Cch gi tn hp cht hu c Hm trc lp pi hc n phn Hu c ca lp 11, mi my bi u nn cn hi l m v cch gi tn h/c h/c. Chng hn nh v tr cc nguyn t C, cch nh s cc nguyn t C. T hi l my bi y ch nh s ri c tn ch khng hng dn nh s th no.

Thy bo my bi sau thy s hng dn. nh v nh ri c sch nhng li qun khng mang SGK Ha v Th nn ln net search c ci ny, tin tay post ln y c ai nh pi th xem. Thy c my ci v danh php IUPAC nhng pi thy ging trong SGK nn khng post.

Quy nh v s dng cc ch s v tr v cc loi du trong danh php IUPAC

I) Cc ch s v v tr:cc ch s v tr cu cc nhm th v nhm chc l nhng ch s Rp ( 1,2,3,)cc ch ci Hy Lp( anpha, bta, gamma) hoc ch ci La tinh( O, N, P).Nhiu ting nc ngoi vit l locant. -trc y I cha quy nh c th v tr t cc locant trong tn gi hp cht hu c, nn tn ti nhiu cch vit khc nhau.th d: CH3CH2CH=CH2 c th vit l 1-buten hay buten-1 hoc but-1-en CH3CH2CH2OH c th vit l 2-propanol hay propanol-2 hoc propan-2-ol -gn y I quy nh r rng tt c cc locant d l s hay ch ci cn c t ngay trc b phn c lin quan cu tn gi hp cht hu c.Th d: CH3CH2CH=CH2 gi l : but-1-en CH3-CHOH-CH3 gi l : propan-2-ol CH2=C(C2H5)CH=CH2:2-etylbuta-1,3-ien II) Du phy, du gch ni, khong trng : locant, locant ch ch locant-ch ch-locant

Cch c tn cc hp cht d vng:

+Kch thc ca vng c ch bng thn ch ir, et, ol, in, ep, on, oc, ec tng ng cc vng 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 cnh. +Loi d t c mt c ch bng cc tip u ng oxa, thia, aza tng ng oxi, lu hunh, nit. Khi c mt hai hay nhiu d t th th t c v nh s u tn nh sau : oxi > lu hunh > nit. V d oxaza, thiaza. +Ta phn ra hai loi l d vng cha nit v d vng khng cha nit. d vng cha nit: Cha no: -irin- , -et , -ol , -in, -epin , -ocin , -onin , -ecin . Lu cha no y l cha ti a ni i trong vng, khng tnh cc ni i t tp. No: -iridin , -etidin , -olidin , cc d vng nit no nhiu C hn ta thm tip u ng pehidro c gn vi thn ch v tip v ng ca hp cht cha no u dy. d vng m d t khc nit: (i vi mi vng ta xc nh mt d t chnh theo th t t oxi > lu hunh > nit ) Cha no: -iren- , -et , -ol , -in , -epin , -ocin , -onin , -ecin No: -iran , -etan , -olan , -an , -epan , -ocan , -onan , -ecan. +Vic nh s trong vng bt u t d t v i quanh vng theo chiu no khin cho cc nhm th (hay cc d t khc ) c s v tr thp nht. Khi c hai hay nhiu d t khc nhau oxy nh trc ri n lu hunh, nit. 1

+Hp cht c vng b kh mt phn c xem l dn xut ca hidro v c nu r bng cch gn k hiu H vo s ch v tr ca bo ha i vi tn hp cht. Phn tch: Do vng nm cnh nn thn ch l ol, ta thy vng trn l dn xut dihidro ca vng no( c s ni i cc i ), thn ch + tip v ng l ol. Nn tn c bn s l 2,3-dihidroazol, ta lc b cha o.

Cc bc gi tn hp cht hu c phc tp:

- Bc 1: Chn mch C chnh. l mch C di nht hoc t C nhng cha ni i, ni ba, nhm th, nhm chc, - Bc 2 : nh s th t cc nguyn t C (bng ch s rp) trong mch chnh xut pht t pha gn nhm chc, ni i, ni ba, nhm th, mch nhnh. Quy tc nh s. u tin nh s ln lt theo th t. Nhm chc ni i ni ba mch nhnh. i vi hp cht tp chc th u tin ln lt: Axit anehit ru. - Bc 3: Xc nh cc nhm th v v tr ca chng trn mch C chnh. - Bc 4: Gi tn. + Trc tin gi tn cc nhm th v v tr ca chng trn mch C chnh, cui cng gi tn hp cht vi mch C chnh. Ch : Mch cacbon phi lin tc, khng c nguyn t khc chen vo gia, v d i vi cht + Nu c nhiu nhm th ging nhau th gp chng li v thm t i (2), tri (3), tetra (4), penta (5), + Theo quy tc: Con s ch v tr ca nhm th t trc tn gi ca n, con s ch v tr ni i, ni ba v nhm chc ( mch C chnh) t pha sau.

V d: Gi tn cc hp cht sau. Ch : Hin nay cng tn ti mt cch gi tn l t v tr ca ni i, ni ba, nhm chc pha trc tn gi. V d: : 2-buten ; : 1,3 - butaien ;

Cho tn gi, vit cng thc cu to:

Vic u tin l da vo ui ca tn gi xc nh cht ng vi mch cacbon chnh. V d: Vit CTCT ca nhng cht c tn sau: + 1, 1, 2, 2 - tetracloetan Ta i t ui an (hirocacbon no) etan (c 2C), tetraclo (c 4 clo th cc v tr 1, 1, 2, 2). Do CTCT: .