DTM - Bai Cho Lap Rac CanLoc1

Bo co TM d n u t xy dng khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc giai on I ti Th trn Nghn, huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh
TOM TT BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC NG MI TRNG
I. Thng tin chung v D an 1.1. Tn D an u t xy dng khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc giai on I ti Th trn Nghn, huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh. 1.2. C quan chu D an UBND huyn Can Lc - i din: ng: Bi Huy Tam Chc v: Ch tch UBND - a ch lin h: huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh - in thoi: 0393.841.227 1.3. Vi tri ia ly, ia hinh khu vc thc hin D an: - Vi tri ia ly Khu chn lp cht thai rn huyn Can Lc nm trn a bn xm Bc Sn, Th trn Nghn, tnh H Tnh, cch khu dn c gn nht 2km, c gii hn nh sau: + Pha Bc: Gip ng quy hoach mi i qua cu Thun Chn; + Pha Nam: Gip ng quy hoch 15,5m; + Pha ng: Gip ng quy hoch 20,5m; + Pha Ty: Gip ng quy hoch 15,5m. - ia hinh Th trn Nghn c a hnh tng i phc tp bao gm sng, ni, t bi ngp ng. Sng Nghn chia Th trn ra 2 vng Bc Nghn v Nam Nghn. Hai bn ni Nghn a hnh dc dn ra b sng v ng rung to iu kin thot nc tt. Khu vc Bc Nghn tng i trng, thot nc kh khn, cng t yu hn. Hai bn b sng Nghn, t bi b sng, bn ly khng thun tin cho vic xy dng, t b nhim mn. Cots ngp lt ca khu vc Th trn Nghn l 5,5m. II. Ni dung chinh cua D an 2.1. Mc tiu va phng an la chon ca d n: - Muc tiu cua d an
Ch u t: UBND huyn Can Lc -1C quan t vn: Cng ty CP K thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh
+ Xy dng khu x l cht thi tp trung chung cho ton huyn Can Lc, m bo an ton v sinh mi trng, sc khe v i sng hin ti cng nh trong tng lai cho nhn dn. + Gp phn chi tit ha Quy hoch chung ca huyn Can Lc, thc y pht trin kinh t x hi, vn ha du lch cho huyn Can Lc. - Phng an la chon: Phng an x ly cht thai rn: Chn lp hp v sinh. 2.2. Ni dung va quy m cua D an Quy hoch Khu x ly CTR huyn Can Lc giai oan I vi cc hng mc chnh c trinh bay trong bang sau: TT Tn l t Din tch (m2) 19.173 3.053 4.240 6.489 18.968 748 1.152 3.260 2202 5.279 64.564 T l (%) 29,7 4,73 6,57 10,05 29,38 1,16 1,78 5,05 3,41 8,17 100,00
1 t cy xanh cch ly 2 t ban qun l 3 Sn tp kt CTR hu c 4 Sn tp kt CTR v c 5 Bi chn lp hp v sinh 6 t khu vc k thut 7 H nc thi 8 H sinh hc 9 Giao thng chnh 10 Giao thng nhnh Tng khu t quy hoch
- Din tich quy hoach: Din tich quy hoach lam khu x ly cht thai rn: 114.640 m2 trong o din tich t s dung giai oan I la 64.564 m2. 2.3. Cng ngh san xut va vn hanh - Quy trnh x l, chn lp rc: Rc hng ngy c xe chuyn dng ch n vo h chn lp, my i s san rc bng phng, m nn k ln khi rc, trong qu trnh san i th phun ch phm EM hoc P.MET, khi lp rc dy 0,6-0,8m thi ngng qu trnh m nn, san t bng th cng kt hp bng my, lp ph 1 lp t dy 20cm, phun thuc dit cn trng, rc vi bt. Chu trnh sau li
tip tc nh vy cho lp trn, cng tc san i, x l rc c thc hin hng ngy. - Quy trnh thu v x l nc rc: Nc rc pht sinh trong qu trnh ln men phn hu cc cht hu c tp trung v h ga qua h thng ng thu c l t y h chn lp. Nc rc c my bm chm chuyn dng t y h ga bm qua ng ng vo h sinh hc qua cc ngn lng x l ym kh v ngn lc thc vt. Nc thi sau khi x l t tiu chun QCVN 25:2009 (mc B2) mi thi ra mi trng theo ng dn v ca x t chy ra mi trng. - X l h chn lp sau khi y rc: Mt rc c san i, m nn k, vng t 10 - 15%, c ph lp t st dy ln hn hoc bng 0,6m, trn lp t st l lp t ct v t mu dy kn n thnh h chn lp, trn lp t ny trng cy, c... nh k bm, kim tra khi lng v cht lng nc rc trong h gas. 2.4. Tng mc u t, ngun vn u t: - Tng mc u t cua giai oan I: 53.663.475.000 ng Bng ch: Nm mi ba ty sau trm sau mi ba triu bn trm bay mi lm nghin ng. - Ngun vn u t thc hin D an: Ngun vn ngn sach tinh. 2.5. Hinh thc quan ly D an:Chu u t trc tip quan ly va iu hanh D an. III. Cc tc ng cua D an n mi trng 3.1. Cc tc ng n mi trng t nhin - Tac ng n mi trng t va nc di t. + Hoat ng ao p, san gat mt bng khu t thc hin D an se lam xao trn thanh phn, cu truc cua t. Trong giai oan nay t d bi xoi mon, ra tri. + Cht thai rn xy dng phat sinh trong qua trinh xy dng cac hang muc cng trinh cua D an nu vng vai trn t se lam t tr nn chai cng, bac mau. + Cht thai rn, nc thai sinh hoat cua can b, cng nhn phat sinh trong qua trinh chun bi, xy dng va vn hanh cua D an nu khng c thu gom se gy nhim mi trng t, lam thay i thanh phn, tinh cht cua t. Ngoai
ra, khi ma xung cac loai cht thai nay phn huy, theo nc ma ngm xung t gy nhim mi trng cac lp t phia di va nc di t, mc anh hng tuy theo tng giai oan. + Nc ma chay tran trn mt bng D an co th cun tri t cat, du m, ... gy nhim t, co th gy xoi mon, sut l t. + Cht thai nguy hai bao gm co cha du m, cac cht nguy hai,.... la nguyn nhn tim tang gy nhim mi trng t cung nh mi trng nc di t. + Nc ri rac t cac chn lp rac cha nhiu cht ha c nu ri rac ra t se lam nhim mi trng t va mi trng nc ngm. - Tac ng n mi trng nc: + Cht thai rn, nc thai sinh hoat cua can b, cng nhn phat sinh trong qua trinh chun bi, xy dng va vn hanh cua D an nu cha nhiu cht hu co co kha nng gy phu dng ngun nc mt, tng lam lng cht l lng, ... + Nc ma chay tran trn mt bng D an co th cun tri t cat, du m, ... xung ngun nc lam tng uc, tng ham lng cht l lng, bi lng dong chay. . + Nc ri rac t cac chn lp rac cha nhiu cht ha c, cht l lng nu khng c thu gom va x ly se gy nhim mi trng nc mt khi ma xung. + Cht thai nguy hai nu khng c thu gom khi ma xung bi nc phat tan ra pham vi rng la nguy c anh hng n mi trng nc. - Tac ng n mi trng khng khi: + Qua trinh san gat mt bng, vn chuyn t, nguyn vt liu xy dng, cht thai rn,.. se lam tng lng bi trong khng kh. Bi lm gim lng hi nc trong khng kh v to khng kh ngt ngt. Cc tc ng ny s gy nh hng n sc kho con ngi, nng sut cy trng, vt nui. + Kh thi c hi nh COx, SO2, NOx, CmHn, ... gy nhim mi trng khng kh nh lm tng nguy c gy hiu ng nh knh, nh hng mnh n h h hp ca con ngi, ... + S phn hy cc cht hu c bi chn lp to ra mt lng ln cc kh sinh hc vi thnh phn ch yu l kh CH4, CO2 v mt lng nh cc kh khc nh Toluend (C6H5CH3); Benzen
(C6H6); Nit (N2); Hydrosunfua (H2S).... S phn hu cht bn ca cc vi sinh vt trong h sinh hc pht sinh ra mt lng ng k cc kh thi nh: NH3, H2S, CH3SH.... lm gia tng cc thnh phn c hi trong mi trng khng kh. + Ting n, rung t hoat ng thi cng, vn chuyn se lam anh hng n mi trng xung quanh. Tuy nhin mc anh hng chi mang tinh cuc b trn cng trng va doc tuyn ng vn chuyn. - Tac ng n h sinh thai: Qua trinh don mt bng, xy dng va vn hanh D an se lam thay i h sinh thai khu vc va xung quanh khu vc. S di c cua cac loai bo sat nh tc ke, rn nc, ky nhng, .... va s gia tng cac loai ng vt khu vc chn lp rac nh rui, mui, chut, gian, diu hu, cu meo, .... Mt khac, vic gia tng uc ngun nc, cac cht rn l lng, cht hu c, ... trong mi trng nc mt cung lam thay i i sng cua sinh vt thuy sinh. Khi ong ca va phuc hi mi trng khu chn lp thi h sinh thai se thay i hinh thanh h sinh thai mi, phong phu, a dang, tng tinh my quan. - Tac ng n mi trng kinh t xa hi: + Hinh thanh mi quan h mi gia dn c va ban giai phong mt bng, cng nhn thi cng xy dng, cng nhn thu gom, vn chuyn rac. + Nguy c gia tng cac vu tai nan giao thng trn tuyn ng vn chuyn t, nguyn vt liu n khu vc D an. + Nguy c xy ra cac dich, bnh, ...t hoat ng thu nht va ban ph liu. 3.2. Tac ng cua cc s c rui ro mi trng Trong qu trnh chun b mt bng, thi cng v vn hnh khu chn lp rc nu cng nhn khng tun th ni quy s xy ra tai nn lao ng. Gy tn tht v con ngi v lm ngng tr trong qu trnh vn hnh. S c do gp phi bom mn cn st li sau chin tranh trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng gy nh hng n tnh mng con ngi, c s vt cht.
S c do nc r rc pht sinh t khu vc chn lp nu khng c bin php thu gom x l thch hp s d gy nh hng n nc mt, nc ngm ti khu vc. S c v cc loi dch bnh i vi gia sc, gia cm trong khu vc ln cn. S c v cc thiu st trong thit k cng ngh. S c do thin tai nh: bo, l lt, trt l t... IV. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc 4.1. Bin phap giam thiu cac tac ng xu: - Giam thiu tac ng xu cua cht thai rn: + Cht thai la thc vt trong qua trinh thu don mt bng c x ly bng cach t tai ch. + Tn dung ti a t a thai, cht thai rn xy dng p cac hang muc cng trinh nh nn ng giao thng, nha cua D an. + Tuyn truyn v bao v mi trng cho ngi lao ng trn cng trng, t cac thung thu gom rac rn khu vc cng trng va quy tp v 1 ch chn lp khi cac chn lp hoan thanh va i vao hoat ng. + Cac xe y rac, xe ep rac khng c ch qua y lam ri vai rac doc tuyn ng vn chuyn. - Giam thiu tac ng xu cua nc thai: + Trong qua trinh chun bi, xy dng D an cn xy dng nha v sinh cho cng nhn thu gom va x ly phn, nc tiu. + Qua trinh vn hanh cua D an cn xy dng h thng b t hoai, ngm ra xe va h thng tuyn du m, h thng thu gom nc ri rac, h sinh hoc, .. x ly nc thai phat sinh t cac ngun nc ma chay tran, nc thai sinh hoat, nc ri rac, nc t ngm ra xe. + Thng xuyn kim tra, theo doi va tip tuc vn hanh h thng x ly nc ri rac sau khi ong ca khu chn lp. - Giam thiu tac ng cua bui-khi thai: + inh ky bao dng cac thit bi may moc, phng tin vn chuyn e han ch khi thai.
+ Ti nc doc tuyn ng vn chuyn, trn cng trng trong giai oan san gat mt bng va cach ly khu vc thi cng bng cach dng hang rao chn gio, bui. + Xy dng h thng thu khi, x ly khi thai phat sinh t khu chn lp. + Tip tuc kim tra va vn hanh h thng x ly khi thai cua cac chn lp sau khi ong ca khu chn lp. - Giam thiu tac ng cua ting n, rung: + inh ky bao dng, lp b phn giam thanh cho thit bi thi cng, phng tin vn chuyn. + Tranh thi cng nhiu thit bi cung 1 luc, vao cac gi nghi ngi cua moi ngi. - Giam thiu tac ng n h sinh thai: Thc hin tt cac bin phap giam thiu tac ng tiu cc cua cht thai rn, long, bui khi, ... trong thi cng xy dng va vn hanh D an giam thiu tac ng xu n h sinh thai khu vc. - Giam thiu tac ng n mi trng kinh t-xa hi: + Co chinh sach n bu, giai toa mt bng hp ly. + Thc hin nghim chinh ni quy v an toan lao ng, an toan giao thng. Quan ly tt lc lng cng nhn tam tru trn ia ban ia phng. + Co bin phap phong, nga dich bnh xung quanh khu vc D an. 4.2 Phong nga va ng pho vi s c rui ro: + Cn thit k cc h thng thot nc m bo c kh nng tiu thot nc ln nht trong ma ma bo, chng ngp ng, xi mn. + C k hoch d tr nhin liu, nguyn liu trong ma ma bo. + Co k hoach phong nga va ng pho vi cac s c chay n, ma lut, trt l t, sp cng trinh. V. Chng trinh quan ly mi trng Chng trinh quan ly mi trng c xy dng nhm quan ly cac bin phap bao v mi trng trong giai oan chun bi, xy dng cc cng trnh ca d n, vn hnh d n v giai oan thao d, ong ca va phuc hi mi trng khu chn lp.
Cac bin phap bao v mi trng trong tng giai oan se do cac nha thu, ngi trc tip thc hin D an ap dung di s giam sat cua UBND huyn Lc Ha va C quan quan ly mi trng tai ai phng.
M u
1. XUT X D AN
1.1. Tom tt xut x cua d an: Th trn Nghn l trung tm vn hoa, chinh tri ca huyn Can Lc nm v pha Bc ca tnh H Tnh, c din tch t nhin 1.161,81ha, dn s 14.456 ngi, trn a bn c hn 30 c quan, trng hc v bnh vin. Trong nhng nm qua c s quan tm ca Chnh ph v cc B, Ngnh trung ng v
UBND Tnh, UBND huyn nn iu kin kinh t x hi, kt cu h tng v i sng ca nhn dn c nhiu tin trin r rt. Do s lng dn s v cc c quan tp trung trn a bn ng nn hng ngy lng rc c thi ra mi trng rt ln nhng cha c iu kin, phng tin, kinh phi va khu x ly rac tp trung, lm mt v sinh mi trng v m quan th. c bit l nh hng xu ti sc kho v i sng ca nhn dn. Xut pht t thc t trn, Uy ban nhn dn huyn Can Lc a lp d an u t xy dng khu x l cht thai rn (CTR) huyn Can Lc vi din tich 64.564m2 trong tng s 114.640 m2 a c Uy ban nhn dn tinh Ha Tinh ph duyt quy hoach, nhm mc tiu thu gom tp trung rc thi, m bo v sinh mi trng, sc kho v i sng ca dn khu vc Th trn Nghn v cc vng ph cn ng thi gp phn thc y pht trin kinh t x hi, vn ho du lch cho huyn Can Lc. Chp hnh Lut Bo v Mi trng c Quc hi nc Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu lc k t ngy 01/07/2006, Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/8/2006 ca Chnh ph hng dn chi tit v thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v Mi trng, Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/02/2008 ca Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP, Ngh nh s 29/2011/N-CP ngy 18 thng 04 nm 2011 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng, Thng t s 26/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 7 nm 2011 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 29/2011/N-CP, UBND huyn Can Lc hp ng vi Cng ty C phn K thut Ti nguyn v Mi trng (TN&MT) Ngh Tnh lp Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng (TM) ca d n u t xy dng khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc giai oan I trnh c quan c thm quyn thm nh v ph duyt. Bo co TM l c s khoa hc nh gi v d bo nhng tc ng tch cc, tiu cc, cc tc ng trc tip, gin tip, trc mt v lu di t cc hot ng ca d n i vi mi trng t xut cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc, ri ro mi trng gp phn bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng. 1.2 C quan t chc co thm quyn ph duyt d an u t Uy ban nhn dn tinh Ha Tinh ai din: ng Nguyn Nht Chc vu: pho Chu tich
2. CN C PHP LUT V K THUT CA VIC THC HIN TM
2.1 Cc vn bn php lut v vn bn k thut - Lut Bo v Mi trng Vit Nam c Quc hi thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu lc t ngy 01/7/2006; - Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09/8/2006 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v Mi trng; - Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28/ 02/ 2008 ca Chnh ph sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP;
- Ngh nh s 29/2011/N-CP ngy 18 thng 04 nm
2011 ca Chnh ph v vic quy nh v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng;
- Thng t s 26/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 18 thng 7 nm 2011 ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 29/2011/NCP ngy 18 thng 4 nm 2011 ca Chnh ph quy nh v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng, cam kt bo v mi trng;
- Ch th s 199/TTg ngy 03 thng 04 nm 1997 ca Th tng Chnh
ph v nhng bin php cp bch trong cng tc qun l CTR cc th v khu cng nghip;
- Thng t lin tich 01/2001/TTLT-BKHCNMT-BXD ngy 18 thng 10
nm 2001 ca B Khoa hc cng ngh v Mi trng v B Xy dng v hng dn cc quy nh v bo v mi trng i vi vic la chn a im xy dng v vn hnh bi chn lp CTR;
- Ngh nh 59/2007/N-CP ban hnh ngy 09/04/2007 ca Chnh ph v
qun l CTR, Thng t s 13/2007/TT-BXD ngy 31/12/2007 ca B Xy dng hng dn mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ngy 09/4/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l CTR; - Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT ngy 26/12/2006 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh Danh mc cht thi nguy hi;
- Thng t s 12/2011/TT-BTNMT ngy 14/04/2011 ca B Ti nguyn
v Mi trng hng dn iu kin hnh ngh v th tc lp h s, ng k, cp php hnh ngh, m s qun l cht thi nguy hi;
- Quyt nh s 04/2008/Q-BTNMT ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
v cc Quy chun k thut v Mi trng;

- Quyt nh s 16/2008/Q-BTNMT ngy 31/12/2008 ca B Ti
nguyn v mi trng ban hnh Quy chun k thut Quc gia v mi trng;
- Quyt nh s 35/2001/Q-BXD ngy 26/12/2001 ca B xy dng v
vic ban hnh Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN 261:2001Bi chn lp CTR - Tiu chun thit k; - Quyt nh s 03/Q-UBND tnh H Tnh ngy 10/3/2011 v vic ban hnh b n gi quan trc phn tch mi trng trn a bn H Tnh. - Nghi quyt s 132/2010/NQ-HND ngay 13/10/2010 cua Hi ng nhn dn tinh Ha Tinh v vic thng qua an Quan ly cht thai rn trn ia ban tinh Ha Tinh n nm 2015 va inh hng nhng nm tip theo.
- Quyt inh s 3531/Q-UBND ngay 09 thang 12 nm 2008 cua UBND
tinh Ha Tinh v vic quy hoach cac kh ly cht thai rn cho cac thi tinh Ha Tinh n nm 2015 va inh hng n nm 2020. - Quyt nh s 897/Q-UBND ngy 29 thng 03 nm 2011 ca UBND tnh H Tnh v vic cho php UBND huyn Can Lc khao sat ia im khu x ly CTR huyn Can Lc. - Quyt inh s 1671/Q-UBND ngay 27 thang 05 nm 2011 v vic ph duyt nhim vu va d toan khao sat ia hinh, lp quy hoach chi tit khu x ly CTR huyn Can Lc ty l 1/500; - Quyt inh s 1938/Q-UBND ngay 20 thang 06 nm 2011 cua UBND tinh Ha Tinh v vic ph duyt Quy hoach chi tit xy dng Khu x ly cht thai rn huyn Can Lc; - Quyt inh s 2541/Q-UBND ngay 03 thang 08 nm 2011 cua UBND tinh Ha Tinh v vic ph duyt D an u t xy dng cng trinh Khu x ly cht thai rn huyn Can Lc. 2.2 Cc tiu chun, quy chun p dng - Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 05:2009 - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng khng kh xung quanh; - Quy chun QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v gii hn cho php ca kim loi nng trong t; - Quy chun QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt;
- Quy chun QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm (nc di t); - Quy chun QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi ca Bi chn lp CTR; - Quy chun QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v ting n; - Quy chun QCVN 27:2010/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v rung ng; - Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN 261:2001 - Bi chn lp CTR - Tiu chun thit k; - Quyt nh s 3733/2002/Q-BYT ngy 10/10/2002 v vic ban hnh 21 tiu chun v sinh lao ng, 5 nguyn tc v 7 thng s v sinh lao ng. 2.3. Cc ti liu, d liu do ch D n to lp: - Bo co u t/quy hoch chi tit xy dng Khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc; - Bo co kt qu kho st a cht cng trnh Khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc; - Thuyt minh thit k d n u xy dng Khu x l CTR t huyn Can Lc; - Bn nh gi hin trng s dng t t l 1/500 Khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc; - Bn quy hoch mt bng s dng t t l 1/500 Khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc; - Bn quy hoch kin trc cnh quan t l 1/500 Khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc; - Bn quy hoch thot nc mt ca Khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc t l 1/500.
3. PHNG PHAP AP DUNG TRONG QUA TRINH THC HIN TM
3.1. Phng php lit k Phng php lit k l mt trong nhng phng php rt hu hiu ch ra cc tc ng v c kh nng thng k y cc tc ng cn ch trong qu trnh lp TM ca
phng n. Phng php ny p ng yu cu l ch ra mc ca cc tc ng v nh gi quy m ca cc tc ng . Tuy nhin, phng php ny khng th nh gi c mt cch nh lng c th chi tit cc tc ng ca phng n. 3.2. Phng php chuyn gia y la phng phap tham khao y kin cua cac chuyn gia v cac tac ng ti d an cung nh bin phap giam thiu cac tac ng n d an. 3.3. Phng php iu tra x hi hc v tham vn cng ng Phng php ny c s dng trong qu trnh phng vn lnh o UBND, UBMTTQ x v nhn dn cc a phng xung quanh khu vc thc hin phng n v tnh cht, ni dung, quy m ca phng n, cc tc ng mi trng ca phng n, cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu, phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng ca phng n; cam kt thc hin ca ch phng n v nhng kin ng gp ca UBND, UBMTTQ x,..... 3.4. Phng php nh gi nhanh Phng php ny c s dng rng ri Vit Nam v trn Th gii tnh ton ti lng cc cht nhim pht sinh t cc ngun thi da trn cc h s nhim c bit trc. Phng php ny c hiu qu cao trong nh gi tc ng mi trng, cho php nh lng tng i c cc cht nhim s pht sinh mc d hot ng gy tc ng cha xy ra trn thc t. T c th nh gi gn ng cc tc ng mi trng m hot ng c kh nng gy ra, trn c s xy dng cc bin php kim sot, gim thiu nhim ph hp. 3.5. Phng php so snh Phng php ny dng nh gi cc tc ng ca phng n trn c s so snh, nh gi vi cc Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng nm 2008, 2009 v 2010 i vi cc thnh phn mi trng khng kh, nc mt, nc ngm, t, ting n v rung ng.
3.6. Phng php ly mu v phn tch mi trng trong phng th nghim Phng php ny c s dng nhm xc nh cc thng s v hin trng cht lng mi trng khng kh, mi trng nc, mi trng t. Ting n, rung, bi phng x v mi trng sinh thi trong khu vc d n.
4. T CHC THC HIN
4.1. T chc thc hin TM va lp bao cao TM Bo co TM ca d n u t xy dng khu x ly CTR huyn Can Lc giai oan I do chu D an la Uy ban nhn dn huyn Can Lc thc hin vi s t vn cua Cng ty C phn ky thut TN&MT Ngh Tinh. - C quan chu d an: Uy ban nhn dn huyn Can Lc + i din: ng: Bi Huy Tam UBND + in thoi: 0393.841.227 Chc v: Ch tch
+ a ch: huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh - C quan t vn lp bao cao TM: Cng ty C phn ky thut TN&MT Ngh Tinh + i din: Gim c ng: Nguyn Huy Tm Chc v:
+ a ch: Khi 1, Th trn Xun An, huyn Nghi Xun, tnh H Tnh + in thoi: 0913.055.924 4.2 Danh sch cc thnh vin tham gia lp bo co TM Cac thanh vin tham gia lp bao cao la nhng chuyn vin co u nng lc va trinh , c thng k trong bang 1. Bng 1. Danh sch cc thnh vin tham gia lp bo co
Trnh H v tn chuyn Chc v ngnh Bn B. CNG TY CP K THUT TN&MT NGH TNH K s a chtNguyn Huy Tm Gim c Thc s CNMT
TT
01
02 03 04 05 01 02 03
L Anh Ngc Nguyn Th Thanh Huyn L Th Tuyt Nhung
K s lm sinh K s CNMT
Nhn vin Nhn vin
Nhn vin C nhn TN&MT Nhn vin Bi Th Nhung K s QLMT Bn A. U ban nhn dn huyn can lc Bi Huy Tam Ch tch UBND Nguyn Duy Cng Trng phng KH-TC Nguyn nh Bng Cn b phng KH-TC
Chng 1 M t tm tt d n
1.1 TN D AN
Tn d n: u t xy dng khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc giai on I ti Th trn Nghn, huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh.
1.2 CHU D AN
- Ch u t: UBND huyn Can Lc - i din: ng: Bi Huy Tam Chc v: UBND - a ch lin h: huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh - in thoi: 0393.841.227
Ch
tch
1.3. VI TRI IA LY CUA D AN - V tr gii hn khu t xy dng: Khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc giai on I nm trn a bn xm Bc Sn, Th trn Nghn, tnh H Tnh, cch khu dn Th trn Nghn vi khong cch gn nht 2km v pha Ty Bc, cch khu dn c x Tng Lc vi khong cch gn nht l 11,2 km v pha ng Bc, cch ng quy hoch mi i qua cu Thun Chn 300m, cch bao sng Nghn 15m c gii hn nh sau: + Pha Bc: Gip ng quy hoach mi i qua cu Thun Chn; + Pha Nam: Gip ng quy hoch 15,5m; + Pha ng: Gip ng quy hoch 20,5m; + Pha Ty: Gip ng quy hoch 15,5m. Din tch quy hoch khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc l 114.640 m2, c khng ch bi to a l VN 2000 c trnh by trong bng 1.1. Bng 1.1. Gii hn to khu vc thc hin D n STT A B C D E F G H TO X 530378.9818 530385.9751 530625.0469 530632.9405 530854.2793 530862.8239 530387.9213 530378.9819 Y 2041316.4098 2041323.7153 2041536.2725 2041544.9547 2041602.8959 2041597.8968 2041126.5731 2041134.5316
Trong quy hoch giai on I l 64.564 m2. - Khu t d kin xy dng khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc giai on I thuc l vng thp trng, b nhim mn, thm thc vt ch yu l c nn, ci chiu cn tn d mt s cy ngp mn: bn, s, vt, ... khng s dng sn xut la nc nng nghip m ch c th quy hoch vng nui trng thu sn. Hin ti ton b din tch ny c quy hoch khu nui trng thu sn, c chia l v c bao b ngn c kch thc rng
34m nhng ngi dn cha tin hnh nui. Sau khi c quy hoch xy dng khu kh l rc th t ny c thu hi li s dng cho xy dng khu x l rc, khng s dng cho mc ch nui trng thu sn na. Ni y khng c cng trnh kin trc, di tch lch s, ng thc vt qu him cn c bo v. 1.4. NI DUNG CHU YU CUA D AN 1.4.1. Muc tiu va Phng an la chon cua D an: 1.4.1.1. Muc tiu cua D an: - Xy dng khu x l cht thi sinh hoat cho Thi trn Nghen va cac xa lin k bao gm: Tin Lc, Tung Lc, Xun Lc, Khanh Lc, Vng Lc, m bo an ton v sinh mi trng, sc khe v i sng hin ti cng nh trong tng lai cho nhn dn khu vc nay. - Gp phn chi tit ha Quy hoch chung ca huyn Can Lc, thc y pht trin kinh t x hi, vn ha du lch cho huyn Can Lc. 1.4.1.2. Phng an la chon: Qua nghin cu cc phng php x l cht thi rn trn th gii v cc th Vit Nam cng nh cc a phng trong tnh, kt hp phn tch tnh hnh kinh t, thnh phn, tnh cht v khi lng rc ti a phng hin ti v nh hng pht trin trong tng lai ch u t la chn phng php chn lp hp v sinh. 1.4.2. Khi lng va quy m hang muc cua D an: Quy hoch Khu x ly CTR huyn Can Lc giai oan I vi cc hng mc chnh c trinh bay trong bang 1.2. Bng 1.2: C cu qu t xy dng theo phng n chn.
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Tn l t t cy xanh cch ly t ban qun l Sn tp kt CTR hu c Sn tp kt CTR v c Bi chn lp hp v sinh t khu vc k thut H nc thi H sinh hc Giao thng chnh Din tch (m2) 19.173 3.053 4.240 6.489 18.968 748 1.152 3.260 2202 T l (%) 29,7 4,73 6,57 10,05 29,38 1,16 1,78 5,05 3,41
10 Giao thng nhnh Tng khu t quy hoch
5.279 64.564
8,17 100,00
1.4.2.1. Hang muc cng trinh chinh: - Phng an thit k: Xy dng cac h chn lp co tng th din tch hu ch la 18.968m2 vi chiu cao trung bnh ca lp chn rc l 5m (tng ng vi th tch 90.000m3). Quy m cng sut, thit k cac chn lp c trinh bay trong bang 1.3. Bang 1.3: Quy m, cng sut thit k cc chn lp TT 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Ch tiu Din tch ti mt Din tch ti y Chiu su t y n mt Chiu cao t mt n nh lp rc dc mi Th tch Kh nng cha rc - Rc thi sinh hot: 0,6 tn=1m3 - Cht tr: 0,9 tn=1m3 VT m2 m2 m m m m3 Tn Tn Tn chn lp s 1 5.533 4.612 1,5 3,5 m=1:1 26.32 0 39.48 0 15.79 2 23.68 8 chn lp s 2 6.243 5.223 1,5 3,5 m=1:1 29.70 0 44.55 0 17.82 0 26.73 0 chn lp s 3 7.192 6.068 1,5 3,5 m=1:1 34.300 51.450 20.580 38.070
D kin h s 1 s dung n ht nm 2014, h s 2 s dung n ht nm 2017 va h s 3 s dung n ht nm 2020. 1.4.2.2. Hang muc cng trinh phu: a) H thng giao thng trong v ngoi khu x l CTR Phi m bo cho cng trnh hot ng an ton thun li trong mi iu kin thi gian v thi tit. H thng giao thng bao gm:
- Trc ng chnh: Dng kt cu b tng xi mng mc M300 dm 1x2. Mt ct ngang nn ng rng 13.0m trong mt ng rng 7.0m gm 2 ln ng, l ng rng 2x3.0m, chiu dy mng v lp mt dy 45cm. - Giao thng ni b: Gm cc trc ng bao quanh cc bi chn lp, c 2 loi l ng 5,0m v ng 3,5m. Dng kt cu ng p t m cht dy 50cm. b) Nh qun l, nh bo v, gara, khu vc ra xe, khu k thut Cac cng trinh nay phc v nhu cu lm vic ngh ngi sinh hot cho cng nhn vin, v sinh cho khu vc v cc xe ch rc chuyn dng. m bo v sinh chung cho ton khu x l cng nh trnh gy tc ng n mi trng bn ngoi. Kho bi cha ha cht, dng c phc v cho cng tc chn lp v x l rc. c) H thng thu gom v x l nc ri rc m bo thu gom ht nc r rc, kim sot c khi lng v cht lng nc r rc sau x l. H thng thu gom, x l nc r rc bao gm h thng mng thu gom nc r rc, ging thu v trm bm ngm. H thng thu gom nc rac ca chn lp c thit k nh sau: Chy dc theo hng dc ca chn lp, ng ny dn nc rc t chy v h x l. ng thu gom nc rc co c im la mt pha trong nhn, ng knh danh ngha DN200 bng vt liu HDPE PN8. ng c c l ng knh 10 mm gc 45o so vi phng thng ng trn sut chiu di ng vi t l rng chim t 10-15% din tch b mt ng, khong cch gia cc l l = 200mm. ng ng thu gom nc rc cn m bo bn ha hc v c hc trong sut thi gian vn hnh khu chn lp. dc ca mi ng la 7%, tu thuc vo a hnh y khu chn lp. Bm nc bn c t trc tip trong cc ging thu nc rc, cng sut ng c 1.3kw in 1 pha, cng sut bm TB = 15m3/h. Loi bm ny c th hot ng lin tc trong mi trng cht lng c nhit max = 60oC, dmax = 1.1kg/dm3, pH5 - pH9 c kh nng ht c cc vt rn c kch thc n 5cm, c ch t ng ng mch, ngt mch khi nc dng hoc h n mc khng ch thit k. d) H thng thu kh rc
Trong qu trnh thu gom v chn lp rc, trong cc chn lp s xut hin cc kh gas do cc vi sinh vt v ha cht ln men nm trong cc lp rc. Do vy trong qu trnh thi cng v chn lp rc, ta cn tin hnh song song lp t cc thit b thu gom kh rc. S dng ng PVC D225 c l lm ng thu gom khi rc. H thng thu gom kh rc c b tr thnh mng li tam gic u. Cc ng ng, chi tit u ni phi c tin hnh cn thn theo tiu chun quy inh. e) Cng trnh h x l nc thi sinh hc H nc thi sinh hc c tnh ton trong thi gian 10 ngy, nc r rc c lm sch nh vi sinh vt hot ng phn hy, qua 2 qu trnh ym kh v ho kh. H nc thi c kch thc mt bng l 1.152m2 gm 3 phn: Lng s b + lm thong, hiu kh, lc thc vt. f) Cng trnh thot nc ma: Nc ma c thu gom v cac cng t hai bn ng thu chay v h thng thoat chinh ri thoat ra h thng sng Nghen qua cac ming xa nc co sn. g) Cp nc sinh hot Dng cc ng ng PVC D50 ly nc t h thng cp nc chung ca th trn Nghn phc v cho sinh hot ca can b cng nhn khu x ly chn lp. Nc dung pha ch ha phm, ch phm sinh hc c ly t nc ging khoan cua khu chn lp. h) Hng ro, bin bo: Hng ro nhm cch ly sc vt nh tru b, ch, mo t nhp vo khu chn lp, hng ro cn cng trnh bo v gp phn hn ch s pht tn cc cht nhim trong qu trnh hot ng cua khu x l CTR. i) H thng cy xanh cch ly H thng cy xanh cach ly la hng mc khng th thiu trong cng trnh ny. H thng cy xanh, thm c c tc dng ci to mi trng, cnh quan ca khu vc, c kh nng gim thiu s pht tn cc yu t nhim nh mi hi, ting n, bi ...trong qu trnh khu x l CTR hot ng. Di cy xanh ni b trong khu chn lp b tr rng 15m bao xung quanh thnh di cy cch ly, din tch 19.034m2. D kin ban u trng cc cy keo l trm xung quanh vnh ai
khu chn lp. Chn cc cy con c ng knh t 5 n 6cm, tm cao trung bnh t 1,5 n 2m, thi gian u c cch 1,5m trng 1 cy, n khi cy ln v tn rng ta tin hnh cht bt vi khong cch 3m 1 cy. Tng s cy keo l trm bao quanh khu x l CTR trung bnh l 3.512 cy. k) H thng in: Xy dng mt trm bin p iu khin mi, h thng ct n chiu sng trn trc ng chnh l 30m/ct. H thng cp in phi c ngun cung cp in phng khi bo l, thin tai, vn duy tr c cc nhu cu dng in ti thiu cho hot ng. Ta dng my pht in ng c n cng sut nh vi nhu cu thc t my pht in c cng sut 5KW l p ng. 1.4.3. Bin phap, khi lng thi cng cac hang muc cng trinh: 1.4.3.1 Cc gii php thit k hng mc san nn: - Phng n san nn: Tn dng trit a hnh t nhin san lp mt bng vi mc tit kim nht. dc san nn t 0,1% - 2 %, h s m nn K = 90. Lp bc phong ha su trung bnh 0,2m cho ton khu san nn nhm m bo cho khu t c n nh cho qu trnh xy dng, khi lng boc phong hoa la 11.437,8 m3. Tng din tch khu quy hoch san nn 57.205m2. - t p san nn ch yu dng t ti m t x Tng Lc, huyn Can Lc, c ly tnh n cng trnh trung bnh 10km. 1.4.3.2 Gii php thit k h thng giao thng: a. Cp ng Mng li ng giao thng phc v ch yu cho giao thng ni b v c kt ni vo mng li ng chung trong khu vc. Theo tiu chun thit k ng th TCXDVN 104-2007 la chn loi ng ph ni b, cp k thut 30, vn tc thit k 30km/h. dc dc 0.2%, dc dc thng thng 0.3%. b. Thit k tuyn - Hng tuyn v bnh din: Hng tuyn bm theo h s quy hoch c ph duyt. - Thit k trc dc: + H cao trong h s l h cao quc gia + Cao thit k trn trc dc l cao tim ng.
- Thit k trc ngang: * Quy m mt ct ngang p dng cho tuyn 1. +B rng nn ng: Bn= 7,5m + dc ngang nn ng i=4% * Quy m mt ct ngang p dng cho tuyn 3,4,6,7,8,11. + B rng nn ng: Bn= 5,0m + dc ngang nn ng i=4% * Quy m mt ct ngang p dng cho tuyn 2,5,12. + B rng nn ng: Bn= 3,5m + dc ngang nn ng i=4% * Quy m mt ct ngang p dng cho tuyn 9. + B rng nn ng: Bn= 13,0m + B rng mt ng: Bm= 7,0m + dc ngang mt ng i=2%; l ng i=2%; * Quy m mt ct ngang p dng cho tuyn 10. +B rng nn ng: Bn= 11,5m + B rng mt ng: Bm= 10,5m + B rng l ng: Bm= 1,0m + dc ngang mt ng i=2%; l ng i=2%; - p nn: Cn c kt qu kho st a hnh, a cht cng trnh nn cc tuyn ng c lp t yu nn trc khi p nn ng phi c bc phong ha hu c trung bnh 0,2m, sau tin hnh p ct v tri lp vi a k thut m bo n nh nn ng. Nn ng c m nn vi cht yu cu k=0.95. Nn ng c chiu cao p ch yu l H<6m s dng mt mi ta luy 1/1.5. Nn p ch yu dng t ti m t x Tng Lc, huyn Can Lc. - Cc nt giao: Nt giao c thit k m bo iu kin xe chy m thun, d nhn bit, an ton, nng lc thng qua ca lu lng xe trn tuyn vi kinh ph xy dng cho php. Tt c cc v tr giao ct u thit k giao cng mc, kiu ng ba hoc ng t. Cc nt giao ny c thit k theo dng nt giao gin n. c. H thng cng thot nc ngang
Thit k 2 cng bn B= 0,75m Thit k cng bn vi kt cu nh sau: - Thn cng, y cng, thn tng cnh, sn cng, chn khayxy hc va M100#. B tng mng cng 2x4, M200#. Lp dm m mng, lm khi chuyn tip dy 10cm. BTCT tm bn gia, bn bin M250#, 1x2 lp ghp. B tng lp ph, ging chng, x m, khp ni M200#, 1x2 ti ch. Trt lng cng, sn cng, thn tng cnh va xi mng M75# dy 2cm. S dng thp m m, mi ni, thp tm bn, thp ging chng ng knh D = 6 -18 mm. p ct v ng cc tre gia c nn mng cng. 1.4.3.3. Gii php thit k h thng thot nc: H thng thot nc bao gm: H thng mng thot nc mt, h thng thu thot nc r rc, ging thu, rnh thot nc ngang. dc dc thot nc trong mng 0,2%. a. Thit k mng nc mt, h thng thu thot nc r rc. Mng thot nc dng hp, b tr cc h ga vi khong cach 50m, trn mng v h ga c tm an m bo lng nc thot ra khng b trn hay tc v m bo tnh thm m cho cng trnh. Mng thot nc mt chiu di: 1079m. Mng thot nc r rc chiu di: 295,1m. Kt cu thit k: - Thnh mng c xy bng gch ch M100#,dy 22cm, x m mng b tng ct thp 1x2 M200#. - y mng b tng 2x4 M150# ti ch dy 15cm, lt y bng dm m cht dy 10cm. - Trt thnh trong mng va xi mng M75#. - Tm an BTCT M200# 1x2 lp ghp. - S dng thp x m v tm an np mng vi ng knh thp t 6-10 mm. - Qut nha ng v chn bao ti khe ln. - ng nha PVC thot nc r rc, ng chnh D200, ng tuyn nhnh D150 b. H thng ging thu v rnh dn nc: Thit k gm 36 ging thu, kch thc (1.6x1.9)m c b tr xen gia mng thot nc mt v mng r rc vi kt cu nh sau:
- Thn ging thu, rnh dn b tng xi mng M200 1x2, trt thn v lng y ging va xi mng M75# dy 2cm. - B tng x m M200# 1x2 ti ch. - B tng tm an, np rnh 1x2 M200#. - B tng mng 2x4 dy 15cm, M150#. - S dng lp m mng dm m cht dy 10cm. - S dng thp x m v tm an vi ng thp D= 6- 10 mm. Thit k h thng thot nc c lin kt thng nhau m bo vic thot nc cho ton khu dn c. 1.4.3.4. Gii phap thit k h thng cp in: a. ng dy 35kV ng dy 35 kV: ng dy trn khng 3 pha, mch n , in p nh mc 35 kV. Cc loi x v gi my bin p v thit b thit k bng st hnh U&L c m km nhng nng. Ni gia cc thit b bng thanh ng trn 8. Mng ct trm c bng b tng mc 150#, 4*6, lt mng bng tm an b tng ct thp mc 200# 1*2. Nn trm b tng gch v mc 50# dy150. - Dy dn: Dy cp AC50 dy nhm li thp, ch to trong nc loi. Dy s dng cho cng trnh phi m bo TCVN 6447 - 1998, IEC 60502. b. Trm bin p 100kVA-35/0,4kV Trm bin p phn phi. Trm kiu trm treo ngoi tri cng sut 100 kVA. Cc thit b cao, h th phi c chn theo cc iu kin sau:
- My bin p 3 pha, 2 cun dy ngm trong du, kiu kn lm mt t
nhin c cc c tnh k thut sau: Tn s 50 HZ in p danh nh : - Pha cao p: 35 2x 2,5% kV - Pha h p: 0,4 kV - T u dy: Y/y0-12 - Cc loi x v gi my bin p v thit b thit k bng st hnh U&L c m km nhng nng. Ni gia cc thit b bng thanh ng trn 8 . - Mng ct trm c bng b tng mc 150#, 4*6, lt mng bng tm an b tng ct thp mc 200# 1*2. Nn trm b tng gch v mc 50# dy150, lng nn va xi mng mc 75# dy 30 mm
c. ng dy cp ngm xut tuyn 0,4kV ng dy 0,4 kV. ng dy cp ngm 3 pha 4 dy, in p nh mc 0,4 kV. Dy dn dng loi cp ngm Cu/XLPE/DATS/PVC/3x50+1x25, Cu/XLPE/DATS/PVC/3x35+1x16, Cu/XLPE/DATS/PVC/3x10+1x6 phi m bo theo tiu chun Vit Nam hoc tng ng. c. ng dy chiu sng: - chiu sng ton b dc theo tuyn ng dng h thng ct thp bt gic 10 m lin cn n. Lp h thng n RAINBOW - S250W bong Sodium 250W nh sng vng. - iu khin: H thng chiu sng c lp t in T 03-100A iu khin theo ch iu khin cu t in c thc hin theo 2 ch : + Ch bui ti (t 18h 23h): Bt ton b s n + Ch khuya (t 23h 5h30): Bt 1/3 s n, tt 2/3 s n. Cc ch ny c th hiu chnh ty chn ca n v vn hnh cn c vo nhu cu, theo ma. - Dy dn: H thng chiu sang cp ngun ni t t in iu khin i cc ct n chiu sng s dng cp Cu/PVC/DSTA/PVC 3*16+1*10mm2. Cc b n c cp ngun bng dy cp ng CU/PVC 2*2.5mm2 cc php tnh kim tra tit din dy thit k theo cng dng in cho php v tn tht in p cho php. 1.4.3.5 Gii php thit k h thng cp nc: Xy dng 1 b cha nc kch thc 2x2x1.5m, cp nc, phc v nhu cu sn xut v phn phi nc cho khu quy hoch bng cc ng ng dn. Kt cu b xy dng nh sau: Thn b xy gch ch va xi mng M75#, trt thn b va xi mng M75# dy 2cm. B tng np b, tm an 1x2 M200#. B tng mng 1x2 dy 15cm, M150#. S dng lp m mng dm m cht dy 10cm. S dng thp np b, tm an vi ng thp D= 610 mm. 1.4.3.6. Xy dng nh iu hnh, nh trc, nh xe: Cng trnh c thit k vi nhng hnh thc v ngn ng kin trc chc khe, i xng, trang trng ph hp vi chc nng ca n.
- Xy tng gch chu lc, v ko thp, mi lp tn, trn nha nhm tng kh nng chng nng v chng thp ngi nh. - Nn lt gch ceramic 400x400, lng nn va xi mng M75# dy 3cm. - Vt liu tng: Xy gch ch, gch c M #75#, va xi mng M#50, trt tng ngoi v tng trong dy 2cm, va xi mng M75#. - Hng ro xy gch cao 2,2m; kt cu mng hc cao 60cm, rng 40cm; c khong 30m b mt tr, tr c xy gch 220x330 cm, tng hng ro xy gch ch dy 110 mm, - Phn nn mng cng trnh: Chn gii php mng tr (mng n) di ct, mng xy hc mc, va xi mng M75#, ging mng BTCT M200 1x2, kch thc 220x220cm. - Dng kt cu ct BTCT chu lc, kch thc 200x200 kt ni tng bao che. - Vt liu thp dng cho cng trnh: Ct thp c ng knh d10 mm, c Ra = 2250kg/cm2 v ct thp c ng knh d10 mm, c Ra = 2800kg/cm2 . - i vi cng chnh c thit k nh sau: +Tng xy gch ch M75#, va xi mng M50#, qut mt nc vi trng hai nc mu vng nht. + Tr cng sn gi mu mn + Mng xy hc va xi mng M75# + B tng lt bng gch v M50# + Ton b st (chi tit cnh cng) l thp ng m km, sn mu xen en. 1.4.3.7. Thi cng xy dng h chn lp rac: + H chn lp cu to theo dng na chm, t ct t nhin o xung trung bnh 1,5m, t o c em san nn (v d tr lp rc), p cc b ngn (trn c s cn bng o p), thnh h cao hn ct t nhin ti , mi taluy thnh h 1/1,5. + t y h c san phng, m cht, sau ri lp mng chng thm HDS075, trn lp HDS l lp t st dy 15cm dn u, m cht, trn cng l lp si th hoc dm dy 15cm thu nc r rc.
+ y h chn lp c b tr h thng ng ng thu nc rc, dc i=0,007 v pha ging thu, dc i=0,01 v pha rnh tp trung nc. H chn lp c b tr h thng thu nc bn v h thng x s c. + Thnh v y h chn lp u c chng thm bng mng chng thm HDS075, m bo cho nc rc khng thm theo chiu ngang v thng ng. Mng chng thm c neo vo thnh h v chn trnh tut bng cc bao ti t. 1.4.3.8 Gii php thi cng h x l nc thi sinh hc Chiu su ngp nc trung bnh l 1,5m, y h c chng thm vi cc lp sau: + Lp t st dy 40mm. + Mng chng thm HDPE dy 0,2cm + t t nhin san phng lu cht. Dung kt cu ke a hc day 30cm bao quanh h. B tng xi mng M200 a 1x2 g chn bao quanh va bc cp ln xung. Cng trnh x l h nc thi cng c b tr bm hi lu pha long nc r rc, tng kh nng x l hoc tng thi gian nc rc lu li h trong thi gian cn thit. Hng mc ny cng phi b tr thm mt b bm diezen d phng hot ng khi mt in v xy ra ma bo. 1.4.4. Cng ngh san xut va vn hanh cua khu chn lp 1.4.4.1. Cng sut x ly rac thai Theo kt qua iu tra dn s thi s dn hin nay vung Thi trn Nghen va cac vung phuc cn nu trn c th hin trong bang sau: Khu vc Dn s (ngi) Tng cng (ngi) Thi trn Nghen 12.481 12.481 xa Vng Lc 8.035 xa Tung Lc 9.246 xa Khanh Lc 4.356 33.601 xa Tin Lc 4.085 xa Xun Lc 7.879 D bao dn s phat trin theo thi gian cua Thi trn Nghen va khu vc phu cn la:
Theo "Chin lc quan ly CTR thi va khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2020" thi khi lng CTR binh qun cua huyn Can Lc la 0,5kg/ngi/ngay vao nm 2011, 0,75kg/ngi/ngay vao nm 20122015 v 0,9kg/ngi/ngay vo nm 2016 2020, gia s lng rac thu gom at 85% vung Thi trn Nghen va 70% cac vung phu cn, c tinh c lng cht thai phat sinh theo thi gian c thu gom cua Thi trn Nghen va cac vung ln cn, c trinh bay trong bang 1.5.
Bang 1.5: D bo lng rc sinh hot pht sinh v thu gom n nm 2020 ca th trn Nghn v cc vng ln cn
S dn Nm T l GTDS TT nghen (ngi ) S dn KV phu cn (ngi) Lng rc TG TT Nghen (tn/ngay) Lng rc TG vung PC (tn/ngay) Tng Tng cng (tn/ngay) cng (tn/nm)
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
0,6 0,6 0,58 0,57 0,54 0,52 0,51 0,5 0,49
12.556 12.631 12.704 12.777 12.846 12.913 12.979 13.043 13.107
33.803 34.005 34.203 34.398 34.583 34.763 34.940 35.115 35.287
8,00 8,05 8,10 8,15 9,83 9,88 9,93 9,98 10,03
17,75 17,85 17,96 18,06 21,79 21,90 22,01 22,12 22,23
25,75 25,91 26,06 26,20 31,61 31,78 31,94 32,10 32,26
9.399,02 9.455,42 9.510,26 9.564,47 11.539,34 11.599,34 11.658,50 11.716,79 11.774,20
Ta co khi lng rac chn lp trung binh la 29,29 tn/ngay. Vy Khu x ly rac huyn Can Lc co cng sut x ly trung binh la 29,29 tn/ngay. 1.4.4.2 Phng thc t chc thu gom: Cht thi rn c thu gom bng phng thc th cng kt hp c gii, c trnh by c th trong s sau: Hnh 1.1. S thu gom CTR
Tp trung ln xe gom y tay
Rc pht sinh trong cng ng
Xe vn chuyn Khu x ly chuyn Ch u t: UBND huyn Can Lc CTR Tp trung dng -28vo im C quan t vn: Cng ty CP K thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh trung chuyn
1.4.4.3 Cng ngh vn hnh khu chn lp: a. Quy trnh x l, chn lp rc: Rc hng ngy c xe chuyn dng ch n vo h chn lp, my i s san rc bng phng, m nn k ln khi rc, trong qu trnh san i th phun ch phm EM hoc P.MET, khi lp rc dy 0,6-0,8m th ngng qu trnh m nn, san t bng th cng kt hp bng my, lp ph 1 lp t dy 20cm, phun thuc dit cn trng, rc vi bt. Chu trnh sau li tip tc nh vy cho lp trn, cng tc san i, x l rc c thc hin hng ngy. b. Quy trnh thu v x l nc rc: Nc rc pht sinh trong qu trnh ln men phn hu cc cht hu c tp trung v h gas qua h thng ng thu c l t y h chn lp. Nc rc c my bm chm chuyn dng t y h gas bm qua ng ng vo h cha nc thi sau chy qua h sinh hc qua cc ngn lng s b+k kh, ngn x l hiu kh v ngn lc thc vt. Nc thi sau khi x l t tiu chun QCVN 25:2009 (mc B2) mi thi ra mi trng theo ng dn v ca x t chy ra mi trng. c. X l h chn lp sau khi y rc: Mt rc c san i, m nn k, vng t 10 - 15%, c ph lp t st dy ln hn hoc bng 0,6m, trn lp t st l lp t ct v t mu dy kn n thnh h chn lp, trn lp t ny trng cy, c... nh k bm, kim tra khi lng v cht lng nc rc trong h gas. 1.4.5. Danh muc may moc, thit bi 1.4.5.1 May moc thit bi trong qua trinh giai phong mt bng, thi cng xy dng:
- Nhu cu v may moc: Cac loai may moc s dung cho cng trinh xy dng khu chn lp CTR huyn Can Lc c trinh bay trong bang 1.6. Bng 1.6. Nhu cu v my mc thi cng. TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 My thi cng t t 7 tn m bn 1kW m di 1,5kW My o 1,6m3 My o 1,25m3 My m 9T My m 16T My hn 23kW My i 110CV My trn 250L My trn 80L My nn kh Diezel 600m3 VT Chic Chic Ci Chic Chic Chic Chic Ci Chic Chic Chic Chic S lng 02 02 02 01 01 02 02 01 01 02 02 01
- Nhu cu v lao ng: Lao ng xy dng cng trinh do chu thu xy dng cng trinh tuyn chon va quan ly vi s lng khoang 50 ngi. 1.4.5.2. Nhu cu v cac thit bi may moc trong giai oan vn hanh cua d an Nhu cu v thit bi may moc trong giai oan khu chn lp i vao hoat ng c trinh bay trong bang 1.7. Bang 1.7: Nhu cu v may moc, thit bi trong giai oan vn hanh
TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thit b n v Khi lng
Xe p rc 6m Xe thu gom rc y tay XG97 Thng rc nha Composite 240lit MGB 140 Xe thu gom rac XG97 Xe i chn lp rc KOMASU D31PX-21 Bm nc rc chuyn dng My bm ra xe v thit b Hn Quc Bm hi lu di ng My pht in d phng
Chic Chic Ci Chic Chic Ci B Ci B
02 45 100 45 01 03 01 02 01
5Kw Bm phun ho cht B ng c n Bm Diesel 100 m3/h B Bm tay phun thuc tr B su 1.4.6. Nhu cu v nguyn, nhin vt liu u vao: Bang 1.8: Nhu cu v nguyn nhin vt liu TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Nguyn vt liu Nha ng Ct Ct vng Ct mn hc dm chn 4x6 1x2 2x4 Xi mng G khe co gin G chng G vn khun Ct thp d <=10 Ct thp d >=10 Thp hnh Thp trn Thp tm G np Gch xy Gch lt nn t n n ng, bng, ph kin inh cc loi cm n Aptomat 1 pha <= 50A n v kg m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 tn m3 m3 m3 tn tn Kg Kg Kg m3 Vin Vin Kg B kg Ci Ci
01 01 02
Nhu cu v nguyn, nhin vt liu xy dng c tng hp trong bang 1.8. Khi lng 9,16 6904,91 2794,84 188,355 1126,91 20,854 4274,42 9401,04 269,2 1447491 42,84 11,012 99,372 28,62 34,57 701,742 12,648 112,304 2,042 541662 4,507 6,077 7 159,814 4 4
Ci Aptomat 3 pha <= 50A 1 Ci Bn l 20,25 Ci Bng n di 11 Kg Bt mu 5,458 Ci Bt st 44,58 B B nha dung tch 0,5m3 1 m Dy in 72,42 kg Dy thp 584,775 ng nha ming bt d = m 32mm 24,644 36 ng nha ming bt d = m 50 mm 12,524 37 ng thp m 1748,16 38 Nha dn Kg 0,097 39 Nc lt 193020 40 Que hn Kg 198,075 41 Xng Kg 8,22 42 c quy 12 V Bnh 14,488 43 Oxy Chai 1,94 Kg 44 Vi cc 1858,59 Kg 45 Phn chua 35,373 Cac loai vt liu xy dng nh cat, xi mng, gach, st, thep, ... c mua tai Thi trn Nghen do ngi cung cp vn chuyn n tn ni bng t t 7 tn. 1.4.7. Phn oan thc hin D an Do khu t thc hin D an nm trong vung t trung, cu tao nn t yu nn chi thc hin xy dng giai oan I vi din tich quy hoach 64.654 m2, khng m rng xy dng thm trn khu t d phong. D kin trong giai oan nay, tin trinh thi cng xy dng nh sau: - Giai on u: xy dng cc hng mc ca d n nh: hng ro bo v, trng cy xanh cch ly quanh khu vc quy hoch, xy dng khu vc qun l, chn lp s 1 vn hnh khu chn lp, xy dng h x l nc thi v h sinh hc m bo v sinh mi trng. - Giai on sau: Xy dng cc hng mc cn li. Cc chn lp c tin hnh xy dng khi ng ca chn lp trc .
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
1.4.8. Vn u t - Tng mc u t sau thu (cho giai on 1): 53.663.475.147 ng - Ngun vn: Vn ca d n u t xy dng khu chn lp huyn Can Lc la ngun vn ngn sach nha nc va ngun vn t huy ng t cac ngun vn hp phap khac. 1.4.9. T chc quan ly va thc hin D an Uy ban nhn dn huyn Can Lc
CHNG 2 IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T - X HI

2.1. iu kin t nhin v mi trng
2.1.1. iu kin v a l, a cht 2.1.1.1. c im a hnh:

Th trn Nghn c a hnh tng i phc tp bao gm sng, ni, t bi ngp ng. Sng Nghn chia Th trn ra 2 vng Bc Nghn v Nam Nghn. Hai bn ni Nghn a hnh dc dn ra b sng v ng rung to iu kin thot nc tt. Khu vc Bc Nghn tng i trng, thot nc kh khn, cng t yu hn. Hai bn b sng Nghn, t bi b sng, bn ly khng thun tin cho vic xy dng, t b nhim mn. Cost ngp lt trong khu vc Th trn nghn l 5,5m. 2.1.1.2. c im a cht thu vn: - a cht: Theo kt qu kho st thc a, kt hp kt qu th nghim cc mu t trong phng th nghim, theo quan im a cht cng trnh, theo th t t trn xung th khu vc nghin cu c cc lp t sau: + Lp 1a- t p: Lp t p st pha nng, mu nu nht, xm vng nht. Trng thi do cng n na cng, kt cu cht va n cht. Chiu dy t 1.7m n 2.5m. + Lp 1 - t mt: L t st pha nng mu xm nu, xm en ln r thc vt. Trng thi do mm lp mng c chiu dy trung bnh 30cm, lp c mt hu ht hai bn chn . + Lp 2: Lp t st, vng nht, ghi nht, m nu , trng thi do cng kt cu cht va. Lp ny ko di lin tc trn khu vc ch thy xut hin ti h khoan HK2. + Lp 2a: Lp t st pha va mu xm ghi, vng nht, m nu, trng thi do mm n do cng. Lp ny ko di lin tc trn khu vc ch thy xut hin ti h khoan HK5. + Lp 3: t st, mu ghi m, xm tro nht, m nu nht pha t tp cht hu c. t mm yu, trng thi do mm n do chy cng xung su t cng yu. Din phn b hu nh trn ton khu vc. Chiu dy lp dao ng t 3.5m 5.8m. + Lp 4: Lp ct pha nh n ct mu mu xm tro, xm ghi nht. Trng thi do, cht va. Thnh phn ct ht nh n mn ln t ct ht va v bi st lp ny nm di lp 3. - a cht thu vn:
Nh c im a hnh a mo nu, khu vc d kin xy dng cng trnh hin ti nm bm dc theo b Sng Nghn tuy vy qua qu trnh khoan kho st v quan trc khu vc cho thy nc ngm cha ch yu trong lp ct ht nh, mn di su c ngn cch pha trn bi tng cch nc l t st mu xm tro, ghi m. Trng thi do mm n do chy l nc khng c p. Cn mc nc ngm n nh trong cc h khoan kh nng (trung bnh cch mt t t nhin = 0.3 - 0.4 m), nc ngm cha rt t trong cc lp st v st pha trn cng. Ni chung nc ngm khu vc vi su nghin cu khng nhiu v ph thuc rt nhiu vo nc mt, nc ma v nc sng. 2.1.2. iu kin v kh tng-thu vn: Theo ti liu ca Trung tm kh tng thu vn H Tnh cho thy kh hu thi tit vng thc hin d n c cc c im sau: Khu vc D n nm trong vng chu nh hng ca kh hu Bc min Trung. Tuy nhin, do nh hng ca gi ma ng Bc t lc a Trung Quc trn v b suy yu nn ma ng bt lnh hn v ngn hn so vi cc tnh pha bc. Kh hu trong vng chia thnh 2 ma r rt l nng v lnh. Ma nng nng ko di t thng 4 n thng 10. Ma lnh ko di t thng 11 n thng 3 nm sau. Kh hu hng nm b chi phi bi 2 lung gi: gi ma ng Bc v gi ma Ty Nam v cc nhiu ng thi tit gy ma khc. Cc yu t kh tng c trng ca khu vc c m t nh sau: 2.1.2.1. Nhit khng kh: Nhit trung bnh ca khu vc trin khai D n l 24,5 C. Trong nm kh hu c chia lm 2 ma r rt:
0
- Ma nng ko di t thng 4 n thng 10, kh hu kh nng nht l t thng 5 n thng 8. Nhit trung bnh thng t 24,7 0C (thng 4) n 32,9 0C (thng 6). Ma ny thng nng bc, nhit c th ln ti 38,5 40 0C. - Ma lnh ko di t thng 11 n thng 3 nm sau, nhit trung bnh thng t 18,3 0C (thng 1) n 21,8 0C (thng 11).
Bng 2.1: Bin trnh nhit khng kh ti trm H Tnh

c trng Ttb (oC) Tmax Tmin Bin c trng Ttb (oC) Tmax Tmin Bin 1 17,5 27,0 11,59 5 15,5 14,9 21,1 2 13,6 24,0 9,1 3 20,8 31,6 10,5 4 25, 2 38, 0 19, 0 19, 0 1 17,2 25 10,8 14,2 2 22,3 29,2 11,9 17,3 3 22,8 35 15,2 19,8 Cc thng trong nm 2009 4 24, 1 40 16 24 38, 9 19, 5 19, 4 5 27, 3 35, 4 20, 3 15, 1 25, 7 13, 3 6 30, 3 38, 5 24, 6 13, 9 5 27 6 30, 9 39 38, 8 25, 4 13, 4 7 30, 3 38, 0 25, 8 12, 2 24, 3 13, 7 8 29, 6 38, 7 23, 4 15, 3 7 31 8 28, 9 37 9 27, 1 35, 4 21, 3 12, 1 9 27, 6 34, 7 23, 7 11, 0 31,59 5 21,59 5 10,0 11,59 5 10 25,5 19,5 31 10 24,9 11 20, 7 26, 5 14, 6 11, 9 11 21, 9 31, 0 13, 9 17, 1 12 21, 1 28, 2 14, 8 13, 4 12 18, 5 25, 0 13, 6 21, 4
Cc thng trong nm 2010
Ngun: Trung tm D bo Kh tng thu vn H Tnh
2.1.2.2. m khng kh: y l vng c kh hu nng m, do m trong vng tng i ln, m bnh qun t 75 94% v thay i khng nhiu gia cc vng. m trung bnh thp nht t 39 65% vo cc thng chu nh hng ca gi Lo (t thng 4 8). Bng 2.2: m khng kh o c ti Trm H Tnh
c trng m TB (%) Cc thng trong nm 2008 1 83 2 88 3 88 4 77 5 74 6 68 7 69 8 79 9 77 10 82 11 81 12 81
m thp nht (%) c trng m TB (%) m thp nht (%) c trng m TB (%) m thp nht (%) 2.1.2.3
50
62
55
50
46
45
50
53
50
63
58
50
1 87 53
2 80 54
1 84 55
2 85 55
Cc thng trong nm 2009 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 89 82 79 69 68 78 8 8 1 3 55 45 48 47 46 50 5 6 0 0 Cc thng trong nm 2010 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 85 82 76 69 66 70 8 9 4 2 42 50 50 49 47 45 5 6 1 3
11 79 45
12 87 60
11 83 53
12 89 58
Ngun: Trung tm D bo Kh tng thu vn H Tnh
Nng v bc x:
Khu vc D n c xem l vng c bc x cao so vi cc tnh min Trung. Mt s c trng v nng v bc x nhit ca khu vc nh sau: S gi nng trung bnh trong nm 1.572 gi, trong cc thng ma ng l 93 gi v trong cc thng ma h l 178 gi.
2.1.2.4
Ma:
Lng ma bnh qun trn ton lu vc khong 2000 - 3000 mm/nm. c trng ch ma vng Can Lc nu bng 2.3. Bng 2.3: Cc c trng ch ma vng H Tnh. TT 1 2 3 Cc c trng Lng ma trung bnh hng nm Lng ma thng ln nht Lng ma ngy ln nht V tnh Mm Mm Mm Gi tr 2.661 1.450 657,2
Ngun: Nin gim thng k tnh H Tnh, nm 2010
Ma ma t thng 8 n thng 12, ma tp trung nht vo thng 9 v thng 10 chim 45% lng ma c nm. Lng ma Can Lc t hn so vi
thnh ph H Tnh nhng c c th dao ng mnh, bin dao ng xp x 1000mm/nm.

2.1.2.5
Lng bc hi: Bng 2.4: Cc c trng v bc hi vng H Tnh
Cc c trng v lng bc hi ca khu vc H Tnh nu trong bng 2.4.
TT 1 2 3
Cc c trng Lng bc hi trung bnh nm Lng bc hi thng ln nht Lng bc hi thng thp nht Gi, bo:
V tnh mm mm mm
Gi tr 66,64 131,18 24,97
Ngun: Nin gim thng k tnh H Tnh, nm 2010
2.1.2.6
Khu vc Thi trn Nghen, huyn Can Lc c dy Hng Lnh che chn pha ng Bc, do s tn ph ca bo i vi khu vc c hn ch phn no do vi cc huyn khc trong tnh v vng ven bin. Tc gi trung bnh l 1,5 -2,5m/s. Hng gi ch o trong ma h l Ty v Ty Nam, ma ng l gi ng Bc. 2.1.3. Ch thu vn Khu vc thc hin d n nm trong vung chiu anh hng cua ch thuy vn sng Nghen. Sng Nghen chay t Ty sang ng ra bin, chia Thi trn Nghen thanh 2 phn Bc Nghen va Nam Nghen chiu anh hng cua Thuy triu, nc sng bi nhim mn. Nc chy ri v thng gy ra xi l nhng ni xung yu v nhng ni khc sng b un cong nc b xi trc tip vo b. S lng ao h trong vung Thi trn Nghen khng ang k. 2.1.4 Hin trng cht lng cc thnh phn mi trng vt l nh gi hin trng mi trng nn ca khu vc thc hin d n, Cng ty CP K thut Ti nguyn v Mi trng Ngh Tnh tin hnh o c, ly mu phn tch mi trng: t, nc v khng kh (V tr o c, ly mu c th hin trong bn v tr o c ly mu phn tch mi trng phn ph lc). 2.1.4.1 Hin trng s dng t v mi trng t - Hin trng s dng t:
nh gi hin trng s dng t ca khu vc thc hin D n, Cng ty CP K thut Ti nguyn v Mi trng Ngh Tnh tin hnh kho st, iu tra iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi trong khu vc thc hin D an. Kt qu iu tra v hin trng s dng t ca khu x l CTR c th hin trong bng sau: Bng 2.5: Hin trng s dng t khu vc thc hin D an TT 1 2 Loi t Din tch kho st lp quy hoch t xy dng khu x l CTR giai on I Trong : - t quy hoch nui trng thu sn - t sn xut nng nghip Din tch m2 114.640 64.564 64.564 0
- Hin trng mi trng t Theo kt qua iu tra Xy dng ban t tinh Ha Tinh theo tiu chun FAO-UNESSCO cua S Khoa hoc va Cng ngh Ha Tinh va Hi khoa hoc t nm 2008 (do Tin s Nguyn Xun Tnh lm ch bin) thi vung Hu Lc, Tung Lc, Thi trn Nghen nm trong vung trung Can Lc. Thanh phn, cht lng t khu vc D an nh sau: Bng 2.6: Kt qu phn tch cht lng t TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nhn xt: T kt qu phn tch nu trn, c th thy t trong khu vc d n c dinh dng tng i ngho, bi nhim mn trung binh, khi trng cy nng
Ch tiu pHKCL N P2O5 K2O Ca2+ Mg2+ CEC Fe3+ Al3+
n v % % % % Meq/100g t Meq/100g t Meq/100g t Meq/100g t Meq/100g t
Kt qu phn tch 4,75 0,134 0,052 1,06 2,98 2,88 13,19 121 0,22
nghip cho nng sut thp. t cha co du hiu nhim va ang nm trong tiu chun cho phep cua FAO-UNESSCO. 2.1.4.2 Mi trng nc: a. Nc mt: xc nh cht lng mi trng nc mt, Cng ty C phn k thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh tin hnh ly mt s mu nc mt ti khu vc d n phn tch cc thng s c bn v mi trng nc. Kt qu phn tch c th hin bng sau: Bng 2.7: Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc mt ti khu vc d n
Kt qu TT Thng s VT QCVN 08:2008/BTN MT (B1)
NM1-CL 7,57 9,22 20 19,2 0,72 KPH KPH 17,5 0,002 0,16 5,1 3600
NM2-CL 6,17 6,7 20 4,8 0,19 KPH KPH 28,0 0,049 0,16 5,2 3800
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH DO BOD5 COD mui Cu As TSS Fe NH4 NO3Coliform
pH mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l MNP/100 ml
5,5-9 4 15 30 0,5 0,05 50 1,5 0,5 10 7500
Ngun: Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin TN&MT, nm 2011 Ghi ch: - NM1-CL: Ti li vo khu x l cht thi rn (To : X = 530591.2384, Y = 2041427.9470) - NM2-CL: Ti h trng nm trong khu vc D n (To : X = 530653.1289, Y = 2041247.0171) - QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt.
Nhn xt : T bng kt qu phn tch trn c th cho thy hu ht cc thng s nhim trong mu phn tch nc mt u nm
trong GHCP ca QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT (ct B1), chng t ngun nc mt y cha c du hiu b nhim. b. Nc di t: Nhm xc nh cht lng mi trng nc di t, Cng ty C phn k thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh tin hnh ly mt s mu nc ging gn khu vc d kin trin khai d n v phn tch cc thng s c bn v mi trng nc. Kt qu phn tch c th hin bng sau: Bng 2.8: Kt qu phn tch cht lng nc di t ti khu vc d n
TT Thng s phn tch pH cng Clorua Mn Zn Tng Fe Pb Cu Cd As NO3SO42n v o Thang pH mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Kt qu NN1-CL 6,19 347 111,18 0,021 0,031 4,55 KPH 0,013 KPH KPH 3,5 105 NN2-CL 7,05 110 149,40 0,025 0,032 2,32 KPH 0,015 KPH KPH 3,2 87 QCVN 09:2008/ BTNMT 5,5 - 8,5 500 250 0,5 3,0 5 0,01 1,0 0,005 0,05 15 400
2011 Ghi ch: - NN1-CL: Ti ging ng Ng c Cnh, xm Nam Sn, Th trn Nghn (To : X = 530432.8330, Y = 2014124.0039) ; - NN2-CL: Ti ging B Nguyn Th Xun, xm Nam Sn, Th trn Nghn (To : X = 530432.8327, Y = 2014124.0015); - QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc ngm
Ngun: Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin TN&MT, nm
Nhn xt: Kt qu phn tch 2 mu nc di t ti khu vc thc hin d n cho thy cc thng s mi trng hu ht u t tiu
chun cho php theo QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT. Hm lng cc kim loi nng trong nc khng ng k. Nhn chung, ngun nc di t ti khu vc kh tt, tuy nhin m bo cho i sng cng nh sc kho cho ngi dn th ngun nc ny cn phi c x l s b to ngun nc sch trc khi a vo s dng. 2.1.4.3 Mi trng khng kh: kho st cht lng mi trng khng kh ti khu vc d n, chng ti tin hnh o c, ly cc mu kh ti khu vc thc hin d n. Kt qu phn tch c th hin bng sau: Bng 2.9: Kt qu phn tch cht lng khng kh ti khu vc d n
TT 1 2 3 4 5 Ch tiu phn tch n TB Bi l lng SO2 NO2 CO n v o dBA g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 g/m3 Kt qu KK1-CL 60 190 75 75,5 890 KK2-CL 62,5 175 70 73,2 980 QCVN 05:2009/BTN KK3-CL MT 70 (QCVN 65 26:2010) 165 300 65 350 68 200 725 30.000
2011 Ghi ch: - KK1-CL: Ti li vo khu x l CTR (To : X = 503619.7307, Y = 2041414.2212); - KK2-CL: Ti khu t xy dng D n (To : X = 530571.8635, Y = 2041193.5413); - KK3-CL: Ti ng ba ng quy hoch (To : X = 530432.8335 , Y = 2014124.0033); - QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT: Quy chun K thut Quc gia v mi trng khng kh xung quanh;
Ngun: Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin TN&MT, nm
QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT: Quy chun K tht Quc gia v ting n.
Nhn xt:
Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh cho thy cht lng mi trng khng kh ti khu vc d n kh tt. Cc thng s nh gi mc nhim u c gi tr thp v nm trong GHCP ca QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT v QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT. 2.1.5. Hin trang tai nguyn sinh hoc H sinh thi trong khu vc thc hin d n bao gm nhng nt c trng ca mt h sinh thi ngp mn vi thnh phn tng i n gin, tnh a dng sinh hc thp v khng thy xut hin cc loi c hu. 2.1.5.1 H sinh thi trn cn * Thc vt: Thm thc vt xung quanh khu vc thc hin d an ch yu l thc vt thn c, pht trin trn t ngho dinh dng. Hin ti, nhng thc vt hoang di cn li ch l nhng cy thn tho v cy mc trn cc vng t ci to lm b ao, b che chn cho cc rung la v b rung. Phn ln cc loi thc vt thuc cc h: H Cc, h C, h Ci Trong s loi ph bin v chim u th l Lc, Co chn vt, c Vi voi. * ng vt Nm trong s bin i lin tc ca iu kin t nhin, hot ng canh tc v xy dng cc cng trnh ca con ngi, khu h ng vt h sinh thi ny rt ngho nn v b y li n cc vng khc. Cc loi ng vt khng xng sng ch yu thuc nhm ng vt t: Giun t, Giun khoang, .... Mt s loi cn trng v u trng ca chng ch yu l Chun chun, Co co, Chu chu, D mn, Ry xanh, B xt, Bm, T v, Rui nh, Rui tru, Kin, ng vt c xng sng gm nhng loi bin nhit, th nh gn ngi v cc loi vt nui kinh t, lm cnh, gii tr, thuc cc nhm sau: - Lp ch nhi vi s lng ng gm: Nge, ch ng, Chng hu, nh ng, Cc nh, - B st gp h sinh thi ny thng l cc loi thuc b C vy, ch yu l vi loi Thch sng, Thn ln bng, Rn cp nong, Rn c ,.... - Cc loi chim ch yu thuc b chim S, trong nhm n su b c thnh phn loi v mt c th chim u th. Thng gp nht l nhng loi: Cho mo, Chch cho, Chch nu, S nh, Ngoi cc loi chim thuc b s
nu trn, khu vc ny cn gp mt s loi chim di tr theo ma hoc nh c lm t thuc cc b chim khc nhau nh Diu hu, Cu gy, Bm bp, C ln, Bi c, C b. - Khu h th y ch gp cc loi th nh gn ngi nh: Chut ch, Chut nh, Chut cng, Chut nht, Di mui. Ngoi nhng ng vt t nhin nu trn, ng vt nui h sinh thi ny kh phong ph v thnh phn loi. C th k nhng i din in hnh nh B cu, cc loi gia cm nh G nh, Vt nh, gia sc nh B nh, Tru nh, Ch nh, Mo, Th nh. 2.1.5.2. H sinh thi di nc Theo kho st thu sinh vc trong khu vc d n, chng ti bt gp mt s loi thu sinh vt chnh sau: * ng vt Thnh phn loi ng vt ni khu vc nay chu yu la cac loai c nh
c dic, c r, c lc, c lng tong vch, ln,... Mt s c nui: C chp, c thia c, C trm c, c Mi,ng vt y vng d n tng i ngho nn. Bc u ch ghi nhn s xut hin ca cc nhm u cn trng thuc b Hai cnh, Cnh lng, Chun chun. Ngoi ra cn c cc nhm: Thn mm nh cc loi c, cc loi trai nc ngt v mt s loi thuc lp Giun t t ca ngnh Giun t.
* Thc vt: Trong khu vc thc hin d an thc vt chu yu la co nn, coi chiu. Xung quanh khu vc con sot lai tan d cua vung ngp mn nh bn, su, vet vi s lng rt it. Nhn chung h sinh thi ti khu vc tng i n gian, trong mt s loi c pht hin t trc n nay cha thy loi to, thc vt v ng vt no mang tnh cht ch th cho vng nc nhim bn, nhim du, tnh cht tc ng n ti nguyn sinh vt ca h sinh thi ny khng ln lm.
2.2 IU KIN KINH T - X HI
Trong iu kin nn kinh t gp nhiu kh khn: tnh hnh suy gim kinh t th gii, din bin bt thng ca gi c mt s nguyn vt liu, tnh hnh thi tit bt li, dch bnh din bin phc tp... nh hng ln n sn xut v i sng ca nhn dn; nhng c s quan tm, gip ca tnh, s lnh o, ch
o su st ca cp u ng, chnh quyn cc cp, s phi hp ca MTTQ v cc t chc on th, s n lc phn u vn ln ca cn b, nhn dn huyn Can Lc ni chung v Th trn Nghn ni ring khc phc kh khn, trin khai thc hin tt nhim v, k hoch ra: KT-XH n nh v c bc pht trin, i sng nhn dn c ci thin, an ninh chnh tr, trt t an ton x hi trn a bn c gi vng. 2.2.1 Kinh t Huyn ban hnh nhiu chnh sch cho nng nghip: H tr li sut tin vay mua la lai, h tr mua hu, cc ging la, ging rau, lc, u.vv... Tch cc ng dng cc tin b khoa hc, a c gii ha vo sn xut: Cung ng, chuyn giao 46 cng c s hng , 05 my gt p lin hp cho cc n v. V ng - Xun nng sut t kh 53 t/ha tng 1,4 t (2,8%) so vi ng Xun 2008 - 2009. V H Thu do hn hn v su bnh nn nng sut t thp ch t 39,47ta/ha/49,5ha, t 80% so vi k hoch ra. Chn nui gia sc (tru, b, ln) c phn chng li, nhng n gia cm pht trin mnh, huyn tp trung cao cho pht trin n hu, n nay c trn 400 con. c bit l tp trung khc phc hu qu bo s 3 v t l, lt thng 10/2010 n nay chi trn 11 t ng h tr i sng nhn dn, mua ging cp cho nhn dn trng 180 ha rau khoai, 1 tn ht ng ging, 4,715 tn ht rau ci cc loi, 40 tn ging la kp khc phc sn xut v ng v trin khai v ng - Xun 2010 2011. Tp trung ch o thc hin d n o v bn , xy dng h s d liu cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t, phn u ht nm 2010 c 5 x c cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t, cc x cn li vo hon thnh u qu I/2011. X l cc tn ng, cp t xen dm cho cc h mt s n v, tp trung thc hin u gi cp quyn s dng t cho cc n v hon thnh h s u gi trc 1/7/2010, l nm t kt qu u gi cao nht t trc n nay c t 45 t/29t, bng 155% so vi k hoach. Ring v Th trn Nghn, Theo kt qu iu tra kinh t x hi nm 2010 th tnh hnh sn xut, kinh doanh trn a bn x c tng qut nh sau: - Th trn Nghn c 1.743 s h lm nng nghip, 761 h phi nng nghip v 1.114 h lm thng mi v dch v; - Thu nhp bnh qun u ngi t 1.067.000 ng/ngi/thng; - S h ngho 365 h chim khong 10,08% tng s h trong ton Th trn (theo tiu ch mi);
Ngun doanh thu t ngnh dch v, thng mi chim t l ln trong tng gi tr thu nhp t kinh doanh sn xut ca Th trn Nghn. 2.2.2 C s h tng Cng tc thu ht vn u t c ch trng, cng tc bi thng - GPMB c gii quyt kp thi, va GPMB va thi cng, cc x Gia Hanh, Vnh Lc vn ng hng trm h dn hin t, t gii phng mt bng y l phong tro in hnh cc n v hc tp. Tng gi tr u t xy dng c t 360 t ng vi tng s d n trin khai 50 d n, trong hon thnh a vo s dng 20 d n; ton huyn lm c 45/90km ng GTNT bng b tng (t 50% KH). Ch o, qun l cht ch trong cng tc u t xy dng nn t kt qu kh v khi lng v cht lng. Nhiu d n hon thnh a vo s dng nh: ng vo trung tm x Thng Lc, Tng i v H tng Tng i - Khu di tch Ng ba Nghn, cc tuyn giao thng Th - Xun- Trung, Ch nh - Qun Tri.... Cc d n: H cha nc Khe Trc, H Cu Ly - Trng Lo, ng Thin Ph, t Nghn, Hu Nghn.vv... Cc d n giao thng, thy li do S ngnh v cc d n kin c ha trng lp hc do cc x lm ch u t nh Tr s, Hi trng, hi qun.vv... c phi hp cht ch, kp thi v khi cng thi cng ng tin k hoch ra. Trong qu 3, qu 4 nm 2010 huyn tp trung khc phc hu qu bo s 3 v trn i hng thu thng 10, trong ch trng tp trung vo cc cng trnh thu li, giao thng, trng hc, trm y t kp thi phc v nhn dn v pht trin sn xut. - V hin trng c s h tng ca Th trn Nghn c th hin qua mt s nt di y: - Trn a bn Th trn hin c 11 trng hc, 01 trm y t, 03 ch v 25 nh, cha, nh th. - V h tng giao thng th x hin c 05 km ng t, 45 km ng b tng, 09 km ng nha v 03km ng cp phi. - V tnh hnh s dng in, nc: + T l h c cp in t 100%. + T l h c cp nc sach l 70%. 2.2.3. Y t, dn s v k hoch ho gia nh - Ngnh y t huyn Can Lc tip tc tng cng c s vt cht thit b, cng tc qun l, ch trng o to nng cao nghip v v y c ngi thy
thuc. Cng tc KCB t Bnh vin, PKKKV n cc trm Y t x tng bc c i mi. Y t d phng lun ch ng, gim st pht hin v phng chng dch bnh kp thi ch o cc a phng lm tt cng tc phng, chng dch, VSMT sau l lt. n tip v phi hp vi cc Bnh vin Ph sn T D, Cc Qun Y, Bnh vin Bch Mai, Vit c khm v cp thuc min ph cho hng ngn lt ngi. Phi hp vi cc on kim tra lin ngnh kim tra cng tc ATVSTP, hnh ngh y, dc t nhn, pht hin v x l nghim cc c s vi phm. Cng tc dn s, KHH gia nh lun c ch trng, ch tim chng m rng c duy tr theo ng lch. T chc tp hun nng cao nghip v, thc trch nhim cho cn b y t x, th trn v cng tc tim chng m rng cho cn b dn s v cng tc truyn thng, vn ng v lng ghp dch v CSSKSS - KHHG. - Cng tc dn s v y t ca Th trn Nghn: Hin ti Th trn c mt trm y t vi i ng cn b y t nhit tnh gip nhn dn cha bnh, phng dch bnh, v sinh mi trng. Sau y l mt s ch tiu thng k v tnh hnh y t ca Th trn trong 6 thng u nm 2011: Bng 2.10: Mt s ch tiu thng k v hin trng y t ca Th trn Nghn. TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Thng s S cn b y t S lt ngi c khm cha bnh Tr em di 1 tui c tim chng Tr di 5 tui b suy dinh dng S ngi mc bnh v phi Bnh teo c Delta Bnh tm thn Bnh v mt Bnh v tai VT Ngi Lt Chu Chu % % % % % 6 thng u nm 2011 07 1652 385 63 0,1 0,03 0,17 0,05 0,33
10 11 12 13 14
Bnh tim mch Bnh ph khoa Bnh da liu Bnh st rt HIV/AIDS
% % % % %
0,17 0,73 0,56 0,1 0
Ngun: Trm Y t Th Trn Nghn cung cp nm 2011
T bng iu tra tnh hnh y t 6 thng u nm 2011 ca Th trn Nghn c th thy t l ngi dn b mc cc loi bnh kh thp, chng t cng tc y t v phng, cha bnh Th trn c ngi cn b y t v ngi dn ch trng. 2.2.4. Gio dc UBND huyn Can Lc ch o cc ban ngnh tip tc thc hin tt cc cuc vn ng, cc phong tro do B Gio dc - o to v Cng on ngnh pht ng. Kt qu nm hc 2009 - 2010 hon thnh chng trnh Tiu hc t t l 99,4%, Tt nghip THCS 93,9%, Tt nghip THPT 97,5%. L nm c thnh tch hc sinh gii cao nht: 11 HSG Quc gia, 319 em HSG tnh, 2.248 em HSG huyn, t gii Nht tnh v HSG gii ton trn my tnh Casi, gii Nh tnh gii ton qua mng Internet, gii Nh hc sinh gii khi 9. Ton huyn c gn 1.200 em u vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng. Tp trung thc hin cng tc PCGD v t kt qu tt. Kt qu xy dng trng chun t k hoch ra (14/14 trng). c s quan tm v ch o ca UBND huyn ni chung v phng gio dc o to huyn Can Lc ni ring, phong tro x hi ha gio dc Th trn Nghn ngy cng c s quan tm ca cc cp, cc ngnh v cc t chc on th x hi trong x. Trn a bn x hin c 11 trng hc trong c 02 trng mm non; 03 trng tiu hc; 01 trng trung hc c s, 01 trng PTTH, cn li l cc trng dy ngh. S lng hc sinh v gio vin ca cc trng c th hin trong bng sau: Bng 2.11: S lng hc sinh v gio vin ca cc trng trn a bn Th trn Nghn TT Thng s S gio vin S hc sinh 1 Trng mm non 51 706 2 Trng cp I 85 1181
Trng cp II
64
876
Ngun: UBND Th Trn Nghn cung cp nm 2011
2.2.5 Hin trng v sinh mi trng Cc phong tro lm v sinh mi trng c thc hin kh ng u cc n v trong huyn. c bit cng tc x l v sinh mi trng sau lt bo c tp trung quyt lit nn khng dch bnh xy ra. i vi Th trn Nghn, cng tc v sinh mi trng a bn bt u c ch trng v c nhng bc tin ng k. Trn a bn mi thnh lp hp tc x dch v mi trng. S liu thng k 6 thng u nm 2011 ca Trm Y t Th trn cho thy iu kin v sinh mi trng ti khu vc trong thi gian qua nh sau: Bng 2.12: iu kin v sinh mi trng ca Thi trn Nghen TT Ch tiu thng k nm 2010 1 S h s dng nh tiu hp 25% v sinh 2 S h c ging nc sch 16,58% 3 S h c nh tm 80%
Ngun: Trm Y t Th trn Nghn cung cp nm 2011
2.2.6 Tnh hnh quc phng- an ninh Thng xuyn duy tr tt ch trc ch huy, trc ban, trc chin, trc phng khng v tun tra canh gc t huyn n c s. Ch ng phi hp cc lc lng nm chc tnh hnh, gii quyt kp thi cc v vic khng bt ng xy ra nht l trong dp Tt v cc ngy l ln ca dn tc; m bo an ton cho i hi ng b c s v i hi ng b huyn. Ra qun hun luyn, hon thnh cng tc hun luyn qun s v thc hnh hun luyn DQTV m bo cht lng, an ton tuyt i. T chc lc lng gip nhn dn cc x K Anh di di n vng ti nh c thc hin d n FOMOSA (3 t) c tnh nh gi cao. Lm tt cng tc tuyn chn v giao qun cho cc n v t cht lng cao. C quan Huyn i ang y nhanh tin xy dng doanh tri ti v tr mi. Tnh hnh an ninh chnh tri, trt t an ton x hi n nh, khng xy ra t xut, bt ng cc v vic. M nhiu t tn cng trn p ti phm, bo v an ton cc ngy l, tt, cc k thi cng nh cc hot ng kinh t - x hi din ra trn a bn. Tng cng cn b, chin s trc tip 23 x, th trn nm bt
tnh hnh an ninh chnh tr, kp thi gii quyt cc v vic, mu thun pht sinh, bo v an ton i hi ng b c s. 2.2.7 Hin trng mi trng x hi nhn vn - Thi trn phi hp vi cc phng ban ca huyn, y mnh tuyn truyn cc hot ng bi tr t nn ma tu, t nn x hi, tng cng hiu bit Php lut. - Thc hin tng i tt cc chnh sch i vi ngi c cng, ngi tn tt, gia nh lit s, m Vit Nam anh hng. - Cc sinh hot tn gio, tn ngng, phong tc tp qun lnh mnh hin vn c nhn dn bo tn v pht trin.
CHNG 3 NH GI TC NG MI TRNG
3.1 ANH GIA TAC NG
Do tnh cht gy nhim mi trng khc nhau trong tng giai on ca d n, cng tc nh gi tc ng mi trng i vi d n s c phn ra 3 giai on nh sau:
-
Tac ng mi trng trong giai oan chun bi cua D an. Tc ng mi trng trong giai on xy dng (GXD). Tc ng mi trng trong giai on hot ng (GH).
3.1.1 nh gi tc ng trong giai on chun b ca D n 3.1.1.1. Tac ng t hoat ng giai phong mt bng : - Lng cht thai phat sinh chu yu la cac cy bui, co dai trong qua trinh phat don, lng cht thai nay khng ang k, khng c hai va d dng c thu gom t tai ch nn hu nh khng co tac ng xu n mi trng. - Vic chuyn i mc ch s dng t quy hoch nui trng thu sn sang xy dng khu chn lp s c tc ng tiu cc n nh hng kinh t ca a phng v ngi dn. (t nay thuc D an nui trng thuy san, cha giao cho cac h dn) 3.1.1.2. Tac ng t hoat ng san gat mt bng: - t a thai: Theo thit k, nh thu s phai boc khi lng t hu c la 11.437,8 m3 va khai thac mt khi lng ln t san nn, lam ng giao thng t mo t Tung Lc la 36.000 m3. t thi hnh thnh trong qu trnh o, p c tnh khong 1% khi lng o p, tc khong: (11.437,8 m3 + 36.000 m3) 1% = 474,378 m3. Lng t, a thai ri vai trong qua trinh vn chuyn, san gat co kha nng gy anh hng n dong nc mt, lam thay i cht lng t xung quanh m t khai thc, dc tuyn ng vn chuyn t v xung quanh khu vc thc hin D n. - Nc ma chy trn: Vo nhng khi tri ma, nc ma chy trn qua khu vc ca d n s cun theo t, ct, du m ri vi xung ngun nc ca khu vc. Theo s liu thng k ca WHO th nng cc cht nhim trong nc ma chy trn thng thng khong 0,5 - 1,595 mgN/l; 0,004 - 0,03 mgP/l; 10 - 20 mgCOD/l v 10 - 20 mgTSS/l. Tng din tch khu vc thc hin d n l 64.564 m2, lng ma ngy ln nht trn khu vc l 657,2 mm, lng nc ma ngm xung t l khong 30% th lng nc ma chy trn ln nht trn khu vc d n c tnh nh sau: 657,2 mm x 64.561 m2 x 10-3 x 70% = 29.702 m3/ngy.
Nc ma chy trn c kh nng gy nhim mi trng nc mt, tng hm lng cht l lng trong nc, gy bi lng dng chy, nh hng n i sng thu sinh trong khu vc. - Cht thai dang bui-khi: + Bi do qu trnh o t, , san nn: Theo k thut nh gi nhanh ca WHO th lng bi pht sinh t hot ng san gt l 0,025kg/1m3 t (vi tc gi bnh qun l 3 m/s, m trung bnh ca t khong 20%) do tng lng bi pht thi t hot ng ny l: 47.437,8 m3 x 0,025kg/m3 1.185,95kg bi. + Bi do qu trnh vn chuyn t san nn: Trong d n ny s dng t t 7tn, dung tch thng 5m3. Khi lng t vn chuyn vi c ly l 10.000m l 36.000 m3, tng ng vi 14.400 chuyn xe. Theo k thut nh gi nhanh ngun thi ca WHO th lng bi pht sinh t qu trnh vn chuyn l 0,9kg/1.000 km, vy lng bi sinh ra giai on ny l: 0,9 x 14.400 x 10/1000 = 129,6 kg. + Kh thi do cc phng tin o t, : nh mc tiu hao nhin liu trong 1 ca (8 gi) (theo ti liu a cht mi trng, NXB i hc Quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh) nh sau: Xe xc gu: 94.5kg/ca/chic. Bng 3.1: Lng kh thi do ng c thi ra khi t chy 1 tn nhin liu. Cc loi kh thi Lng kh thi (kg/tn nhin liu) Kh cacbon oxit CO 20,81 Hydrocacbon (CmHn) 4,16 Nito oxit NOx 13,01 Sunfu dioxit SO2 7,8 Andehyt 0,78 Bi khi 16
Ngun: nhim khng kh v x l kh thi - NXB Khoa hc v K thut
Khi lng o t, l: 47.437,8m3, vi th tch gu xc l 0,8 m3 th trung bnh mi ca mc c 500 m3 t, . Nh vy xc c khi lng ny c tnh cn 74 ca my xc. Tng
lng nhin liu cn dng c tnh l 72 x 94,5 = 8977,5kg 8,98 tn, vy lng kh thi c hi do cc phng tin xc o t, l: CO: 20,81 x 8,98 186,87kg; 37,36kg; NOx: 13,01 x 8,98 116,83kg; Andehyt: 0,78 x 8,98 7 kg; 143,68kg. CmHn: 4,16 x 8,98
SO2: 7,8 x 8,98 70,04kg; Mui khi: 16 x 8,98
+ Kh thi do qu trnh vn chuyn t: Bng 3.2: Lng kh thi do ng c t ti thi ra trn 1 km ng. Cc loi kh thi Kh cacbon oxit CO Hydrocacbon (CmHn) Nito oxit NOx Mui khi (MK) Sunfu dioxit SO2 Lng kh thi (g/km ng) 2,57 2,07 1,02 1,28 0,47
(Ngun: nhim khng kh v x l kh thi - NXB Khoa hc v K thut)
Vi s chuyn xe v cung ng vn chuyn nh tnh ton trn ta tnh c khi lng cc cht nhim nh sau: CO: 2,57 x 10-3 x 14.400 x 10 370,08 kg; CmHn: 2,07 x 10-3 x 14.400 x 10 298,08kg; NOx: 1,02 x 10-3 x 14.400 146,88kg; MK: 1,28 x 10-3 x 14.400 x 10 184,32 kg; SO2: 0,47 x 10-3 x 14.400 67,68kg. Hoat ng ao t, san gat mt bng nu gp thi thit hanh kh, bui co th phat tan i xa anh hng n h h hp cua c th ngi, vt nui, nng sut cy trng. Tuy nhin do khu vc thc hin D an cach xa khu dn c va giai oan chun bi cua D an din ra trong thi gian ngn nn ch nh hng n cng nhn trn cng trng, ngi v vt nui i qua khu vc thc hin D n. Bn canh o, hoat ng nay con lam anh hng n mi trng t, lam xao trn thanh phn, cu truc t, t d bi xoi mon, ra tri trong giai oan nay. - Ting n, rung ng:
Ting n phat sinh t cac phng tin vn chuyn t, san gat mt bng nh t vn tai, xe lu, may m nen, may xuc,... Ting n gy anh hng n ngi, vt nui. Vi khu vc cach kha xa khu dn c nn ting n chu yu anh hng n cng nhn lam vic trn cng trng, mc anh hng chi mang tinh tc thi. 3.1.1.3 Tac ng t cht thai sinh hoat - Cht thai rn sinh hoat: S lng cng nhn trn cng trng trong giai oan nay la khoang 10 ngi. Khi lng cht thai rn sinh hoat binh qun la 0,75 kg/ngi/ngay (giai oan 20122014), v vy khi lng CTR sinh hot c c tnh l khong: 10 ngi x 0,75 kg/ngi/ngy = 7,5 kg/ngy. Cht thai rn sinh hoat nu khng c thu gom, khi ma xung se phn huy gy nhim mi trng t, nc mt nc ngm, canh quan khu vc. - Nc thai sinh hoat: S lng cng nhn hot ng trn cng trng khong 10 ngi, vi nh mc dng nc khong 0,1 m3/ngi.ngy (theo t chc Y t th gii, WHO) th lng nc cp c tnh khong: 10 ngi 0,1 m3/ngi.ngy = 1m3/ngy. Lng nc thi pht sinh chim khong 80% lng nc s dng, l khong 1 x 80% = 0,8m3/ngy. Lng nc thi ny tuy cha nhiu cht ha c, cn ba nhng tai lng pht sinh hng ngy nho. 3.1.2 anh gia tac ng trong giai oan xy dng: 3.1.2.1 Ngun gy tc ng a. Ngun gy tc ng c lin quan n cht thi Bng 3.3: Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi gy nhim mi trng GXD TT 1 2 3 4 5 Loi cht thi Cht thi xy dng dng rn Cht thi dng bi kh Loi v tnh cht ca cht thi Vn chuyn vt liu, hot Gch v, vi va, xi mng, ng XD cc cng trnh st, thp vn Ngun pht sinh
Phng tin vn chuyn, Bi khi, kh CO2, CO, cc thit b xy dng SO2, NOX, THC T khu ln tri tm Rc thi v nc thi sinh Cht thi sinh hot hot Nc ma cun theo ct, Nc ma chy T mt bng thi cng st, bi v cht thi xy trn dng Qu trnh trn b tng, Nc thi cha nhiu cht Nc thi xy dng ra thit b my mc cn l lng
Cht thi nguy hi
Sa cha, thay th ph Du m thi, gi lau, bao b tng thit b xy dng dnh du m, pin, c quy thi loi
* Ngun pht sinh v ti lng CTR: - CTR xy dng: CTR xy dng bao gm xi mng, ct si ri vi, vi va v cc loi vt liu xy dng khc thi ra trong qu trnh xy dng. Khi lng cht thi t vt liu xy dng chim khong 0,5% khi lng s dng. - CTR sinh hot: Trong Giai on xy dng, s lng cng nhn phi li v sinh hot trn cng trng d kin khong 50 ngi. V vy khi lng CTR sinh hot c c tnh l khong: 50 ngi x 0,75 kg/ngi/ngy = 37,5 kg/ngy. - Cht thi nguy hi: Hot ng bo dng, sa cha cc loi my mc thi cng, phng tin vn chuyn s pht thi ra mi trng xung quanh cc loi du m thi, gi lau cha du m,... Lng cht thi ny tuy khng ln nhng theo quy ch qun l cht thi nguy hi c phn loi l cht thi nguy hi (m s A3020, m s Basel: Y8). Do , nu khng c thu gom v x l trit s l ngun gy nhim tim tng n mi trng nc mt. * Ngun pht sinh v ti lng cht thi lng Nc thi pht sinh trong giai on ny bao gm cc ngun sau: - Nc ma chy trn: Vo nhng khi tri ma, nc ma chy trn qua khu vc ca d n s cun theo t, ct, du m ri rt, cc loi vt liu thi cng xy dng nh xi mng, vi va xung ngun nc ca khu vc. c tnh lng nc ma chy trn ca ngy ma ln nht trn khu vc l 29.702 m3/ngy. - Nc thi t khu sa cha thit b, my mc thi cng cha nhiu du, m vi c tnh kh phn hy nhng khi lng thi ra khng thng xuyn, ch pht sinh khi my mc, thit b c nh k bo dng nh k hay b h hng. - Nc thi sinh hot:
S lng cng nhn hot ng trn cng trng khong 50 ngi, c tinh lng nc thai sinh hot phat sinh trong giai oan nay la khong 50 x 0,1x 80% = 4m3/ngy. Nc thi sinh hot cha nhiu cht cn b, cht hu c ... nn c kh nng gy nhim mi trng nc cng nh mi trng t v nc di t khu vc d n. - Nc thi t qu trnh xy dng: pht sinh trong qu trnh xy trt (trn va, nhng t gch, ti tng, qut vi), b tng (ra si, ct, trn v ti b tng, chng thm), ra thit b xy dng c trng ca loi nc thi ny l c pH cao t 9 - 11, cha nhiu cht l lng,... nhng cc hng mc thi cng xy dng ca Khu x l CTR khng nhiu nn lng nc thi ny t, pht sinh trong phm vi xy dng D n. * Ngun pht sinh v ti lng cht thi dng bi - kh: - Ngun pht sinh v ti lng bi: + Bi do qu trnh vn chuyn cc loi vt liu xy dng nh xy, ct, xi mng, st thp .... Trong d n ny s dng t t 7tn, dung tch thng 5m3. Khi lng vn chuyn vi c ly 3.000m l 15.092,42 m3, tng ng vi 6.037 chuyn xe; Khi lng ct vn chuyn vi c ly 3.000 m l 9.888,1054 m3, tng ng vi 3.995 chuyn xe; Khi lng thp v xi mng vi c ly vn chuyn 3.000m l 1.447.492 tn, tng ng vi 413.569 chuyn xe; Khi lng t st vn chuyn t vng nguyn liu n khu chn lp vi c ly 3.000m l 5.945,4 m3, tng ng vi 1.585 chuyn xe; Khi lng cc loi vt liu xy dng khc c lng khong 2.000 tn vi c ly vn chuyn 3.000m tng ng vi 1.419 chuyn xe. Theo k thut nh gi nhanh ngun thi ca WHO th lng bi pht sinh t qu trnh vn chuyn l 0,9kg/1000.km, vy lng bi sinh ra giai on ny l: 0,9 x 3 x (6.037 + 3.995 + 413.569 + 1.585 + 1.419)/1000 = 1.151,83kg. - Ngun pht sinh v ti lng kh thi: Trong giai on ny kh thi sinh ra ch yu l sn phm t qu trnh t chy nhin liu ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v thit b thi cng. Cn c vo lng nhin liu tiu th hng ngy v da vo cc h s
nhim do T chc Y t Th gii (WHO) thit lp, c tnh ti lng cht nhim nh sau: Bng 3.4: H s nhim khng kh i vi cc phng tin vn ti TT Cc loi xe Xe ti nh ng c Diesel<3,5tn Xe ti nh ng c Diesel<3,5tn n v (U) 1000km tn xng 1000km tn du Bi Kg/U 0,4 3,5 0,2 3,5 0,9 4,3 0,775 SO2 Kg/U 4,5S 20S 1,16S 20S 4,29S 20S 4,3.S NOx Kg/U 4,5 20 0,7 12 11,8 55 8,8 CO Kg/U 70 300 1 18 6,0 28 21,07 VOC Kg/U 7 30 0,15 2,6 2,6 12 3,89
Xe ti ln ng 1000km 2 c Diesel 3,5-16 tn du tn Trung bnh 1000km
Ngun: T chc Y t th gii (WHO-1993) Ghi ch: S l hm lng Sulfure trong du (thng = 0,5%)
- Kh thi ca cc phng tin vn chuyn, my mc thi cng s thi vo mi trng cc kh thi c hi nh: COx, SOx, NOx, THC..., Trong ch yu l kh thi do qu trnh vn chuyn t, v cc loi vt liu xy dng nh xy, ct, xi mng, st thp ...: Vi s chuyn xe, cung ng vn chuyn nh tnh ton trn v nh mc pht thi trong bng 3.2, ta tnh c khi lng cc cht nhim nh sau: CO: 2,57 x 10-3 x 3 x (6.037 + 3.995 + 413.569 + 1.585 + 1.419) = 3.282,28 kg; CmHn: 2,07 x 10-3 x 3 x (6.037 + 3.995 + 413.569 + 1.585 + 1.419) 2.643,71 kg; NOx: 1,02 x 10-3 x 3 x (6.037 + 3.995 + 413.569 + 1.585 + 1.419) 1.302,69 kg; MK: 1,28 x 10-3 x 3 x (6.037 + 3.995 + 413.569 + 1.585 + 1.419) 1.634,76 kg;
SO2: 0,47 x 10-3 x 3 x (6.037 + 3.995 + 413.569 + 1.585 + 1.419) 600,26 kg. b. Ngun gy tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi * Ting n v rung - Ting n v rung: Ting n, rung pht sinh t cc my mc, thit b thi cng xy dng nh xe vn ti, my o, my i, my trn b tng, my n, my bm, .... Mc n ti a t hot ng ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v thit b thi cng c gii c thng k nh sau: Bng 3.5: Mc n ti a t hot ng ca cc phng tin VC v thit b thi cng c gii. Mc n ng vi KC 1m
Khong 1 2 3 4 5 Xe ti My trn b tng My o t My xc My m nn 82-94 75-88 75-98 75-86 75-90 TB 88 81,5 86,5 80,5 82,5 5m 74,0 67,5 72,5 66,5 68,5
TT
Loi my mc
Mc n ng vi khong cch
10m 68,0 61,5 66,5 60,5 62,5 20m 62,0 55,5 60,5 54,5 56,5 50m 100m 54,0 47,5 52,5 46,5 48,5 48 41,5 46,5 40,5 42,5 200m 42 35,5 40,5 34,5 36,5
QCVN 26:2010: Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c: 70 dBA (6-18h)

Ngun: GS.TS Phm Ngc ng, Mi trng khng kh, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut, H Ni 1997.
Kt qu trn cho thy mc n ti a do hot ng ca cc phng tin vn chuyn v thit b thi cng c gii ti v tr cch ngun 10m nh hn gi tr cho php ca QCVN 26:2010 do vy khng gy nh hng n cc khu vc dn c, ch yu nh hng trc tip n cng nhn thi cng trn cng trng v ngi dn qua li trong khu vc. * Giao thng:
Vic bt u tin hnh xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh ca d n lm gia tng mt ca cc phng tin giao thng, chuyn ch t v nguyn vt liu xy dng, iu ng thm my mc thit b, tp kt thm cng nhn,. Gy sc p ln h thng giao thng trong khu vc. * An lao ng ton Trong qu trnh thi cng c th xy ra tai nn lao ng do bt cn, my mc hng hc mt kh nng iu kin, .... gy nh hng n tnh mng con ngi, vt cht. * Chuyn i mc ch s dng t: Ton b din tch xy dng khu chn lp CTR l t quy hoch nui trng thu sn do vic xy dng khu x l CTR s lm chuyn i mc ch s dng t ca ngi dn. 3.1.2.2. i tng va quy m bi tac ng Vic trin khai cc hot ng nh: tp kt cng nhn, tp kt vt liu xy dng n hin trng v thi cng cng trnh s gy ra mt s tc ng n mi trng t nhin v kinh t x hi trong vng chu nh hng ca d n, bao gm: a. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh - Tc ng n mi trng khng kh do bi: Pht sinh bi trong giai on ny c nh gi ch yu l t cc phng tin vn chuyn vt liu xy dng. y l lng bi kh ln s c tc ng khng nh n cht lng mi trng khng kh trong thi gian tin hnh xy dng. Cc tc ng c th lit k nh sau: + Tng lng bi trong khng kh: Nng bi cc v tr xc bc c th ln ti 3 mg/m3 gp 10 ln so vi Quy chun QCVN 05:2009. Nu gp thi tit hanh kh kt hp vi gi to th bi rt d pht tn v phm vi nh hng rng. + Gim lng hi nc trong khng kh. + To khng kh ngt ngt. Kt qu o c mt s cng trng tng t khc trong thi gian thi cng, th v tr cch 50 - 100m cui hng gi cho
thy nng bi mc 10 - 14 mg/m3, ln hn nhiu ln tiu chun quy nh nng bi trong mi trng khng kh xung quanh. Cc nhim v bi, kh s nh hng ch yu n sc kho ca cng nhn trc tip xy dng v khu dn c ln cn khu vc d n. Tc hi ch yu c th xy ra i vi sc kho cng nhn l: bnh bi phi v cc loi bnh khc nh bnh v ng h hp (mi, hng, kh qun, ph qun), cc loi bnh ngoi da (nhim trng da, lm kh da, vim da), cc loi bnh v mt (bi bn vo mt gy ra kch thch mng tip hp, vim mi mt v.v..). i vi cng ng dn c bn ngoi khun vin d n, nhim bi do thi cng thng ch nh hng n nhng khu vc di hng gi ch o. Tnh cht tc ng cng ging nh trn nhng mc tc ng khng cao do nm cch xa ngun pht tn. - Tc ng n mi trng khng kh do kh thi: Trong qu trnh thi cng, khi cc phng tin giao thng vn ti ch nguyn vt liu ra vo cng trnh, cc thit b thi cng s pht thi mt lng khi cha cc cht nhim khng kh (COx, SO2, NOx, CmHn, ...) c th gy tc ng n mi trng v bnh v ng h hp nh hng n i sng sinh hot cng ng dn c quanh khu vc xy dng, h sinh thi. Bng 3.6 Tc ng ca cc cht gy nhim mi trng khng kh
TT 1 2 3 4 5 Tc ng Oxt cacbon Gim kh nng vn chuyn xy ca mu n cc t chc, t bo do CO kt hp vi Hemoglobin thnh cacboxyhemoglobin. (CO) Kh cacbonic (CO2) VOC Gy ri lon h hp phi. Gy hiu ng nh knh. Tc hi n h sinh thi. Gy nhim c cp tnh: suy nhc, chng mt, nhc u, ri lon gic quan c khi gy t vong. Thng s
Gy ri lon h hp NH3 Kch thch mnh ln mi, ming Tip xc lu vi nng cao s nguy him n tnh mng. Hydro Sulfur Kh H2S l kh c khng mu c mi rt kh chu v thi
(H2S)
H2S nn c tc ng mnh n h h hp.
Ngun: Tng hp ti liu Bnh ngh nghip, GS. L Trung, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni 1992. c hc mi trng, Trnh Th Thanh, 2001. Mi trng, GS.TS L Huy B, NXB i Hc Quc Gia Tp.HCM
- Tc ng ca ting n: Bn cnh ngun nhim bi v khi thi th vic vn hnh cc phng tin v thit b thi cng nh my trn btng, xe ti, my i, my o. cng gy ra nhim ting n. Loi nhim ny s c mc kh nng trong giai on cc phng tin my mc s dng nhiu, hot ng lin tc. nhim ting n s gy ra nhng nh hng xu i vi con ngi v ng vt nui trong vng chu nh hng ca ngun pht. Nhm i tng chu tc ng ca ting n thi cng bao gm: cng nhn trc tip thi cng cng trnh, dn c gn khu t d n, ngi i ng v ng vt nui. - Tc ng t rung do thi cng: Khi thi cng s s dng mt lng cc phng tin, trang thit b o p, lu ln, san gt v vn chuyn nguyn vt liu nn s c nhng rung ng nh hng n mi trng. Cc tc ng ny ch yu xy ra trn b mt v tc lan truyn khng cao, cng trng xy dng cch kh xa khu dn c nn nhn chung cc tc ng t rung do thi cng ch yu nh hng trong phm vi thi cng, mc nh hng n khu vc dn c l khng ng k. b. Tc ng n mi trng nc Theo nh gi trn v ngun thi v ti lng nc thi gy tc ng ln n mi trng nc trong giai on ny bao gm: nc ma chy trn, nc thi t khu bo dng, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi xy dng. Cc tc ng ny c th trnh by tng qut nh sau: - Tc ng ca nc thi sinh hot: Mc nhim v tc ng n mi trng nc ph thuc ch yu vo s lng cng nhn lm vic ti cng trng v cch thc qun l cht thi sinh hot m d n thc hin. Theo tnh ton trn th lng nc thi sinh hot ca cc cng nhn trc tip tham gia xy dng
trn cng trng khong 4m3/ngy. Tuy lng nc thi ny khng cao, nhng do nc thi sinh hot cng vi cc cht bi tit c cha nhiu loi vi sinh vt gy bnh. Cng ging nh nhiu cng trnh thi cng khc, cc tc ng kiu ny nhn chung l khng ln, khng qu phc tp v hon ton c th gim thiu, khc phc bng cc bin php thch hp s c cp n chng sau. - Tc ng ca nc ma chy trn: S tc ng ln n ng, thc vt thu sinh trong khu vc. Nc ma chy trn cun theo mt lng ln t, ct, nguyn vt liu tha v cc cht hu c, gy nn hin tng bi lng, lm ngp ng cc b; tng c ca nc v gim hm lng xi ho tan. S nhim ny s lm suy gim ng vt, thc vt di nc gy nhim mi trng nc trong khu vc. - Tc ng ca nc thi t khu bo dng my mc: Lng nc thi ny tuy khng nhiu nhng do cha nhiu du, m nn mc tc ng ca loi nc thi ny n mi trng nc l rt ln. Tnh cht c trng ca n l kh phn hu, d khch tn trn b mt nc, cn tr s trao i xi, lm nh hng n s sng ca ng, thc vt thu sinh trong nc. - Tc ng ca nc thi xy dng: Do c tnh nc thi loi ny c gi tr pH cao nn khi thi ra mi trng tip nhn cng s nh hng rt ln n h sinh thi di nc ca khu vc. c. Tc ng n mi trng t Cc hot ng trong qu trnh xy dng ca d n s lm thay i c bn v a hnh trong khu vc v lm thay i ch thu vn nc mt v vy dn n hin tng xi mn, ra tri lp t mt, lm xo trn cu trc t gy nh hng xu n cht lng t trong khu vc. Hot ng thi cng s cn huy ng mt lng ln my mc thi cng v phng tin vn ti nn s c mt lng xng, du m ri vi gy nhim cho mi trng t. Ngoi ra, nhim mi trng t cn do cht thi xy dng nh gch v, vi va ph thi, bao b ng vt liu, cc
chng, vn cp pha gy nt, vn ng cc cng-ten-n cha my mc dng c v mt s trang thit b thi cng b hng khc. Cc loi cht thi ny nu khng c thu gom ht ri vi trn t lm t tr nn kh, chai cng v cn ci. CTR sinh hot vi khong 37,5 kg/ngy, thi gian ny thng hay b tr tm thi, nn vic lm vng vi cht thi sinh hot l c th xy ra. Cht thi sinh hot cng vi nc ma chy trn rt d phn hy to thnh nc rc lm nhim mi trng t. d. Tc ng n mi trng sinh thi - Tc ng n h thc vt trn cn: H sinh thi thc vt nm trong khu vc d n s mt i do qu trnh dn dp mt bng phc v cho d n. - Tc ng n ni c tr ca h ng vt trn cn: Do trng thi khu vc thc hin d n ch yu l cy nng nghip, nn s lng ng vt c tr ch yu l cc loi b st sinh sng nh: tc k, rn nc, k nhng,... s phi di c n khu vc khc sinh sng. Vic s dng cc my mc trong hot ng thi cng xy dng to ra ting n gy ra s s hi cho cc loi ng vt (rn, chim, cn trng,...) xung quanh khu vc nn chng c th di c ti cc vng khc. - Tc ng n h thy sinh: t ri, xi l lm tng c, lm gim din tch mt nc nn mt s loi ng thc vt thu sinh sng trong khu vc s b gim hoc khng cn. Nc thi lm tng hm lng cc cht nhim (BOD, COD, SS...) trong nc mt khu vc xung quanh gy nh hng n cc loi thy sinh sng trong mi trng nc mt trong khu vc d n. CTR gm vt liu xy dng, g, cc kim loi, bao b nu ri vi vo mi trng nc mt phn s phn hy lm suy gim cht lng nc, gy nh hng n i sng h thy sinh trong
khu vc, mt phn cht thi tr s khng th phn hy gy cn tr dng chy, mt thm m v nh hng ti cnh quan thin nhin. * Bin i vi kh hu: Khu vc thc hin d n l khu quy hoch nui trng thu sn vi thm thc vt tha tht, cht lng mi trng y cha c du hiu b nhim. Tuy nhin, khi d n c trin khai th cht lng mi trng c s thay i ng k do trong khu vc ny c kh nng hnh thnh nn mt s yu t vi kh hu khc vi kh hu ca vng ln cn, c th nh sau: Bng 3.7: Cc yu t vi kh hu trong GXD cng trnh.
TT Cc thnh phn thay Xu hng thay i i Hm lng bi trong khng 1 Tng kh 2 Cc khi c (CO, SO2...) Tng 3 n Tng Cc yu t vi kh hu Ngt ngt, oi bc v nng nc hn cc vng ln cn khu vc thc hin d n
e. Tc ng n iu kin kinh t-x hi khu vc - Tc ng tch cc Qu trnh thi cng xy dng ca d n s to cng n vic lm, thu nhp cho hng chc lao ng a phng. - Tc ng tiu cc: + Hot ng thi cng xy dng cn ti hng chc cn b, cng nhn thi cng iu ny s lm gia tng dn s c hc trong khu vc, vic gia tng ny s lm pht sinh nhng mi quan h mi gia dn c a phng vi lc lng thi cng v c th pht sinh cc mu thun. Nu khng c gii quyt kp thi, cc mu thun ny c th lm nh hng n trt t an ninh trong khu vc v nh hng n tin ca d n. + Mt khc, do yu cu thi cng cng trnh mt lng cc phng tin thi cng v cc phng tin vn ti s c huy ng
tham gia. Do , lm gia tng nguy c xy ra cc v tai nn giao thng trong khu vc. 3.1.3. nh gi tc ng trong giai on vn hnh ca D n
3.1.3.1. Ngun gy tc ng
Ngun gc pht sinh cc cht gy nhim mi trng trong giai on ny c trnh by khi qut trong bng sau:
Bng 3.8 Ngun gy tc ng mi trng trong GH T T Hot ng - ngun gy tc ng Cht nhim pht sinh Tc ng nh hng n sc kho ngi lao ng.
Bi, kh thi giao thng, Tp trung rac vao ting n, rung, mi hi, tram trung chuyn CTR, du m ca my, nc thi, VSV gy bnh...
4 5
nh hng n mi trng khng kh. Bi, kh thi giao thng, nh hng n sc kho Vn chuyn, tip ting n, rung, mi hi, ngi lao ng nhn rc thi vo bi CTR, du m ca my, nh hng n mi trng nc thi, VSV gy bnh... khng kh Ting n, CTR, nc thi, Gy nhim khng kh Quy trnh phn loi kh thi (HCl, VOC,...), nh hng n sc kho rc thi hn hp nhit , mi hi, VSV gy ngi lao ng. bnh... Bi, kh thi, ting n, mi nh hng n sc kho hi (do NH3, H2S), ngi lao ng X l rc thi rung, CTR, nc thi, VSV nh hng n mi trng gy bnh... khng kh Nc thi cha hm lng nh hng n mi trng Qu trnh lu tr v cc cht gy nhim (H2S, khng kh, t, nc phn hy rc PO43, NO3, NH3..) nh hng n cng nhn . Sinh hot ca CTR, nc thi sinh hot Gy mt m quan
CBCNV chn lp 6 7
ti
khu
Nc ma chy trn trn din tch b mt Nc thi ca khu chn lp. Quy trnh x l nc Mi hi, CTR thi a. Ngun tc ng lin quan n cht thi * Ngun pht sinh v ti lng CTR:
Gy nhim mi trng, nh hng n sc kho con ngi Tng c ngun nc mt tip nhn, nhim nc ngm Gy nhim mi trng, gy bnh
- Rc thi ri vi: Trong qu trnh vn chuyn rc t nh dn n ti trm trung chuyn v t trm trung chuyn n khu chn lp nu thng cc xe y tay, cc xe p rc qu y, khng che chn cn thn th c kh nng gy ri vi rc dc theo tuyn vn chuyn. - CTR sinh hot ca cng nhn vn hnh bi chn lp: Khi lng rc thi sinh hot tnh bnh qun trong giai on 20122014 l 0,75 kg/ngi/ngy, giai on 20162020 l 0,9 kg/ngi/ngy. Vy khi lng rc sinh hot tnh cho 6 10 ngi lm vic ti y thi ra khong: 4,5 7,5 kg/ngy trong giai on 20122014 v 5,4 20162020. 9 kg/ngy trong giai on
- Bn thi ca h thng x l nc rc: Trong qu trnh x l nc r rc pht sinh mt lng bn thi tng i ln v trong thnh phn ca chng c hm lng hu c, kim loi nng cao. V vy nu nh khng c bin php thu gom v x l ng k thut th nguy c gy nhim mi trng ca loi cht thi ny l rt cao. - Bn cn t h thng b t hoi: Lng cht thi ny c c tnh l khng ln. * Ngun pht sinh v ti lng nc thi:
- Nc thi sinh hot ca cn b, cng nhn vn hnh bi chn lp: Khi bi chn lp i vo hot ng s c 6 10 ngi lm vic ti y, vi nh mc lng nc dng sinh hot l 100 lt/ngi/ngy (theo T chc Y t Th gii, WHO) v nc thi sinh hot tnh khong bng 80% lng nc dng, do lng nc thi sinh hot giai on ny khong 0,48 0,8m3/ngy. - Nc rc ca khu chn lp: Nc rc c hnh thnh khi c nc thm vo cc chn lp rc v nc do bn thn ca lng rc chn lp sinh ra. Nc rc sinh ra do cc ngun sau: + Nc c sn trong cc chn lp; + Nc t cc khu vc khc chy qua; + Nc ma ri xung khu vc chn lp rc. Trong nc rc cha cc cht hu c v v c chy ra t bi chn lp. Cc cht hu c d ho tan trong rc nh ng, mui t rc thc phm,... Nc rc c th ko theo cc cht cng rt nh, cht khng tan kh kt ta. Ngoi ra s phn hu sinh hc ca cc phn t hu c phc tp to ra cc axit v cc kh. Phn hu Cht hu c CH3COOH CH3COOH + ROH CH4 + CO2
Nh vy s hnh thnh nc rc v cc thnh phn ca n nu khng c qun l v x l trit c th dn ti e da ngun nc ngm v nc mt xung quanh v nh hng lu di n cht lng nc. V vy nc rc s c thu gom v x l trit trc khi x ra ngun nc m bo cc quy nh chung ca nh nc ban hnh i vi nc thi. + Khi lng nc rc c hnh thnh: Hin nay c nhiu phng php tnh lng nc rc khc nhau. Theo phn tch hin ti kt hp vi s liu kinh nghim ca nhiu nc v cc th khc cho thy: m ca rc trc khi nn l: 39,05%; m ca rc sau khi nn l: 35%. Trung bnh 1 ngy khu chn lp ny tip nhn khong 29,29 tn CTR sinh hot (tnh ton chng I). Do vy c th tnh khi lng nc rc nh sau:
(39,05% - 35%) x 29,29 tn/ngy = 1,32 m3/ngy (e a tinh chinh xac ri) + Nc thi do nc ma ngm xung: Thng thng Phng php cn bng nc l mt phng php chung v mang tnh thc t. Vic tnh ton c th c m phng qua s cn bng sau: Nc thm: Yn = X - Z - Ym - ST Trong : X - Lng nc ma.
Z - Lng nc bc hi. Ym- Dng chy mt. ST - S thay i m trong t ( thiu m)
Z S
X Yn
Ym Lp t ph
Rc c nn
Tng y
Nc rc
Theo s liu ca Trung tm D bo kh tng thu vn H Tnh tng lng ma o c ti trm H Tnh l: 2.661 mm/nm. S ngy ma bnh qun l 150 ngy/nm. Lng dng chy mt c th xc nh thng qua h s chy qua (theo kinh nghim v iu kin thc t) c th chn 0,25. Do vy: Ym = (2.661mm/150ngy) x 0,25 = 4,435mm/ngy. Lng bc hi trung bnh nm 2010 o c ti Trm H Tnh l 66,64mm. Do vy c th tnh Z : Z = 66,64mm/365 ngy = 0,18 mm.
i vi lp t ph trc tip trn khu chn lp, lun chu qu trnh pht tn ca hi m t rc chn lp nn c th coi thiu m ca lp t ny rt nh. Do vy c th tnh lng nc ma thm xung rc l: Yn = 17,74 - 0,18 - 4,435 = 13,12 mm/ngy. Din tch h chn lp: H s 1 l: 4.612m2 thi gian hot ng n ht nm 2014. H s 2 l: 5.223m2 thi gian hot ng t nm 2015 n ht nm 2017. H s 3 l: 6.068m2 thi gian hot ng t nm 2018 n ht nm 2020. Nu c tnh lng nc ma ngm cho tng giai on hot ng s c l: Giai on hot ng n nm 2014 l: (13,12mm x 4.612m2)/1000 =60,509 m3/ngy. Giai on hot ng t nm 2015 n ht nm 2017 l: (13,12mm x 5.223m2)/1000 = 68,526 m3/ngy. Giai on hot ng t nm 2018 n ht nm 2020 l: (13,12mmx 6.068m2)/1000 = 76,612 m3/ngy. + Nc thm t bn sn: Vi thit k xung quanh cc hc c p mt lp t st chng thm kh m bo, mt khc mc nc ngm khu vc thng xuyn nm su hn y khu chn lp. Do vy kh nng nc thm t bn sn v di y ln l rt nh. T nhng tnh ton trn ta c th xc nh c lng nc rc ca bi chn lp hot ng nh sau: Giai on hot ng n nm 2014 l: 60,509 m3/ngy + 1,32 m3/ngy = 61,829 m3/ngy. Giai on hot ng t nm 2015 n ht nm 2017 l: 68,526 m3/ngy +1,32 m3/ngy = 69,846 m3/ngy. Giai on hot ng t nm 2018 n ht nm 2020 l:
76,612 m3/ngy + 1,32 m3/ngy =77,932 m3/ngy. + c trng nc rc ca khu chn lp cht thi rn thng thng: Nhn chung nc thi t khu chn lp rt bn, nc thng tp hp nhiu cht hu c kh phn hu a dng nhiu thnh phn, cc hp cht v c v cc kim loi nng. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc r rc c trnh by trong bng 3.9. Bng 3.9 .S liu tiu biu v thnh phn v tnh cht nc ri rc
Thnh phn BOD5 TOC COD TSS N N-NH3 NO3Tng P Orthophotpho CaCO3 pH Ca ClFe SO4 n vi tinh Bi mi di 2 nm Khong 2000-20.000 1500-20.000 3000-60.000 200-2000 10-800 10-800 5-40 5-100 4-80 1.000-10.000 4,5-75 50-1.500 200-3.000 50-1.200 50-1.000 Trung bnh 10000 6000 18000 500 20 200 25 30 20 3.000 6,0 250 500 60 300 Bi lu nm trn 10 nm 100-200 80-160 100-500 100-400 80-120 20-40 5-10 5-10 4-8 200-1.000 6,6-7,5 50-200 100-400 20-200 20-50
Ngun: Vin K thut nhit i v Bo v mi trng
- Nc thi t ngm ra xe: Loi ny c ti lng nhim cao v c ln du t cc phng tin vn chuyn rc. - Nc ma chy trn: c tnh lng nc ma chy trn ln nht qua khu vc khu chn lp cht thi rn l 29.702 m3/ngy. * Ngun pht sinh v ti lng bi - kh - Kh thi ca cc phng tin vn chuyn rc: Theo tnh ton, lng rc thu gom trung bnh nm khong: 29,29 tn/ngy x 365 ngy = 10.690,85 tn/nm v vn chuyn c lng rc ny th cn khong 4.276 chuyn xe (tnh c chy c ti
v khng ti) t loi 5 tn vi cung ng vn chuyn trung bnh l 6 km. Tng t nh trn ta tnh c khi lng cc loi kh thi vo mi trng trong mt nm nh sau: CO: 2,57 x 10-3 x 4.276 x 6 77kg; CmHn: 2,07 x 10-3 x 4.276 x 6 62kg; NOx: 1,02 x 10-3 x 4.276 x 6 31 kg; Mui khi: 1,28 x 10-3 x 4.276 x 6 38kg; SO2: 0,47 x 10-3 x 4.276 x 6 14kg. - Lng bi sinh ra trong mt nm do qu trnh vn chuyn rc c c tnh l: 4.276 x 6 x 0,9/1.000 = 23 (kg). - Dc tuyn ng vn chuyn, cc phng tin vn ti chuyn ch rc n bi s to ra ting n v mi hi thi. - Hot ng phn hy cc cht hu c c trong khu chn lp l ngun to ra kh sinh hc vi thnh phn ch yu l kh CH4 v CO2. Cn li l mt phn t cc kh khc nh Toluend (C6H5CH3); Benzen (C6H6); Nit (N2); Hydrosunfua (H2S).... - Hot ng phn hu cht bn ca cc VSV trong h sinh hc pht sinh ra cc kh thi nh: NH3, H2S, CH3SH.... gy ra mi hi thi. b. Ngun tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi * Ting n Khu chn lp i vo hot ng s lm pht sinh ting n do phng tin vn chuyn rc t Th trn v cc vng ln cn v khu chn lp. Tuy nhin, ting n ny pht sinh khng lin tc nn nh hng n dn c l khng ln. * Bin i a dng sinh hc: Hot ng ca khu chn lp s to ra mt s bin i v thnh phn v s lng mt s loi ng vt trong khu vc bi v ti y c ngun thc n di do cho mt s loi ng vt nh chut v cc loi cn trng nh rui, mui, gin .... iu ny s ko theo s gia tng cc loi vt l thin ch ca chng nh chn, diu hu, c mo.... * Bin i vi kh hu:
Nh trnh by trn, trong qu trnh hot ng ca khu chn lp to ra bi do x l v vi lp cht thi, s phn hy ca n to ra cc kh thi gy ra mi hi thi cho khu vc. Do khi khu chn lp ny i vo hot ng cho n khi ng bi hon ton th khu vc ny c th s hnh thnh mt s yu t vi kh hu c trng ring ca khu chn lp. 3.1.3.2. i tng va quy m bi tac ng a. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh y l giai on gy ra tc ng ln nht n cht lng mi trng khng kh ca khu vc d n c v mc , quy m v thi gian tc ng. Cc tc ng ch yu ca giai on vn hnh khu chn lp n mi trng khng kh ch yu l do hot ng vn chuyn rc, s phn hy ca rc thi v cc cht bn trong h sinh hc, c th mc ca cc tc ng nh sau: - Hot ng vn chuyn rc lm pht sinh cc kh thi nh CO2, NOx,, SO2, ... gy mi hi, ting n lm nh hng n mi trng khng kh trong khu vc, c bit l dc ng vn chuyn. - S phn hy cc cht hu c bi chn lp to ra mt lng ln cc kh sinh hc vi thnh phn ch yu l kh CH4, CO2 v mt lng nh cc kh khc nh Toluend (C6H5CH3); Benzen (C6H6); Nit (N2); Hydrosunfua (H2S).... - S phn hu cht bn ca cc vi sinh vt trong h sinh hc pht sinh ra mt lng ng k cc kh thi nh: NH3, H2S, CH3SH.... - Hot ng ca khu x l phn b pht cng lm pht sinh ra cc kh thi nh: NH3, H2S, mi hi lm nh hng n cht lng mi trng khng kh ca khu vc. Qua cho thy giai on vn hnh bi chn lp hng nm thi ra mt lng cc kh gy nhim mi trng khng kh kh ln. Mt khc, thi gian pht thi ca cc ngun gy nhim trn ko di v lin tc trong nhiu nm. V vy, nu nh khng c gii php hp l gim thiu th s gy ra mt s nh hCh u t: UBND huyn Can Lc -72C quan t vn: Cng ty CP K thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh
ng nht nh n cht lng mi trng khng kh ca khu vc d n, c th nh sau: - Lm gia tng hm lng ca cc kh c trong mi trng khng kh. - Lm gia tng cc kh c kh nng gy ra hin tng ma axit. - Gy ra mi hi thi trong khng kh ca khu vc d n. b. Tc ng n mi trng nc - Nc r rc: Qua kho st v kt qu phn tch thnh phn nc mt ti khu vc khu x l CTR Th trn Nghn cho thy hin ti cha c du hiu b nhim cha b nh hng ca cc ngun thi. Tuy nhin trong tng lai khi vn hnh khu chn lp nhiu nm th lng rc thi trong cc chn lp qu y s gy ra s r r, trn b mt lm nhim ngun nc v vy tc ng ny c coi l quan trng. Cc tc ng do nc thi th hin bng sau: Bng 3.10 Tc ng ca cht nhim trong nc r rc n mi trng
TT 1 Thng s Nhit Tc ng nh hng n cht lng nc, gim nng xy ho tan trong nc (DO). nh hng n s a dng sinh hc nh hng tc v phn hu cht hu c trong nc Gim nng xy ho tan trong nc. nh hng n ti nguyn thu sinh. nh hng n cht lng nc, lm tng c, nh hng n s pht trin ca h thu sinh Gy hin tng ph dng, nh hng ti cht lng nc, s sng thu sinh. Nc c ln vi khun gy bnh l nguyn nhn ca cc dch bnh thng hn, l, t.
2 3 4 5
Cc cht hu c Cht rn l lng Cc cht (N,P) Cc vi khun
Ngun: Tng hp ti liu Bnh ngh nghip, GS. L Trung, NXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni 1992. c hc mi trng, Trnh Th Thanh, 2001. Mi trng, GS.TS L Huy B, NXB i Hc Quc Gia Tp.HCM
Vo ma ma lng nc rc s tng ln t qu trnh thu gom, vn chuyn v chn lp. Lng nc thi ny nu khng c thu gom v x l s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. - Nc thi sinh hot: Cc cht nhim trong nc thi sinh hot cn c mt lng cht rn l lng lm cho cc ngun tip nhn nc thi b bi lng, lm cht lng nc xu i. Cc cht hu c nh Nit, Pht pho l cc cht gy nn hin tng ph dng. Nc thi sinh hot cha mt lng vi sinh vt gy bnh, gy nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi. V vy vn nhim ny l ng k, nu khng x l trit khng nhng gy mt v m quan m cn nh hng trc tip n sc kho con ngi Bn nhm vi trng gy bnh trong cht bi tit l virus, vi khun, ng vt nguyn sinh v giun sn. Mc d chng khng c kh nng sinh sn bn ngoi ng vt ch thch hp nhng cc loi virus ny c th tn ti nhiu tun l trong mi trng bn ngoi, c bit l mi trng nhit thp (<150C). Nh vy, nu x cht bi tit mt cch ba bi, cc loi virus ny c thi gian truyn bnh khi tip xc vi con ngi v ly thnh bnh dch. Bng 3.11 Cc loi vi khun, virus gy bnh c trong nc thi sinh hot
Vi khun Vi khun Vi trung E. coli gy bnh Vi khun hinh que Shigella SPP Vi khun gram m, co hinh du phy ng vt nguyn sinh Ky sinh trung Trung kit ly Giun san k sinh San la gan nho Bnh Tiu chay Tiu chay St thng han L T, Tiu chy Tiu chy, l Bnh l, lot apxe gan L Vt ch Ngi v ng vt Ngi Ngi Ngi Ngi Ngi Ngi Ngi
San la gan ln
Apxe gan
Ngi
Hn na, cht bi tit cn l mi trng cc loi sinh vt mang bnh pht trin v gy mi hi thi nh rui, mui, chut, gin. - Nc thi v sinh khu chn lp v ra xe: lm gim cht lng nc, tng c, tng nng cc cht hu c, du m v vi sinh vt gy bnh trong ngun nc. - Nc ma chy trn Nc ma chy trn trong khu vc khu chn lp s cun theo cc cht cn b, cc cht hu c v t ct xung cng thot nc. Lm tc cc cng thot nc t tch t cc cht bn pht sinh mi hi thi, to iu kin thun li cho vi sinh vt, vi trng pht trin. Tc ng ln nht do nc ma chy trn gy ra l do nng cht rn l lng, tng nit v pht pho cao... khi iu kin v sinh ca khu chn lp khng sch, cng tc qun l CTR khng hp l, qu trnh vn chuyn cht thi lng khng kn s l nguyn nhn gy nhim ngun nc ma chy trn. Khi ngun nc thi ny c thi vo mi trng s gy c ngun nc mt, gy bi lng, lu di c th gy hin tng ph dng dn ti bn ha cc khu vc nc nng, iu ny nh hng rt ln n mi trng sng ca sinh vt thu sinh. c. Tc ng n mi trng t v nc di t Cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng t v ni di t ch yu l nc r rc, kh thi v CTR. Nc r rc v kh thi c cha cc hp cht gy nhim khi i vo mi trng t s lm bin i tnh cht ha l, c hc ca t v nc di t. Nng cc cht nhim trong t cng cao th nng oxi trong t cng thp, iu gy nh hng trc tip ti mi trng sng ca cc loi sinh vt trong t. Mi trng t l ni tip nhn cui cng cc dng thi, c bit l CTR. i vi cc CTR pht sinh t hot ng ca d n di mi hnh thc, d x l hay cha x l u c tip nhn bi mi trng t. nhng ni tp trung nng cc
cht gy nhim cao, thnh phn cc cht nhim phc tp s lm thay i kh nng t phc hi ca t, nh hng n cc tc ng gia t - nc - khng kh, thay i mi trng sng ca cc loi ng thc vt trong khu vc, t lm mt cn bng sinh thi vng. CTR khng c phn loi, thu gom v x l thch hp s gy nhiu tc hi n mi trng nht l cc cht thi nguy hi. Bn cnh , nc thi sinh hot cng nh cht thi rn nu khng c thu gom v x l thch hp khi c ma xung theo nc ma ngm vo t cng s gy nhim n mi trng t v mi trng nc di t. d. Tc ng n h sinh thi: Khi d n hon thnh v i vo s dng h sinh thi trong khu vc hu nh thay i hon ton bi l trc khi cha thc hin d n y l khu vc quy hoach nui trng thy sn, sau khi thnh bi chn lp rc phn din tch ny s c cc h chn lp, ng giao thng. Do vy thm thc vt hu nh thay i v h thng mng, rch trong khu vc c th b san lp ko theo l mt s loi sinh vt thu sinh sng trong khu vc c th mt ni sinh sng dn n s gim v s lng hoc thay i iu kin sng hoc khng cn. V mt s loi s gia tng nh chut, cc loi rui nhng, cn trng gy hi, diu hu, c mo, .... e. Tc ng n tnh hnh kinh t - x hi - Tac ng tich cc: + Khu chn lp ny khi i vo hot ng th n s gii quyt cho Th trn Nghn v cc vng ph cn vn thu gom v x l rc thi th. + To cng n vic lm cho nhiu ngi, gp phn nng cao i sng cho ngi dn sng khu vc xung quanh. + i u trong cng tc x hi ho bo v mi trng. + Tng thm ngun thu cho a phng.
+ Ngoi ra xy dng khu chn lp rc thi s l mt gii php ti u gii quyt gnh nng qu ti i vi rc thi hin nay ca Th trn Nghn, gp phn quan trng gii quyt trit vn rc thi gy nhim, ci thin mi trng sinh thi ca khu vc. - Tc ng tiu cc: + Vic gia tng cc phng tin chuyn ch rc n bi chn lp s ko theo cc nguy c xy ra cc tai nn giao thng trn cc cung ng vn chuyn. ng thi nc rc v mi bc ra t thng xe cng s gy mt v sinh v to nn cc mu thun tim n gia ngi dn vi cng nhn vn chuyn rc. + Vic thu nht ph liu s c ngha rt ln nu c qun l tt. Tuy nhin vic thu nht ph liu ti cc bi chn lp thng l t pht. Hu ht nhng ngi thu nht rc u ngho, trnh vn ho thp. H khng bit c tnh c hi ca cht thi. Cc ph liu sau khi nht c, h em ra sch, phi v bn. Vic ra cc ph liu cc dng mt cng s gy nhim ngun nc mt v t trong khu vc. Cc ph thi cn cha nhiu loi cht c hi nh: bi, amiang, cc ho cht c hi khc. Cc cht ny rt c th gy nguy hi ti sc kho cho ngi thu nht ph liu v nhng ngi s dng nhng dng c c ly t khu chn lp. Mt khc, cng nhn lao ng ti khu chn lp l nhm ngi c nguy c b nh hng do tip xc vi cht thi c hi cao nht. Ti y thng c th xy ra cc tai nn: Do tip xc vi cc cht c dng bi, hi c qua ng mt, h hp. Do cc cht c thot ra t bi chn lp. Do tip xc vi cc loi rc thi c cha mm bnh d ly lan. f. Tc ng khc - Tc ng n cht lng cuc sng con ngi: Khu chn lp rc thi s nh hng n cng ng dn c xung quanh nu khong cch an ton khng c thit lp.
Ting n, rung cao gy tc hi ti sc kho con ngi, gy mt ng, kh chu, stress. Bi x l rc thi i vo hot ng s l mi trng thun li cho sinh trng rui nhng v nhng sinh vt gy bnh. - Thay i mi trng cnh quan: Mi trng cnh quan s thay i do thay i mc ch s dng t khu vc. Khu chn lp s pht sinh ting n, mi hi, bi... tc ng n cnh quan mi trng khu vc. Tuy nhin, khu vc bi chn lp cch xa khu dn c, khng c di tch lch s no nn tc ng ny khng gy tc hi ln. Mt khc, trong quy hoch xy khu chn lp rc c cy xanh, thm c, vn thc nghim v h sinh hc s ci thin mt phn tc ng tiu cc v gp phn hi ho vi cnh quan xung quanh khu vc. 3.1.4. Tc ng trong giai on tho d, ng ca v phc hi mi trng ca D n 3.1.4.1 Ngun gy tc ng: a. Ngun gy tc ng lin quan n cht thi: * Ngun pht sinh v ti lng cht thi rn: - Cht thi rn xy dng pht sinh trong giai on ny ch yu l cc loi gch v, cc khi xi mng, kim loi t hot ng tho d cng trnh ph tr ca D n. - Cht thai rn sinh hoat: Nu qua trinh m nen rac va phu t khng ky cang thi khi ma xung co th gy xoi mon t, cun theo rac thai sinh hoat trong cac chn lp phat tan ra mi trng xung quanh. * Ngun phat sinh va tai lng cht thai long: - Nc ma chay tran trn b mt khu chn lp co kha nng cun theo cac cht hu c, cn ba, ... co nguy c lam nhim mi trng t, nc. Khi lng nc ma chay tran qua khu chn lp cua ngay ma ln nht c c tinh la 29.702 m3/ngy. - Nc ri rac: Trong giai oan u khi ong ca khu chn lp, nc ri rac trong cac chn lp vn phat sinh nhng tai lng rt it. * Ngun phat sinh va tai lng cht thai khi:
Cht thai khi phat sinh trong giai oan nay chu yu la khi gas t hot ng phn hy cc cht hu c c trong khu chn lp l ngun to ra kh sinh hc vi thnh phn ch yu l kh CH4 v CO2. Cn li l mt phn t cc kh khc nh Toluend (C6H5CH3); Benzen (C6H6); Nit (N2); Hydrosunfua (H2S).... Hot ng phn hu cht bn ca cc VSV trong h sinh hc pht sinh ra cc kh thi nh: NH3, H2S, CH3SH.... gy ra mi hi thi. b. Ngun tc ng khng lin quan n cht thi: * Bin i a dng sinh hc: - Khi ng ca khu chn lp th ngun thc n cho mt s loi ng vt nh chut v cc loi cn trng nh rui, mui, gin .... hu nh khng cn. iu s lm gim cc loi ng vt nh rui, mui, chut, gin, chn, diu hu, c mo, .... - Hot ng ci to, phc hi mi trng nh trng cy ph xanh khu chn lp rc s gp phn ci thin mi trng, gia tng cc loi ng thc vt l cc loi cy bi, thm c, cc loi chim, th, .... * Bin i vi kh hu: giai on ny cc yu t nh ting n, bi, kh thi gim i rt nhiu so vi giai on vn hnh khu chn lp. Mt khc, hot ng trng cy ph xanh khu chn lp s lm tng s thot hi nc, iu ho khng kh. Do yu t vi kh hu c ci thin, trong lnh hn. 3.1.4.2. i tng v quy m b tc ng a. Tc ng n mi trng khng kh Trong giai on ny yu t tc ng xu n mi trng khng kh ch yu l cc kh gas pht sinh trong giai on phn hu rc. Cc kh gas ny c kh nng lm bin i thnh phn khng kh trong khu vc bi rc. Tuy nhin lng kh pht sinh khng nhiu nn mc tc ng n mi trng khng kh l khng ng k. Qu trnh ci to phc hi mi trng s gp phn ci thin mi trng khng kh tt hn.
b. Tc ng n mi trng nc Mi trng nc ch yu b tc ng bi lng nc r rc v nc ma chy trn, qu trnh tc ng ca cc loi nc ny tng t nh tc ng trong giai on vn hnh khu chn lp. Tuy nhin mc tc ng nh hn. c. Tc ng n mi trng t - Cng nh giai on vn hnh, cc tc nhn gy nhim mi trng t ch yu l nc r rc, kh thi v CTR. Nc r rc v kh thi c cha cc hp cht gy nhim khi i vo mi trng t s lm bin i tnh cht ha l, c hc ca t. Nng cc cht nhim trong t cng cao th nng oxi trong t cng thp, iu gy nh hng trc tip ti mi trng sng ca cc loi sinh vt trong t. Cht thi rn xy dng trong qu trnh tho d cc cng trnh ph tr ca khu chn lp nu ri vi trn t s lm t b chai cng, cn ci. - Qu trnh ci to phc hi mi trng khu chn lp s lm cho cht lng t tt hn, tng ph nhiu cho t. d. Tc ng n h sinh thi: Qu trnh ng ca khu chn lp, tho d cc cng trnh v ci to phc hi mi trng khu vc chn lp s lm thay i h sinh thi ni y. u tin l s gim xung cc loi ng vt c hi nh rui, nhng, chut v cc loi ng vt n chng nh chn, diu hu, c mo. Sau qu trnh ci to phc h mi trng l s xut hin ca h sinh thi mi vi cc loi chim, cy bi, thm thc vt, ... e. Tc ng n tnh hnh kinh t - x hi Vic ng ca khu chn lp tng ng vi vic gim xung cc phng tin giao thng chuyn ch, gim kh nng gy tai nn giao thng. Tuy nhin, nu a phng khng tin hnh xy dng khu chn lp mi, rc thi khng c thu gom v x l s l nguyn nhn gy nhim mi trng xung, nh hng n sc kho cng ng v gy mt m quan khu vc. Mt khc, mt
s ngi lm ngh thu gom, vn chuyn rc, thu nht ph liu cng phi thay i cng vic, nh hng n mc thu nhp v i sng ca h. 3.1.5. Tac ng do s c Trong qu trnh chun b mt bng, thi cng v vn hnh khu chn lp rc nu cng nhn khng tun th ni quy s xy ra tai nn lao ng. Gy tn tht v con ngi v lm ngng tr trong qu trnh vn hnh. S c do gp phi bom mn cn st li sau chin tranh trong qu trnh gii phng mt bng. S c do nc r rc pht sinh t khu vc chn lp nu khng c bin php thu gom x l thch hp s d gy nh hng n nc mt, nc ngm ti khu vc. S c v cc loi dch bnh i vi gia sc, gia cm trong khu vc ln cn. S c v cc thiu st trong thit k cng ngh. S c l lt khi c ma ln lm nc sng Nghn dng cao c th trn vo khu chn lp gy ngp ng v pht tn rc ra ngoi. S c st ln do hot ng m nn rc trn nn t yu. S c do thin tai nh: bo, l lt, trt l t...
3.2. NHN XT V MC CHI TIT, TIN CY CA CC NH GI
Hin ti c rt nhiu phng php nh gi tc ng mi trng. Cc phng php nh gi c la chn trong bo co l cc phng php tin tin c cng nhn v p dng rng ri khng ch Vit Nam m cn trn c th gii. Do WHO, WB, ADB, UNEP v nhiu tc gi nc ngoi xut, c chnh xc v tin cy cao. Cc phng php ny c trnh by trong nhiu ti liu k thut nc ngoi (WB, WHO, UNEP) v Vit Nam (trong cc sch xut bn ca cc chuyn gia u ngnh nh: L Trnh, L Thc Cn, Trn Vn ) v rt nhiu chuyn gia, n v t vn c chuyn mn s dng trong nh gi tc ng mi trng cho cc d n trong nc v quc t. Di y la bang tom tt nhn xet v mc chi tit va tin cy cua cac phng phap:
Bang 3.12. Mc chi tit, tin cy cua cac anh gia

STT 1 2 Phng phap anh gia Phng phap lit k Mc chi tit Chp nhn c tin cy Chp nhn c
4 5 6
Phng phap ly mu ngoai c thc hin bi n vi hin trng va phn tich trong co uy tin, mc chi tit Cao phong thi nghim cao Tin hanh phong vn dn c Phng phap iu tra xa hi hoc trong khu vc, cac c quan Chp nhn va tham vn cng ng chc nng, mc chi tit c chp nhn c. Chp nhn Phng phap anh gia nhanh Chp nhn c c Phng phap so sanh Chp nhn c Cao Phng phap chuyn gia Cao Cao
Chng 4 Bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu, phng nga v ng ph s c mi trng Nh phn tch trong Chng III, cc tc ng tiu cc do hot ng ca d n gy ra i vi mi trng xut pht t vic thi cc cht nhim vt qu kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng v do s c c th pht sinh trong qu trnh trin khai d n. V vy, cn phi c cc bin php gim thiu cc tc ng xu v phng nga ng ph vi cc s c ri ro mi trng. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc c xy dng da trn cc nguyn tc sau : - Gim thiu n mc ti a cc tc ng tiu cc. - Bin php gim thiu phi c tnh kh thi cao, ph hp vi mc tiu ca d n v ph hp vi ngun ti chnh ca ch u
t. - Bin php bo v mi trng phi c thc thi v kim sot trong sut qu trnh hot ng ca d n.
4.1. BIN PHP PHON G NGA , GIM THIU TC NG DO D AN GY RA
4.1.1 Trong giai oan chun bi Qua trinh giai phong, san gat mt bng se gy tac ng tiu cc n mi trng xung quanh cung nh sc khoe cua con ngi. Do o, trong qua trinh nay chu u t cn thc hin cac bin phap giam thiu cac tac ng tiu cc o, chung nh sau: - Khi san lp nn yu cu n v thi cng ch san lp tng khu vc l phi c h thng thot nc t nhin trnh hin tng ngp ng trong khu vc. - Tn dng ti a vt liu san nn ti ch nhm hn ch nhim do khi bi ca cc phng tin vn chuyn, hn ch vic kt xe, gy cn tr giao thng. - Quy inh ni quy v an toan lao ng i vi cng nhn vn hanh may moc thi cng, phng tin vn chuyn. 4.1.1.1. Gim thiu tc ng ca bi-kh hn ch ti lng bi, kh thi pht sinh, ch d n s yu cu n v thi cng thc hin cc bin php sau: - Cc xe vn chuyn t phi c ph kn bt khi vn chuyn. Li xe phi tun th cc quy nh lut giao thng m bo an ton khi di chuyn. - Khng s dng cc phng tin vn ti qu c v khng ch t qu y thng xe, trnh tnh trng ri vi ra ng. - Khu vc thi cng o p, san lp phi ti nc thng xuyn, hn ch mt phn ct, bi, t c th cun theo gi pht tn vo khng kh c bit l trong nhng ngy nng. - C hng ro bao quanh khu vc san gt t khng ch lng bi pht tn ra xa. 4.1.1.2 Gim thiu tc ng ca nc thi a. Nc thi sinh hot Giai on gii phng, san gt mt bng thng din ra trong thi gian ngn, vi s lng cng nhn t v sau ngy lm
vic cng nhn thng khng li trn cng trng nn lng nc thi pht sinh khng ln. Bin php gim thiu trong giai on ny l lm nh v sinh tm cho cng nhn. b. Nc ma chy trn: Trong giai on san lp mt bng gim thiu cc tc ng ca nc ma chy trn n mi trng, cc gii php c p dng l: + Cn c vo cao ca a hnh khu vc b tr hng thot nc ma v mng thot sao cho vic thu gom v x l l ti u nht. + Mt bng cng trng c thu dn, v sinh sch s rc thi sinh hot, hn ch du m ri vi nhm trnh tnh trng cc cht bn ny cun tri theo nc ma chy trn lm nh hng n mi trng nc. 4.1.1.3. Gim thiu tc ng ca CTR a. i vi thc vt: Do cng trnh c xy dng trn khu t trng cy nng nghip nn xc thc vt ch yu l cc cy bi, thm c c thu gom v t ti ch. b. i vi t thi: t d tha t hot ng bc t hu c, o h chn lp v h sinh hc s c tm thi vo khu t d phng ca D n. Bi thi phi c p b bao xung quanh khng ch lng t trn ra ngoi khu vc gy bi lng dng chy. Khi lng t ny c tn dng cho cc mc ch sau: + San gt mt bng; + p ng vo khu chn lp; + p b ca cc h chn lp, p b ca h sinh hc...; + Nng ct nn ca khu nh qun l vn hnh; + D tr cho vic lp rc trong giai on vn hnh. c. i vi CTR sinh hot ca cng nhn thi cng:
Lng rc thi sinh hot trong giai on ny khng nhiu nn c th o h thu gom cht thi bn cnh cng trng trn khu t d phng ca D n sau khi kt thc giai on ny ch thu s tin hnh x l bng cch chn lp hp v sinh. 4.1.1.4. Cc bin php nhm hn ch ting n Ting n t my mc xy dng c hn ch bng cch thng xuyn bo tr my mc, khng vn hnh thit b my mc qu c, ht thi hn s dng. Khng vn hnh thit b c n cao trong gi ngh ngi ca mi ngi (t 22 h6h). 4.1.1.5. Gim thiu tc ng n h sinh thi Trong giai on ny ca d n, cc tc ng n h sinh thi l khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc th khi tin hnh gii phng, san gt mt bng ch d n s yu cu n v thi cng phi cam kt y v nghim tc cc bin php thu gom, x l cht thi do qu trnh thi cng, gii phng mt bng thi ra mi trng. 4.1.1.6. Gim thiu tc ng n mi trng kinh t - x hi Cn c chnh sch n b hp l v tho ng cho nhng ngi dn b thu hi t nhm trnh nhng xung t khng ng c gia ban gii phng mt bng v ngi dn. Trong giai on ny cng trng s phi huy ng mt lng kh ln cc phng tin thi cng, nht l cc phng tin vn ti. V vy, gim thiu tai nn giao thng cng nh tai nn lao ng, Ch u t s yu cu n v thi cng phi ra ni quy cng trng mt cch cht ch buc mi ngi phi nghim chnh chp hnh. 4.1.1.7. Cc bin php m bo an ton lao ng v chm sc sc kho ngi lao ng a. Cng tc an ton lao ng: Trong giai on chun b ca D n, ch u t phi ht sc ch trng n vn an ton lao ng cho cng nhn bng cch p dng ng b cc bin php k thut, t chc hun luyn, tuyn truyn gio dc v php ch, c th l:
- Cc my mc, thit b thi cng phi c kim tra, theo di thng xuyn cc thng s k thut. - Cng nhn trc tip vn hnh my thi cng phi c hun luyn v thc hnh, lun lun c mt ti v tr ca mnh, vn hnh ng k thut, bit x l tnh hung khi c s c xy ra. - Cc cng nhn phi c trang b y cc trang thit b bo h lao ng nh: Gng tay, giy bo h, knh bo v mt,. - Bn cnh , cng cn m bo iu kin v sinh mi trng lao ng cho cng nhn. b. Chng trnh chm sc sc kho ngi lao ng: Ton b cc hot ng ca d n u tin hnh ngoi tri, mi trng lao ng lun nhim v c hi ngi lao ng phi thng xuyn c trang b phng tin bo h lao ng c nhn nh gng tay, m, ng bo h v cc dng c phng chng nhim, c s kim tra, gim st trc tip ca cn b v an ton lao ng. - Thc hin ch bt buc trang b phng h cho cng nhn ph hp vi tng v tr, iu kin lm vic theo ch quy nh chung ca Nh nc. - Trang b y cc thuc men, dng c cn thit ti thiu cho vic s cu tai nn, ri ro trong qu trnh thi cng v t chc tp hun cc qui tc s cu ban u i vi cc s c, tai nn ri ro. 4.1.2 Trong giai oan xy dng hn ch nhng tc ng do hot ng xy dng ca d n chng ti s c nhng bin php chung nh sau: - Khi quy hoch, thit k d n ch cc bin php nhm hn ch nhim ngay t u nh: B tr cc hng mc cng trnh hp l, khoa hc. - Quy hoch, b tr hp l tuyn giao thng vn chuyn i li, h thng in nc, thng tin lin lc.
- Quy hoch ln tri, cc kho cha vt t, bi cha nguyn vt liu, lp ro chn cch ly ton b khu vc thi cng d n vi xung quanh. - Tun th cc quy nh v an ton lao ng v phng chng chy n trn cng trng. - p dng cc bin php thi cng tin tin, c gii ha qu trnh thi cng nhm hn ch ti a vic gy nhim mi trng. 4.1.2.1. Gim thiu tc ng ca bi-kh Cc hot ng thi cng xy dng s lm pht sinh bi, kh thi, do hn ch ti lng bi, kh thi pht sinh, ch d n s yu cu n v thi cng thc hin cc bin php sau: - Cc xe vn chuyn vt liu phi c ph kn bt khi vn chuyn. Li xe phi tun th cc quy nh lut giao thng m bo an ton khi di chuyn. - Khng s dng cc phng tin vn ti qu c v khng ch vt liu ri qu y, trnh tnh trng ri vi nguyn vt liu ra ng. - Thit k ngm ra xe ti cng ra vo cng trng thi cng. - Khi bc d nguyn vt liu s trang b bo h lao ng hn ch bi nh hng n sc khe cng nhn. - C hng ro bao quanh khu vc xy dng hn ch lng bi pht tn ra khi khu vc thi cng. - Phun nc lm m tuyn ng vn chuyn vi tn sut l 4 ln/ngy (7h, 10h,13h, 14h) vo nhng ngy nng nng v 2 ln/ngy (7h, 13h) vo nhng ngy thi tit im mt. 4.1.2.2 Gim thiu tc ng ca nc thi a. Nc thi sinh hot Trong giai on ny cng nhn thi cng thng ti cc ln tri tm b nn cng tc v sinh s gp nhiu kh khn gy nn tnh trng nhim mi trng. khc phc vn ny, ch d n s xy dng nh v sinh, nh tm ph hp trnh trng hp ch lm tm b. ng thi ti khu ln tri c h thng mng thu
gom nc thi sinh hot sau chy vo h ga c song chn rc x l s b trc khi thi ra mi trng. b. Nc ma chy trn: Trong giai on xy dng gim thiu cc tc ng ca nc ma chy trn n mi trng, cc gii php c p dng l: + Kim tra hng thng ton b thit b ngn chn vic r r du m bi trn my v vic thay du, m cho cc thit b ch c tin hnh trong cc khu bo dng v sa cha. + Mt bng cng trng c thu dn, v sinh sch s rc thi sinh hot, rc thi xy dng v hn ch du m ri vi nhm trnh tnh trng cc cht bn ny cun tri theo nc ma chy trn lm nh hng n mi trng nc. + Thng xuyn kim tra v khi thng h thng thot nc nhm hn ch tnh trng ng nc gy nhim mi trng, pht sinh cc loi vi khun, cn trng truyn dch bnh. c. Gim thiu tc ng t nc thi xy dng: + Lt nn cc v tr trn va hn ch nc trn thm vo t, gy nhim mi trng. + i vi nc lm sch dng c xy tn dng li cho vic trn va xi mng. 4.1.2.3. Gim thiu tc ng ca CTR a. i vi rc thi xy dng: - Ph thi t cc c s tp kt vt liu, kho tng nh v xi mng, bao b bng ni lng... c thu gom ti s dng hoc bn ph liu. - Vi va, gch v, va b tng c tn dng nn cho nh ca cng nhn v cc cng trnh v sinh, ng ni b, .... - Vn ct pha b h hng, gy nt c thu gom v cho ngi dn a phng mang v lm cht t. b. i vi CTR sinh hot ca cng nhn thi cng:
B tr cc thng thu gom rc trong khu vc ln tri v trn cng trng. Rc sau khi thu gom s c phn loi tn dng nhng loi rc cn c gi tr nh sau: + i vi rc l g, giy c th thu gom lm cht t. + i vi rc c ngun gc kim loi hoc nha, c th thu gom ti ch hoc bn ph liu. + Lng rc cn li tp kt ti mt v tr v tin hnh chn lp khi khu chn lp i vo hot ng. c. CTR nguy hi: Cht thi rn nguy hi c thu gom tp trung vo mt v tr, c lu gi cn thn khng pht tn ra mi trng sau khi khu x l rc i vo hot ng s hp ng vi n v vn c chc nng vn chuyn v x l cht thi nguy hi. 4.1.2.4. Cc bin php nhm hn ch ting n - Ting n t my mc xy dng c hn ch bng cch thng xuyn bo tr my mc, khng vn hnh phng tin, thit b thi cng qu c, ht hn s dng. - Khng vn hnh thit b c n cao trong gi ngh ngi ca mi ngi (22h6h). - Khng vn hnh nhiu thit b thi cng c n ln cng 1 lc to nn n cng hng ln. 4.1.2.5. Gim thiu tc ng n h sinh thi Trong giai on ny ca d n, cc tc ng n h sinh thi l khng th trnh khi. Tuy nhin gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc th khi thi cng xy dng ch d n s yu cu n v thi cng phi cam kt thc hin y v nghim tc cc bin php thu gom, x l cht thi do qu trnh thi cng thi ra mi trng. 4.1.2.6. Gim thiu tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi y l giai on d n cn huy ng ngun nhn lc ng k do vy s ny sinh nhiu mi quan h gia lc lng thi cng vi ngi dn a phng. Nhng mi quan h ny khi pht sinh mu thun s l ngun gy mt trt t, tr an vn c
ca khu vc. V vy, Ch d n s yu cu n v thi cng t ra nhng quy nh nghim ngt i vi lc lng thi cng trn cng trnh, trnh nhng mi quan h ni trn pht sinh mu thun gy mt n nh x hi v lm gim tin ca cng trnh. Do tp trung ng ngi nn vic ly lan dch bnh rt d pht sinh. Kh nng ly lan cc bnh truyn nhim gia lc lng thi cng n dn c a phng v ngc li rt d xy ra. Bin php tch cc nht cho trng hp ny l thng xuyn kim tra sc khe cho ngi lao ng. T chc khuyn co cng nh ra quy nh bt buc i vi lc lng ny trong cng tc m bo v sinh phng dch .v.v.. Trong giai on ny s phi huy ng mt lng ln cc phng tin thi cng, nht l cc phng tin vn ti. V vy, gim thiu tai nn giao thng cng nh tai nn lao ng, Ch u t s yu cu n v thi cng phi ra ni quy cng trng mt cch cht ch buc mi ngi phi nghim chnh chp hnh. Phi hp cht ch vi chnh quyn a phng tng cng qun l cng nhn, gim nguy c v cc t nn x hi nh: c bc, ru ch, ma tu..., lm nh hng n an ninh khu vc. 4.1.2.7 Cc bin php m bo an ton lao ng v chm sc sc kho ngi lao ng a. Cng tc an ton lao ng: Trong qu trnh trin khai xy dng th ch u t s ht sc ch trng n vn an ton lao ng cho cng nhn bng cch p dng ng b cc bin php k thut, t chc hun luyn, tuyn truyn gio dc v php ch, c th l: - Cc my mc, thit b thi cng phi c kim tra, theo di thng xuyn cc thng s k thut. - Cng nhn trc tip thi cng xy dng, vn hnh my thi cng phi c hun luyn v thc hnh, lun lun c mt ti v tr ca mnh, vn hnh ng k thut. - Cc cng nhn phi c trang b y cc trang thit b bo h lao ng nh: Gng tay, giy bo h, knh bo
v mt,. - Bn cnh , cng cn m bo iu kin v sinh mi trng lao ng cho cng nhn bng cch thng xuyn v sinh khu ln tri, cng trng sch s, khi thng dng chy cc loi chn t khng th c tr v sinh sn, .... - Cng nhn phi c thc tp v c hng dn cch x l tnh hung khi c s c chy n, thin tai, ... xy ra. b. Chng trnh chm sc sc kho ngi lao ng: Ton b cc hot ng ca d n u tin hnh ngoi tri, mi trng lao ng lun nhim v c hi ngi lao ng phi thng xuyn c trang b phng tin bo h lao ng c nhn nh gng tay, m, ng bo h v cc dng c phng chng nhim, c s kim tra, gim st trc tip ca cn b v an ton lao ng. - Thc hin ch bt buc trang b phng h cho cng nhn ph hp vi tng v tr, iu kin lm vic theo ch quy nh chung ca Nh nc. - Trang b y cc thuc men, dng c cn thit ti thiu cho vic s cu tai nn, ri ro trong qu trnh thi cng v t chc tp hun cc qui tc s cu ban u i vi cc s c, tai nn ri ro. 4.1.3. Trong giai oan vn hanh 4.1.3.1. Gim thiu tc ng ca bi-kh a. Bin php gim kh thi v kh mi hi: Trong qu trnh vn hnh khu chn lp rc cn tun th nghim ngt cc quy trnh vn hnh v thit k nhm gim thiu cc tc ng n mi trng khng kh, c th nh sau: - Hng ngy rc thi phi theo ng quy trnh vn hnh. Trong ngy rc phi c san gt trn b mt tng rc. Chiu cao rc khng qu 1m sau khi m nn cn li 0,60,8 m v c mt lp t ph dy 0,2m. - Sau mi ngy chn lp cn ph mt lp vt liu l t ph thi xy dng, ct hoc x c kch thc khong 1cm. B
dy lp ph l 15-20cm, tin hnh ph lp t sau khi phun ha cht v rc vi bt dit cn trng. - Vi bt v ha cht cho mi lp nh sau: Trong qu trnh san i rc th phun dung dch vi sinh vt hu hiu c tc dng kh mi v b sung thm cc vi sinh vt hu ch cho qu trnh phn hu rc nh P.MET hoc EM. Ngoi ra c th dng Permethrin dit cn trng v vi bt 0,2kg/m3 (tng ng 0,4kg/tn rc). - Lp t cc thit b thu gom kh rc: bao gm cc ging thu c h thng lc thu kh t y chn lp. Khong cch gia cc ging t 50-70m, kch thc ging 0,8 x 0,8m, cu to bng khung cc tre ngang v ng t ln lp lt y, gia t ng nha PVC D225, khoan l ng knh 2 cm. Xung quanh ng thu kh c ln cht bng t st do v xi mng. Cc ging thu kh s c nng dn so vi cao trnh rc, cao nht l 1,2 1,6 m, nhm phng s c do v tnh nm tn thuc hoc bt la ht thuc. Trn nh ng c ni vi h thng ng ng thu gom kh gom v cc ti cha kh (bng nha PVC) sau tu theo lng kh thu gom c nh k t hoc nu lng kh thu gom ln c th s dng lm cht t phc v cc hot ng sinh hot ca Ban qun l khu chn lp. Trong qu trnh thi cng h thng thu kh, cc cc tre phi c t thng ng v c neo cht bng dy thp. H thng thu gom kh rc c th hin trong s sau: Hnh 4.1. S h thng thu gom v x l kh gas
Ti (b) gom kh gas
t nh k
Ging thu kh
Ging thu kh
Ging thu kh
Mi hi pht sinh trong qu trnh hot ng ca khu chn lp rc ch yu t cng on tip nhn rc. Khng ch ngun nhim bng cc bin php sau: - X l trit rc thi trong ngy, trnh tnh trng tn ng rc pht sinh cc kh v mi hi. - Phun ch phm sinh hc EM kh mi hi (2 ln/ngy). - Thng xuyn v sinh khu vc bi chn lp v thit b vo cui mi ngy; - Gio dc thc v sinh, k lut lao ng cho cn b cng nhn lm vic ti khu chn lp nhm gi cho mi trng lm vic lun c sch s, khng c mi hi kh chu. b. X l bi pht sinh trong qu trnh vn hnh ca khu chn lp Trong qu trnh vn hnh ca khu chn lp, bi pht tn trong cc khu vc v dc cc con ng ni b trong khu vc khu chn lp. Hm lng bi ch yu l bi th, mn tc ng ch yu n cng nhn lm vic trong khu chn lp v mi trng trong khu vc khu chn lp, t pht tn ra ngoi lm nh hng n mi trng xung quanh. hn ch tc ng do bi gy ra, Ch d n s thc hin cc bin php sau: - Trang b y dng c bo h lao ng cho cng nhn lao ng. - V sinh khu chn lp sau mi ngy chn lp rc thi. - Gi m trn cc tuyn ng ni b bng phun nc hng ngy trong nhng ngy nng, hn ch tc xe lu thng trong khu vc khu chn lp. c. Bin php trng cy xanh - Cy xanh c nhiu tc dng nh: Che nng, ht bc x mt tri, ht bi, hp thu cc hi kh c, gim thiu s lan truyn ting n, ng thi to cm gic m du, tng thm m cnh quan. Ngoi ra, cn c th ht cc cht nhim c hi c trong t.
- Trng cy xanh, thm c c th gim nhit khu vc thp hn 1-30C, tng hm lng xy, che chn c 40 - 60% bc x mt tri, gim tc gi c th t 10 - 60% v hn ch ngun bi pht tn n cc khu vc ln cn. - Chn cc loi cy cao, l to, nhiu tng nh: Cy g h u, keo tai tng, bch n, long no, b rng ti thiu ca di cy xanh cch ly l 5m. 4.1.3.2. Gim thiu tc ng ca nc thi a. Nc ra xe - X l nc ti ngm ra xe: Ngm ra xe theo tnh ton ca bo co u t l mt ngm c b tr vi mc nc khong 25cm, c nhim v ra lp xe trnh ko theo rc thi hoc cc cht bn dnh ra khi khu vc bi chn lp. Tuy nhin cn b sung thm ti v tr ny mt my bm cng sut nh cho vic ra xe s b trc khi xe ra khi khu chn lp. Nh ni Chng 3 nc ti ngm ra xe thng c ti lng nhim cao (tng t nh nc r rc) v c th ln du m. V vy, nc ti y trc khi c chy vo h sinh hc s c lng cn v thu gom du m bng phng php tuyn ni. nh k cn c ly ra em vo khu chn lp chn lp, ring du m thu gom c t tuyn ni do khi lng khng ln nn s c x l bng cch t. H thng lng cn v tuyn du m c th c b tr nhHnh 4.2. S h thng lng cn v tuyn du m sau:
Song chn rc Thanh gt ht vng du m
Nc thi
Nc thi sau khi x l
Nguyn l: B thu du n nhn nc thi ra xe, nc ma trong khu vc bi xe.... B thu du c th xy bng gch hoc b tng ct thp v c thit k gm hai b (b 1 lng lc thu cn lng v b 2 thu vng du m, cht ni). Trong phn thu cn, cc tp cht rn (ch yu l cht v c) lng xung y b, du v cc sn phm du ni ln c vt thng xuyn bng gu mc hoc bm ht du. Thi gian thu vt du ph thuc hm lng du c trong nc. Hiu qu thu du c th t ti 90%. Lng du m thu gom c tuy khng ln song s c x l bng cch t trnh gy nhim mi trng t, nc trong khu vc. Nc thi sau khi qua h thng ny c chy vo h sinh hc tip tc tham gia vo qu trnh x l trc khi thi ra mi trng. b. Nc thi sinh hot: - X l nc thi sinh hot: Mc d c khi lng khng ln song y cng l mt ngun nhim mi trng cn c ch . Nc thi sinh hot c thi kh tp trung v vy s c gom vo mt ng thot ring v c x l theo cng ngh x l nc thi sinh hot hin nay ang c ng dng nhiu ni trn th gii, trc khi vo mng thot chung ca khu chn lp chy v h sinh hc. H thng x l nc thi sinh hot c s nh Hnh 4.4. S x l nc thi t phn, sau: nc tiu
Ch thch: Hnh 4.3: S h thng x l nc thi sinh hot
3 1 Ngun pht sinh NT 2 H thng ng thu gom
Nc lau chi, git, nh n Nc thi t b t hoi

1 1
NT 3
H ga
ng thng hi hc 4 B t hoi (k kh)

5 6 H thng thot nc
H sinh
H sinh hc
Ch u t: UBND huyn Can Lc -956 C quan t vn: Cng ty CP K thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh
Nguyn l: Nc thi sinh hot t cc ngun pht thi (1) c gom bi h thng ng thu gom (2) v chy vo b x l k kh (4). Ti b k kh (4) nc thi sinh hot c cc vi sinh vt k kh phn hu, lng kh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hu s thot ra ngoi qua ng thng hi (3). Nc thi sau khi tham gia qu trnh x l ti b (4) tip tc theo ng dn ti mng thot nc chung (5) v h sinh hc (6). Ti h sinh hc nc thi tip tc tham gia qu trnh x l. c. Nc ma chy trn: thot lng nc ma chy trn trn khu chn lp, ch u t b tr 2 h thng mng thu gom v thot nc, c th nh sau: - H thng 1: c b tr xung quanh khu vc h chn lp, h cha nc thi, h sinh hc (theo thit k), ti y cc cn v cht l lng c lng ng trong cc h ga, nc ma chy trn sau khi c x l cn, cht l lng theo c thot ra sng Nghn qua ca x s 1 nm pha ng Nam khu chn lp. - H thng 2: c b tr chy xung quanh khu vc nh iu hnh (theo thit k), ti y cc cht l lng, cn lng c x l qua cc h ga, cn nc ma sau khi c x l cn, cht
l lng theo c thot ra sng Nghn qua ca x s 2 nm pha ng khu chn lp. - H thng nc ma chy trn qua cc sn tp kt rc: vi khi lng rc hng ngy c vn chuyn ra khu tp kt rc khng ln nn hm lng nhim trong nc ma chy trn ti khu vc ny khng cao nhng nc ma chay tran qua khu tp kt rac cng co cac thanh phn tng ng nc rac nn Ch u t xy dng khu tp kt c lng bng xi mng mc cao, c cc rnh v h thu nc thu gom, vn chuyn nc ny n khu x l nc r rc pha Nam khu chn lp. d. Nc r rc: loi b cht cc cht nhim trong nc r rc, chng ti kt hp phng php x l c hc v phng php x l sinh hc, qua cc h theo s sau: Hnh 4.5. S x l nc r rc
H cha nc thi
Nc thi vo
H sinh hc
Thi ra mi trng
- Ti h cha nc r rc: Nc r rc sau khi c my bm chm chuyn dng bm vo h cha nc th c x l bng phng php c hc loi b cc cht cn l lng, cht hu c khng tan trong nc. Ho cht s dng cho qu trnh lng lc c th l phn nhm, sunfat st v vi hoc vi kt hp vi cc cht xc tc to ra cc sn phm kt ta nh CaSO4, Fe(OH)3, Al(OH)3 khi cc sn phm ny lng xung th n s ko theo cc cht rn l lng. Phng php x l ny t hiu sut kh cao: 8090% TSS, 4070% BOD, 3060% COD, 8090% vi khun. Vi ham lng cht nhim u vao: TSS: 2002.000 mg/l, BOD: 2.000 30.000 mg/l, COD: 3.00060.000mg/l; Ham lng cht nhim sau khi c x ly la TSS: 20400mg/l, BOD: 60018.000mg/l, COD: 1.2004.200 mg/l. - Ti h sinh hc: Sau khi c x l c hc th nc r rc c chy vo h sinh hc x l theo s sau:
Hnh 4.5 s x l nc thi trong h sinh hc
Nc thi vo
Ngn ky khi
Ngn lng 2 + hiu kh
Ngn lc thc vt
Thi ra mi trng
- Ti ngn k kh: Di di s tc ng ca cc vi sinh vt k kh s phn hu cc cht hu c kh tan trong nc r rc nh hydratcacbon, protein, lipit thnh nhng xt d bay hi, ru. Nhng axit d bay hi phn ln l axit butyric (CH 3CH2CH2COOH), axit propionic (CH3CH2COOH) v axit axetic (CH3COOH). Qu trnh chuyn ho nh sau: + C6H12O6 CH3CH2CH2COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2 + C6H12O6 + 2H2 2 CH3CH2COOH + 2H2O + C6H12O6 + 2H2O 2 CH3COOH + 2CO2 + 4H2 + CH3CH2CH2COOH + 2H2O 2 CH3COOH + 2H2 + CH3CH2COOH + 2H2O CH3COOH + CO2 + 3H3 Tip cc axit li c chuyn ho thnh hydro, cacbon dioxyt v axit axetic. Cui cng cc sn phm ny li c chuyn ho thnh dioxyt cacbon v metan, c th nh sau: + 4H2 + CO2 CH4 + 2H2O + CH3COOH CH4 + CO2 Giai oan nay c goi la qua trinh ln men mtan, khi CH4 c sinh ra thi PH trong nc se tng, do o kim loai nng kt tua, ham lng kim loai nng trong nc giam nhiu. Trong qua trinh ky khi b sung thm cac ch phm nh GEM, GEM-P, GEM-K at hiu sut x ly cao hn. Hiu sut x ly BOD la 7585%, hiu sut x ly COD la khoang 80%. Thanh phn BOD trong nc sau khi c x ly nm trong khoang 904.500 mg/l, COD la 2408.400mg/l, N-NH3 la 180mg/l. - Tai ngn hiu khi: Nc thai sau khi c x ly ky khi thi c chay qua ngn lng 2 + hiu khi. Vi phng phap x ly dung bun hoat tinh, di tac ng cua cac vi sinh vt (c a vao cung bun) va cht xuc tac enzim, cac cht hu c trong nc bi oxy hoa va phn huy thanh cacbon hydro va nng lng phat trin vi sinh vt mi. Trong giai oan u vi sinh vt chu yu la oxy hoa hp cht
cacbuahydro va giai oan sau oxy hoa hp cht nit. Phng trinh phan ng xy ra nh sau: Vt cht hu c + O2 CO2 + H2O + E Vt cht hu c + O2 + NH3 CO2 + H2O + E Tai ngn nay BOD trong nc giam nhanh do qua trinh oxy hoa, phn huy va tng trng, cht hu c N, P cung c loai bo nhiu va kha nng loai bo cht rn l lng cung cao. Hiu sut x ly BOD, COD cua quy trinh nay la 8090%, tng Nit la 8090% va pht pho la 80%, ham lng BOD trong nc a giam xung nm trong khoang 9450 mg/l, COD la 241.680 mg/l Tng N nm trong khoang 2160 mg/l, Tng P nm trong khoang 120 mg/l, N-NH3 la 0,18mg/l. - Tai ngn loc thc vt: Nc thai sau khi c x ly tai h hiu khi thi vn con ham lng BOD, N, P ... va kim loai nng cao, do o se c x ly tip bng loc thc vt. Trong ngn ny h sinh vt ch yu l vi khun, s hot ng 3 vng: k kh y, tu tin vng gia v hiu kh vng trn gn mt nc. Vi sinh vt hot ng s phn hu nt phn BOD cn li hoc phn COD c chuyn sang d phn hu. vng hiu kh, to pht trin s s dng ngun N v P cho vic tng sinh khi, ng thi thi ra O2 phc v cho vi sinh vt hiu kh, vi sinh vt hiu kh li thi ra CO2 phc v cho hot ng ca to v cc loi thc vt thu sinh. Thc vt thu sinh c chc nng cung cp oxy, c b r cho vi sinh vt hiu kh bm vo v che nh nng mt tri cho vi khun khi b cht, .... v hp th cc kim loi nng. Loi thc vt trng trong ngn ny l bo Nht bn, bo ci, c vetiver, c voi, rau mung, ... vi hnh thc trng thnh tng b th ni trn mt nc v c phao c nh li. Din tch trng thc vt khong 50% din tch mt nc ca ao lc thc vt, li 50% din tch mt thong to iu kin cho nh sng chiu xung v s khuych tn ca oxy trong khng kh vo ngn lc nhm trnh hin tng ti nhim bn v nng cao hiu qu x l. Hiu qu x l ti ngn ny hiu sut x l BOD, COD t 90%, hm lng BOD l 0,945 mg/l, COD la 2,4168mg/l ham lng nit va phtpho chu yu c cung cp cho qua trinh sinh trng cua tao va thc vt thuy sinh nn lng con lai rt it. Ghi ch: Hm lng cht nhim trong nc rc sau x l qua cc h c tnh ton da vo hm lng nc rc u vo tng hp ca Vin K thut nhit i v Bo v mi trng v hiu sut x l ca h thng.
Nh vy nc thi sau khi c x l qua ngn lc thc vt (Hnh 4.6) th t tiu chun ca QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT (mc B2) v c thi sng Nghn qua ca x pha ng Nam khu chn lp.
Hnh 4.7 Cu to ca ngn lc thc vt

Mt nc Nn t t nhin Thc vt Nn t t nhin
Dng nc thi vo
xxxxx xxxxx xxxx
B thc vt
xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxx
B h
xxxx xxx x x x x xx xx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xx
H thng phao neo c nh b thc vt
Dng nc thi sau khi x l
4.1.3.3. Gim thiu tc ng ca CTR - i vi hot ng vn chuyn rc: Trong qu trnh vn chuyn rc t cc h dn c v khu trung chuyn v t khu trung chuyn ti bi chn lp cc xe vn chuyn rc s c che chn cn thn, khng ch qu kh nhm trnh vic rc ri vi dc theo tuyn vn chuyn. - i vi CTR sinh hot ca cng nhn vn hnh khu chn lp: Ti khu vn phng v nh ca cng nhn s b tr cc thng rc thu gom li v c chn lp vo h chn lp. - i vi bn thi ca h thng x l nc rc: Trong qu trnh x l nc rc pht sinh mt lng bn thi tng i ln trong h sinh hc, lng bn ny nh k c no vt ln v chn lp cng vi rc thi sinh hot. - Bn cn t h thng b t hoi: c ht nh k v chn
lp vo x l phn b pht ca khu chn lp. - i vi CTR nguy hi: Ch u t cn lp h s ng k ngun thi vi S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh H Tnh hp ng vi cc n v c chc nng vn chuyn v n v c chc nng x l cht thi nguy hi. Khi cht thi nguy hi cha c vn chuyn i x l th cn b tr ni lu gi tm thi, trnh ri vi ra mi trng. 4.1.3.4. Cc bin php nhm hn ch ting n gim thiu nhim ting n, rung khi cng trnh a vo s dng cc bin php c thc hin nh sau: + Kim tra thng xuyn v sit li cc c, vt b lng, bo dng nh k cc thit b, phng tin vn chuyn rc, my m nn rc, nhm hn ch cc ngun pht sinh ting n. + Khng s dng phng tin vn chuyn ht hn s dng. 4.1.3.5. Gim thiu tc ng n h sinh thi gim thiu tc ng n mi trng sinh thi trong khu vc khi d n i vo hot ng, Ban qun l khu chn lp s thng xuyn kim tra vic vn hnh h thng x l nc thi m bo nc khi thi ra mi trng u t tiu chun cho php. 4.1.3.6. Bin php gim thiu tc hi do sinh vt c hi Khu vc chn lp rc tn ti nhiu vi sinh vt c hi. Cc loi sinh vt ny l nhng vt trung gian gy bnh cho ngi v cc ng vt khc, gy mt m quan, gy nhim mi trng. Ch d n s thc hin nhiu bin php gim thiu nh thng xuyn kh mi hi, phun thuc, ha cht dit cn trng 4.1.3.7. Gim thiu tc ng n mi trng kinh t x hi t ra cc quy nh nghim ngt trong hot ng vn chuyn rc thi cng nh chn lp. ng thi, phi hp vi a phng ni khu chn lp hot ng lng nghe phn nh ca nhn dn nhm iu chnh hot ng ca khu chn lp mt cch ph hp trnh gy xung t vi ngi dn a phng. 4.1.3.8. Cc bin php m bo an ton lao ng v chm sc sc kho ngi lao ng
phng nga v gim thiu tc ng tiu cc ca d n ti mi trng xung quanh th vic thc hin tt cng tc m bo an ton lao ng v chm sc sc kho l rt cn thit. a. Cng tc an ton lao ng: - Trong qu trnh vn hnh khu chn lp, Ch d n s tun th cc quy trnh, quy phm bt buc nh sau: + Quy phm v ni quy v an ton lao ng: Cc thit b dng in u c ni t c in tr tiu chun, cc b phn truyn ng bng ai, pht c li bo v. + Thng xuyn kim tra an ton i vi cc thng ng, kho ha cht c bit l cc ha cht dit cn trng, chut.... + C bin bo hiu ranh gii khu vc khu chn lp rc v c treo ni d nhn thy, ti cc ging thu kh c bin bo hiu Khng nhim v min vo v hng ro ngn cch trnh xy ra s c. + Thc hin quy nh phng, chng chy theo quy nh ca c quan qun l chuyn ngnh: Ch u t s xy dng b cu ho v c cp nc thng xuyn. Ngoi ra s xy dng thm cc b nc d tr v chun b sn cc bnh cha chy bng kh CO2. Thng xuyn tp hun v an ton phng chng chy n cho cn b, cng nhn vin... + Duy tr vic trang b y cc phng tin an ton c nhn. - B phn qun l khu chn lp s lp s ng k theo di nh k hng nm theo cc mc: + Tn ngi li xe vn chuyn cht thi. + Tnh cht ca cht thi. + Thi gian (ngy, thng, nm) vn chuyn cht thi. + Ngun gc cht thi. S sch ghi chp v cc ti liu lin quan s c lu gi trong sut thi gian hot ng ca khu chn lp rc v sau t nht 5 nm k t ngy ng ca khu chn lp. b. Chng trnh chm sc sc kho ngi lao ng:
- Thc hin ch khen thng v x pht trong vic thc hin cc qui trnh k thut, quy tc an ton lao ng trong ton khu chn lp. - Ch u t s duy tr vic khm sc kho nh k (6 thng/ln) cho ton th cn b cng nhn vin, phn loi sc kho v c hng x l kp thi i vi s cn b, cng nhn b bnh hoc c sc kho yu, kp thi c bin php iu tr v phng bnh tch cc. ng thi c k hoch phi hp vi cc t chc y t kim tra sc kho cho nhn dn cc vng ln cn kp thi pht hin kh nng gy bnh do hot ng ca khu chn lp gy ra. - nh k t chc cc t ngh ngi, iu dng theo ch ca Nh nc. - Bi dng c hi theo quy nh ca Nh nc i vi lao ng nng nhc v c hi. 4.1.4 Trong giai oan thao d, ong ca va phuc hi mi trng khu chn lp 4.1.4.1. Bin php gim thiu tc ng ca cht thi rn: - Cht thi xy dng: cht thi rn pht sinh do tho d cc cng trnh ph tr khi ng ca khu chn lp s c thu gom v phn loi x l. i vi cht thi rn l gch v, vi, b tng v s c ch i p nn cc cng trnh ang xy dng, nhng th cn c gi tr s dng th s bn cho ngi dn ti s dng hoc s dng vo cc cng trnh mi ca ch D n. i vi cc loi g gy nt th cho ngi dn thu gom v lm cht t. - i vi cht thi rn sinh hot: phng nga cht thi rn trong chn lp pht tn ra mi trng do s xi l, ra tri lp t ph pha trn th trong qu trnh vn hnh cng nh khi ng ca ng ca cc chn lp cn m nn t ph pha trn k cng, hng thng c k hoch theo di kim tra pht hin kp thi v x l s c. 4.1.4.2. Bin php gim thiu tc ng ca nc thi: - Nc ma chy trn: Tip t vn hnh h thng thu gom, thot nc ma chy trn trnh hin tng ngp ng khu chn lp. - Nc r rc: C k hoch gim st cht lng nc r rc v tip tc vn hnh h thng x l nc r rc cho n khi cc thnh phn trong nc r rc thi ra mi trng nm trong gii hn cho php ca tiu chun quy nh.
4.1.4.3. Bin php gim thiu tc ng ca kh thi: - Tip tc vn hnh h thng thu gom v x l kh gas. Khi tin hnh ci to, phc hi mi trng khu chn lp cn kim tra cht ch cc l khoan thu hi kh gas, khi p sut ca cc l khoan kh, chnh lch vi p sut kh quyn v nng kh gas nh hn 5% mi c ci to, phc hi mi trng. 4.1.4.4. Gim thiu tc ng ti h sinh thi Khi khu chn lp y rc theo cng sut thit k th ch d n s tin hnh ng ca. Cc bin php gim thiu tc ng tiu cc giai on ny l: - Tin hnh ph lp t trn cng vi hm lng st >30%, m bo m tiu chun v c m nn cn thn, chiu dy ln hn hoc bng 60 cm. dc t chn n nh bi tng dn t 3-5%, lun m bo thot nc tt, khng trt l, st ln. Tip theo ph lp m bng t c thnh phn ph bin l ct dy 50 - 60 cm v k tip l lp t trng dy t 20 - 30 cm. Sau tin hnh trng c v cy xanh ln khu vc khu chn lp ng ca. Tuy nhin, do qu trnh phn hu cht hu c c trong rc to ra lng nhit ln c th t 40 - 50oC nn cha th trng cy ngay sau khi ph t. Mt trng t 1.100 - 1.600 cy/ha (i vi Keo lai hoc Bch n). - Xy dng h thng thot nc cho cc h chn lp kt thc m bo thot nc nhanh, khng lm xi l lp t ph (s hnh 4.7) Hnh 4.7: s b tr mng thot nc cho cc h chn Ma Ma lp kt thc
Mng thu gom nc chy trn
CTR
CTR
4.2. Bin php phng nga, ng ph vi cc ri ro, s c.
4.2.1. Trong giai on chun b 4.2.1.1. S c bom, mn

Ch d n phi thc hin vic r ph bom mn trc khi trin khai d n phng nga s c bom n cn st li gy nh hng n tnh mng con ngi. 4.2.1.2. S c trt l t phng nga s c trt l t trong ma ma l, cn xy dng phng n phng chng ngp lt. Khi c ma ln cn o mng, khi thng dng chy thot nc trnh tnh trng nc ln ln chy trn trn mt bng cun theo t ct ra khu vc xung quanh. 4.2.2. Trong giai on xy dng 4.2.2.1. Phng chng chy n Trong qu trnh xy dng khu chn lp, ch d n s ra cc quy nh v phng chng chy n mt cch nghim ngt, thng xuyn kim tra cc thit b my mc thi cng, phng tin vn chuyn pht hin hng hc v kp thi x l. 4.2.2.2. Phng chng s c sp cng trnh - Thc hin nghim ngt thit k k thut thi cng xy dng phng trnh sp cng trnh, nh hng n c s vt cht v tnh mng con ngi. - Xy dng phng n phng nga s c bo, lt, che chn v k chng cng trnh khi sp c bo, lt. 4.2.3 Trong giai on vn hnh 4.2.3.1. Phng chng chy n phng chng s c chy n trong giai on vn hnh khu chn lp ch d n cn thc hin cc bin php sau: - T chc tp hun v phng, chng chy n cho cn b cng nhn ca khu chn lp, c quy nh nghim ngt v phng chy, cha chy. - Trang b cc thit b cu ho nh my bm nc, bnh bt cha chy, xng .v.v. v lin h vi chnh quyn a phng c k hoch h tr khi xy ra s c. 4.2.3.2. Phng chng hin tng ngp ng rc trong chn lp:
- Hng nm cc cn bo vn thng xuyn xy ra, gim thiu s c ny cn b tr cc hng mc cng trnh mt cch hp l, c kh nng chu c bo mnh. Vt liu xy dng m bo cc tiu chun quy nh. - Xy dng h thng mng thot nc t tiu chun quy nh khng gy ngp, chy trn khi bo lt xy ra. - Trong nhng ngy ma ln ko di khi pha trn lp rc cha c ph lp t th nguy c rc trong chn lp s b ngp ng v ni lnh bnh trn mt nc. phng chng s c ny th ti b ngn gia cc h chn lp, gia h chn lp vi h sinh hc, gia h sinh hc vi khu vc bn ngoi s c b tr cc ng thot nc bng nha PVC - D200 thot nc ma cho nhng ngy c ma ln v ko di. Cch b tr nh sau: Theo chiu di ca b ngn th c 20m t mt ng. Theo chiu cao th c ln cao 1m t mt h thng ng. Cc ng ny ch s dng khi c s c. S b tr c th c trnh by trong hnh di y:
Hnh 4.5. S b tr cc ng thot nc ma chng hin tng ngp ng rc
nh b ngn
1 m 1 m
Cc ng thot nc ma
y b ngn
- T chc tp hun cho cn b, cng nhn lm vic trong
khu chn lp v phng chng lt bo, ng ph kp thi khi c lt bo xy ra hn ch ti thiu rc pht thi ra khu vc xung quanh.
4.2.3.3. Phng chng s c l lt: phng chng s c l lt khi c ma ln, ko di cn tin hnh lm cc bao, b ngn xung quanh khu chn lp rc. V khu t thc hin D n trc y c quy hoch nui trng thu sn nn hin ti khu vc ny c bao xung quanh vi kch thc rng 3,04m. am bao an toan thun li trong qua trinh vn hanh khu chn lp rac, chu u t a thit k nng cp cac bao, b ngn (cung chinh la cac ng giao thng trong khu chn lp) theo cac mt ct nh sau: - Mt ct I-I: La tuyn ng chinh trong khu x ly vi chiu dai la 200m, chiu rng 13,0 m gm 2 lan ng vi mt ng mi lan ng rng 7 m, chiu su mong va lp mt day 45cm, kt cu b tng xi mng M300, a dm 1x2m, tng din tich 2.612m2. - Mt ct 2-2: La ng bao quanh bai chn lp hp v sinh chiu dai 827m. mt ng xe chay rng 5m, kt cu ng t, m cht day 50m. Tng din tich 4.138 m2. - Mt ct 3-3: La ng xe chay qua cac h chn lp: vi chiu dai 365 m, mt ng rng 3,5 m, chiu rng ng 3,5m, tng din tich 1.277,9 m2. 4.2.3.4. Phong chng s c ngp khu chn lp Khi co ma ln keo dai, thoat lng nc ma chay tran trong khu chn lp, Chu u t se s dung may bm cng sut 150200 m3/h bm nc ma ra sng Nghen.
CHNG 5 CHNG TRNH QUN L V GIM ST MI TRNG

5.1 CHNG TRNH QUN L MI TRNG
5.1.1 Qun l mi trng trong giai on chun b v xy dng D n Trong giai on chun b, xy dng D n ch d n s thc hin cc bin php qun l mi trng nh sau: - Ch o nh thu xy dng qun l cht ch qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu xy dng v tun th y quy trnh xy dng c bn;
- Ch o xy dng tng bao quanh khun vin khu chn lp trc khi
tin hnh vic san lp mt bng; - Ch o nh thu xy dng qun l cc vt liu xy dng, t thi khi san gt gii phng mt bng phi c xc bc hoc san lp ng quy nh;
- Cm cc loi cht thi xung ngun nc xung quanh khu vc khu chn lp; - Qun l cht ch lc lng lao ng, b tr y ni tm cho cng
nhn xy dng trong giai on thi cng d n. 5.1.2 Qun l mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca khu chn lp Khi khu chn lp i vo hot ng, ban qun l khu chn lp se c k hoch thc hin qun l mi trng bng cc bin php sau:
- Thnh lp ban qun l mi trng gm ngi ng u n v lm
trng ban v c s tham gia ca cc phng ban.

- Lp k hoch theo di, kim tra mi trng cho cc hot ng ca khu
chn lp.
- Cht thi phi c chn lp thnh cc lp ring r trong cc chn lp,
c ngn cch nhau bng cc lp t ph. Trc khi ph t rc thi phi c

san m bng my m mi lp c dy khong 60cm. T trng m nn trc khi ph t l 0,8 tn/m3, chiu dy lp t ph l 15-20 cm.
- Thng xuyn v sinh dng c thit b vn chuyn chn lp rc, v sinh sn
bi v nh bo v Thc hin nghim ngt ch bo him lao ng nhm tng sc khe cho cng ng. - Thnh lp i ng cu mi trng c ng nhm i ph vi thin tai, s c, ri ro mi trng.
- Thc hin nghim ngt vic quan trc, gim st v x l mi trng theo
ng vi chng trnh gim st mi trng t khi vn hnh khu chn lp.

- Trong qu trnh vn hnh khu chn lp th nhng tc ng ca mi
trng, s phn hi ca ngi dn v cht lng mi trng u phi c trnh bo vi c quan qun l mi trng, cc chuyn gia mi trng v UBND cc cp cng tm gii php x l thch hp nhm m bo gim thiu tc ng xu n mi trng t nhin ng thi m bo n nh i sng vn ha tinh thn cng ng.
- Hng nm, m lp o to, tp hun cho cc cn b chuyn trch bo v
mi trng ca D n v ph bin kin thc Bo v mi trng cho cc cn b trong khu chn lp. 5.1.3 Kinh ph thc hin qun l mi trng: Thc hin cng tc qun l mi trng c ch u t gim st v tin hnh theo tin xy dng v hot ng ca D n. Kinh ph xy dng cc cng trnh x l mi trng ca d n, c trnh by trong bng 5.1 v 5.2. Bng 5.1: Khi ton kinh ph cho cc cng trnh XLMT trong GXD. TT Tn cc cng trnh 1 Thng ng rc 120 lt 2 Nh v sinh tm 3 H thng mng thot nc ma tm thi Cng V tnh Ci H thng H thng KL 04 01 01 Th. tin () 4.992.000 20.000.000 100.000.00 0 124.992.00 0 Ghi ch Gi tm tnh
Bng 5.2: Khi ton kinh ph cho cc cng trnh XLMT trong GH T T Tn cng trnh V tnh KL Thanh tin (1.000) Ghi ch
1 2 3 4 5
H cha nc rc + h sinh hc H thng thu v thot nc ma, nc rc H bm, ngm ra xe ch rc Khu v sinh H thng cy xanh Tng cng
ci h ngm khu cy
01 01 01 01
2.000.000. 000 3.465.518. 077 14.042.668 Gi tm tnh 50.000. 000
3.512 351.200.00 0 5.880.760 .745
Chng trinh quan ly mi trng c tng hp trong bang 5.3
Bang 5.3 Chng trinh quan ly mi trng

GH ca D n 1 Cc hot ng ca d n 2 Giai phong mt bng Chun b San gat mt bng Vn chuyn phng tin, thit bi thi Xy cng, NVL Thi cng xy dng dng cac hang muc cng trinh Vn hnh Vn chuyn Tac ng n mi trng khng khi, t, nc Tac ng n mi trng khng khi, KTXH Tac ng n mi trng t, nc, khng khi, KTXH Tac ng n mi trng t, nc, khng khi, mi trng KTXH Phun m t 2 ln/ngay trong sut thi gian xy dng -Bao dng inh ky 3 ln/thang n vi thu thi cng d an n vi thu thi cng n vi thu thi cng Ban QL khu CL Cc tc ng mi trng 3 Tac ng n mi trng t, HST, mi trng KTXH Cc cng trnh, bin php bo v mi trng 4 Ra pha bom min Kinh ph thc hin (ng) 5 381.800.000 Thi gian thc hin v hon thnh 6 2 ngay Trch nhim TCTH 7 n vi thu thi cng Trch nhim gim st 8 -UBND huyn Can Lc - C quan QLMT tai P - UBND huyn Can Lc - C quan QLMT tai P -UBND huyn Can Lc - C quan QLMT tai P -UBND huyn Can Lc - C quan QLMT tai P - UBND huyn Can Lc - C quan QLMT tai P
- Kim tra, bao dng thit bi thng xuyn - Ti m ng vn chuyn - Thung thu gom rac - H thng b t hoat - H thng mng thoat nc tam thi - Kim tra, bao dng thng xuyn phng tin VC
124.992.000
15 ngay - Bao dng inh ky 3 ln/thang
Ch u t: UBND huyn Can Lc C quan t vn: Cng ty CP K thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh
-111-
Chn lp
- HT thu gom va x ly khi gas - HT lng cn va tuyn du m - H thng b t hoai - H sinh hoc Tac ng n mi - HT cac ng thoat nc ma trng t, nc, - Kim tra, bao dng, lp cac 5.880.760.745 9 thang khng khi, sc khoe b phn giam thanh cho cac con ngi thit bi phuc vu hoat ng m, nen rac. - Ngm ra xe - Trng cy xanh cach ly Tac ng n mi trng t, nc Thu gom cht thai rn t cac cng trinh bi thao d
Ban QL khu CL
- UBND huyn Can Lc - C quan QLMT tai P
Giai on thao d, ong ca, ong ca khu phuc hi CL mi trng Cai tao, PHMT
Thao d cac cng trinh
1 ngay
Tac ng n mi trng KTXH Tac ng n mi trng t, nc, khng khi, HST - Trng co hoc cy xanh che phu. - Tai s dung cac chn lp
15 ngay
- UBND huyn Can Lc - C quan QLMT tai P - UBND huyn Can Lc Ban QL - C quan khu CL QLMT tai P - UBND huyn n vi Can Lc thu d an - C quan QLMT tai P n vi thu thi cng
Ch u t: UBND huyn Can Lc C quan t vn: Cng ty CP K thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh
-112-
5.2 CHNG TRNH QUAN TRC V GIM ST MI TRNG
Ni dung ca vic gim st mi trng l theo di s bin i mt s ch tiu ho hc, sinh hc, l hc ca mi trng v cc thng s c th c lin quan khc n hot ng ca d n. Kt qu ca qu trnh gim st cht lng mi trng mt cch c h thng c ngha quan trng khng ch i vi vic pht hin nhng thay i v mi trng kp thi tm cch x l, bo v m cn gp phn nh gi mc chnh xc ca cc d bo cc tc ng mi trng nh nu ra trong chng III ca bo co. Vic kim sot mi trng khu vc khu chn lp s c Ch d n thc hin ng theo quy nh ca Lut BVMT. Trc tip chu s kim tra, theo di, gim st ca c quan qun l mi trng a phng. Chng trnh quan trc v gim st mi trng s c thc hin bao gm: - Gim st mi trng khng kh; - Gim st cht lng mi trng nc; - Gim st CTR. (V tr quan trc v gim st c th hin trong s v tr quan trc v gim st mi trng phn ph lc) 5.2.1 Quan trc mi trng trong giai on xy dng 5.2.1.1 Mi trng khng kh a. Bi tng s, mc n. - V tr: + V tr 1: Pha ngoi ng, trc khi vo khu chn lp (cch cng Khu chn lp khong 50m); + V tr 2: Ti trung tm khu t xy dng khu chn lp. + Vi tri 3: tai khu dn c xa Tung Lc, cach khu chn lp 1,5km v phia ng Bc. - Phng php thc hin: o bng my hin s - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam 26:2010/BTNMT i vi n, Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT i vi bi tng s. b.Kh thi. - V tr:
+ V tr 1: Pha ngoi ng, trc khi vo khu chn lp (cch cng Khu chn lp khong 50m); + V tr 2: Ti trung tm khu t xy dng Khu chn lp. + Vi tri 3: tai khu dn c xa Tung Lc, cach khu chn lp 1,5km v phia ng Bc. - Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. - Cc ch tiu phn tch: SO2, CO, NOx. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT 5.2.1.2. Mi trng nc mt - V tr: Ti im xa nc tam thi ra sng Nghen nm phia ng Nam khu chn lp. - Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. - Phn tch 12 ch tiu sau: pH, DO, TSS, COD, BOD 5, NH4+, NO3-, coliform, mui, Fe, Cu, As. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. 5.2.1.3 Cht thai rn - Phng php thc hin: Kim tra thc t. - i tng: Khi lng rc thi sinh hot, cht thi xy dng. 5.2.1.3 Cc i tng khc - Kim tra vic thc hin cc bin php m bo an ton, v sinh lao ng, phng chng chy n v phng chng cc s c mi trng. * Tn sut gim st trong giai oan xy dng: 04 thang/1 ln. 5.2.2 Quan trc mi trng trong giai on hot ng 5.2.2.1 Mi trngkhng kh a. Bi - Phng php thc hin: o bng my hin s - V tr gim st: + V tr 1: Pha ngoi ng, trc khi vo khu chn lp (cch cng Khu chn lp khong 50m); + V tr 2: Ti ng ni b nm trung tm Khu chn lp. + Vi tri 3: tai khu dn c xa Tung Lc, cach khu chn lp 1,5km v phia ng Bc. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT. b. Kh thi
- Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. - V tr ly mu: + V tr 1: Pha ngoi ng, trc khi vo khu chn lp (cch cng Khu chn lp khong 50m); + V tr 2: Ti ng ni b nm trung tm Khu chn lp. + Vi tri 3: tai khu dn c xa Tung Lc, cach khu chn lp 1,5km v phia ng Bc. - Phn tch 03 ch tiu sau: SO2, CO, NO2, H2S, CH4, NH3. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT
5.2.2.2 Cht lng nc
a. Mi trng nc mt (01 mu) - V tr: Ti mng thot nc chay ra sng Nghen. - Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. Phn tch 12 ch tiu sau: pH, DO, TSS, COD, BOD5, NH4+, NO3-, coliform, mui, Fe, Cu, As. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. b. Mi trng nc di t (01 mu) - V tr: Ti ging h ng Ng c Canh, xom Nam Sn. - Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. - Phn tch 11 ch tiu sau: pH, cng (CaCO3), NO2-, Cl-, SO42-, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, As, Coliform. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT c. Nc thi ca khu chn lp: - V tr: Ti ca x ca h thng x ly nc thai trc khi thoat ra sng Nghen. Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. - Phn tch 4 ch tiu sau: BOD5, COD, Tng Nit, Amoni tnh theo N; - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT (ct B2). 5.2.2.3. Hoat ng vn chuyn rac - Phng phap giam sat: Kim tra thc t - i tng giam sat: Tai trong vn chuyn, cht lng phng tin vn chuyn, y thc thc hin quy inh trong vn chuyn. 5.2.2.4. Cht thai rn - Phng php gim st: Kim tra thc t. - i tng: Rc thi sinh hot.
5.2.2.5 Cc i tng khc: - Kim tra vic thc hin cc bin php m bo v sinh mi trng v phng chng cc s c mi trng. - Kim tra tnh n nh v hiu qu ca h thng x l mi trng. * Tn sut gim st cht lng mi trng trong giai oan vn hanh: 04 thang/ln. 5.2.3. Quan trc va giam sat mi trng sau khi ong ca khu chn lp 5.2.3.1. Mi trngkhng kh - V tr ly mu: + V tr 1: Pha ngoi ng, trc khi vo khu chn lp (cch cng Khu chn lp khong 50m); + V tr 2: Ti ng ni b nm trung tm Khu chn lp. + Vi tri 3: Tai khu dn c xa Tung Lc, cach khu chn lp 1,5km v phia ng Bc. - Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. - Phn tch 03 ch tiu sau: SO2, CO, NO2, H2S, CH4, NH3. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT, Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 06:2009/BTNMT. 5.2.3.2. Cht lng nc a. Mi trng nc mt (01 mu) - V tr: Ti mng thot nc chay ra sng Nghen. - Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. - Phn tch 12 ch tiu sau: pH, DO, TSS, COD, BOD5, NH4+, NO3-, coliform, mui, Fe, Cu, As. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. b. Mi trng nc di t (01 mu) - V tr: Ti ging h ng Ng c Canh, xom Nam Sn. - Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch. - Phn tch 11 ch tiu sau: pH, cng (CaCO3), NO2-, Cl-, SO42-, Mn, Cu, Fe, Zn, As, Coliform. - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 09:2008/BTNMT. c. Nc thi ca khu chn lp: - V tr: Ti ca x ca h thng x ly nc thai trc khi thoat ra sng Nghen. - Phng php thc hin: Ly mu phn tch.
- Phn tch 4 ch tiu sau: BOD5, COD, Tng Nit, Amoni tnh theo N; - Tiu chun so snh: Quy chun Vit Nam QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT (ct B2). * Tn sut giam sat mi trng sau khi ong ca khu chn lp: 1 ln/nm. 5.2.4 D tr kinh ph quan trc mi trng Cn c theo "Quyt nh s 03/2011/Q-UBND ngy 10 thng 03 nm 2011 ca UBND tnh H Tnh v vic ban hnh b n gi quan trc phn tch mi trng trn a bn tnh H Tnh", kinh ph tnh cho vic gim st cht lng mi trng t, nc, khng kh, iu kin v sinh mi trng lao ng cho tng giai on c tnh trong bng 5.4 v 5.5 Bng 5.4 D tr kinh ph cho 1 ln quan trc mi trng trong giai on xy dng TT
1.
Hng mc o cc thng s n, bi
S lng
(mu)
n gi 154.000 (theo QD 03: bui: 77.000, ting n khu cng nghip va d thi: 77.000) 1.095.000 1.995.000
03
Thnh tin () 462.000
2. 3.
Phn tch mu kh (3 ch tiu) Phn tch mu nc mt (12 ch tiu)
03 01
3.285.000 1.995.000
n gia chi tiu: Thay chi tiu tng cht hoat ng b mt = mui
4. 5. 6.
Kim tra CTR v cc i tng khc Lp bo co kt qu Phng tin i li Tng cng
500.000 1.000.000 1.000.000 8.242.000
D ton kinh ph cho 1 ln quan trc v gim st mi trng trong giai on xy dng ca Khu chn lp huyn Can Lc l 8.242.000 ng. Vy kinh phi quan
trc va giam sat mi trng trong giai oan xy dng la 24.726.000 ng/nm (Hai mi t triu bay trm hai mi sau nghin ng). Bng 5.5 D tr kinh ph cho 1 ln quan trc mi trng trong giai on hot ng TT 1 2 Hng mc o cc thng s bi Phn tch mu kh (6 ch tiu) (3 chi tiu H2S, CH4, NH3 ly theo n gia phn tich cua Ngh An) PT mu nc mt (12 ch tiu) PT mu nc di t (11 ch tiu) PT mu nc thi (4 ch tiu) Hot ng vn chuyn rc Kim tra CTR v cc i tng khc Lp bo co kt qu Phng tin i li Tng cng S lng
(mu)
n gi 154.000 2.261.000
03 03
Thnh tin () 462.000 6.783.000
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
01 01 01
1.995.000 2.094.000 738.000 1.000.000 500.000 1.000.000 1.000.000
1.995.000 2.094.000 737.000 1.000.000 500.000 1.000.000 1.000.000 15.571.000
D ton kinh ph cho 1 ln quan trc v gim st mi trng trong giai on hot ng ca khu chn lp huyn Can Lc l 15.571.000 ng, kinh phi quan trc va giam sat mi trng hang nm trong giai oan hoat ng la 46.713.000 ng/nm (Bn mi sau triu bay trm mi ba nghin ng). Bng 5.6 D tr kinh ph cho 1 ln quan trc mi trng sau khi ng ca khu chn lp TT 1 2 3 4 5 Hng mc Phn tch mu kh (6 ch tiu) PT mu nc mt (12 ch tiu) PT mu nc thi (4 ch tiu) Lp bo co kt qu Phng tin i li Tng cng S lng
(mu)
n gi 2.261.000 1.995.000 737.000
03 01 01
Thnh tin () 6.783.000 1.995.000 737.000 1.000.000 1.000.000 11.515.000
D ton kinh ph cho quan trc v gim st mi trng hang nm trong sau khi ong ca khu chn lp l 11.515.000 ng/nm (Mi mt triu nm trm mi lm nghin ng).
Chng VI Tham vn kin cng ng Theo quy nh ca Lut Bo v Mi trng Vit Nam, c Quc hi thng qua ngy 29/11/2005 v c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01/7/2006; Thng t s 26/2011/TTBTNMT ngy 18 thng 7 nm 2011 ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh chi tit mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 29/2011/N-CP th qu trnh lp bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng phi c kin ng gp ca a phng ni thc hin d n. Do , UBND huyn Can Lc a t chc tham vn kin cc t chc on th chnh quyn cp ia phng ni trin khai D n lm r v ni dung bn bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, cc tc ng mi trng ca d n gy ra v cam kt thc hin cc bin php gim thiu v bo v mi trng trong c giai on xy dng v khi d n i vo hot ng. UBND huyn nhn c cc kin ng gp ca y ban Nhn dn v y ban Mt trn T quc Thi trn Nghen huyn Can Lc va co y kin phan hi. Cu th nh sau:
6.1 KIN CA UBND V UBMTTQ THI TRN NGHEN
Ni dung ng gp kin ca y ban Nhn dn v y ban Mt trn T quc Thi trn Nghen c chng ti tng hp nh sau:
1. V v tr ca d n: a phng ng y trin khai d an tai ia phn Thi
trn Nghen nh quyt inh cua UBND tinh Ha Tinh va UBND huyn Can Lc. 2. Cc tc ng ca d n ti mi trng: - nhim khng khi; - nhim t; - nhim ngun nc (c bit la nc ngm); - Lam thay i canh quan, muc ich s dung t.
3. Cac bin phap giam thiu tac ng n mi trng do qua trinh xy dng va hoat ng cua khu chn lp cht thai rn tai Thi trn Nghen: Chu u t cn phi hp vi bn B (chu thu xy dng) thc hin nghim tuc cac giai phap bao v mi trng trong qua trinh thc hin d an, co s giam sat cht che cua c quan quan ly co thm quyn tai ia phng.
6.2 KIN CA CH U T
Sau khi nhn c cc kin ng gp t cc cp chnh quyn Thi trn Nghen v cc ngnh lin quan , UBND huyn Can Lc thng nht thc hin cc ni dung sau: - Thc hin nghim tc cc bin php phng nga v gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng do qu trnh trin khai d n gy ra nh trong bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng c ph duyt; - Thng xuyn phi hp chnh quyn a phng trong cng tc bo v mi trng theo ng quy nh ca Lut Mi trng Vit Nam nm 2005; - Hng ng v h tr cc phong tro bo v mi trng chung ti a phng; - Thc hin y cc quy nh ca cc ban ngnh qun l ca a phng v mi trng i vi khu vc cng nh i vi d n. - C chnh sch u tin trong vic tuyn dng lao ng ti a phng khi xy dng cng nh khi cng trnh i vo hot ng.
Kt lun, kin ngh v cam kt I. KT LUN 1. Vic u t d n: xy dng khu x l cht thi rn huyn Can Lc l hon ton ph hp vi iu kin kinh t cng nh pht trin x hi ca khu vc huyn Can Lc ni chung cng nh tnh H Tnh ni ring. p ng kp thi nhu cu cp bch v v sinh mi trng cho Th trn Nghn v cc vng ln cn. 2. Khu chn lp huyn Can Lc khi i vo hot ng s xut hin cc ngun gy nhim mi trng nh kh thi, nc thi, bi ...... vi ti lng nhim cao cng nh cc s c v mi trng c kh nng gy nh hng trn din rng nu khng quan tm x l. 3. Vic x l cc cht thi c bit l nc r rc v kh gas ca khu chn lp l vic lm ht sc cn thit trong qu trnh hot ng ca khu chn lp. Nc r rc s tc ng ti mi trng nc ngm v nc mt nu khng c x l ng quy nh, tc ng ny c nh gi l tiu cc nht nhng c th kim sot c nu nh ch d n thc hin ng quy trnh k thut nu trong bo co. 4. Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng ny sau khi c hi ng thm nh gp , chnh sa v ra quyt nh ph chun s l cn c php l gip cho cc c quan qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng trong vic kim tra gim st cht lng mi trng ng thi cung cp nhng s liu ti liu thch hp phc v chng trnh bo v mi trng. II. KIN NGH UBND huyn Can Lc knh ngh S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh H Tnh xem xt, sm thm nh va trinh UBND tinh ph duyt Bo co TM ca d n, to iu kin thun li trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng v a Khu chn lp i vo hot ng, m bo cc tiu chun v bo v mi trng.
III. CAM KT CA CH D N - Cam kt trong giai on xy dng c bn: + Bt buc n vi thi cng cam kt thc hin nghim tuc cac bin phap bao v mi trng trong qua trinh thi cng trong hp ng hoc h u thu thi cng. + Tun th cc quy nh v thit k k thut ca d n. + Tun th cc quy nh trong xy dng c bn v vn chuyn vt liu: che chn cc phng tin vn ti, khng vng vi cc vt liu. + Thu gom v x l kp thi cc cht thi pht sinh trong giai on xy dng, thc hin vic tit kim vt t, vt liu. + t thi, t san nn v cc loi vt liu xy dng khc s c tp kt ng ni quy nh v c bin php x l thch hp. + i vi cht thi sinh hot: cht thi lng c thu gom v x l t quy chun QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT; i vi CTR v c s thu gom v quay vng x l ngay ti khu chn lp. + Thc hin ng ni quy v an ton lao ng, phng chy cha chy v phng chng chy n. + ng cu kp thi cc s c, ri ro mi trng v phng trnh thin tai. + Xy dng v ng quy cch cc cng trnh lin quan ti bo v mi trng trc khi D n i vo hot ng. - Cam kt trong giai on hot ng: + Tin hanh lp h s nghi kim tra xac nhn vic a thc hin cac cng trinh, bin phap bao v mi trng phuc vu giai oan vn hanh bai chn lp trc khi d an i vao vn hanh chinh thc; + Thc hin lp h s xa thai nao ngun nc trinh c quan co thm quyn thm inh, cp phep trc khi a d an vao vn hanh; + Bt buc n vi vn hanh bai chn lp thc hin nghim tuc cac bin phap bao v mi trng trong qua trinh vn hanh bai chn lp trong hp ng hoc vn ban ban giao cng trinh; + Thc hin y bin php thu gom, c lp cht thi; + Rc thi sinh hot s c thu gom, phn loi ti ngun v a vo chn lp ti khu chn lp;
+ Nc thi ca khu chn lp s c x l t QCVN 25:2009/BTNMT (ct B2) trc khi thi ra mi trng xung quanh. Nc thi c thu gom trit khng r r, ng hoc chy trn ra mt bng; + i vi kh thi pht sinh t cc thit b, phng tin hot ng vn chuyn rc c kim sot trong gii hn thi trn c s tiu chun QCVN 05:2009/BTNMT; + m bo an ton lao ng v phng chng cc s c, ri ro trong qu trnh hot ng ca khu chn lp; + Thc hin cc bin php bo v mi trng i vi mi trng sinh thi cnh quan quanh khu vc khu chn lp; + Tng cng thm thc vt, m bo din tch cy xanh theo tiu chun trong khu chn lp nhm to sinh thi cnh quan v gim thiu pht tn bi, cht nhim trong t v nc; + Thc hin y nhng quy nh ca php lut v bo v mi trng; + Phi hp cht ch vi S Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Phng Ti nguyn v Mi trng huyn trong vic kim tra, gim st mi trng khu vc khu chn lp theo ng cc quy nh hin hnh.
CAC TAI LIU, D LIU THAM KHAO - Ti liu v iu kin t nhin, kinh t - x hi ca huyn Can Lc v Thi trn Nghen. - S liu iu tra, kho st hin trng v kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu mi trng do Cng ty CP k thut Ti nguyn v Mi trng Ngh Tnh thc hin thng 09 nm 2011; - Nin gim thng k tnh H Tnh nm 2010, Vit Nam, 2011, Tng cuc thng k, Nha xut ban Khoa hoc ky thut; - K thut mi trng, Vit Nam, 2011, Hong Kim C, Nha xut ban Khoa hoc ky thut; - nhim khng kh v x l kh thi, Vit Nam, 2001, Vin khoa hoc vt liu, Nha xut ban Khoa hoc ky thut; - nh mc d ton chuyn ngnh v sinh mi trng th, Vit Nam, 2001, Vin Khoa hc vt liu, Nha xut ban Xy dng; - Assessment of Air, Water and Land Pollution. Part one: Rapid Inventory Techniques in Environmental Pollution, 1993, WHO, GENEVA, Vin Khoa hc vt
liu, Vit Nam; - Qun l cht thi rn nguy hi, Vit Nam, 2003, PGS.TS Nguyn c Khin, Nha xut ban Xy dng; - nh gi tc ng mi trng, Vit Nam, 2000, PGS. TS Hong Xun C, Nha xut ban i hc Quc gia H Ni. - nh gi tc ng mi trng phng php lun v kinh nghim thc tin, Vit Nam, 2000, GS.TS L Thc Cn, Nha xut ban i hc Quc gia H Ni. - Thot nc v x l nc thi Cng nghip, Vit Nam, 1998, GS.TS Trn Hiu Nhu, Nh xut bn Khoa hc K thut H Ni. - Qun l Cht thi rn - Tp 1: Cht thi rn th, Vit Nam, 2011, GS.TS Trn Hiu Nhu, TS. ng Quc Dng, TS. Nguyn Th Kim Thi, Nh xut bn Xy dng H Ni. - Qun l mi trng th v Khu Cng Nghip, Vit Nam, 2000, GS. TSKH Phm Ngc ng, Nh xut bn Xy dng - H Ni. - Mi trng v nhim, Vit Nam, 1995, L Vn Khoa, Nh xut bn Gio dc. - a cht mi trng, Vit Nam, 1998, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh. - Cng ngh x l rc Seraphin - Bi rc ng Vinh - Ngh An. - K thut mi trng. Nh xut bn gio dc 2004. - S tay x l nc, Nh xut bn Xy dng - H Ni 1999. - Bo co TM D n Bi x l cht thi rn sinh hot trung tm huyn l Cm Xuyn, H Tnh 2008. - Cng ngh x l rc thi bng bin php ym kh tu nghi A.B.T - Cng ty Cng trnh th Ninh Thun. - Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin php ym kh tu nghi A.P.T - Cng ty Cng trnh th Ninh Thun. - Chuyn kho nc di t cc ng bng ven bin Bc Trung B, Vit Nam, 1996, Vin thng tin t liu a cht, H Ni. - Tiu chun xy dng Vit Nam TCXDVN 261: 2001 - Bi chn lp cht thi rn - Tiu chun thit k. - Quan Trc v kim sot nhim mi trng nc, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, nm 1997. - Tuyn tp bo co ti Hi tho ln th nht v nh gi tc ng mi trng. H Ni 1997.
- Tuyn tp bo co ti Hi tho Cng ngh x l cht thi rn sinh hot th - Tha Thin Hu 2006.
Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng D n u t xy dng bi rc huyn Lc H
PHN PH LC
Ch u t: UBND huyn Lc H C quan t vn: Cng ty CP K thut TN&MT Ngh Tnh
-12 6-
PH LC 1 CC VN BN PHP L LIN QUAN
-12 7-
PH LC 2 MT S BN V LIN QUAN N D N
-12 8-
PH LC 3 CC KT QA PHN TCH MI TRNG
-12 9-
PH LC 4 KIN THAM VN CNG NG TI THI TRN NGHEN
-13 0-
PH LC 5 MT S HNH NH LIN QUAN N D N
-13 1-

DTM - Bai Cho Lap Rac CanLoc1

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Bo co TM d n u t xy dng khu x l CTR huyn Can Lc giai on I ti Th trn Nghn, huyn Can Lc, tnh H Tnh

TOM TT BAO CAO ANH GIA TAC NG MI TRNG

2. CN C PHP LUT V K THUT CA VIC THC HIN TM

v cc Quy chun k thut v Mi trng;

L Anh Ngc Nguyn Th Thanh Huyn L Th Tuyt Nhung

Nhn vin Nhn vin

10 Giao thng nhnh Tng khu t quy hoch

2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

0,6 0,6 0,58 0,57 0,54 0,52 0,51 0,5 0,49

12.556 12.631 12.704 12.777 12.846 12.913 12.979 13.043 13.107

33.803 34.005 34.203 34.398 34.583 34.763 34.940 35.115 35.287

8,00 8,05 8,10 8,15 9,83 9,88 9,93 9,98 10,03

17,75 17,85 17,96 18,06 21,79 21,90 22,01 22,12 22,23

25,75 25,91 26,06 26,20 31,61 31,78 31,94 32,10 32,26

9.399,02 9.455,42 9.510,26 9.564,47 11.539,34 11.599,34 11.658,50 11.716,79 11.774,20

Rc pht sinh trong cng ng

Chic Chic Ci Chic Chic Ci B Ci B

CHNG 2 IU KIN T NHIN, MI TRNG V KINH T - X HI

2.1.1. iu kin v a l, a cht 2.1.1.1. c im a hnh:

Bng 2.1: Bin trnh nhit khng kh ti trm H Tnh

Cc thng trong nm 2010

Ngun: Trung tm D bo Kh tng thu vn H Tnh

Cc thng trong nm 2009 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 89 82 79 69 68 78 8 8 1 3 55 45 48 47 46 50 5 6 0 0 Cc thng trong nm 2010 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 85 82 76 69 66 70 8 9 4 2 42 50 50 49 47 45 5 6 1 3

Ngun: Trung tm D bo Kh tng thu vn H Tnh

Ngun: Nin gim thng k tnh H Tnh, nm 2010

thnh ph H Tnh nhng c c th dao ng mnh, bin dao ng xp x 1000mm/nm.

Lng bc hi: Bng 2.4: Cc c trng v bc hi vng H Tnh

Cc c trng v lng bc hi ca khu vc H Tnh nu trong bng 2.4.

Gi tr 66,64 131,18 24,97

Ngun: Nin gim thng k tnh H Tnh, nm 2010

Ch tiu pHKCL N P2O5 K2O Ca2+ Mg2+ CEC Fe3+ Al3+

n v % % % % Meq/100g t Meq/100g t Meq/100g t Meq/100g t Meq/100g t

pH DO BOD5 COD mui Cu As TSS Fe NH4 NO3Coliform

5,5-9 4 15 30 0,5 0,05 50 1,5 0,5 10 7500

Ngun: Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin TN&MT, nm

Ngun: Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin TN&MT, nm

QCVN 26:2010/BTNMT: Quy chun K tht Quc gia v ting n.

Bnh tim mch Bnh ph khoa Bnh da liu Bnh st rt HIV/AIDS

0,17 0,73 0,56 0,1 0

Ngun: Trm Y t Th Trn Nghn cung cp nm 2011

Ngun: UBND Th Trn Nghn cung cp nm 2011

SO2: 7,8 x 8,98 70,04kg; Mui khi: 16 x 8,98

(Ngun: nhim khng kh v x l kh thi - NXB Khoa hc v K thut)

Cht thi nguy hi

Xe ti ln ng 1000km 2 c Diesel 3,5-16 tn du tn Trung bnh 1000km

QCVN 26:2010: Ting n khu vc cng cng v dn c: 70 dBA (6-18h)

H2S nn c tc ng mnh n h h hp.

Ngun: Vin K thut nhit i v Bo v mi trng

Cc cht hu c Cht rn l lng Cc cht (N,P) Cc vi khun

Bang 3.12. Mc chi tit, tin cy cua cac anh gia

Nc thi sau khi x l

Nc lau chi, git, nh n Nc thi t b t hoi

ng thng hi hc 4 B t hoi (k kh)

Hnh 4.5 s x l nc thi trong h sinh hc

Ngn lng 2 + hiu kh

Hnh 4.7 Cu to ca ngn lc thc vt

xxxx xxx x x x x xx xx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xx

xxxx xxx x x x x xx xx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xx

xxxx xxx x x x x xx xx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xx

xxxx xxx x x x x xx xx xxxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xx

H thng phao neo c nh b thc vt

Dng nc thi sau khi x l

4.2. Bin php phng nga, ng ph vi cc ri ro, s c.