoang 40 phut. - He thong thanh trung bia lon gom 9 vung co nhiet o tng ng la: 1 Nhiet o cai at ( oC) Nhiet o lam viec (oC) 33 2 39 3 47.5 4 62 5 62 6 60.5 7 48 8 41 9 35 35. 7

37.3 41.1 46.4 61.9 61.9 60.5 45.9 40.8

Xep hop - Bia lon sau khi ra khoi thiet b thanh trung se c bang tai van chuyen en thiet b can kiem tra lon. Vi nhng lon khong u trong lng hoac qua trong lng se b thiet b t ong ay ra ngoai he thong. Vi nhng lon at tieu chuan se c bang tai a en thiet b in date ay lon. - Sau khi in date xong, bia lon se c ao quay tr lai va a en may gap cho lon vao thung. Moi lan may gap lon vao 5 thung, moi thung 24 lon. - Sau khi lon vao thung se qua thiet b kiem tra trong lng thung (chuan 8.5 kg/ thung). Nhng thung thieu lon se c a ra ngoai e cong nhan bo sung them. Nhng thung u lon se c a en may dan thung va in date thung. T ay thung bia thanh pham se c van chuyen vao kho cha. 68

MAY THIET B
May ra chai
Muc ch Loai bo toan bo nhan, cac can ban ben trong va ngoai chai. ong thi am bao chai c vo trung trc khi chiet bia. Qua trnh ra chai c tien hanh trong cac may ra chuyen dung, chai c phun ngam trong dung dch tay ra (soude) sau o phun nc nong vao ben trong va ngoai e loai toan bo soude. Cac yeu to anh hng en hieu qua ra chai - Thi gian ngam chai phai am bao cac can ban hoa tan, cac nhan mac tach ri khoi chai. Thi gian ngam nha may khoang 25 phut. - Ap suat phun co tac ong mot cach c hoc ti s loai bo cac can ban va nhan mac ra khoi chai. May ket hp gia qua trnh ngam va phun ra nen at hieu qua ra cao. - Nhiet o ra cang cao, s hoa tan can ban cang nhanh. Nhiet o thch hp khoang 60 85oC tuy theo yeu cau tay ra. - Tac nhan tay ra hay c s dung la kiem v kha nang tieu diet vi sinh vat cao va hoa tan giay bac tot. Nguyen tac ra chai Chai i trong may ra lan lt c trai qua cac cong oan: - Ngam s bo trong mot hoac nhieu be cha nc co nhiet o tang dan, mot mat tranh lam thuy tinh gian n ot ngot, loai trc chat ban co trong chai (tranh lam nhiem nhng khu vc sau) va loai kh ton ong trong chai. - Ngam trong soude nong: giai oan nay tac nhan tay ra se hoa tan hoan toan giay bac ben ngoai va dch bia con sot ben trong. Cac vi sinh nhiem vao chai eu b tieu diet nhiet o cao. - Phun ra bang soude nong: nham loai ba nhan ra ngoai va tay sach mat ngoai chai. - Phun ra bang nc nong: ra dung dch soude ton ong trong chai ket hp tay ra mat trong va mat ngoai chai. - Phun ra bang nc thng: nham ha nhiet o cua chai xuong va tiep tuc tay sach chat kiem con trong chai. - Phun ra bang nc sach: am bao chai hoan toan sach va vo trung.

69

Cau tao

Chu thch 1. Cau a chai en trc khu vc vo chai. 2. Cau a chai vao ung v tr chuan b vao may. 3. C cau gat chai chao lo. Hai ben thanh may co en photocell e phat hien chai b lat, b chong chai. 4. Cau a chai ra. 5. C cau a chai ra khoi may. 6. Xch tai mang cac lo cha chai. 7. Vung ben trong may, gom cac bon va cac lam nc ra chai. May co he thong cap, thoat nc lien tuc cho cac bon va cac lam phun nc. Ngoai ra con co he thong gia nhiet vo ong cho soude (soude i ben trong, hi nong i ben ngoai). Mot so bo phan quan trong - Ro chup chai c lam bang nha chu nhiet, ay la bo phan i cung vi chai t au vao en au ra. Thong thng chieu cao cua ro se chup toan bo chai, khi i vao trong may se an khp vi li thep ben di nham giup chai tranh ri, rt ra ngoai nhng khuc cua, quay au. Mot lan vao 27 chai/ hang.

Hnh 22. Hnh anh mot so loai ro chup chai

70

- C cau nap chai co 2 li moc bang nha cng, chai se c ay tuan t vao cac ro. C cau ra chai hoat ong tng t, khi chai va ay ra, theo chieu quay cua truc th phan bung cua li moc se ay chai ra bang chuyen.

Hnh 23. C cau nap chai vao

Hnh 24. C cau lay chai ra

- ng i cua ba nhan: khi chai en cuoi bang chuyen th se co 2 voi phun soude t tren ban manh xuong e ay nhan ra ngoai, sau o nhan theo dong soude chuyen en bang chuyen va vao may ep nhan c bo tr cuoi may.

Hnh 25. ng i cua ba nhan

V tr cac bon ra chai

6 3

- Bon 1 + bon 2: bon ngam ban au, cha nc nhiem soude t cac bon tren chay xuong. Chc nang bon nay lam sach s bo, lam sach dau, nht, cat va cung lam chai am dan len 71

trc khi vao bon soude. khu vc nay co quat hut kh, hi trong chai ra ngoai. - Bon 3: cha soude, la bon chnh lam sach chai, nhiet o bon 80 85oC. Ap lc bm soude 0.5 1 bar. - Bon 4: bon nhiem soude. Co 4 lam phun nc (2 lam tron va 2 lam vuong). Nc d bon 4 se chay xuong bon 1 va 2. - Bon 5: co 2 lam tron va 2 lam vuong. - Bon 6: co 3 lam tron va 1 lam vuong. - Bon 7: co 4 lam tron. Tong cong co 16 thanh lam (11 lam trom va 5 lam vuong) phun nc lam sach chai cac bon 4, 5, 6, 7. Ngoai ra con co 3 thanh lam phun nc sach (2 lam tron va 1 lam vuong), lay nc trc tiep t ng ong cap nc sach, nhiem vu lam sach chai lan cuoi. Ap lc nc phun 0.4 2 bar. Chu y: - Lam tron la lam phun vao ben trong chai, lo phun xoay c nh vao bo sao truyen ong at 2 au. Lam vuong la lam phun ben ngoai chai, lam vuong co nh va phun lien tuc ben ngoai chai.

Hnh 26. Lam tron phun nc ra mat trong chai

Hnh 27. Lam vuong phun nc ra mat ngoai chai

- Bon 5, 6, 7 s dung nc thu hoi, van co ng ong cap them nc nhng khong nhieu. - Bon 3 co the tch cha soude la 40 m 3. au va cuoi bon 3 co thanh lam 15 phun soude vao chai, ap lc phun 0.5 1 bar. - Bon 4 co ng nc t cham them, khi nc bon 4 d se chay xuong bon 1 va 2. - Bon 7 co valve t cham nc them, khi d se tran qua bon 6 va 5, va cuoi cung cung chay xuong bon 1 va 2. Bon 1 va 2 khi d ay nc se xa ra ngoai. - Nc t 3 thanh lam lam sach chai lan cuoi ch s dung mot lan, khong thu hoi lai. - May co 5 bm chnh. Khi bat ky 1 bm nao khong hoat ong, hoac ap lc bm khong u vi gia tr a cai at th may se 72

khong hoat ong. Soude bon 3 c gia nhiet nh 1 ng ong hi nong cap vao may. Tac nhan ra chai Yeu cau oi vi chat tay ra - Hieu qua ra cao: hoa tan nhanh chat ban, kha nang tham giay tot, hoa tan tot trong nc, tieu diet hoac c che manh vi sinh vat. - Khong oc, khong tao can, bot. - De nh lng, re tien. - Chat tay ra hay c s dung la NaOH vi nong o 2%, ong thi co bo sung mot so phu gia khac nham am bao cac yeu cau tren. Cac chat phu gia s dung gom: chat chong tao bot (Polix XT), chong tao can (Stabilon), chat tao o bong cho chai (Foam Nox). - nh k se co k thuat vien kiem tra ngau nhien cac chai sau khi ra khoi may co nhiem soude hay khong, neu phat hien s co se tien hanh kiem tra toan dien he thong may. Bo truyen ong - May hoat ong nh vao 1 motor qua 1 bo truyen ai. Truyen ong cho 2 truc cua xch tai chai ben trong may bang 2 khp cac ang, va qua bo giam toc truc vt banh vt. Truyen ong cho c cau lay chai vao va a chai ra qua bo giam toc xch, c cau cam va khp an toan khi qua tai cho may.

1. Bo truc vt-banh vt, noi vi truc cua banh xch tai chia. 2. Bo chong qua tai. Khi xch tai b qua tai en mot gia tr nao o th bo truc vt - banh vt 1 b xoay i mot goc lam ay c cau ben trong cua bo chong qua tai may dng lai. 3. Khp cac ang. 4. Bo truyen xch 73

5. 6. 7. 8.

Bo truyen ai, noi vi motor. Motor ien. C cau tao chuyen ong cho cam a chai ra khoi may. C cau tao chuyen ong cho cam a chai vao may. Van hanh may - Ve sinh may: + Phan au may tang tren, tang di. + Gam may, vung xung quanh theo loi i. + Gio ng ba nhan, thung cha mieng, rac e ung v tr. - Theo doi cac valve hi nong, valve nc, valve gio. - Kiem tra an toan ien trang thai hoat ong tot. - Kiem soat chai vao may khong nga, khong lan chai khac loai, chai d khong ra c. - Kiem soat chai ra may khong nga o. - Kiem soat cac thong so hoat ong cua may theo quy nh va ghi nhan vao bieu mau. Thong so van hanh - Ap lc ong phun nc sach: 0.4 2 bar - Ap lc ong hi nong nguon en may: 2 4 bar - Ap lc bm bon soude: 0.5 1 bar - Mc nc bon soude: ung vach dung tch - Nhiet o bon soude: 80 85oC - Nong o bon soude: 60 100 mS - Toc o chay may ln nhat: 34000 chai/gi Cac bc van hanh may - M valve cham nc vao cac bon cho ay. Kiem tra cac khoa m valve a ung v tr cha. Kiem tra, lau sach cac en photocell. - M cong tac nguon ien may - Bam nut xoa loi - Bam phm F9 e chon che o ieu khien may: + So 1: chay t ong. + So 2: chay tay. + So 3: ieu khien bang cable. - Ta chon so 1 e may chay Auto. - Chon tiep F1 e start. - Chon F13 e khi ong lan lt 5 bm. - Neu can cai at lai nhiet o, ap lc bm, ta chon F16, roi chon Run - M cau tai chai vo va ra. - M cong tac en photocell 74

- Khi ca 5 bm a hoat ong tot th tiep tuc m may, bam ong thi hai nut Run va Reset.

Cach khac phuc nhng s co thng gap S CO NGUYEN NHAN KHAC PHUC Cong tac ieu khien ien Mat ien the Xoay khi ong the khong m sau khi ket ieu khien khoa cong tac. thuc s co. Khac phuc s co, Mot trong cac nut dng tach ri s nguy May khong khan cap b ong. hiem, keo nut the khi ong dng khan cap. Bao th may, th Bm khong hoat ong ien kiem tra bm. Cau ch t ong bao ve Tranh tan so Khi ong qua nhieu lan bm, motor ong m cong trong thi gian ngan. truyen ong tac nhieu. ong Cong tac cau tai chai nap M cong tac cau vao may khong m. nap chai. Ket chai hoac chai b be, chai khac loai, nhay chai hay chai nga, loai nhap hai chai cung luc lam bo chai be, mieng Chai khong nap nhay khp ly hp nhap chai. vao may chai. Dung tay quay quay Ro chai dnh bam nhieu khp ly hp ung mieng, chai vun, keo cao su. th tr lai. Lam sach ro chai. Chai khong Cong tac cau tai chai ra M cong tac cau. thoat ra may khong m. Lam sach mieng Ket mieng chai trong ro chai, chai, thay the ro ro chai b be, mop. chai. Nhay khp ly hp thoat Dung tay quay quay 75

chai ra do ket chai be, ro khp ly hp ve rach. ung th tr lai. Ap lc bon ra b giam. Ap lc dch tay tai cac yeu nc sach Valve bt chnh ong. M valve bt chnh.

dung Li loc b nghet. Ve sinh lt loc. ra Ca nap khong c ong ong kn cac nap bon kn sau khi lam ve sinh. bon.

I.2

May thanh trung bia chai

Nhiem vu Hap bia sau khi chiet e am bao chat lng bia theo nh yeu cau, nhng tac nhan lam h bia se khong con, am bia c bao quan lau. Ben canh o nh vao o nong trong qua trnh hap lam cho mieng cao su ben trong nap chai n ra, lam kn nut va chai. Nguyen ly hap bia la dung nc c gia nhiet e ti t tren xuong, thi gian chai i qua khoang 45 phut. Cac vung ti nc cua may co nhiet o khong giong nhau, nong nhat khoang 63oC, han che kha nang chai b no trong qua trnh hap. Thong so ky thuat - Nha san xuat : KHS (c) - Kch thc ben ngoai: chieu dai 19 m, chieu cao 3 m, be ngang 4.5 m - Vat lieu che tao: thep khong g - Cong suat: khoang 30000 chai/h. Toi a co the at 33000 chai/h. Cau tao May gom co 2 tang nh nhau: tang tren va tang di. Bia vao cung luc ca 2 tang. Cac bo phan chnh: - Bo v mang chai. - Cac bon cha nc. - Bo mang phan phoi nc ti xuong - ng ong va bm nc tuan hoan trong qua trnh hap. - He thong ng ong kh nong e gia nhiet cho nc. - Cau tai chai vao va ra.

76

1 2 3 4

6 7 8 9 10

Hnh 28. Cau tao he thong hap bia chai

Chu thch 1. ng ong cap nc cho cac bon. 2. ng ong chuyen nc t bon cha nc ben di len cac bon phun nc ben tren. 3. Bm nc, 10 cai 4. Valve ong m nc cham vao cac bon, c ieu khien bang bo r le o mc nc, gom 8 cai 5. Cac bon cha nc, gom 8 bon c anh so tng ng tren hnh ve, trong o bon 4 va bon 5 la bon kep va la bon chnh, nhiet o cao nhat. Moi bon co 1 ca xa nc va nhiet ke e theo doi nhiet o. 6. Bo xa nc ngng tu cho ng ong cap hi nong. 7. ng ong xa nc ngng tu ra cong. 8. Valve ien ong m hi nong. Valve hoat ong lien tuc e am bao nhiet o trong bon ung vi nhiet o a cai at. 9. ng ong dan hi nong. 10. Valve ong m ng ong hi nong vao may. Bo truyen ong 77

7 8

1 2

3 10

4 5

11

Hnh 29. Cau tao bo truyen ong may hap

Chu thch 1. Cau tai chai vao. 2. V mang chai qua cac mang ti nc nong. 3. Cau tai chai ra. 4. Bo truyen ong truc vt-banh vt. 5. Motor cho cau tai. 6. Bo giam toc ln. 7. Bo giam toc nho. 8. Bo bien toc ma sat. ieu chnh toc o cua v. 9. Motor tao chuyen ong cho v. 10. Thanh gat chai vao v. 11. Bo truyen ong xch. Chu y: tren ay la cau tao bo truyen ong cua mot tang, tang tren va di cung nh nhau. Tuy nhien tang tren bo bien toc khong ieu chnh bang tay ma ieu chnh bang bo bien tan (ch chnh mot lan roi s dung luon, rat on nh), con tang di th dung bo bien toc ma sat, ieu chnh bang tay quay ng vi cac vach tren a. Bang ieu khien

78

6 1 5

9 1 6 1 7 1 1

1 0

1 8

1 9

1 2 1 3 2 0
1 0

2 1
1 0

2 2
1 0

2 3
1 0

2 4
1 0

2 5
1 0

2 6
1 0

1 4
1 0

2 7
1 0

2 8
1 0

2 9
1 0

3 0
1 0

3 1
1 0

3 2
1 0

3 3 3 9 4 5

3 4 4 0

3 5 4 1 4 6 4 9 4 7 5 0

3 6 4 2

3 7 4 3 4 8 5 1

3 8 4 4

Hnh 30. Bo ieu khien may hap

Chu thch 1. Mat trc cua tu ieu khien. 2. Dry running section 4, en bao tnh trang hoat ong cua bo gia nhiet bon 4 (bon kep, nhiet o khoang 63oC) 3. Dry running section 5, en bao tnh trang hoat ong cua bo gia nhiet bon 5 (bon kep, nhiet o khoang 62oC) 4. Dry running section 6, en bao tnh trang hoat ong cua bo gia nhiet bon 6 (bon chnh, nhiet o khoang 62oC) 5. Dry running section 7, en bao tnh trang hoat ong cua bo gia nhiet bon 7 6. Dry running section 8, en bao tnh trang hoat ong cua bo gia nhiet bon 8 7. ong ho hien th thong tin nhiet o bon 1 va 8, dong tren la nhiet o thc te o c bon, dong ben di la nhiet o cai at. 8. ong ho hien th thong tin nhiet o bon 2 va 7. 9. ong ho hien th thong tin nhiet o bon 3 va 6. 10. ong ho hien th thong tin nhiet o bon 4 (bon chnh). 11. ong ho hien th thong tin nhiet o bon 5 (bon chnh). 12. ong ho hien th toc o cua v tren (453 phut/ v). 79

13. ong ho hien th toc o v di (453 phut/ v). 14. Cong tac ien chnh. 15. Fault overload relay en bao qua tai. 16. Horn off 17. Nut dng khan cap. 18. Lower packback, en bao ay chai ngo ra di. 19. Upper packback, en bao ay chai ngo ra tren. 20. Lower feed conveyor, cau chai vao ben di. 21. Upper feed conveyor, cau chai vao ben tren. 22. Lower main conveyor, v di. 23. Upper main conveyor, v tren. 24. Pump 1+10 bm bon 1 va 10. 25. Pump 2+9 bm bon 2 va 9. 26. Pump 3+8 bm bon 3 va 8. 27. Pump 4 bm so 4 28. Pump 5 bm so 5 29. Pump 6 bm so 6 30. Pump 7 bm so 7 31. Lower discharge conveyor Cau chai ra ben di. 32. Upper discharge conveyor cau chai ra ben tren. 33. Light on cong tac en chieu sang. 34. Temp. max. section 4 en bao nhiet o max cua bon 4. 35. Temp. max. section 5 en bao nhiet o max cua bon 5. 36. Level section 1 en bao mc nc bon 1, khi mc trong bon cha u th en sang ong thi bm nc them vao, khi nc a u th en tac va bm ngng. 37. Level section 2 en bao mc nc bon 2. 38. Level section 3 en bao mc nc bon 3. 39. Level section 4 en bao mc nc bon 4. 40. Temp. Min. section 4 en bao nhiet o min cua bon 4. 41. Temp. Min. section 5 en bao nhiet o min cua bon 5. 42. Level section 5 en bao mc nc bon 5. 43. Level section 6 en bao mc nc bon 7. 44. Level section 7 en bao mc nc bon 7. 45. Level section 8 en bao mc nc bon 8. 46. Alarm control on en bao m coi bao. 47. Temp control on en bao m he thong valve hi nong. 48. Level control on en bao m he thong bm nc vao bon. 49. Alarm control on cong tac m coi bao. 50. Temp. control on cong tac m he thong valve hi nong. 80

51. Level control on cong tac m he thong bm nc vao bon. Van hanh may 1. Kiem tra, chuan b may: - Thong ra cac li chan d cac bon nc. - Kiem tra mc nc sach cua cac bon ay u (theo mc kiem tra). - M ien, kiem tra cac tn hieu en bao sang tnh trang tot. - M cac valve nguon khi ong may (valve gio, nc, hi). - Kiem tra cac valve cap hi nong t ong cac bon 4, 5, 6, 7. - Khi ong lan lt tng phan va kiem tra hoat ong thiet b: cau tai chai vo va ra may, v a chai tang tren, tang di. - Kiem soat cac thong so may theo bang cac thong so may. 2. Kiem soat hoat ong cua may: - Ve sinh cha bon va ra li chan d cac bon khi nhan ca. - Cong nhan van hanh quan sat tn hieu hoat ong may tren man hnh tu ien. - Chai vao may hap phai qua ti nc ra bot bam ben ngoai e han che rong reu ong bam trong cac bon may, kiem tra chai nga. - Kiem soat cac thong so theo bang thong so van hanh may: + Nhiet o cac bon 3, 4, 5, 6. + Li chan d cac bon. + Quan sat mang nc ti eu cac mang ti. + V chai tang tren, tang di chay lien tuc khong dng suot qua trnh hap bia. + Kiem tra bia trong chai co o trong suot, khong ket tua can nong, khong b uc theo tan suat 30 phut/lan. - G ket mieng chai cau tai tang tren va tang di au ra chai, gi khong e ket chai, can lam nga chai, am bao dong chai ra lien tuc. - am bao ve sinh khu vc va thiet b may trong luc hoat ong. 3. Kiem soat may trc khi ban giao ca san xuat va dng may: - Ch c ngng may khi ngan dong chai vao va kiem soat chai het may hap. - Duy tr cac hoat ong cua may en khi het ca san xuat. - Ban giao lai cho ngi van hanh ca sau ve: + Cac thong tin hoat ong cua ca mnh. + Tnh trang thiet b a van hanh. + Cong viec ve sinh ngan nap. - Dng may vao cuoi tuan: 81

+ Ra het chai trong may. + Khoa hi nong nguon. + Xa nc cac bon. + Khoa tat may, tat bm, tat he thong ieu khien chay cau chai, tat ien tu ien chnh, khoa gio, khoa hi. 4. Thong so van hanh: - Ap lc gio: 2 4 bar - Ap lc cac bm nc: 0. 5 1.5 bar - Cac ong bec phun nc: khong b nghet. - Ap lc nguon hi nong: 2 4 bar. - Nhiet o bon 3, 6: 50 58oC. - Nhiet o bon 4: 62 64oC. - Nhiet o bon 5: 61 63oC.

Cach khac phuc nhng s co thng gap S CO NGUYEN NHAN KHAC PHUC Kiem tra va canh chnh Nhiet o cac bon khong lai thong so nhiet o ung quy nh. cac bon. Kiem soat lai ng tai Chai be chai , bao cho to trng Can ket tren cau tai chai. nhieu neu thay can ket lam be chai. Canh chnh lai toc o Toc o may cham. may. Chai chiet ay. Chnh lai mc chiet. Li ti khong eu hay Ve sinh he thong li nghet. ti. Toc o may qua nhanh Kiem tra lai toc o o hap hoac qua cham so vi quy may. khong at nh. Kiem tra nhiet o va Nhiet o khong khong at lu lng nc ti bon theo quy nh. 4 va 5. May Do cac may nam trc X ly het chai trong khong may hap b h (may suc, may. hoat ong chiet) Do may hap h hoac cac Khoa hi nong nguon qua 30 82

phut

may sau may hap khong hoat ong.

en may. D nap bon, xa nc thong thoang nguon nhiet.

II.

VE SINH CONG NGHIEP

Viec gi on nh chat lng bia trong mot thi gian dai la vo cung quan trong. Cac thong so cua bia o la mui, v, o ben bot, o trong cua bia. Tuy nhien neu ch n thuan la loc th se khong gi c cac ac tnh o cua bia ma can phai ket hp vi cong oan ve sinh, tay ra. Can duy tr ve sinh sach se tai moi khu vc san xuat, cac thiet b san xuat, cac ng ong va ve sinh nh k e tay bo tat ca cac tap nhiem xuat hien. o la mot yeu cau chnh oi vi moi xng san xuat trong lnh vc thc pham, o uong. Mot trong nhng phng phap tay ra tiet trung o la phng phap ve sinh tai cho (CIP Cleaning in place) c hieu nom na la bo phan chuan b cac dung dch e tay ra, ve sinh tai phan xng.

Khai niem ve CIP

CIP (Clean in place) la he thong t ong lam sach be mat pha trong cua cac trang thiet b san xuat nh may moc, ong dan, cac bon cha ma khong can phai thao d cac thiet b o,v vay ma c goi la he thong ve sinh tai cho. Cac u iem cua CIP: - Hoat ong an toan. - Ket qua lam sach on nh. - Hieu qua kinh te. - at c s an toan sinh hoc toi a cho san pham (giam toi a s lay nhiem).

Cac loai vat lieu va phan ng vi tac nhan tay ra

Cac thiet b cu eu c lam bang thep. Chung c lot 1 lp em e ngan cach vi bia. Lp lot nay trung tnh va hau nh c lam sach hoan toan bi cac tac nhan tay ra thong thng, nhc iem cua no la phai thay sau mot thi gian s dung v co the h hai va nhiem tap. Ch duy nhat co cac thiet b bang nhom c dung ma khong can lp lot em v co lp oxit nhom hnh thanh ben ngoai bao ve. 83

 Cac thiet b bang nhom Nhom la mot kim loai kha re c dung e che tao cac thung cha va thiet b, no trung tnh nen khong anh hng en hng v va chat lng bia, khong can lp lot bao ve. Do vay nhom la vat lieu l tng. Tuy nhien nhom van con mot so nhc iem sau: - Khi gap cac tac nham kiem, nhom se b an mon nhanh chong. - Nhom la kim loai v tr cuoi trong day ien hoa nen khi cho nhom tiep xuc vi cac kim loai khac se gay an mon ien hoa cach li nhom vi cac kim loai khac. - Nhom khong chu c acid manh, b h hong nhanh. - Nhom rat mem va khong chu c ap suat chan khong, cac thiet b bang nhom co nguy c b mop khi co 1 ap suat nho. V may l do tren ma nhom t c dung trong cac nha may bia. Cac thiet b lam bang thep niken-crom Trong cac nha may bia, ngi ta luon noi ve cac loai thep Ni-Cr hay con goi la thep khong g V2A la loai thep chuyen dung che tao thung cha bia, thiet b len men, cac loai bm, ng ong dan. Mot iem lu y la thep V2A khong chu c cac tac nhan tay ra kh trung co cha chlor nen tranh dung dung dch tay ra hypochlorite ket hp vi cac dung dch tay ra co tnh acid, neu khong loai thep nay se b an mon nhanh chong. u iem cua thep khong g la kha nang chong chu acid va kiem co ngha la chung rat thch hp cho qua trnh tay ra bang cac he thong CIP, do o cac phan xng mi luon c xay dng bang vat lieu nay. Be mat trong cua thung cha phai nhan e co the loai bo de dang cac tap chat bang cac phng phap lam nhan be mat nh mai nhan cac moi han; anh bong bang ien be mat ben trong.

Cac ong noi lam t cao su hay chat deo Hau het cac ong noi eu c lam bang cao su va nguy c nhiem tap chat rat cao. Neu ch xet oan tnh trang ben trong cua cac ong noi qua be ngoai th sai lam v ben trong cao su co nhieu vet gn va rat kho lam sach. Cac ong noi cao su nen c lam sach bang dung dch soude loang, cac acid co tnh oxy 84

hoa gay ra nhng bien oi trong phan t cao su nen phai than trong khi dung. Nhieu loai ong cao su anh hng en mui v bia do mui cua no nhat la khi mieng cao su o b pha huy hay lao hoa, do o can kiem ra s phu hp cua cao su trong nganh thc pham. e tranh nguy c nhiem tap va nguy c tang oxy xam nhap vao khi s dung cac ong noi cao su, ngi ta ang thay the lan cac ong noi cao su bang cac moi noi bang thep.

Cac chat lam sach

Lam sach la qua trnh loai bo cac can, ba, chat ket tua nh protein, lipid, muoi vo c, hu c va cac vi sinh vat. Ta vo trung mot be mat bang cach: - Kh trung bang hoa chat. - Vo trung bang nhiet. Cac chat ban co the phan biet nh sau: - Chat hoa tan va khong hoa tan trong qua trnh tay ra. - Cac chat co the tao thanh nhu tng nhng khong hoa tan nen c nhu hoa. - Cac chat khong tao thanh nhu tng nhng khong tan. Cac chat nay phai c nhu hoa sau khi tham t bang cach s dung cac phu gia. Moi trng tay ra n gian va de s dung nhat la nc. Cac dung cu s dung e cha ra la ban chai vi cac kch c khac nhau. Tuy vay khong phai moi chat ban eu co the tay ra theo phng phap thu cong. Yeu cau oi vi chat lam sach: - Tnh hoa tan trong nc cao. - Co kha nang lam sach tot. - Co hieu qua nhiet o thap. -Co kha nang tham t cao. - Lang can t, khong tao bot. - Khong phan ng vi muoi trong nc, khong bao mon thiet b. - De dang s dung, gia thanh thap. Xet theo pH cac chat lam sach chia ra 2 dang: - Cac chat tay ra co tnh kiem (thng la soude) va acid (acid phosphoric, acid sulfuric, acid nitric, acid citric) - Cac tac nhan kh trung tnh kiem va tnh acid.

85

Tac nhan kh trung

Cac chat tiet trung co chc nang tng t nh cac tac nhan tay ra (hay la lam sach). Cac chat kh trung thng la: - Cac hp chat halogen. - Cac chat oxy hoa. - Cac hp chat amoni bac 4. - Cac chat hoat ong be mat lng tnh. Amon bac 4: thng co trong nhieu tac nhan kh trung, la chat hoat ong be mat, co pH trung tnh va co ac tnh kh trung tot. Nhc iem la tao bot va can. Acid peracetic: c s dung nong o 0.01 0.1%. Hieu qua kh trung cua no phu thuoc vao kha nang giai phong oxy nguyen t, la tac nhan kh trung l tng v khong sinh bot va khong tao can sau khi s dung. Tuy nhien no lam tan cao su nen khong c dung e ngam cac thiet b co cha cac ong noi cao su.

Qui trnh tay ra va kh trung trong he thong CIP8

Tat ca cac quy trnh ve sinh can phai thc hien theo ung hng dan cong viec nham am bao ve sinh an toan thc pham. Cac hoa chat s dung - Dung dch NaOH nong o 2 - 2,5% : co tac dung tay ra can bam tren be mat thiet b va ng ong. - Dung dch Oxonia active( peroxyacetic acid): dung nong o 0,2 - 0,7% nhiet o thng, co tac dung thanh trung thiet b va ng ong. - Dung dch acid oxalic 1% va dung dch formol 1% hoac dang vien ot e xong hi co tac dung diet khuan manh. - Hon hp Stabilon va Foam nox c tron chung vi NaOH co tac dung han che tao bot, co kha nang tay ra manh (ac biet la cac chat keo). - Trimeta HC: dung loai bo cac chat keo cua houblon bam vao thanh thiet b, tay ra a bia bam tren mat knh quan sat, co tnh nang diet khuan. Quy trnh ve sinh o Thung lang can va thiet b trao oi nhiet khu vc APV:

Trnh bay cac bc chay CIP xng len men.

86

Sau moi me bm dch nha, thung lang va thiet b trao oi nhiet c ve sinh cung vi nhau theo cac bc sau: - Sau khi dung nc nong 100oC uoi het dch nha trong thung lang, dung nc nong 80oC chay tuan hoan khoang 10 phut e trang lai sach lai. - Dung NaOH 80oC hoac Oxonia active (sau toi a bon me ve sinh bang NaOH th dung Oxonia acitve e ve sinh) chay thuan hoan trong 10 phut e ve sinh ng ong va thiet b trao oi nhiet (khong bm vao thung lang). - Ra lai bang nc nong 80oC e thu hoi lai NaOH (hoac nc nhiet o thng oi vi Oxonia acitve) vao bon cha. oi vi NaOH, trc khi thu hoi th can xa bo lng NaOH ra luc au v a phan ng vi cac polyphenol trong dch nha con d tao dung dch mau en. - Ra lai bang nc va dung giay quy e kiem tra NaOH (hoac que giay e kiem tra Oxonia active) nham am bao a sach hoa chat. - Thong bao phong vi sinh e lay mau nc ra kiem tra. Hang ngay vao moi buoi sang, tat ca cac ng ong len men chnh, len men phu se c ve sinh rieng biet theo trnh t: - Dung nc nong 100oC e ra ng ong. - Chay tuan hoan NaOH nhiet o 80oC trong thi gian 30 phut. - Dung nc nong 80oC e thu hoi NaOH, roi xa sach ng ong khoang 20 phut. - Ra lai bang nc nhiet o thng trong 15 10 phut. - Dung giay quy kiem tra va thong bao phong vi sinh lay mau nc e kiem vi sinh. Quy trnh ve cong nghiep vao th hai hang tuan: oi vi khu vc APV: Bao gom thung lang, thiet b trao oi nhiet va ng ong vao khu vc len chnh. - Trang thung lang, thiet b trao oi nhiet va ng ong bang nc nong 100oC - Thung lang: chay tuan hoan rieng biet cho hai thung lang bang NaOH trong thi gian 1 1.5 gi, thu hoi NaOH roi xa sach bang nc. Ke en, ngi van hanh phai vao ben trong thung lang e cha ra cac can bam con sot lai va dung nc e trang sach. Dung giay quy kiem tra NaOH va lay mau nc e kiem tra vi sinh. 87

Thiet b trao oi nhiet: gan cac ng ong e ve sinh ca hai mat cua tat ca cac tam ban thiet b trao oi nhiet. Dung NaOH chay tuan hoan trong 30 phut va dung nc e thu hoi NaOH va trang sach. Dung acid oxalic chay tuan hoan 30 phut va xa sach bang nc. Tiep theo, dung formol chay tuan hoan trong 5phut roi sau o e ngam formol trong thiet b trao oi nhiet va ng ong vi thi gian 7 8 gi. Sau o, tien hanh xa het formol, dung NaOH trang ra lai, dung nc xa sach ng ong. Sau cung dung giay quy tm e kiem tra nc xa cuoi va lay mau nc kiem tra vi sinh. oi vi cac ng ong len men chnh, len phu: - Trang nc 30 phut. - Chay tuan hoan NaOH khoang 1 gi. - Dung nc nong 80oC, thu hoi NaOH, xa sach ng ong roi dung giay quy kiem tra o pH. - Chay tuan hoan formol khoang 45 phut - Ra lai bang nc thng. - Lay mau nc kiem tra vi sinh. o Thiet b nhan giong nam men: Thc hien CIP theo cac bc: - Dung nc trang sach bon khoang 10 phut. - Dung dch NaOH 2.5% nhiet o thng chay tuan hoan trong 40 phut. - Dung nc trang sach trong 10 phut va dung giay quy e kiem tra. - Cha ra ben trong thung va trang sach bang nc. - Dung dung dch Oxonia active nong o 4.5% chay tuan hoan trong 30 phut. - Lay mau nc ra e kiem tra vi sinh. Tat ca cac oan ong noi trong phong nhan men sau khi chuyen ng ong can phai xt Oxonia active e thanh trung. o Cac tank len men chnh, len men phu, tank TBF: Tank len men chnh co ien: Sau khi chuyen het bia xuong len men phu va thu hoi men, tien hanh ve sinh tank theo cac bc sau: - Dung nc trang ra sach tank va lantern. - Dung 30 40 lt NaOH am ac pha vi 5hl nc, ong thi pha hon hp Stabilon va Foam Nox theo t le the tch 1:10 tron chung vi NaOH, chay tuan hoan trong 30 phut trong tank, sau o, chay tuan hoan ve sinh lantern trong 5 phut. 88

Dung nc trang ra sach tr lai, dung giay quy kiem tra. - Lay mau e kiem tra vi sinh. - Dung 0.5 - 1 lt Oxonia active chay ve sinh trong tank va lantern trong 10 phut va trang sach lai bang nc. Rieng oi vi cac tank khu nhan giong v ch dung e len men ng vi nam men i au nen sau khi ve sinh xong, dung formol (dang vien) ot e xong hi vao tank khoang 20 phut, roi ra lai bang nc. Tank out door: Ve sinh khu vc tank ourdoor, ta ve sinh hang ngay moi khi tank xuong bia va ve sinh hang thang theo chu ky nh san cua moi tank. Ve sinh theo chu ky hang thang: - Sau khi xa het ap lc trong tank ta m ay ra sau o dung gio uoi het CO2 ra khoi tank, ap lc gio 1.2bar, thi gian 60 phut. - Tiep tuc ta dung NaOH 2.5% c gia nhiet len en nhiet o <50oC, khoang 800 lt NaOH bm qua qua cau pha tren nh tank e xa tay ra s bo trong thi gian khoang 4 phut. Lng NaOH nay sau khi s dung se xa bo khong thu hoi. - Rap ay tank lai, kiem tra tat ca moi th nh joint ay, khp noi ay, van lay mau. - Tiep theo ta dung nc ra lai toan bo tank, nhiet o cua nc khoang 350C, thi gian ra khoang 15 phut. - Dung NaOH 2.5%, nhiet o cho phep <500C, chay tuan hoan trong khoang thi gian 45 phut. - Dung nc ra sach trong khoang thi gian 6 phut. - Tiep tuc dung Trimeta HC nong o 2.1% nhiet o 35oC, chay trong khoang thi gian 40 phut. - uoi Trimeta HC bang nc trong khoang 6 phut. - Sat trung bang Oxonia active 0.5% trong thi gian 30 phut. Tat ca cac bc ve sinh eu c cai at va chay t ong. Khi ve sinh hang ngay sau khi chuyen het bia ta thc hien cac bc sau: - Sau khi chuyen het bia ta dung nc ra lai toan bo tank, nhiet o cua nc khoang 35oC, thi gian ra khoang 25 phut. - Tiep tuc dung Trimeta HC nong o 2.1% nhiet o 35oC, chay tuan hoan trong thi gian 40 phut. 89

uoi Trimeta HC bang nc khoang thi gian 6 phut. Sat trung bang oxonia active 0.5% vi thi gian 30 phut. Tank len men phu: - uoi nc trong 10 phut - Dung 30 lt NaOH am ac pha trong 5hl nc, chay tuan hoan khoang 25 phut. - Ra lai bang nc va kiem tra bang giay quy. - Lay mau nc ra kiem tra vi sinh Tank TBF: Quy trnh ve sinh tng t tank len men chnh co ien. o Cac thiet b chnh day chuyen pha va loc bia: Cac thiet b c ve sinh cung theo trnh t nh sau: - Dung nc pha e uoi bia - Dung nc thng e ra toan bo day chuyen trong 40 phut. - Dung NaOH chay tuan hoan trong 15 phut tnh t luc nhiet o at 65oC. Lu y, luc nay can ngat rieng ng ong may loc ch, khong cho NaOH chay qua may loc ch e tranh lam h ch. - Ra bang nc khoang 50oC trong 60 phut va kiem tra bang giay quy. - Dung HNO3 chay tuan hoan trong 15 phut tnh t luc nhiet o at 85oC. Luc nay se noi lai ng ong ve sinh chay qua may loc ch. - Ra lai bang nc 50oC cho sach het ca day chuyen. Kiem tra lai bang giay quy. - Sau cung lay nc pha bia e uoi va chay tuan hoan ca day chuyen cho en khi ng ong va thiet b lanh la c. -

NHAN XET
Trong thi gian thc tap tai nha may, nhom em nhan thay quy mo san xuat rat ln, day chuyen c hien ai hoa hau nh toan bo, cac phan xng phoi hp vi nhau an y, nhp nhang. Tuy vay, e cai thien tot hn na moi trng san xuat, nhom em xin e xuat mot so y kien sau ay: 1/ e xuat thiet ke ng ong thu hoi kh H2 bay ra t qua trnh ra chai (san pham gia nhom va soude). ng ong se dan trc tiep qua khu vc lo hi nham giam bt phan nao chi ph nhien lieu ot lo. 90

2/ Thiet ke ng ong thu hoi nc ngng t qua trnh trao oi nhiet may ra chai, v nc ngng co nhiet o rat cao neu c thu hoi tot se tiet kiem nang lng e gia nhiet. 3/ Nha may co mat bang rong, neu thiet ke c he thong en nang lng mat tri se tiet kiem c chi ph san xuat.

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1]. Nguyen Th Hien, Le Thanh Mai, Le Th Lan Chi, Nguyen Tien Thanh, Le Viet Thang. Malt va Bia. Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va Ky Thuat, 2007. [2]. Nguyen c Lng. C s vi sinh vat cong nghiep. Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc Gia TPHCM, 2007. [3]. Pham Van Bon, Nguyen nh Tho. Qua trnh va thiet b truyen nhiet Truyen nhiet on nh. Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc Gia TPHCM, 2006. [4].Vu Ba Minh, Hoang Minh Nam. C hoc vat lieu ri. Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc Gia TPHCM, 2005. [5]. The Ngha. Ky thuat an toan trong san xuat va s dung hoa chat. Nha xuat ban Tre TPHCM, 2007. [6]. Tai lieu Cau tao nguyen ly van hanh may ra chai va may hap lon cua nha may cung cap.

91