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Chng 3 CNG NGH ADSL

3.1 Tng quan v ADSL
3.1.1 Khi nim v ADSL ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line), cng ngh ng dy thu bao s bt i xng nh c cp mc 2.4.3 l mt cng ngh c s dng ph bin thuc h cng ngh xDSL. V thc cht th ADSL l mt cng ngh iu ch/gii iu ch cho php s dng ng dy in thoi xon i hin c c th truyn dn nhiu nh dng s liu tc cao khc nhau bn cnh dch v thoi truyn thng. ADSL c th ng thi truyn ti c dch v thoi v dch v s liu tc cao th cu hnh ADSL phi c c MODEM ADSL v b tch (Splitter) nh hnh v sau:
Hnh 3. 1 Cu hnh ADSL c bn Vi cu hnh trn th mt i dy cp ng xon c th truyn ti: thng tin thoi thng thng trong di t 0 n 3,4 KHz, lung s liu ln t khch hng trong di 30 KHz n 138 KHz v lung s liu xung my tnh khch hng ln ti 1104 KHz. Nh vy c im ca ADSL l truyn s liu bt i xng do bng tn dnh cho lung ln hp hn rt nhiu so vi bng tn dnh cho s liu xung. S khng i xng ca ADSL t ra ph hp vi cc dch v truy cp Internet, Video theo yu cu v truy cp LAN t xa v.v, mt lot cc dch v hin ang rt pht trin trn nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Nhng khch hng s dng ADSL cng l nhng ngi c nhu cu nhn thng tin nhiu hn l phn thng tin h gi i. ADSL l s la chn s mt truy nhp mng bng rng vi th phn chim hn 60% so vi cc cng ngh truy nhp bng rng khc. Hin nay ADSL hin din ti mi vng lnh th trn th gii. ADSL c th cung cp lung s liu xung vi tc t 1,5 7 Mb/s v lung s liu hng ln c tc t 9,6 800 Kb/s vi khong cch vng lp ti a l 5,5 Km. Tuy nhin tc thc t ADSL t c ph thuc vo tnh trng dy dn, nh hng ca tc ng bn ngoi v chiu di thc vng thu bao. Bng
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3.2 ch ra quan h gia tc s liu ADSL vi ng knh dy dn v khong cch. Tc s liu (Mb/s) 1,5 2 1,5 2 6,1 6,1 Loi dy (AWG) 24 26 24 26 ng knh dy (mm) 0,5 0,4 0,5 0,4 Khong cch (Km) 5,5 4,6 3,7 2,7
Hnh 3. 2 Bng quan h gia tc ADSL vi dy dn v khong cch 3.1.2 u v nhc ca ADSL
3.1.2.1 u im
- Tc bit v rng bng tn trong ADSL c c im l hng ln nh hn nhiu so vi hng xung. Do tnh trng nhiu xuyn m u gn (NEXT) s c gim i rt nhiu - Kt ni ADSL hoc thoi lun lin tc v sn sng, khi kt ni khng cn quay s (do khng tnh cc ni ht), khng c tn hiu bn. - Tc s liu cao, ln hn gp 140 ln so vi modem tng t. - tin cy v bo mt cao. - Cc ph bao thng v gi thnh hiu qu, gi thit b u cui (modem v router) rt cnh tranh, vic thay i hay lp t thit b khng tn km nhiu. - Nu cc thnh phn ca ADSL b li th ng dy s vn hot ng vi vai tr ca dch v in thoi truyn thng POTS.
3.1.2.2 Nhc im
- ADSL khng trin khai c cho tt c mi ng dy thu bao. - Tc ADSL ph thuc nhiu vo khong cch t thu bao n DSLAM, vng thu bao cng di th tc cng thp. - Tc cao ca ADSL ch t c ti mt s thi im trong ngy v gi c ca ADSL cn lm cho ngi s dng u tin c cm gic cao. - Tc lung ln ca ADSL l kh thp so vi tc lung xung. 3.1.3 Kin trc dch v tng qut ADSL Cng ngh ADSL khng ch n thun l mt cch download nhanh cc trang web Internet v my tnh c nhn gia nh m ADSL l mt phn trong mt kin trc ni mng tng th h tr mnh m cho ngi s dng tt c cc
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dng dch v thng tin tc cao. y dch v thng tin tc cao c ngha l thng tin c tc d liu t 1 hay 2 Mbps tr ln. Di y l mt mng thng tin tc cao da trn cng ngh ADSL:
Hnh 3. 3 Mng thng tin tc cao da trn ADSL Cc hnh 3.4 v 3.5 l cu hnh thc t ca h thng ADSL trong trng hp khng c DLC v c DLC:
Hnh 3. 4 Kin trc mng ADSL khng c DLC
Hnh 3. 5 Kin trc mng ADSL c DLC (ADSL G.Lite) c th s dng cc dch v tc cao nh hnh v trn th khch hng ch cn trang b mt MODEM ADSL (v c thm splitter nu l ADSL G.DMT). Modem ny h tr c tn hiu thoi tng t v kt ni vi cc my in thoi hin ti nh khch hng qua cng RJ11. Cc cng giao tip khc c th l cng
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Ethernet 10-Base-T kt ni vi PC hay SET-TOP-BOX phc v cho cc nhu cu truy nhp Internet hay Video theo yu cu. tng i, c tn hiu bng rng v tn hiu bng hp s c tp trung ti nt truy nhp. Phn tn hiu thoi tng t sau khi c lc thng qua b Splitter s c mang n khi chuyn mch ti tng i trung tm (CO). ng thi ti nt truy nhp s tp trung nhiu ng dy ADSL tc cao li vi nhau chuyn ti cc my ch phc v (Server) thng qua h thng truyn ti ATM, Frame Relay, hay qua TCP/IP Router. Phn ti sn pha khch hng CPE ca ADSL G.DMT v ADSL G.Lite l khc nhau nh hnh v 3.5. Trong G.Lite thay v phi lp t b tch POTS ngi ta lp t cc b vi lc vi u im d lp t v gi thnh r hn nhng tc s liu trn ADSL km hn.
Hnh 3. 6 So snh CPE ca G.DMT v G.Lite 3.1.4 Tiu chun ha ADSL Cng ging nh cc cng ngh trin khai hng lot trn th trng khc, vic tiu chun ha ADSL rt quan trng trong vic cho php cc modem ca nhiu nh sn xut c th lm vic vi nhau. Lin minh Vin thng quc t (ITU) chu trch nhim i vi cc tiu chun modem ton cu lp vt l. Cng vic ca ITU c tr gip bi cc t chc tiu chun khc - t chc quan trng nht trong s l Vin Tiu chun Quc gia Hoa k (ANSI) v Vin Tiu chun Vin thng Chu u (ETSI). Ngoi ra ADSL Forum v UAWG l cc nhm cng tc cng nghip cng cung cp d liu u vo cho qu trnh tiu chun ha ITU. ADSL Forum chu trch nhim pht trin cc khuyn ngh cho c truyn ti dng gi v t bo qua ADSL. UAWG cng chu trch nhim cho vic tng tc qu trnh tiu chun ha ADSL lite thng qua ITU. Hin nay ADSL c cc tiu chun chnh sau: - ANSI T1.413: c xem l tiu chun ADSL m ban u da trn m ng truyn DMT. C hai phin bn: T1.413i1 nh ngha mt s kh nng v tnh nng ty chn bao gm kh ting vng, iu ch m trellis, tr kp (nhm h tr c lu lng nhy cm vi tr nh thoi v lu lng khng nhy cm vi tr
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nh s liu); T1.413i2 nh ngha cc ty chn b sung nh truyn tham kho, nh thi mng, truyn STM hoc ATM, v ch khung mo u gim. T1.413 ch p ng cho cc h thng hot ng trong bng tn trn POTS v l tiu chun ch dng cho khu vc Bc M. - ITU-T G.992: c pht trin da trn nn ca T1.413. C hai phin bn: G.992.1 (G.dmt) l phin bn quc t ca T1.413i2 vi cc ph lc km theo cho ADSL fullrate; G.992.2 (G.lite) l tiu chun ADSL lite h tr truy cp Internet trin khai hng lot v cc ng dng khc. G.lite h tr tc s liu thp hn T1.413/g.dmt, khng yu cu b tch ti nh khch hng, ch h tr truyn ti ATM, ch h tr tr n, tch hp cc chc nng fast retraining v qun l ngun. G.dmt cung cp cc phn ring bit cho cc yu cu ca cc h thng hot ng (a) trong bng tn trn POTS, (b) trong bng tn trn ISDN v (c) trong cng mt cp vi ISDN. Ngoi ra ITU-T cn c cc tiu chun ph tr cho hot ng ca h thng ADSL nh G.994.1 (G.hs) Cc th tc bt tay (handshake) cho hot ng gia cc modem G.992.1 v G.992.2, G.996.1 (G.test) Cc th tc kim tra cc modem xDSL, G.997.1 (G.ploam) qui nh hot ng lp vt l, qun l v bo tr cc modem xDSL.
3.2 Cc k thut m ha trong ADSL

C DMT v CAP u l cc m ng truyn hiu qu c thit k tn dng lng bng tn ln nm trn di thng ca tn hiu thoi tng t. M ng truyn n gin l quyt nh cc bit 0 v 1 c pht i t ATU-R v ATU-C nh th no. Mt m ng truyn hon ho phi hot ng tt ngay c trong cc iu kin ng dy khng tt, k c s c mt ca nhiu, xuyn m v cc yu t nh hng khc nh cc cu r v kch c dy hn hp. Tuy nhin, DMT v CAP v c bn l khc nhau trong qu trnh thc hin. V vy, mt b thu pht DMT khng th hot ng chung vi mt b thu pht da trn CAP. u im ca DMT so vi CAP c tranh lun ny la trong cc cuc tho lun ca nhm cng tc tiu chun, trong cc tp ch k thut v trn cc phng tin thng tin i chng. V mt k thut m ni, c hai loi m ng u c nhng u v nhc im ca chng, nu mt cng ngh r rng l ni tri th s khng c tranh ci. Tuy nhin trong phn tch cui cng cc t chc tiu chun phn ln nghing v DMT do s ng thun chung (ti thiu l trong s cc thnh vin pht trin tiu chun) l DMT c kh nng x l trong cc tnh hung c s nh hng c hi ln ng truyn. Trong thc t, CAP cng chng t l cng ngh mnh. Tuy nhin, cc kt qu ph thuc vo nhiu nhn t khc nhau nh hng ln ng truyn. Cho n nay, cuc tranh lun dng li vi
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s ng h DMT, ti thiu l cho ADSL full-rate v ADSL lite. Tht khng may, cuc tranh lun vn tip din xung quanh VDSL. M ng truyn DMT v CAP c tho lun chi tit trong cc phn di y. 3.2.1 M a tn ri rc DMT DMT c nh gi thc hin tt hn CAP v QAM. AMT c ANSI chp nhn vo nm 1993 v c a vo tiu chun ANSI T1.413 vo nm 1995, sau DMT c ITU-T a vo tiu chun G.992.1 vo 6/1999. Cc modem ADSL da trn DMT c th c coi l nhiu mini-modem hot ng ng thi. DMT s dng nhiu sng mang c th to ra cc knh con, mi knh con mang mt phn nh ca tng lng thng tin. Thng th DMT chia di tn 0 1,104 MHz thnh 256 knh con (gi l bin), mi knh c rng bng l 4,1325 KHz. Cc knh con c iu ch c lp vi mi tn s sng mang tng ng vi tn s trung tm ca knh con v c x l song song. Mi knh con c iu ch s dng QAM v c th mang t 0 ti ti a 15 bits/symbol/Hz. Trong 256 knh con th c 26 knh dng cho hng ln , 250 knh dng cho hng xung nu c s dng phng php trit ting vng EC hoc 223 knh dnh cho hng xung nu khng s dng phng php EC, cc knh 1-6 v knh 32 trng. DMT c minh ha nh trong hnh 3.7. Tc lung ln ti a theo l thuyt l 26 x 15 bits/symbol/Hz x 4 KHz = 1,56 Mb/s, tc lung xung ti a theo l thuyt l 250 x 250 bits/symbol/Hz x 4 KHz = 15 Mb/s. S lng bit thc t c mang trn mi knh con ph thuc vo c tnh ng truyn. Nhng knh con no c th khng c s dng do nhiu bn ngoi. V d, mt trm v tuyn AM gy ra can nhiu tn s v tuyn trong mt knh con no c th lm cho knh con khng s dng c. Hnh 3.8 l s khi mt my pht DMT.
Hnh 3. 7 M a tn ri rc DMT
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Hnh 3. 8 S khi pht DMT DMT em li mt s u im bao gm: truyn c tc bit ti a trong cc khong bng tn nh, linh hot trong vic ti u tc ng truyn nh vo thay i s bit trong mt knh con da vo t s S/N (xem v d hnh 3.9), kh nng chng nhiu t cc tn s v tuyn v trnh nhiu xung rt tt. DMT khc phc c ISI bng cch gii m c lp cc k hiu trong cc sng mang ph. Tuy nhin do s dng nhiu sng mang nn thit b s dng DMT rt t v phc tp.
Hnh 3. 9 V d ti u tc ng truyn s dng m DMT 3.2.2 iu ch pha v bin khng sng mang CAP CAP l phng php iu ch pha v bin khng sng mang, da trn phng php iu ch bin cu phng QAM, mt s nh sn xut thit b ADSL s dng CAP lm m ng truyn. Cng ging nh QAM, CAP s dng
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c iu bin nhiu mc (tc l nhiu mc in p cho 1 xung) v iu ch pha dn ti cc chm sao m ha nh cho thy trn Hnh 3.10.
Hnh 3. 10 Chm sao m ha cho CAP-64 S khc bit gia CAP v QAM thc cht l qu trnh thc hin. Vi QAM, hai tn hiu c kt hp vi nhau trong min tng t. Tuy nhin, do tn hiu sng mang khng mang thng tin nn trong qu trnh thc hin CAP khng truyn i cht sng mang no. iu ch tn hiu c thc hin theo phng thc s s dng hai b lc s vi cc c tnh bin bng nhau nhng khc nhau v p ng pha. u im ca CAP so vi QAM l iu ch tn hiu s ch khng phi l tng t - iu ny dn ti tit kim c chi ph. S vng mt ca sng mang to nn vic thc thi "khng sng mang" hay "nn sng mang". Vi QAM, chm sao m ha l c nh nhng vi CAP chm sao m ha l t do quay do khng c sng mang c nh n ti mt gi tr tuyt i. b tr cho iu ny, mt my thu CAP phi c chc nng quay pht hin v tr tng i ca chm sao. Tht may l chi ph cho vic thc hin chc nng quay kh thp.
Hnh 3. 11 Thu pht tn hiu theo phng php CAP
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Hnh 3.11 l s thu pht tn hiu theo phng php iu ch CAP. Cc bt d liu c a vo b m ha, u ra b m ha l cc symbol c a n cc b lc s. Tn hiu sau khi qua b lc s ng pha v b lc s lch pha 900 s c tng hp li, i qua b chuyn i D/A, qua b lc pht v ti ng truyn. Ti u thu, tn hiu nhn c qua b chuyn i A/D, qua cc b lc thch ng v n phn x l sau l gii m. B lc pha thu v b x l l mt phn ca vic cn bng iu chnh chnh mo tn hiu. CAP to ra cc thun li sau: - CAP da trn QAM mt cch trc tip nn n l mt k thut hon thin d hiu, v do khng c cc knh con nn thc thi n gin hn DMT. - C th thch ng tc nh vic thay i kch c chm sao m ha (4CAP, 64-CAP, 512-CAP vv...) hoc bng cch tng hoc gim bng tn. - Mch thc hin n gin. CAP c nhc im l do khng c sng mang nn nng lng suy gim nhanh trn ng truyn v tn hiu thu ch bit bin m khng bit pha do u thu phi c b thc hin chc nng quay nhm xc nh chnh xc im tn hiu. CAP vn l tiu chun ring ca hng Paradyne v c rt t thit b h tr. So vi DMT, CAP s dng ton b bng tn sn c (ngoi tr bng tn thoi tng t), do khng c cc knh con trong CAP. Ni cch khc, mc d DMT v CAP c hai u da trn QAM, nhng s khc nhau c bn nht l DMT s dng QAM trong mi knh con cn CAP (ging nh QAM truyn thng) phn phi ng u nng lng qua ton b di tn. Cc h thng CAP s dng ghp knh phn tn s (FDM) tch bit cc tn s thnh knh lung ln v knh lung xung.
3.3 Cc phng php truyn dn song cng trong ADSL

Hu ht cc dch v xDSL i hi truyn d liu hai chiu (song cng), thm ch tc bit theo cc hng ngc nhau l khng i xng. Cc modem DSL s dng cc phng php song cng tch bit tn hiu trn cc hng ngc nhau. C 4 phng thc song cng khc nhau: song cng 4 dy, trit ting vng, song cng phn chia theo thi gian v phn cng phn chia theo tn s. Phng php song cng trit ting vng v song cng phn chia theo tn s c s dng trong cc modem ADSL. 3.3.1 Song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDM) Trong phng php ny di tn c chia hai phn ng ln v ng xung khc nhau. Mt di tn bo v l cn thit gip cho cc splitter ngn tp m
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POTS can nhiu vo truyn dn s. S phn b tn s c trnh by nh hnh 3.12.
Hnh 3. 12 FDM ADSL S thc hin FDM ADSL nh sau:
Hnh 3. 13 S thu pht theo FDM i vi FDM ADSL th bng xung rng hn bng ln rt nhiu v thng thng ng ln s dng bng tn thp cn ng xung s dng bng tn cao. u im ca phng php FDM: - Do bng tn ln v xung tch bit nn gim c can nhiu trong mt i dy, trit c xuyn m u gn NEXT. - Khng cn ng b gia pht v thu. Nhc im ca FDM: - Bng tn s dng ln, gy lng ph bng tn. - thnh phn tn s cao s b suy hao nhiu. - Khi khong cch tng ln, tn hiu trn ng dy chu nh hng ca nhiu tn s, suy hao tn s cao r hn do tng suy hao tng. - Vn c xuyn m u gn trong hai i dy khc nhau do cc hng sn xut khc nhau s dng cc bng tn khc nhau.
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- nh hng ti cc dch v khc v b nh hng bi cc dch v khc do tn s truyn cao. 3.3.2 Song cng trit ting vng EC Trit ting vng l dng ph bin nht ca ghp knh trong DSL hin i, ang c chun ha s dng trong ISDN, HDSL v ADSL. Ting vng l s phn x ca tn hiu pht vo b thu u gn, ting vng i theo c hai hng ca truyn dn s v cng tn ti ng thi trn i dy xon. V vy ting vng l tp m khng mong mun, ting vng l mt phin bn ca tn hiu pht xuyn nhiu qua b sai ng do phi hp tr khng khng hon ho. Ting vng l hin tng t xuyn knh trong cng mt i dy. Phng php truyn dn song cng trit ting vng EC s dng mt knh duy nht cho c pht v thu (di tn pht c t trong di tn thu) nn cn mt b kh ting vng ti pha thu. K thut ny cho php modem c th s dng ton b bng thng trn c hai hng.
Hnh 3. 14 B trit ting vng
Hnh 3. 15 EC ADSL
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Hnh 3.14 l s ca mt b trit ting vng. B trit ting vng to ra mt bn sao ca tn hiu pht i theo hng khng mong mun khi qua b sai ng, qu trnh to ra tn hiu ny c hiu chnh vng sao cho tn hiu ny cng gn ging vi ting vng lt qua b sai ng cng tt. Hai tn hiu ting vng lt qua b sai ng v tn hiu to ra t b trit ting vng s b trit tiu nhau ti b cng. V th ti u thu gn s khng c ting vng. S phn b tn s ca phng php truyn dn ADSL song cng trit ting vng EC nh hnh 3.15. u im ca phng php EC: - Tn dng bng tn tt. - Gii hn xuyn m nh. Nhc im ca phng php EC: - Mch thc hin phc tp do c b to ting vng gi. - B trit ting vng ch trit c ting vng trong cng mt mch do vn c kh nng gy ra ting vng trong cc mch khc nhau. 3.3.3 Tri ph ca tn hiu ADSL S tri ph ca tn hiu ADSL nh hnh v 3.16. Cng ngh ADSL s dng di tn cao ca i dy xon i vi nguyn l ghp knh phn tn, s phn b tn s nh sau: - T 0 n 4 KHz: dch v POTS. - T 25 n 138 KHz: lung s liu hng ln (Upstream) . - T 138 n 1104 KHz: lung s liu hng xung (Downstream). Ph tn dnh cho ADSL G.Lite ch t 25 552 Khz bng so vi ph tn dnh cho ADSL G.DMT. Do s knh con DMT (s bin) ca ADSL G.Lite cng bng so vi ADSL G.DMT.
Hnh 3. 16 Tri ph tn hiu ADSL
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3.4 M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL

M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL theo khuyn ngh ITU-T G.997.1 nh hnh v 3.17.
Hnh 3. 17 M hnh tham chiu h thng ADSL (theo ITU-T G.997.1) M hnh tham chiu minh ha cc khi chc nng c yu cu cung cp dch v ADSL. i vi m hnh tham chiu cho h thng ADSL G.Lite th cng tng t ngoi tr b tch pha khch hng l ty chn. Chc nng cc khi v cc giao tip trong m hnh nh sau: ATU-C: n v truyn dn ADSL pha tng i. ATU-C c tch hp trong mt node truy nhp. ATU-R: n v truyn dn ADSL pha khch hng. Mng bng rng Broadband Network: H thng chuyn mch tc d liu trn 1,5/2 Mb/s. HPF High Pass Filter: B lc thng cao. LPF Low Pass Filter: B lc thng thp. Mng bng hp Narrowband Network: H thng chuyn mch d liu tc bng hoc di 1,5/2 Mb/s. NT- Network Termination: u cui mng. POST: Dch v mng in thoi truyn thng. M un dch v SM Service Module: Hnh thnh cc chc nng p ng u cui; nh Set Top-Box, giao tip PC, hay router LAN. B lc Splitter: B lc phn chia tn s. Giao tip T- R: Giao tip gia ATU-R vi lp chuyn mch (ATM hay STM ). Giao tip T/S: giao tip vi u cui mng ADSL ( ADSL Network Termination) v mng trong nh thu bao CI ( Custommer Installation ). Giao tip UC: Giao tip gia mch vng thu bao v ATU-C. Giao tip U-C2: Giao tip gia POST Splitter v ATU-C .
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Giao tip U-R: Giao tip gia mch vng thu bao v ATU-R. Giao tip U-R2: Giao tip gia POST Splitter v ATU-R. Giao tip logic V-C: Giao tip logic gia ATU-C v mng s bng rng (cc h thng chuyn mch ATM hay STM).
3.5 M hnh tham chiu my pht ATU-C

ATM v STM l nhng ng dng ty chn. ATU-C v ATU-R c th c cu hnh truyn ti ng b bit STM hoc truyn ti t bo ATM. 3.5.1 M hnh tham chiu my pht ATU-C cho truyn ti STM Hnh 3.18 l s khi ca mt my pht ADSL pha tng i ADSL (Transceiver Unit-Central office: ATU-C) gm cc khi chc nng v cc giao tip chun ha cho chuyn vn d liu STM chiu downstream.
Hnh 3. 18 M hnh tham chiu ATU-C cho truyn ti STM Ti ATU-C c n 7 knh mang tin c xc nh ti giao din V-C gia ATU-C v mng truyn ti. Cc knh ny gm 2 loi: cc knh n cng 1 chiu AS-x ( x= 0,1,2,3 ) cho hng xung downstream v cc knh song cng 2 chiu LS-x ( x = 0,1,2 ) cho c hai hng downstream v upstream. Tt c cc knh c th c truyn ng thi. Mi knh c tc phi l bi s nguyn ln ca 32 Kb/s nh bng 3.19. Cc h thng ADSL truyn ti STM s h tr knh ti tin n cng AS0 v song cng LS0 hng xung. Vic h tr cc knh ti tin AS1, AS2, AS3, LS1 v LS2 l tu chn. Cc knh AS0, LS0 v bt k knh ti tin no khc c h tr s c phn b c lp ti mt lung tr theo s la chn ca ATU-C trong qu trnh khi to. H thng s h tr tr kp hng xung. Cc h thng ADSL truyn ti STM phi c knh song cng LS0 hng ln s dng lung tr n. Vic cung cp cc knh LS1, LS2 v tr kp l khng bt buc.
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Knh ti tin
Bi s nguyn nh nht
Bi s nguyn ln nht
Tc d liu cao nht tng ng (Kb/s)
AS0 1 192 6144 AS1 1 144 4608 AS2 1 96 3072 AS3 1 48 1536 LS0 1 20 640 LS1 1 20 640 LS2 1 20 640 Hnh 3. 19 Bng miu t t l tc cc loi knh truyn trong ADSL Vic cung cp STM l tu chn, tuy nhin nu c th n s phi tho mn cc yu cu sau: Kiu truyn ti STM c bn l dy bit ni tip. Kiu khung s dng c cc byte ranh gii c bo ton nu xut hin ti giao din T-R. Ngoi cc giao din ni tip LSx th MSB trong byte s liu c pht i trc. Tuy nhin, tt c qu trnh x l trong khung ADSL (v d CRC, trn,) s c thc hin LSB trc (MSB bn ngoi s c ADSL xem nh l LSB). Vi kt qu th bit ti trc (MSB bn ngoi) s l bit c x l u tin trong ADSL (bit LSB). Thit b ADSL phi h tr ti thiu mt knh ti ng ln LS0 nh nh ngha trong mc. Vic h tr cc knh khc l tu chn. Trong hai lung gia khi iu khin ghp knh/ng b v sp xp Tone; lung nhanh c tr thp; lung xen c t s li rt thp nhng tr ln hn. Vic phn b d liu ngi s dng giao din T-R vo cc lung truyn dn c nh ngha trong. H thng ADSL h tr STM s c kh nng hot ng trong ch tr n trong mt hng, trong tt c s liu ngi s dng c phn b cho mt lung (lung nhanh hoc lung xen). H thng ADSL h tr truyn ti STM c kh nng hot ng trong ch tr kp cho ng ln, trong s liu ngi s dng phn b cho c hai lung (nhanh v xen). 3.5.2 M hnh tham chiu my pht ATU-C cho truyn ti ATM Hnh 3.19 l s khi ca mt my pht ADSL pha tng i ADSL (Transceiver Unit-Central office: ATU-C) gm cc khi chc nng v cc giao tip chun ho cho chuyn vn d liu ATM chiu downstream.
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Cc h thng ADSL truyn ti ATM phi h tr knh AS0 hng xung, vic h tr knh AS1 l tu chn, khng dng cc knh AS2 v AS3. Nu d liu ATM hng xung c truyn qua lung tr n (ngha l ch c lung nhanh hoc lung xen) th ch c knh AS0 c s dng v n c phn b cho lung tr tng ng. Nu d liu ATM hng xung c truyn qua c hai lung tr (ngha l c nhanh v xen) th knh AS0 v AS1 c s dng v chng c phn b trong cc lung tr khc nhau, tc l c tr truyn dn khc nhau.
Hnh 3. 20 M hnh tham chiu ATU-C cho truyn ti ATM
3.6 M hnh tham chiu cho my pht ATU-R

M hnh tham chiu cho my pht ATU-R cng tng t nh m hnh tham chiu cho my pht ATU-C, tuy nhin ti giao tip T-R cc knh n cng AS-x ch c chc nng thu (ti ATU-C th cc knh ny ch pht). V tc ln nht ca hng ln ch l 640 Kb/s ( so vi 6144 Kb/s ca hng xung) nn i vi ATU-R s dng truyn ti STM th ch c cc knh LS0, LS1, LS2 cn i vi ATU-R s dng truyn ti ATM th ch c cc knh LS0 v LS1 c dng pht d liu hng ln. Vic truyn d liu hng ln cng h tr c hai loi tr l tr kp hoc tr n. Hnh 3.21 v 3.22 minh ha cho cc m hnh tham chiu ATU-R cho STM v ATU-R cho ATM.
3.7 Chuyn vn d liu v hot ng ca thit b ADSL

3.7.1 Phn loi chuyn vn Cc h thng ADSL bt buc phi h tr t nht l AS0. S ti a cc knh ph c s dng cng lc v s ti a cc knh truyn ti c chuyn vn cng lc trong h thng ADSL ty thuc vo phn loi chuyn vn ca h thng ADSL ang s dng. Ngi ta phn chia tc chuyn vn ADSL thnh cc lp chuyn vn c nh s th t. Hin nay c hai phn loi chuyn vn, mt l phn loi
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chuyn vn da trn tc chun T1 1,536 Mb/s c s dng khu vc Bc M v mt l phn loi chuyn vn 2M dng cho h thng truyn dn da trn tc chun E1 2,048 Mb/s.
Hnh 3. 21 M hnh tham chiu ATU-R cho truyn ti STM
Hnh 3. 22 M hnh tham chiu ATU-R cho truyn ti ATM i vi phn loi chuyn vn vi tc chun 1,536 Mb/s th tc tiu chun ca cc knh truyn nh bng 3.23 v cc lp chuyn vn nh hnh 3.24. Cc h thng ADSL bt buc phi h tr lp truyn ti 1 v 4, hai lp truyn ti 2 v 3 l tu chn . Loi knh Tc Ghi ch AS0 n0 x 1,536 Mb/s n0 = 0, 1, 2, 3 hay 4 AS1 n1 x 1,536 Mb/s n1 =0, 1, 2 hay 3 AS2 n2 x 1,536 Mb/s n2 = 0, 1 hay 2 AS3 n3 x 1,536 Mb/s n3 = 0 hay 1 LS0 16 hay 64 Kb/s LS0 cn c gi l knh C LS1 160 Kb/s LS2 384 hay 576 Kb/s Hnh 3. 23 Bng tc knh truyn theo tc chun 1,536 Mb/s
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Lp chuyn vn 1 2 3 4 n cng hng xung Tc ti a 6,144 Mb/s 4,608 Mb/s 3,072 Mb/s 1,536 Mb/s Cc knh ty chn 1,536 Mb/s 1,536 Mb/s 1,536 Mb/s 1,536 Mb/s 3,072 Mb/s 3,072 Mb/s 3,072 Mb/s 4,608 Mb/s 4,608 Mb/s 6,144 Mb/s Song cng Tc ti a 640 Kb/s 448 Kb/s 160 Kb/s 160 Kb/s Cc knh ty chn 576 Kb/s 384 Kb/s 384 Kb/s 160 Kb/s 160 Kb/s 160 Kb/s 160 Kb/s Knh C 64 Kb/s 64 Kb/s 64 Kb/s 16 Kb/s Hnh 3. 24 Bng phn lp chuyn vn theo tc chun 1,536 Mb/s i vi phn loi chuyn vn vi tc chun 2,048 Mb/s th tc tiu chun ca cc knh truyn nh bng 3.25 v cc lp chuyn vn nh hnh 3.26. Loi knh Tc Ghi ch AS0 n0 x 2,048 Mb/s n0 = 0, 1, 2, 3 AS1 n1 x 2,048 Mb/s n1 =0, 1, 2 AS2 n2 x 2,048 Mb/s n2 = 0, 1 LS0 16 hay 64 Kb/s LS0 cn c gi l knh C LS1 160 Kb/s LS2 384 hay 576 Kb/s Hnh 3. 25 Bng tc knh truyn theo tc chun 2,048 Mb/s Lp chuyn vn 2M-1 2M-2 2M-3 n cng hng xung Tc ti a 6,144 Mb/s 4,608 Mb/s 2,048 Mb/s Cc knh ty chn 2,048 Mb/s 2,048 Mb/s 2,048 Mb/s 4,608 Mb/s 4,608 Mb/s 6,144 Mb/s Song cng Tc ti a 640 Kb/s 448 Kb/s 160 Kb/s Cc knh ty chn 576 Kb/s 544 Kb/s 384 Kb/s 384 Kb/s 160 Kb/s 160 Kb/s 160 Kb/s Knh C 64 Kb/s 64 Kb/s 16 Kb/s Hnh 3. 26 Bng phn lp chuyn vn theo tc chun 2,048 Mb/s
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Mi h thng ADSL c th c n ba knh truyn ti song cng hot ng cng lc trn giao tip ADSL. Mt trong cc knh truyn ti song cng ny lun lun bt buc l knh iu khin k hiu l knh C (Control channel). Knh C mang cc thng ip bo hiu chn dch v v thit lp cuc gi. Tt c cc bo hiu t ngi s dng ti mng cho cc knh n cng chiu downstream u c truyn ti trn knh iu khin C v knh iu khin C cng c th mang c cc thng ip bo hiu cho cc knh truyn ti song cng. Knh C lun lun tch cc v hot ng tc 16 Kbps trong cc phn loi chuyn vn 4 v 2M-3. Trong cc phn loi chuyn vn 4 hay 2M-3 cc thng ip knh C lun lun c chuyn trong mt vng overhead c bit ca khung d liu ADSL. Cc phn loi chuyn vn khc s dng knh C 64 Kbps v cc thng ip c chuyn vn trong knh truyn ti song cng LS0. 3.7.2 Cu trc khung ADSL truyn ti theo khung. di ca khung c quyt nh bi tc d liu tng ng ti giao din. Lng d liu thc s c m ha trong mt knh sng mang DMT l mt hm ca trng thi ng dy. Ty theo trng thi ng dy lc bt u chuyn i m s sng mang c h tr v lng d liu trong mi m s thay i. Mt khung s c m ha v iu ch thnh mt k hiu (symbol) DMT. Mi khung cha d liu t c b m d liu nhanh v b m d liu xen cng nh cc bit mo u c dng sa li, qun tr v qun l tuyn ADSL. V di khung lin quan trc tip n cch d liu c m ha s dng DMT nn khng cn thit phi ch th ranh gii u hay cui mt khung.
Hnh 3. 27 Cu trc siu khung ADSL
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D liu hng xung c truyn trong mt siu khung 17 ms. Mi siu khung bao gm 68 khung d liu v 1 khung ng b (xem hnh 3.27). Khung 0 dng truyn cc thng tin iu khin li CRC v cc khung 1, 34, 35 truyn cc bit ch th ib qun l lin kt nh ch th li, cnh bo mt tn hiu ...v.v. Khung ng b khng phi l mt phn ca siu khung ADSL nhng theo sau mi siu khung ADSL nhm mc ch duy tr ng b v cn bng mt biu tng DMT, khung ng b khng mang thng tin ngi s dng v d liu mc bit. Mi khung ADSL Fullrate truyn trong 0,25 ms v b chia lm hai phn chnh, mi phn 0,125 ms: Phn th nht l d liu nhanh (fast data) t b m d liu nhanh. B m ny dnh cho lu lng nhy cm vi thi gian tr nhng khng ngt ngho v li nh audio v video. Ni cch khc d liu ny phi c truyn i vi tr nh nht nhng khng cn phi sa li. Mt octet c bit gi l fast byte c t trc tng d liu nhanh mang thng tin CRC hay cc bit ch th khi cn. D liu nhanh c bo v bng trng FEC sa sai v cc d liu nhanh nh m thanh, hnh nh khng th sa sai bng gi li c. Phn th hai ca khung cha thng tin t b m d liu xen (interleaved data buffer). B m ny dnh cho lu lng yu cu ngt ngho v li nhng khng nhy cm vi tr nh cc ng dng thun ty d liu (chng hn nh d liu truy xut Internet). Ni cch khc mt lng tr nht nh l c th chp nhn c nhng lu lng phi c gi i khng b li. Do yu cu d liu xen phi c ng gi v x l phc tp hn d liu nhanh, nu gp li khng sa c c th pht li khung. Vic xen d liu s lm cho d liu c bo v tt hn. Tt c ni dung ca khung c ngu nhin ha trc khi truyn i ti thiu ha trng hp mt ng b khung. Lu rng khng c kch thc c nh cho mt khung ADSL, v tc ng dy c th thay i theo p ng phn lp chuyn vn c ci t cho thit b v cn b thay i theo iu kin tc ng ca mi trng; ng thi vi tnh cht bt i xng ca n. Nhng thi gian truyn cho mi khung 0,25 ms v a khung 17 ms lun lun l c nh. Nh ni trn, cc khung 0, 1, 34 v 35 c vai tr c bit trong a khung ADSL. Nhng khung ny mang thng tin CRC ca khung v cc bit ch th l cc thng tin mo u. Cc khung khc gm khung 2 n khung 33 v khung 36 n khung 67 cng c truyn cc thng tin mo u ca knh EOC v iu khin ng b. Tt c cc thng tin ny c truyn ti trong byte nhanh ca mi
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khung trong a khung ADSL. Phn mo u ca byte nhanh c cu trc khc nhau ty thuc vo khung chn hay khung l. ADSL Fullrate h tr c ng d liu nhanh v ng d liu xen, v n c ni ti nh l ADSL tr kp (ngha l n h tr c lu lng nhy cm vi tr v lu lng khng nhy cm vi tr). Tri li ADSL G.Lite ch h tr tr n vi d liu xen. Tuy nhin cch s dng cc byte nhanh (ph thuc vo s khung no mang cc bit crc, bit ch th ib v bit eoc) l ging nh ADSL Fullrate. Nh bit, trong truyn ti ADSL, ngi ta chia dng d liu thnh knh ph bao gm cc knh ph n cng (AS0, AS1, AS2, AS3) v cc knh ph song cng (LS0, LS1, LS2). Cc knh d liu ny s c gn vo b m nhanh (Fast Buffer) hoc b m xen (Interleaved Bufffer). D liu trong b m nhanh c chn vo phn u tin ca khung. Byte u tin l byte nhanh v cha c thng tin mo u v ng b. Cc byte d liu t b m nhanh c chn theo sau byte nhanh.Cc byte cho mi knh ph theo th t c ch ra hnh 3.28. Nu mt knh khng c s dng th khng c d liu c chn vo v tr ca knh . D liu cho nhng knh ring bit c ch nh tng xng vi khung da trn bng thng c dnh cho mi knh. Nu nh khng c d liu gi qua ng dn nhanh, th phn khung d liu nhanh s ch c byte nhanh.
Hnh 3. 28 Cu trc khung ng nhanh B m xen c chn vo trong khung sau d liu b m nhanh. u tin n c tp hp theo khun dng ng nht theo khung nhanh. Ging nh khung nhanh, lng d liu thc s cho mi knh mang ch nh cho ng dn xen c tri ra t l vi phn bng thng ca knh mang trong tng bng thng ca ng ni ADSL. Mt khi ghp knh c thc hin cho ng dn xen, cc khung c gi trong b m ti chiu su xen ( c xc nh trc, N khung) v lin kt vi mi khung khc. Kt qu l u ra c cng di vi khung u vo nhng cha cc bit t N khung xen u vo trc . Nh vy, d liu c gi n b m ha DMT cha d liu t tt c N khung trong b m. V vy d liu t khung xen bt k b tr i mt chu k l N khung (N x 0,25 ms) trc khi c gii m ti u cui xa. u ra ca b ghp xen c ghp li
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vi u ra ca b m nhanh to thnh khung. Hnh 3.29 din t cu trc ca khung d liu xen.
Hnh 3. 29 S to khung xen Ta thy trong cc khung d liu c cc byte m rng AEX v LEX. Chc nng ca cc byte ny nh sau: AEX = 0, nu dng n cng AS-x khng c d liu . LEX = 0, nu c hai dng n cng AS-x v LS-x khng c d liu . Nh trn ta ni n cu trc khung ca b m nhanh v b m xen ca ATU-C cho lung d liu hng xung. Hnh 3.30 s miu t cu trc khung ca b m nhanh v b m xen ca ATU-R cho lung d liu hng ln.
Hnh 3. 30 Cu trc khung d liu hng ln (ATU-R)
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Giao din ADSL h tr ba phng php cho vic trao i thng tin hot ng ca lp vt l gia ATU-C v ATU-R: (1) Knh iu hnh nhng EOC, (2) iu khin mo u ADSL AOC, (3) cc bit ch dn. Knh iu hnh nhng h tr vic c v ghi cc thanh ghi cha thng tin hot ng trn ATU-R t ATU-C. Cc ng k theo tiu chun cho php truy nhp trng cha thng tin nhn dng ca ATU-R bao gm nh cung cp, loi thit b, s sn xut, cu hnh hin ti ca ATU-R, kt qu t kim tra, suy gim ng dy hin ti, d phng t l tn hiu trn nhiu SNR. Mt vi thanh ghi c dnh cho nh cung cp nh ngha cc trng, m c th c c v ghi c thng qua EOC. ATU-R c th gi cho ATU-C bn tin thng bo s c thng qua EOC khi mt ngun ATU-R. EOC c thc hin bi s dng cc bit trong byte nhanh ca cc khung 2 n 32 v 36 n 67 ca mt siu khung. Khung EOC gm 13 bit, trong c 5 bit header v 8 bit ti tin. Mt khung EOC c th c gi trong hai khung ADSL. Ti tin c th l 1 byte d liu hay lnh (op-code) n u cui bn kia. Ngoi tr bn tin s c mt ngun c gi bi ATU-R, tt c cc lnh c gi bi ATU-C ti ATU-R. ATU-R c th tr li cc lnh vi ni dung t thanh ghi. AOC cng c cu trc tng t nh EOC. N c s dng mang cc thng tin thi gian thc cn thit cho vic ti lp li cu hnh tuyn ADSL do cc iu kin ng dy thay i. N mang cc bit trong byte ng b ca phn ghp xen trong khung ADSL. Mt khung AOC c di 13 bit gm 5 bit op-code v 8 bit d liu. C 23 bit ch dn c mang trong cc byte nhanh ca phn d liu nhanh trong khung ADSL. Mi bit phc v nh mt ch dn cho modem thu v trng thi ca u cui ti u bn kia ca tuyn. Cc bit ch dn c thit lp khi cc iu kin chng hn nh li ng truyn hay suy hao tn hiu c pht hin ti u bn kia ca tuyn ADSL. 3.7.4 Th tc khi to kt ni gia ATU-C v ATU-R Trong giai on khi to kt ni, pha thu u thu bao ATU-R th v phn tch iu kin hin ti ca ng dy, cht lng tone mi knh thuc ph tn dng xung, xc nh s bit bk, v li gk cho mi knh ti u ha bng thng. Vi cc knh t 51 tr i, yu cu li phi ln hn hoc bng 6dB. Mt knh c thit k c th truyn y vi 15bit. Sau pha thu ATU-R gi tt c cc kt qu tr li u pht ATU-C. B pht s iu chnh, cc knh tt s c tng thm bit v cc knh xu s c gim s bit. Cc knh xu (bk = 0, gk = 0) khng dng s cho ngh (shut down). Mi knh t thay i c lp nh mt
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hm ca trng thi ng dy. Lu rng trong giai on khi to kt ni, vic kim tra iu kin cht lng cc knh, li, xc nh s lng bit mi knh ch thc hin dng xung v ph tn dng xung thuc ph tn cao nn chu tc ng mnh ca nhiu. C th tm tt th tc khi to kt ni gia ATU-C v ATU-R nh hnh 3.31.Qu trnh ny gm c cc bc sau: - CLR: ATU-R gi mt danh sch tt c cc mode hot ng m n chp nhn.
Hnh 3. 31 Th tc khi to kt ni gia ATU-C v ATU-R - CL: ATU-C p tr vi mt danh sch cc mode hot ng m n chp nhn. - ACK: ATU-R xc nhn thu c danh sch cc mode hot ng ca ATU-C gi. - MS: ATU-R yu cu mt mode hot ng. - ACK: ATU-C chp nhn yu cu ca ATU-R. - MS : ATU-R gi cho ATU-C yu cu mt mode hot ng chc chn. - REQ-MR: ATU-C mun la chn mode ny v to mt yu cu mt bn tin MR. - MR: ATU-R yu cu mt mode hot ng MS. - MS: ATU-C yu cu mt mode hot ng chc chn . - ACK: ATU-R chp nhn ngh ca ATU-C.
3.8 ADSL2 v ADSL2+

3.8.1 Tng quan v ADSL2 Thng 7 nm 2002 ITU-T ban hnh tiu chun u tin v ADSL2 trong khuyn ngh G.992.3 v G.994. ADSL2 ra i nhm ci tin tt c cc ng dng trn ADSL v c thoi v s liu. Ngoi hai ch truyn dn trn ADSL l ch truyn dn ng b STM v ch truyn dn bt ng b ATM nh ADSL
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th h u tin ADSL2 cn h tr thm ch truyn dn th ba l ch truyn dn gi Packet v h tr thoi khng gi ha gi l thoi knh ha (CV: Channelized Voice). Thoi knh ha c a vo dng d liu ca ADSL2 m khng cn qua b IAD. Ngoi ra ADSL2 cn thay i v di tn truyn dn theo hai chiu upstream v downstream. Nh cc ci thin ny m tc truyn dn ca ADSL2 cao hn v di ng dy cng tng. Vi nhng ci tin nh vy, ADSL2 em n dch v cho n 99% cc ng dy vng thnh th. Hn na ADSL2 li tng hp tt vi ADSL c tiu chun ha trong ITU-T G.992.1. 3.8.3 Ci thin tc v di ng dy ADSL2 t c tc ti a cho ng xung v ng ln tng ng l 12 Mb/s v 1 Mb/s, thp hn ty thuc vo chiu di vng lp v cc yu t khc. c nh vy ADSL2 thc hin cc bc ci tin hiu qu v iu ch, gim s lng bit mo u trn mi khung ADSL cng nh t c li m ha cao hn bng m Reed Solomon (RS) i vi cc vng thu bao di c tc d liu thp. Vi ADSL th h u tin, lng bit mo u cho mi khung c nh dung lng 32Kbps. Dung lng ny chim phn ng k trong tc d liu ca cc ng dy di. 32Kb/s chim n 25% dung lng 128Kbps ca cc ng dy di. ADSL2 dng c ch mo u lp trnh c v c dung lng t 4Kbps n 32Kbps ty theo tc ng truyn l thp hay cao. ADSL2 cng h tr cc ch x l tn hiu m rng. C ch trng thi ban u (Initialization State Machine) c nhiu s ci tin tng tc d liu trong h thng ADSL2. Mt s ci tin bao gm: - Dng k thut trit xuyn knh bi vic ct bt cng sut ti hai u cui ca ng truyn nhm gim ting vng u gn v cc mc xuyn m t dy ny sang dy kia trong cng b cp. - My thu xc nh v tr ca tn s knh hoa tiu v sng mang con mang bn tin khi to nhm trnh truyn vo di tn ca cc nhnh r v di tn b nhiu bi sng AM. - B bt cc di tn con trit nhiu cao tn RFI (Radio Frequency Interference). - Kho st c tnh knh truyn trong giai on khi ng: Channel Discovery v Transceive Training nhm ci tin vic nhn dng knh ca my thu. Hnh 3.32 ch ra tc v di ng dy ca ADSL2 so vi ADSL th h u tin. i vi cc ng dy in thoi di hn, ADSL2 tng tc
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hng ln v hng xung hn 50 Kb/s, ngha l di ng dy tng ln khong 183 m hay din tch vng phc v tng 6% (6,5 Km2).
Hnh 3. 32 Ci thin c ly v tc t c ca ADSL2 so vi ADSL 3.8.4 Thch ng tc trong ADSL2 Cc ng truyn ADSL thng b rt mch do xuyn knh ln, nhiu cao tn ln, s thay i v nhit , m trong cho cp. ADSL2 s dng c ch thch ng tc SRA (Seamless Rate Adaption) cho php thay i tc d liu m khng b ngt qung, khng b rt mch, khng nh hng ti t s sai bit. SRA tn dng u im ca phng php iu ch DMT ch thay i thng s iu ch m khng thay i cu trc khung v nu thay i cu trc khung s gy ra: mt ng b khung, sai bit khng sa c, khi ng li h thng. thc hin c SRA s dng nghi thc ti cu hnh online (OLR: OnLine Reconfiguration) kh phc tp bao gm cc cng vic sau: - My thu gim st lin tc knh truyn v quyt nh cn thay i tc d liu theo iu kin ng dy. - My thu gi thng ip bt u thch ng tc cho my pht gm tt c cc thng s cn thit cho tc truyn dn mi gm s bit cn truyn cho mi knh ph (sub-channel) v cng sut cho mi knh ph. - My pht nhn c s gi tn hiu c ng b (sync flag) thng bo thi im bt u thay i tc . - Khi my thu d c tn hiu c ng b th c my pht v my thu s chuyn sang tc mi.
SV Chu Hip Thnh 3.8.5 Qun l ngun ADSL2
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Mc tiu ca qun l ngun ADSL2 l thc hin tit kim nng lng cho tnh nng Always on ca ADSL. Vi hng triu modem ADSL qun l ngun cc ch standby, sleep nh PC s tit kim lng in ng k. ADSL2 c 3 ch hot ng ngun l L0, L2 v L3 (xem hnh 3.33).
Hnh 3. 33 Qun l ngun ca ADSL2 so vi ADSL L0: cp ngun cho modem t tc d liu cao nht. L2: hn ch ngun ti a ti ATU-C khi lu lng Internet qua modem gim. Ch ny cho php modem bng rng c th nhanh chng chuyn sang L0 khi c li bit. L3: Hn ch ngun ti a ti ATU-C v ATU-R khi khch hng khng s dng ADSL2: ch sleep/standby, khi ng li phi mt 3 giy. L2 l tin b ln nht ca ADSL2. S chuyn i trng thi qua li gia cc ch ngun L0 v L2 l hon ton t ng, ngi s dng khng bit c v khng gy ra sai bit cng nh khng ngt qung hot ng ca cc modem ADSL. 3.8.6 Ghp ng dy ADSL2 cho tc cao hn Mt yu cu thng gp l ADSL2 phi c kh nng cung cp nhiu tha thun mc dch v SLA (Service Level Agreement) khc nhau n cc khch hng khc nhau. Tc d liu cao hn ti khch hng bng cch ghp nhiu ng dy ADSL2 vi nhau. Cc ng dy ADSL2 ghp c s dng thay th cho gii php VDSL vi c ly di hn nhng s i dy nhiu hn. Ghp 2 i
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dy ADSL2 cho tc ln n 20Mb/s, ghp 3 i dy ADSL2 cho tc ln n 30Mb/s v ghp 4 i dy ADSL2 cho tc ln n 40Mb/s. 3.8.7 ADSL2+ ADSL2+ c ITU-T a ra vo thng 1-2003 trong khuyn ngh G992.5. ADSL2+ cho php gp i bng thng c s dng cho chiu xung, kt qu l gp i tc d liu hng xung, v t c tc 20 Mb/s trn ng truyn thoi di 1,5 Km. ADSL2+ cng cung cp ch la chn c th tng gp i thng lng ng truyn gi ln (upstream) t my tnh. ADSL2+ cng c th c dng gim nhiu xuyn knh bi vic ch s dng di tn t 1,12,2 MHz. Trong khi ADSL v ADSL2 dnh bng tn cho lung xung tng ng l 1,1 MHz v 552 KHz th ADSL2+ dnh bng tn cho lung xung ln ti 2,2 MHz (xem hnh 3.34). Kt qu l tc d liu tng ln ng k c ly ng truyn ngn (xem hnh 3.35). Tc d liu lung ln ca ADSL2+ ti a l 1 Mb/s, ty thuc vo trng thi vng lp.
Hnh 3. 34 ADSL2+ gp i bng thng hng xung
Hnh 3. 35 ADSL2+ gp i tc d liu hng xung
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Hu ht cc nh khai thc chu u c k hoch trin khai ADSL2+ v cha c nh trin khai cp quang trong vng 3 n 4 nm na. Mt khc so vi VDSL th ADSL2 c nhiu nh khai thc vin thng la chn, ch c mt vi nc la chn VDSL cung cp cho th trng enterprise hoc cc nh kinh doanh va v nh. S d ADSL2+ t c iu ny l do cc c im sau: - ADSL2+ s dng chung mng cp ng ni ht ang c sn, v vi cng ngh ADSL2+ x l xuyn nhiu tt nn t l s dng i cp trong b cp nhiu hn so vi ADSL. - Tc thng mi ha ADSL2+ nhanh. - Chi ph trin khai cp quang cao v gi thnh ca VDSL cng t hn ADSL2+ t 2 n 3 ln. - Khng cn nng cp mng, ch n gin l trin khai ADSL2+ trn thit b DSLAM u t cho ADSL.
3.9 Cu trc mng s dng cng ngh ADSL

Mc 3.1.3 nu ra mt mng thng tin tc cao da trn ADSL vi cc khi chc nng v ng dng c bn. Trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt n mt mng ADSL thc t m i tng tip cn l cc thit b trong mng v cc m hnh giao thc cung cp dch v ADSL. Cc hnh 3.36 v 3.37 s m t kin trc ca mt mng ADSL thc t v m hnh phn lp ca n.
Hnh 3. 36 M hnh kt ni h thng ADSL trong thc t
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Hnh 3. 37 M hnh phn chia dch v mng ADSL Mt h thng ADSL gm c cc thnh phn thit b sau: - Cc thit b pha nh cung cp: b tp hp truy cp Aggregator, b ghp knh truy cp DSLAM (Digital subscriber Line Access Multiplexer), knh truyn, b tch dch v POTS (CO Splitter). - Cc thit b pha khch hng: Thit b u cui ADSL (ADSL CPE: ADSL - Customer Premises Equipment), PC/LAN, b tch dch v POTS (CPE Splitter). 3.9.1 Cc thit b pha nh cung cp dch v
3.9.1.1 DSLAM
DSLAM l b ghp knh c chc nng trc tip cung cp cng kt ni ti khch hng, c chc nng tp trung lu lng ca nhiu ng ADSL (hng nghn ng) vo mt giao din mng duy nht. Mt ASDL DSLAM phi t c cc yu cu sau: - H tr MPLS, nh tuyn IP, nhiu mc QoS cho php trin khai nhiu loi ng dng qua ADSL. - Kh nng tng tng thch vi nhiu loi thit b u cui khch hng (DSL CPE) ca nhiu hng sn xut m ra cho khch hng nhiu kh nng la chn thit b u cui. - Kh nng ng dng cc k thut phn nhnh, xp chng...v.v cho php trin khai linh hot khi thay i cu trc mng.
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- DSLAM cng thng c t ti cc khu vc CO khng c ngi qun l k thut do hu ht cc nh sn xut thit b ny phi ch to ra cc sn phm c kh nng chu li rt cao nhm gim thiu cc s c v mng. - Cc giao din mng thng thng sau: ATM/STM-1, 34 Mb/s E3, n x 2 Mb/s (E1), Ethernet 10/100BaseT. - Cu hnh nhiu khe cm c th la chn. Thng thng mt ADSL DSLAM phi c cc khe cm sau: + Cc khe cm cho cc card ATU-C v b tch POTS/ISDN. + 1 khe cho card qun l. + C 1-2 khe cho cp ngun. - C bng kt cui cp. Ngi ta chia DSLAM thnh 2 loi : ln (Hub hay Main DSLAM) v nh (Sub DSLAM). Cc Sub DSLAM thng c t xa (phc v cho cc vng a l khc nhau xa CO) nn cn gi l R-DSLAM. mi R-DSLAM phc v cho khong 1-50 khch hng.
3.9.1.2 B tp hp truy cp Aggregator

B tp hp truy cp l thit b c nhim v tp trung cc kt ni v trung tm theo phng thc gim thiu kt ni logic. Aggregator tp trung cc kt ni logic (cc PVC) n t cc DSLAM ri tng hp li thnh mt hoc mt vi PVC truyn ti qua mng trc ti kt cui th hai ca cc kt ni logic (ISP). Nu khng s dng Aggregator th vi NxPVC n t N thit b u cui s chim NxPVC trn mng trc. Yu cu t ra cho Aggregator: - H tr a dng cc loi giao tip LAN/WAN thun li cho vic kt ni vi cc Router, DSLAM: Ethernet/Fast/GigaEthernet, Serial, HSSI, ISDN, T3/E3, OC3/STM-1, OC-12/STM-4, ...v.v. - Kh nng x l cao tng xng vi vai tr l b tp trung, chp nhn c hng ngn kt ni ti t pha khch hng. - H tr ATM, MPLS, IP, QoS, CoS, L2TP - H tr kh nng xp chng, phn nhnh cho php trin khai linh hot cu hnh mng khi cn thit. - Kh nng tng thch vi cc dng sn phm ca cc hng khc. Vai tr ca Aggregator l tp hp tt c cc kt ni o logic vo trong mt im logic, iu ny cng ng ngha vi Aggregator tp hp tt cc cc phin PPP vo mt im sau mi dn ln UP-link ti mng trc. V cn bn mi thu bao c mt phin PPP tuy nhin s lng kt ni PPP l khng gii hn trn mi kt ni DSL. Vi c tnh ny cho php khch hng khc nhau trong cng
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mt vn phng chia s cng mt ng xDSL i ra ngoi mng Internet. Cc phin PPP c xc thc (Authentification) sau c kt thc ti Aggregator. Thit b Aggregator c th l mt thit b nh tuyn a chc nng, hoc l mt thit b mng chuyn c thit k cho vic tp hp cc bng rng. Aggregator c th thc hin vic nhn thc Authentification, cp php (Authorization) hay tnh cc (Accounting) bi mt RADIUS server t trn mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Sau khi c nhn thc, Aggregator s thit lp mt tuyn ni (route) t nh khch hng n nh cung cp dch v Internet. Cc thit b Aggregator c t gia thit b Hub DSLAM v POP ca ISP v kt ni n cc DSLAM mc di thng qua giao tip WAN. Cc thit b Aggregator s kt hp vi h thng RADIUS t ti Trung tm iu hnh cho php qun l AAA cho cc khch hng DSL nh phng php truy cp Internet bnh thng. Thit b Aggregator cn c gi l thit b truy nhp bng rng BAS/B-RAS ( Broadband/ Broadband Remote Access Server).
3.9.1.3 CO-splitter
Nh ni cc phn trc, cng ngh ADSL cho php truy nhp ng thi POTS/ISDN v d liu tc cao trn cng mt i dy cp ng bng cch s dng cc gii tn s khc nhau cho mi loi dch v. m bo cc gii tn s ny khng gy nhiu ln nhau, b tch POTS (POTS Splitter) c s dng. Cu to ca mt mch POTS Splliter nh hnh 3.38.
Hnh 3. 38 Cu to mt mch POTS Splitter Mt CO-Splitter s l tp hp ca nhiu mch POTS Splitter nh hnh v trn. Thng thng mt CO-Splitter c dung lng phc v cho khong 300 ng ADSL. Mi bn CO- splitter s bao gm t nht 03 nhm cng giao tip 50 chn: mt kt ni n mch vng cc b, mt kt ni vi DSLAM v cn li dng kt ni vi trung tm chuyn mch in thoi. CO-Splitter thng c tch hp bn trong DSLAM hoc bn ngoi i km vi DSLAM trong qu trnh cung cp dch v.
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3.9.2.1 Thit b u cui ADSL-CPE

Thit b u cui ADSL pha khch hng bao gm mt lot cc thit b, card giao tip thc hin chc nng chuyn i d liu ngi s dng thnh dng tn hiu ADSL v ngc li. Thit b u cui ADSL CPE tiu biu l PC NIC, DSL Modem, DSL Bridge, Router. Mt thit b u cui ADSL CPE phi cung cp cc giao din khch hng thng thng nh: 10/100BaseT Ethernet, ATM-F 25 Mb/s, V.35, USB (Universal Serial Bus).
3.9.2.2 CPE Splitter

CPE Splitter l mt mch POTS Splitter nh hnh 3.38. CPE Splitter cung cp 3 cng giao tip RJ-11: mt cng u vo t vng lp cc b, mt cng u ra mch lc thng thp i n in thoi/u cui ISDN v mt cng u ra b lc thng cao i n thit b u cui ADSL CPE. Mch lc thng thp s lc ra cc tn hiu POTS/ISDN tn s thp, chn nhiu xung t in thoi hoc cng tc vo modem ADSL do chung, nhc h my v cc thay i tr khng. Mch lc thng cao s lc ly tn s cao v chn cc tn hiu modem ADSL i vo my in thoi lm gim cht lng ng dy. 3.9.3 Cc m hnh giao thc cung cp dch v
3.9.3.1 Khi qut v kin trc giao thc ADSL
Hnh 3. 39 Kin trc giao thc ADSL tng qut Kt ni ADSL c thit lp gia modem v tng i.Trong s sp t cho truy cp internet tc cao, cc ng truyn dn kt ni t DSLAM - BAS - ti nh cung cp dch v ISP cng phi c cung cp cc kt ni tc cao nh STM, ATM hoc chuyn mch IP. Kt ni ny phi uyn chuyn, cho php ISP
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c th bt c u, khng nht thit phi gn tng i. Trong m hnh kt ni ny cc gi tin IP s c chuyn ch bi cc t bo ATM thng qua giao thc PPP. ATM c kch c t bo (cell) c nh, c th mang 48bytes d liu ca ngi dng trong tng cng 53bytes/cell. Mt lp p ng AAL c dng cho php cc giao thc cp cao hn nh l PPP ( Internet Point to Point Protocol Giao thc internet im ti im ) c ti trn ATM. C 4 lp p ng gi l AAL1 , AAL2 , AAL3/4 v AAL5. AAL1 cn cho cc ng dng tc khng i nh truyn hnh qung b (Video Broadcast), AAL2 dng cho cc dch v hi ngh truyn hnh (Video conference), AAL3/4 cung cp tc bit bin i nhanh nhng khng cn sa li, AAL5 c trng c dng cho LAN To LAN hay cc ng dng internet. Nhng dch v ny khng nhy cm v thi gian v cc giao thc internet qun l vic nhn bit li v sa li. Tt c cc dng AAL hnh thnh 2 lp con gi l lp con hi t CS (Convergence Sub-layer) v lp con phn mnh & ti to SAR (Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer). Trong trng hp AAL5, SAR rt nh, vai tr chnh ca lp con SAR l ch t bo cho l cui cng ca nhm ti, lin kt t mt khung n ca lp cao hn. Lp con hi t CS lin quan chnh vi s m thm (padding) khi khung ca lp cao hn vt 48byte. Nhn t c ngha nht trong s lin h gia ADSL v ATM l a ch v to hng. ng dn qua mng ATM gi l mch o VC (Virtual Circuit). Tt c cc phi c xc nh trc. Mt kt ni ATM c xc nh bi 2 gi tr: b nhn dng ng dn o VPI ( Virtual Path Indentifier ) v b nhn dng knh o VCI ( Vitual Chanel Indentifier ); gi l cp VPI/VCI. VCI l kt ni c tnh n tr trong mt VPI. Cc VCI c nhm trong cc VPI to s thun tin cho cc nh khai thc, cc nhm VCI ch c th chuyn mch trong nn c s VPI. Trong mt mng li, mi chuyn mch sp t mt cp VPI/VCI u vo trn mt cng u vo ti mt cp VPI/VCI trn mt cng u ra. Nh vy vic nh tuyn cc t bo ATM phi da vo gi tr VPI/VCI c xc nh bi cc u cui. ng dng lp cao trong Internet thc hin qua giao thc TCP/IP, chuyn ti cc gi IP qua mng ATM cn c mt giao thc trung gian, l giao thc PPP. Thng qua giao thc ny cc ISP thc hin iu khin, kim tra gim st lu lng, thm quyn truy cp v tnh cc. C 4 cch t TCP/IP vo trong ATM : - Cch 1: TCP/IP PPP ATM (PPPoA). - Cch 2 : TCP/IP PPP Ethernet ATM (PPPoE). - Cch 3 : TCP/IP ATM (RFC 1483R). - Cch 4 : TCP/IP Ethernet ATM (RFC 1483B).
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Encapsulation a giao thc hay ADSL cho php truyn dn vi cc giao thc khc nhau qua ATM. C hai cch thc hin l ghp knh o VC v ghp knh LLC (Logical Link Control). Nh cung cp dch v s xc nh 1 trong 4 cch chuyn ti TCP/IP qua ATM tng ng RFC1483R , RFC14873B, PPPoA hay PPPoE v cng phi xc nh dng ghp knh VC (VC Multiplexing) hay ghp knh LLC (LLC Multiplexing). Thc t th nh cung cp dch v phi thng bo cho khch hng bit h mua thit b u cui thch hp.
3.9.3.2 RFC 1483

RFC 1483 hay a giao thc qua AAL5 c trin khai trong cc sn phm ca SBC v Pac Bell s dng cho cc i tng c nhn v doanh nghip. Tiu chun ny h tr giao thc c nh tuyn RFC 1483R ( R: Routed) ging IP v giao thc khng c nh tuyn RFC 1483B (B: Brigded) ging nh bc cu Ethernet. N cng c kt hp cc ty chn cho VC Multiplexing v LLC Multiplexing. RFC 1483B (Bridged) s dng trong modem ADSL gn ngoi h tr giao thc ng khung theo tiu chun RFC 1483B.
Hnh 3. 40 M hnh giao thc RFC 1483B RFC 1483R (Routed) s dng trong b nh tuyn ADSL gn ngoi h tr giao thc ng khung theo tiu chun RFC 1483R.
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Hnh 3. 41 M hnh giao thc RFC 1483R u im: RFC1483 c th ghp nhiu phin trn mt ATM PVC Nhc im: - ADSL Modem phi nh dng li khung Ethernet. - Thng c s dng vi IP tnh. - Phi cu hnh thit b pha ngi s dng. - PC phi c trang b Card Ethernet. - Phi khai bo VPI/VCI cho ADSL modem. 3.9.3.3 PPP over ATM (PPPoA) PPPoA (RFC 2364) c dng trong cc thit b: Modem ADSL gn trong (Internal ADSL Modem), USB Modem or ADSL Router. Cc u im: - S dng bng tn hiu qu nht (t thng tin mo u s dng trong vic ng khung). - Gn nh l gii php c chi ph thp nht. - Cc nh sn xut PC c th ci t phn cng v phn mm c lin quan trc khi bn hng. - C kh nng cung cp a ch IP ng. - PPP cung cp tnh nng bo an (PAP/CHAP). Nhc im: - Phn mm hoc phn cng ca PC phi c chc nng SAR.
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- Mt i tng s dng trn mt kt ni ADSL v phi cu hnh i tng s dng. - Phi khai bo VPI/VCI cho ADSL Modem. - S dng User ID v Password cho NSP.
Hnh 3. 42 M hnh giao thc PPPoA
3.9.3.4 PPP over Ethernet (PPPoE)

PPPoE (Point to Point over Ethernet) (RFC 2516) h tr cc giao thc nh hng (ging IP) v cc giao thc khng nh hng (nh Ethernet). N cng kt hp vic s dng ty chn VC Multiplexing v LLC Multiplexing. PPPoE yu cu hu ht cc giao thc ng khung: - PPP trn PC bo an kt ni t PC n b nh tuyn ca ISP. - PPPoE kt ni t PC n modem. - RFC 1483 kt ni t modem n b nh tuyn ca ISP. u im: - PPPoE c th ghp nhiu phin PPP trn mt ATM PVC. - H tr nhiu ngi s dng chung mt kt ni ADSL. - PPP cung cp tnh nng bo an (PAP/CHAP). - S dng mn hnh dial-up quen thuc. - Ngi s dng c th la chn dch v (La chn dch v mt cch ng). Nhc im:
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- S dng bng tn ADSL khng hiu qu - PC cn phi c ci t giao thc PPPoE (cha c chun ha). - PPPoE yu cu ci t b sung phn mm iu khin ln PC. - PPPoE khng m bo c QoS ( thi im hin ti). - PPPoE khng h tr cuc gi n. - Phi cu hnh thit b pha khch hng. - PC phi c trang b Card Ethernet. - VPI/VCI cho ADSL PVC trn ADSL modem. - User ID and password ng k vi ISP trn PC.
Hnh 3. 43 M hnh giao thc PPPoE
3.9.3.5 Ci t modem ADSL

c th truy cp mng bng rng ta phi cu hnh cc tham s c bn ca modem ADSL nh sau: - Ci t ADSL: Chn modem theo chun G.DMT hay G.Lite. - Ci t ATM: khai bo cp gi tr VPI/VCI. - Ci t giao thc: + Phng php encapsulation l VC Multiplexed hay LLC Multiplexed. + Loi kt ni l PPPoA, PPPoE, RFC1483R hay RFC 1483B. - Ci t User Name v Password nu l PPPoE hay PPPoA.
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Chng 4. PHNG PHP THIT K MT MNG ADSL

4.1 Mng ngoi vi
4.1.1 Khi nim mng ngoi vi Mng ngoi vi l mt trong ba thnh phn chnh cu thnh mng vin thng (thit b chuyn mch, thit b truyn dn v mng ngoi vi). Cho n nay mng ngoi vi vn c thit k v xy dng vi mc ch cung cp dch v thoi PSTN. Vi vic a cc dch v bng rng trn mng cp ng m in hnh l ADSL th vn nng cao cht lng mng ngoi vi, r sot li cc tiu chun thit k v xy dng mng ngoi vi l vn cp bch. Mng ngoi vi l phn ca mng li vin thng bn ngoi nh trm, bao gm cc phng tin ng vai tr vt dn in nh cc loi dy, cp thng tin, k c cc phng tin thit b h tr, bo v chng. Nh vy mng ngoi vi gm cc phn chnh sau: a/ Mng cp ng ni ht bao gm: - Cp ngm (l cp c lun trong ng hm, v h thng cng, b cp). - Cp treo (l cp c treo trn cc ct bng b tng, ct g, ct st). - Dy thu bao. - Mng xng ni cp. - Phin u dy. - Gi MDF. b/ Mng cp quang ni ht, trung k ni ht, trung k ng di(ng trc) bao gm: - Cp quang ngm (chn trc tip hoc lun trong cng, b cp). - Cp quang treo (treo trn ct b tng, ct st). - Cp quang th sng, bin. c/ H thng h tr, bo v: H thng h tr, bo v mng cp thng tin bao gm: ng hm (Tunnel), cng cp, ng nha, hm, h cp, t cp, ct b tng cp, thit b chng st cho mng ngoi vi. Tiu chun mng ngoi vi l tp hp tiu chun cc trang thit b, vt t ca h thng dn in v h thng h tr, bo v, chng nu trn.
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4.1.2 Cc vn cn lu i vi mng ngoi vi ngy nay
4.1.2.1 Mng cp ng
Mng cp ng ni ht l mng dy, cp ng cng cc thit b h tr (ct cp, mng xng cp, phin u dy, t cp, hp cp) ng vai tr vt dn in kt ni t cc thu bao (in thoi, fax) n thit b chuyn mch qua gi u dy MDF. Mng bao gm: gi u dy MDF, cp gc, cp phi, cp nhnh, cp thu bao v cc t cp, hp cp. Cp gc (cp chnh) l cp t MDF ni vi t cp s cp; Cp nhnh l cp t t cp s cp n cc t cp th cp; Cp phi l cp ni t t cp th cp n cc hp cp; Cp thu bao l cp ni t hp cp ti nh thu bao. ng knh cp gc thng l 0,4mm, cp nhnh thng dng c ng knh t 0,4 0,5mm, cp phi thng dng c ng knh 0,5 0,9mm, cp thu bao thng dng l dy dropwire 3 dy (hai dy tip v ring, 1 dy chu lc). Bn knh vng phc v ca cc tng i HOST v cc tng i v tinh ti cc trung tm tnh, thnh ph t 1,5 5Km, cc vng ngoi bn knh phc v c ni ln ti trn 10Km. Mng cp ng c cc vn sau: Phng tin thi cng cp cn th s, s cn b v cng nhn k thut trc tip ch o, thi cng rt t, a s thu lc lng lao ng ph thng ngoi x hi lun cp vo cng cp v ko cp nn cp d b tn thng sau khi thi cng, nh hng ln n cc tham s in mt chiu cng nh xoay chiu ca cp. Vic phi cp ti cc bu in tnh, thnh ph hin nay qua rt nhiu cp, cp t t s cp (nh cp) n hp cp kt cui cc trung tm tnh, thnh ph l t 1 n 5 cp ( tc l mt i dy thu bao cung cp cc dch v vin thng t nht phi qua t 02 06 ln u chuyn qua phin u dy ti cc t, hp cp mi n gi MDF; C bit c ni thc hin t 8 10 cp phi cp; Vic phi cp nhiu cp l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy nn nn nhiu trong cp, lm cc tham s in xoay chiu ca li dn cp phn ln khng t yu cu so vi tiu chun ngnh (TCN 68-132: 1998), dn n xuyn nhiu gia cc i cp, suy hao truyn dn ln, suy hao phn x nh, nh hng rt ln n tc truyn dn d liu ca cc dch v xDSL. Khng thc hin hoc thc hin khng ng cc ch tiu v tip t chng st cho cp ti MDF cng nh ti cc t cp, hp cp; y l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy ln nn nhiu cao trong cc i cp nh hng n tc truyn dn ca cc dch v xDSL.
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Cng tc bo v, bo dng ti cc t cp, hp cp khng thng xuyn, bi bn ti cc phin ni dy l nguyn nhn gy ln xuyn nhiu gia cc i cp. Xuyn m u gn i vi cc i cp nm trong cng mt quad rt ln, suy hao truyn dn tn s 1kHz, 150kHz, 300kHz, 772kHz phn ln khng t yu cu.
4.1.2.2 H thng cng, b cp

H thng ng hm, cng, b, h cp l cu trc ngm di mt t lp t cc cp c dung lng ln nh cp gc, cp nhnh, cp trung k ni ht, cp trung k ng di. H thng ny hu ht c lp t di ng giao thng cng cng, v mt phn di h ng; a s h thng cng b cp trn mng u c thit k v thi cng theo TCN 68- 153: 1995 ca Tng cc bu in, tuy nhin khng t cc h thng cng b cp cc bu in tnh, thnh ph thi cng khng ng so vi thit k, hoc thit k khng st vi thc t, nn khng tun theo TCN c ban hnh. Vn thit k cng b cha st vi thc t pht trin ca mng vin thng, gy nn vic thng xuyn o bi lng ng v va h tng dung lng cng cp lm mt m quan th, nh hng n giao thng. Cng tc gim st thi cng cn bung lng dn n cht lng cng trnh khng cao, nhiu lp b cp bng b tng b dn, v hoc bo dng rt kh khn do thi cng khng ng theo thit k. St ch T np an b tng v chn rc rt nhiu ni khng c, nn trong b cp c rt nhiu rc v t. Khong cch gia cc khong b c nhiu ni ch 50m 70m, trong khi TCN 68 - 153:1995 a ra ch tiu ny l 100m 270m. Ct cp trn mng s dng nhiu chng loi (ct b tng, ct st..), cc loi ct ny sn xut theo tiu chun ngnh TCN 18-73; TCN 86-78 (ct b tng cho dy trn thng tin v cp treo ni th) c v lc hu, khng ph hp vi s pht trin ca mng ngoi vi, vi s pht trin ca cc th hin i. 4.1.3 Mt s qui nh mi v mng ngoi vi
4.1.3.1 Cu trc mng cp ng ni ht

Cu trc ca mng cp ng ni ht nh hnh v 4.1. Cc im u ni bao gm: mng xng, t cp v hp cp. - Cc n v cn thit k vng phc v ca cc tng i ti cc trung tm tnh, thnh ph sao cho bn knh vng phc v 3Km i vi cp c ng knh
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0,4mm; 4Km i vi cp c ng knh 0,5mm; Ch tiu ny m bo cht lng thoi cho cc thu bao thng thng (suy hao truyn dn tn s 800Hz t thu bao n tng i l 7dB)
Hnh 4. 1 Cu trc mng cp ng ni ht - Thc hin vic phi cp mt cp (i dy thu bao ch qua mt t cp v mt hp cp) ti cc trung tm tnh, thnh ph, huyn, th x; Cha p dng ch tiu ny i vi cc vng su, vng xa. - Nhng ni s dng cp gc 0,4mm th cp nhnh c th s dng c dy: 0,5 0,9mm ty theo bn knh phc v p ng yu cu v tc dch v bng rng, cn lu trn mt i dy thu bao khng c qu 2 ln thay i c dy. - T cp phi t v tr hp l, tin cho vic s dng v khng nh hng ti m quan th; T cp phi t trn gi bng st v c c nh vo ct, nhng ni khng c ct th phi xy b chc chn, dng b loong c nh t cp vo b. - Ti cc t, hp cp phi thc hin vic tip t chng st cho cp v tip t cho cc mn che tnh in ca cc cp, vic tip t chng st cho cp phi trnh xa im tip t ca cc trm bin th in v cc nh cao tng t 20m tr nn. Phin u dy trang b ti cc gi MDF, cc t cp phi r ngun gc, c y thuyt minh cc ch tiu k thut, trnh hng gi nh hng n cht lng truyn dn ca cc dch v vin thng. - i vi nhng ni c c tim nng pht trin dch xDSL m cp ng khng p ng c cc ch tiu v suy hao th c th dng cp quang + thit b truy nhp + cp ng.
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4.1.3.2 Cu trc mng truy nhp c cp quang
Hnh 4. 2 Cu trc mng truy nhp c cp quang Cc im kt ni bao gm: - OLT: B kt cui ng dy quang. - ONU: n v mng quang. - SDP: im phn phi thu bao (hp cp).
4.1.3.3 H thng cng, b cp

- Cc BT,TP ln k hoch sa cha, nng cp cc b cp di lng ng, thay dn np b cp b tng bng lp b cp gang cu. - Tng cng cng tc kim tra, pht hin v sa cha kp thi cc b cp b st n, lp b b dn, v m bo an ton cho cp, ngi v phng tin giao thng qua li.
4.2 Qui hoch mng ADSL

4.2.1 Cc bc qui hoch ADSL Cc bc qui hoch mng ADSL bao gm: - D bo nhu cu ADSL. - D bo k thut ADSL. - Kho st hin trng mng thu bao in thoi v gii php. - Con ng tin trin ca DSL. - D bo lu lng ADSL. - Qui hoch cht lng ADSL. - Qui hoch cu hnh mng ADSL. - Qui hoch thit b ADSL. - o th, lp t v trin khai ADSL. 4.2.2 D bo nhu cu ADSL D bo nhu cu ADSL bao gm cc bc: - Xc nh mc tiu d bo. - Sp xp cc iu kin ban u.
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- Nghin cu d liu. - Phn tch khuynh hng nhu cu. - Xc nh k thut d bo. 4.2.3 D bo k thut ADSL D bo s tin trin ca k thut ADSL: ADSL, RADSL, Reach DSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+ v d bo s tin trin ca cng ngh, thit b ADSL cng nh gi thnh. 4.2.4 Con ng tin trin ca DSL
Hnh 4. 3 Con ng tin trin ca DSL - T modem analog sang ADSL: mc ch ca ngi s dng l tng tc truy xut Internet, trong khi mc ch ca cc nh iu hnh v khai thc mng l chuyn lu lng truy xut Internet ra khi mng chuyn mch PSTN. Vi ADSL cng ty khai thc in thoi khng phi u t nng cp tng i, to iu kin cho vic cnh tranh vi cable modem ca mng in thoi v cng hnh thnh mt mi trng cnh tranh lnh mnh gia ILEC v cc CLEC. - T cc DLC chuyn sang ADSL: theo thng k th 15% s thu bao in thoi c kt ni vi tng i in thoi ni ht qua cc b DLC. Cc b DLC khng truyn ti tn hiu di tn 1,104 MHz ca ADSL. Gii php tt nht cho cc b DLC l trin khai cc remote DSLAM ti cc RT ca DLC. - T ISDN sang ADSL: ISDN nm trong di tn upstream ca ADSL nn phi tht ch ti cc xuyn knh ISDN v ADSL. - T ADSL ti DLC th h mi (NGDLC): phn b ha vic chuyn mch, p dng cc ng truyn Ethernet 10Base-T, 100Base-T hay cp quang. Cc DLC p ng nhu cu ca dn chng cc nc pht trin sng ngy cng xa trung tm thnh ph, cc vng ngoi . DLC th h mi h tr dch v thoi gi cc dch v thng tin s qua ATM. - T ADSL ti VDSL: Trong vi nm na cp quang s tr nn ph bin. Bn cnh nhu cu v cc dch v i hi tc cao cng tng vt. Trong khi
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th VDSL trin khai nhanh hn Ethernet v VDSL cng c tc gn bng cp quang. 4.2.5 Quy hoch cht lng ADSL Quy hoch cht lng ADSL da trn 3 tiu chun: - Tc nghn kt ni (overbooking). - cch ly gia cc thu bao. - Thc hin cht lng c bo m. T l tc nghn kt ni ph thuc vo 4 yu t. l: s thu bao tng cng khi quy hoch, s thu bao ca tng dch v cng tc d liu ti a, dung lng tng cng vo gi cao im khi tt c u on-line v h s ghp thng k da vo quan im cho php ca khch hng. Khi kch thc ca b m d liu trn cc b DSLAM, tp trung DSLAM tng th kh nng mt cell cng gim, cht lng dch v cng cao. C th gim tc cn thit ca cc dch v ti a tng hiu qu ca b m d liu. Gii quyt xp hng cc VC theo tng loi dch v. C ch CAC (Connection Admission Control) c th thng bo tc nghn kt ni cho thu bao. Khi qun l lu lng cng tt th s thu bao t c cng cao. Khi b tp trung DSLAM l gii php qun l lu lng tin tin gip tng mt thu bao. Cch ly thu bao: cc loi d liu bao gm: UBR, GFR, CBR, VBR. Cng nhiu thu bao vo mng th cht lng ca UBR (thng l dn dng) cng gim. C ch qun l ca ATM khng phn bit cc loi VC trong mt VP. cch ly thu bao c tt th phi hnh thnh cc virtual tunnel trong cc VP. Hnh thnh mc u tin cho cc virtual tunnel s gip mng ATM khng b i cc cell mt cch lng ph. Thc hin c bo m cht lng: bo m cho cc thu bao nhn c lu lng cao nht, khng b chim dng ti nguyn, khng ln chim cc thu bao khc. Trong chuyn mch VC ngi ta s dng c ch EPD/PPD: v cc gi IP b hng phi c truyn li lm tr d liu ca khch hng. Cc b tp trung DSLAM dng VP switching phi c c ch bo v lu lng IP ring VP access layer. GFR l dng cho cc thu bao cn tc thp nht v cn chnh xc nht bng c ch EPD/PPD. Hnh thnh mc u tin cho tng virtual tunnel s bo m tc . 4.2.6 Qui hoch cu hnh mng ADSL Da vo cc s liu kho st v d bo cc bc trc xy dng nn cu hnh mt mng ADSL vi v tr chnh xc ni t thc t ca cc thit b v s kt ni gia cc thit b, dung lng ca tng tuyn kt ni.
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Kho st c tnh, chc nng v gi c ca cc thit b hin c trn th trng, sau so snh v i chiu vi cu hnh mng chn ra thit b ph hp nht, m bo cho cc d bo cc bc trc. Mt s thit b thng dng trn th trng hin nay nh: - DSLAM IP4800 ca hng Paradyne: da trn giao tip IP, mi tng modem IP4800 c ti a 48 port ADSL. IP4800 c kh nng xp chng 8 tng to to thnh ti a 384 port ADSL. Vi mi port ADSL chiu upstream ti a 1024Kb/s, chiu downstream t ti a 8Mb/s. - B tp trung DSLAM XP 144 ca hng Siemens: cung cp cc giao tip E3/T3/STM-1...ti cc DSLAM. - CO-Splitter ca hng Paradyne: mt khung CO-Splitter ny thng c nhiu b khe cm card CO-Splitter, mt b c 6 khe cm. - Mt s IAD thng dng nh: Carrier Access Corp. ABII, GVN D'Lite 440, Premisys IMACS, Premisys StreamLine, VINA Multiservice Xchange.
4.3 o th trc khi trin khai ADSL

S pht trin ca cng ngh ng dy thu bao s ph thuc vo cht lng v thit k mng cp ni ht. Vic nh gi ban u vng thu bao cn thit xc nh xem vng thu bao c kh nng p ng tc truyn dn thu bao s hay khng. Trong nhiu trng hp mng cp c thit k t hng chc nm trc cho dch v in thoi n thun. Mi trng truyn dn ny to ra mt s bt li c th cn tr hay thm ch khng thc hin c DSL. Chng hn, cng ngh DSL s khng thc hin c vi ng dy thu bao c cun ti hay b nh hng bi cc nhnh r v di ng dy. Trc khi c gng cung cp dch v DSL cn phi o th xc nh ng dy c th dung np cng ngh DSL c khng. Kh nng nh gi ng dy thu bao m khng cn phi cc k thut vin n tng i ni ht cng nh tn ni thu bao s tit kim chi ph ng k cho nh cung cp dch v. 4.3.1 Yu cu k thut cho ng dy thu bao cung cp ADSL Mc ny s a ra cc yu cu kim tra v o kim ng dy thu bao cung cp cc dch v bng rng xDSL. a. Cc yu cu kim tra ng dy thu bao cung cp xDSL: - Khng c cun cm. - Khng c dy h mch. - Khng c cc dy ngn mch.
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- Khng c cc i dy b ch. Mt i dy c gi l b ch nu ti im ni mt dy ca i dy b ni vi mt dy ca i dy khc. Khi nhiu xuyn m gia hai i dy s tng ng k v cht lng truyn dn ca dch v xDSL s suy gim mnh. - S lng cc nhnh cu r phi c gim i.Khi c cc nhnh cu, ng dy thu bao s c thm suy hao tn hiu. S suy hao ny xy ra v nng lng tn hiu ca b phn pht b phn x ti kt cui h mch ca nhnh cu, gy ra suy hao phn x. Suy hao tn hiu ny ph thuc vo tn s tn hiu, tc truyn lan tn hiu v di ca cc nhnh cu. Nu cht lng truyn dn b suy gim nghim trng th phi tho b cc nhnh cu. Khi c nhiu nhnh cu, s lng nhnh cu cn ph thuc vo di ca cc nhnh cu. b.Cc yu cu o kim ng dy thu bao cung cp xDSL - Suy hao truyn dn ca ng dy thu bao: Cc gi tr suy hao truyn dn ca ng dy thu bao khng c ln hn cc gi tr c qui nh trong bng 4.4. Loi DSL Tn s o, KHz Gi tr suy hao truyn dn cc i, dB HDSL 150 30 SHDSL 200 25 ADSL G.Lite 1,5Mb/s 300 60 ADSL Fullrate 6Mb/s 300 40 Hnh 4. 4 Cc gi tr suy hao truyn dn cc i ca ng dy thu bao s - H s suy hao truyn dn ca ng dy thu bao: Cc h s suy hao truyn dn ca ng dy thu bao khng c ln hn cc gi tr c qui nh trong bng 4.5. H s suy hao truyn dn, dB Tn s o, KHz 40 150 200 300 0,4 9,0 12,0 13,0 14,6 0,5 6,2 8,5 9,5 11,0 Hnh 4. 5 Cc h s suy hao truyn dn ca ng dy thu bao - in tr mch vng mt chiu cc i ca ng dy thu bao: Cc gi tr in tr mch vng mt chiu ca ng dy thu bao khng c ln hn cc gi tr c qui nh trong bng 4.5. ng knh dy dn, mm Loi xDSL HDSL SHDSL ADSL G.Lite 1,5Mb/s in tr mch vng mt chiu cc i ca ng dy thu bao, ng knh 0,4mm ng knh 0,5mm 620 700 460 532 956 1148
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ADSL Fullrate 6Mb/s 637 756 Hnh 4. 6 Cc gi tr in tr mch vng mt chiu cc i - H s in tr mch vng mt chiu cc i ca ng dy thu bao: H s in tr mch vng mt chiu cc i ca ng dy thu bao i vi dy dn ng knh 0,4mm l 280 /Km, i vi dy dn ng knh 0,5mm l 177 /Km. - Xuyn m: Xuyn m xut hin do suy hao ghp gia cc i trong cun cp c gi tr hu hn, c bit l cc i gn k nhau. Xuyn m bao gm xuyn m u gn (NEXT) v xuyn m u xa (FEXT). Cc gi tr tng suy hao xuyn m (PSL) cc tiu ca ng dy thu bao phi tha mn cc gi tr c qui nh trong bng 4.7. Tng suy hao xuyn m u Tng suy hao xuyn m xa (NEXT PSL) gn cc tiu, dB (FEXT PSL) gn cc tiu, dB 150 56 54 300 52 48 1000 44 38 Hnh 4. 7 Cc gi tr tng suy hao xuyn m cc tiu ca ng dy thu bao - Mt cn bng so vi t: Mt cn bng so vi t ca ng dy thu bao c nh gi qua thng s suy hao bin i dc. Suy hao bin i dc ca ng dy thu bao chn trin khai ADSL phi tha mn cc gi tr sau: + Tn s o: 251104 KHz. + Suy hao bin i dc cc tiu: 40 dB. + Tr khng: 40 . - Nhiu xung t cc h thng khc: Nhiu xung t cc h thng khc cng hot ng trn mt cun cp phi nm di ng bao nh hnh 4.8. Tn s o, kHz
Hnh 4. 8 Nhiu xung
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4.3.2 Cc giai on o th ng dy thu bao s ti u ho dch v v li ch ca nh cung cp dch v, vic nh gi cht lng ng dy thu bao phi c tin hnh nhiu giai on ca vic cung cp dch v DSL. Vic nh gi cht lng ng dy thu bao cho vic cung cp dch v DSL phi qua nhiu giai on gm giai on trc khi hp ng cung cp dch v, giai on trc khi lp t, giai on lp t v giai on xc nhn lp t, cn thit phi b sung thm vic o th nhn cng ngoi vic o th t ng. a. o th trc hp ng: o th trc hp ng (pre-sales testing) c th c cc tng i nh nc thc hin trc khi a dch v DSL n khch hng. tng ti a thu nhp ca mnh, i ng tip th dch v c th nh hng khch hng qua cht lng ng dy thu bao c o kim trc. Vic o th trc hp ng thng bao gm: nghin cu v tr a l, nghin cu h s cp v kim tra cp kim loi. - Nghin cu v tr a l: Nghin cu v tr a l bao gm mt bn v mt cy thc. Cng vic ny bao gm vic tm kim cc khch hng nm trong tm 5,5Km k t tng i. Ch ring vic nghin cu v tr a l khng em li hiu qu nhiu, v thng 70 n 80 phn trm s trng hp cn phi c o th thm. - Nghin cu h s cp: Nghin cu h s cp bao gm vic xem xt h s cp vi cc vng thu bao c di di 5,5Km m khng c cun ti hay cc nhn t bt li khc cho truyn dn tn hiu DSL. Nu h s cp cho thy ng dy thu bao l tt th t l 80 n 90 phn trm cc trng hp cung cp dch v DSL thnh cng. Nhng tht khng may l cc tng i t nhn th khng qun l h s cp trong khi cc tng i nh nc do lch s ln n hn trm nm nn tht lc h s cp rt nhiu. - o th cp kim loi: Vic o th cp kim loi trc hp ng bao gm vic s dng cc thit b o xc nh cc c tnh ca vng thu bao c th. C hai phng php thc hin l o mt u ti tng i v o hai u ti tng i v ti v tr thu bao. o th cp kim loi ch nhm mc ch xem th vng thu bao c th truyn dn c tn hiu DSL hay khng ch khng thc hin bt c mt sa cha no trn vng thu bao. Vic o th ng dy bao gm vic s dng cc thit b o th nh gi cht lng ng dy. b. o th trc lp t: Sau khi khch hng c qung co dch v cc CLEC cn phi thc hin o th trc lp t (pre-installation testing). Cc CLEC thng khng c
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ng dy thu bao ti khch hng cho ti khi c cc ILEC cung cp. Vic o th trc lp t c th c thc hin sau khi ILEC chuyn ng dy thu bao cho CLEC. Nu vng thu bao khng p ng yu cu ti thiu cho tn hiu DSL th CLEC phi loi b ng dy bng cch xin thm mt ng dy khc hay thng bo cho khch hng l khng th thc hin cung cp dch v c. Vic o th trc lp t cng c th thc hin mt u hay hai u. c. o th khi lp t: Mt vi kiu dch v DSL cho php khch hng t lp t modem v cc b lc tn hiu trn ng dy. Khi khch hng mun t lp cc thit b nh vy th c th thnh cng hay tht bi. Khi khng t lp t c th khch hng gi c khc phc v nh vy ng dy thu bao phi c o th khi lp t (installation testing). d. o th xc nhn sau khi lp t: Sau khi khch hng c c dch v DSL nh mong mun th c nhiu yu t nh hng ti dch v v s chp nhn ca khch hng, v d nh: - Thi tit ma lm gim tc s liu hay thm ch ngn cn dch v. - S c trn ng dy cp kim loi nh hng ti dch v. - Trong mi trng tn ti c ILEC v CLEC th c kh nng ILEC i ng dy thu bao m khng thng bo trc. - Nhiu cm ng lm cho tc truyn s liu trn ng dy thu bao gim xung. - Ngi hng xm ca thu bao c c dch v vi tc tn hiu nhanh hn lm khch hng c ngh ng dy ca mnh ang ngy cng chm i. H s ca ng dy thu bao ang o th rt cn thit cung cp cc php o ng n cho ng dy thu bao. Vic ghi li h s lc tin hnh lp t l cn thit sau ny ngi thc hin o kim c th so snh. Do vy ngay sau khi lp t thnh cng phi thc hin bc o th xc nhn sau khi lp t (postinstallation support testing). Vic o th c th thc hin bng ba phng php: o th hai u, o th mt u v o th qua thit b cung cp dch v nh DSLAM chng hn. 4.3.3 Cc php o th nh gi cht lng ng dy thu bao s C hai phng php o th ng dy thu bao s l o th mt u v o th hai u. o th mt u l o t tng i v cung cp cc thng tin v bt li trn ng dy nh cun ti, ngn mch, ni t o th mt u cho kt qu tin cy v kh nng dung np dch v DSL ca ng dy thu bao. Phng php o th hai u cn phi c nhn vin k thut ti tn nh thu bao s dng cc dng c o th cm tay lin lc vi cc thit b o th tng i. o th hai
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u c th o c tc kh nng truyn d liu theo tng chiu upstream v downstream cng nh nh gi c mc nhiu t pha khch hng v nng lng tn hiu. Tuy nhin v phi gi nhn vin k thut n tn nh thu bao vn rt tn km so vi phng php o th mt u. a. in tr (Php o OHM): Gi tr in tr gia cc dy tip - ring; tip - t v ring - t phi ln hn 5M. Nu in tr gia cc dy tip - ring nh hn 5M th i dy b ngn mch. xc nh v tr ngn mch, c th thc hin php o in tr mch vng ca i dy hoc thc hin php o phn x min thi gian TDR. b. in dung (Php o CAP): Php o tip theo cn thc hin l php o in dung i dy. Php o ny m bo rng i dy b h mch hay ngn mch. Nu gi tr in dung i dy ln hn 2 mF th i dy b ngn mch. S dng php o in tr (OHM) kim tra li. Sau , thc hin php o TDR xc nh v tr ngn mch ca i dy. Php o in dung (CAP) c th cung cp di ca i dy (tnh t u o n u h mch) khi chng ta s dng cng thc qui i l 51 nF =1 km. Nu gi tr di thu c l ngn hoc di hn di danh nh th i dy b t dy. Khi di ca i dy ch 3 km v c mt nhnh cu di 1 km th gi tr in dung s tng ng in dung ca i dy 4 km v gi tr in dung o c bng tng in dung ca i dy v nhnh cu. Do , php o in dung cho php pht hin cc nhnh cu. c. in p mt chiu (Php o DCV): Php o tip theo l o in p mt chiu. Khi o in p mt chiu ti mt u ca mt i dy v h mch u kia ca i dy m thu c cc gi tr in p gia cc dy tip-ring l -48 VDC, ring-t l +48 VDC v tip-t l 0 VDC th c th kt lun l dy ring b tip xc vi mt dy no . Tip theo thc hin php o TDR xc nh v tr tip xc ny. d. in p xoay chiu (Php o ACV): Php o tip theo l o in p xoay chiu. Php o ny kim tra xem i dy c chu nh hng ca ngun in p no khng. Cc gi tr in p xoay chiu phi nh hn 5VAC. e. in tr mch vng (Loop Resistance): Php o in tr mch vng kim tra in tr mch vng ca i dy ( ni dy tip v ring ti u xa). in tr mch vng cung cp dch v ADSL khng c ln hn 1300 . Php o in tr mch vng cng c s dng xc nh di i dy (v d xem hnh 4.9).
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Hnh 4. 9 Php o in tr mch vng f. Pht hin cun cm (COIL DETECTION): Bc tip theo l pht hin cc cun cm mc trn i dy. Bn cht cc cun cm l cc b lc thng thp. Chng lm tng phm vi phc v dch v thoi nhng li hn ch nghim trng dch v DSL. Do , phi pht hin v loi b cc cun cm trc khi thc hin trin khai dch v DSL hay cc dch v s dng tn s cao. Cng c pht hin cun cm (COIL DETECTION) cho php pht hin c cun cm c mc trn i dy hay khng v nu c th s lng cc cun cm l bao nhiu. Khi pht hin c cun cm c mc trn i dy th thc hin php o TDR xc nh v tr cun cm. Khi c nhiu cun cm c mc trn i dy th thc hin php o TDR xc nh v tr v tho b cun cm u tin. Tip theo, thc hin li php o TDR xc nh v tr v tho b cun cm tip theo c mc trn i dy. Tip tc thc hin th tc ny cho ti khi tt c cc cun cm u c tho b khi i dy. g. Pht hin nhnh cu r (Bridge Tap): Nhnh cu r l mt on cp bt k khng nm trn tuyn kt ni trc tip gia tng i v thu bao. Cc nhnh cu thng c lp t cung cp dch v thoi tng t cho cc thu bao b sung thm nhng chng li gy ra phn x tn hiu v lm gim cht lng dch v DSL. Nhnh cu cng gn modem DSL bao nhiu th n gy tc hi cng nhiu. Php o TDR l cng c tt nht pht hin nhnh cu. h. Php o phn x min thi gian (Php o TDR - Time Domain Reflectometer): Php o TDR hot ng theo phng php pht mt xung ln trn i dy v sau o cc tn hiu phn x tr li. Cc tn hiu phn x xut hin do nhng thay i tr khng ca i dy m tr khng ca i dy b thay i li do i dy c nhnh cu, cun cm, b h mch,ngn mch hay b ch i. u im chnh ca php o TDR l kh nng pht hin v tr li chnh xc. Trong khi cng c pht hin cun cm (COIL DETECTION) ch pht hin c cun cm mc trn i dy th php o TDR li cho php xc nh v tr cun cm mt cch chnh xc.
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Hnh 4. 10 Php o TDR Li Nhnh cu Cun cm H mch Ngn mch Ch i dy Tn hiu xut hin nh hng ln dch v trn mn hnh DSL php o TDR Hnh 4.10a Hnh 4.10b Hnh 4.10c Hnh 4.10d Hnh 4.10e Suy gim cht lng Ngn cn hon ton vic cung cp dch v DSL Cc cng c khc Suy hao xen, in dung Pht hin cun cm
Ngn cn hon ton vic o in tr mt chiu hay cung cp dch v DSL in dung Ngn cn hon ton vic o in tr mt chiu hay cung cp dch v DSL in tr mch vng Suy gim cht lng in p mt chiu
Hnh 4. 11 Cc li ng dy v cng c pht hin f. Kim tra kh nng tng thch ph tn s: Cc dch v c cung cp trn cc i dy gn k c th gy ra xuyn m cho i dy cn kim tra. Do , phi kim tra kh nng tng thch ph tn s ca i dy cn kim tra. V dch v DSL s dng di tn s rng (V d: Dch v ADSL DMT s dng di tn s t 140 n 1100 kHz) nn n chu nh hng ca cc ngun nhiu bn ngoi. Ty thuc vo ln, can nhiu c th hn ch tc bit t c hoc ngn cn hon ton vic cung cp dch v DSL. Cng c kim tra kh nng tng thch ph tn s cho php nhn dng cc ngun nhiu. Cc mu ph tn s ca cc dch v gy ra nhiu cho php nhn dng c ngun dch v gy nhiu. g. o suy hao truyn dn:
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Ti tng i, hai u dy cn o c tch ra khi MDF v ni vi my pht tn s; Ti nh thu bao hai u dy c ni vi my thu. Tin hnh o cng sut thu c t tnh ton suy hao truyn dn. Cc gi tr suy hao truyn dn phi tha mn bng 4.4. h. o suy hao xuyn m u xa: o suy hao xuyn m u xa nhm mc ch o suy hao gia cc i dy vi nhau. Ti tng i, hai i dy c tch ra khi MDF, hai u dy ca i dy 1 ni vi my pht tn s, hai u dy ca i dy 2 ni vi mt in tr 100. Ti nh khch hng, hai u dy ca i dy 2 ni vi mt in tr 100, hai u dy ca i dy 2 ni vi my thu tn s. o cng sut thu c, t tnh ton suy hao xuyn m u xa. Kt qu o phi tha mn bng 4.7. i. o suy hao xuyn m u gn: o suy hao xuyn m u gn nhm mc ch o suy hao gia cc i dy vi nhau. Ti tng i, hai i dy c tch ra khi MDF, hai u dy ca i dy 1 ni vi my pht, hai u dy ca i dy 2 ni vi my thu. Ti nh khch hng hai u dy ca c hai i u c ni vi in tr 100. Tin hnh o cng sut thu c, t tnh ton suy hao xuyn m u gn. Kt qu o phi tha mn bng 4.7. 4.3.4 o kim thit b v dch v ADSL Khi u ni mt thit b vo mng vin thng, thit b phi m bo tun theo cc ch tiu k thut. i vi thit b ADSL cng nh vy. Cht lng ca h thng ph thuc rt nhiu yu t trong thit b mng ng mt vai tr quan trong. Vic a ra phng php o kim v nh gi thit b mng l cn thit.Do vy nh gi thit b phi tin hnh nh sau: - Kim tra cc tham s in Cc bi Test c thc hin kim tra cc tham s ca POTS splitter, ATU-C/R. Nu nh khng c s phi hp tr khng th n s nh hng n tn hiu s trong di tn ADSL cng nh tn hiu tng t trong di m tn. Cc php o trong mc ny nhm kim tra cc tham s sau trong di m tn: + o suy hao xen: xem phn 4.3.3g + Mo tr: Tham s ny nh gi nh hng ca POTS ln hot ng ca mch vng. Theo tiu chun gi tr ny phi nh hn 200s (0,63,2kHz) hay nh hn 250 s (0,240khz). + Suy hao phn x: Tham s ny nh hng ti cht lng ng truyn. Khi o suy hao phn x ti cc im o, tr khng yu cu l 100 phi kim tra lch ca gi tr ny. Thng thng ngi ra lp thm mt b cn bng tr khng trnh hin tng ny.
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- Trong di ADSL cc php o bao gm: + Suy hao trong bng tn ADSL: tham s ny nh gi kh nng truyn tn hiu trong bng tn ADSL, n nh hng trc tip ti di dy dn cho php. + Tr khng u vo, xc nh vic phi hp tr khng gia thit b v ng dy m bo nng lng c truyn i khng b suy hao. - Cc php o v giao thc cho h thng thit b c th lm vic c vi nhau, cn c cc giao thc khi to thit b ATU-C v ATU-R. Php ny p dng cho chuyn tip trng thi trong phn Kch hot v Xc nhn ca trnh t khi to ADSL DMT ATU-R/C. Sau khi thc hin thnh cng phn kch hot v xc nhn th qu trnh khi to thu pht bt u, tip theo phn tch knh v trao i d liu. Cc lp o kim bao gm:o kim nh x ATM VC, o kim nh tuyn ATM, o kim xc nhn lp PPP, o kim lp IP. y khng i sau vo cc th tc o kim cc lp ny. - Cc php o v trao i t bo ATM Cc php kim tra ny kim tra cc chc nng ring ca lp TC t bo ATM. ng thi cng bao gm cc bi kim tra cng i lin vi cc th tc bt tay cn c thc hin trc khi mt t bo ATM c pht i hay nhn v. Cc php kim tra ny p dng cho c hai ATU-C/R. Cc php kim tra ny c thit k cho cc chc nng ring c th xy ra khi mt t bo ATM c truyn i theo mt hng. Mt s cc chc nng ny bao gm chn t bo khi ri, b to iu khin li tiu (HEC) v ghp phn d liu t bo. nh thi v th t bit phi c kim tra trn c hai hng chc chn rng truyn ti bit ng. Kim tra HEC v m t t bo phi c thc hin ti u cui thu sao cho cc li c th c chun ha v nh vy th c th nhn dng c cc t bo ring l. Mt t bo c th ch c pht t lp ATM ti lp vt l hoc ngc li nu xy ra th tc bt tay gia hai lp.
4.4 Gii php k thut thit k mng ADSL

4.4.1 Yu cu thit k k thut - Mng ADSL phi c thit k bo m k hoch, chin lc pht trin v qun l mng thch hp. - Vic truy nhp t xa phi bo m kh nng xc thc (nhn dng) v an ninh mng. - Bo m cung cp cc dch v qun l mng i vi nh cung cp, khch hng v nhng ngi truy nhp t xa.
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4.4.2 Nguyn tc la chn gii php k thut Vic la chn gii php k thut da trn c s cc yu t chnh sau : - Ph hp vi cu trc mng hin c v vi iu kin thc t ca c s h tng k thut v: Kin trc nh trm, mt bng phng my, v tr lp t ca cc thit b hin c, ngun in, tip t, mi trng, bo an, bo chyv.v. - Tn dng trit c s h tng k thut sn c ca mng vin thng hin ti; nhm bo m an ton k thut, tit kim nht v chi ph u t, bao gm: c s h tng kin trc nh trm, mng truyn dn, mng ngoi vi, h thng chng st, iu ha khng kh v.v. - Khng lm ph v hoc thay i cu trc, cu hnh ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL c cp c thm quyn ph duyt ng thi phi c kh nng nng cp, m rng, tng thch vi mng th h sau. - p ng c cc yu cu v dch v theo nhu cu th trng, tc truy nhp ph hp vi nhu cu, yu cu s dng ca khch hng v phi c d phng (d tr) lu lng thch hp p ng vi nhng t bin gia tng nhu cu, pht trin thm v.v. - Thi gian trin khai dch v nhanh, trnh phc tp v ph thuc qu nhiu vo cc iu kin khch quan hoc ch quan; Chi ph u t ban u, chi ph khai thc, vn hnh, bo dng thp; Ph hp vi yu cu v kh nng qun l, vn hnh, bo dng h thng thit b ca cc n v. - Phng n k thut cng ngh c la chn ng thi vi phng n kinh t, sao cho cng tc u t c hiu qu nht, khng lng ph vn, m bo gi thnh dch v cung cp ph hp vi sc thanh ton ca i a s tng lp dn c c thu nhp trn trung bnh tr xung. - Cc gii php k thut c thit k bo m yu cu k thut ca thit b, an ton v bo mt thng tin d liu, n gin v hiu qu. - Bo m tnh tng th, tnh thng nht, tnh m rng, tnh kinh t v k hoch pht trin hp l: + Tnh tng th ca h thng: Cu hnh linh hot, y cho cc tnh nng k thut cn thit; m bo tnh hin i ca ton h thng (khng b lc hu); Ph hp vi quy m u t ca d n; m bo an ton thng tin; m bo v tc x l, truy nhp ...v.v. + Tnh thng nht ca h thng bao gm: Thng nht v c s h tng mng; Thng nht v d liu gc, ngun ti nguyn; Thng nht vn hnh, khai thc v qun l; Thng nht v cc chng trnh phn mm, x l, iu khin. + Tnh m rng ca h thng: H thng c th tip tc pht trin, nng cp v mt cu trc cng nh k thut khi c nhu cu tng cao; C kh nng m rng v quy m, thch ng khi kt ni vi cc mng khc trong nc v quc t.
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+ Tnh kinh t ca h thng: m bo cc yu cu v k thut, hin i, nhng khng lng ph khi s dng cc thit b trong khi nhu cu, trnh cha cho php s dng ht cc tnh nng; m bo lng vn u t khng ln, nhng vn xy dng c mt mng hon chnh p ng y cc yu cu, nhu cu. + K hoch pht trin hp l: hon thin ton b mng l mt qu trnh pht trin dn dn, khng th trin khai u t t, m cn phi tp trung hon thin nhng khu trng im, nhng ni thc s c nhu cu; Phi u t cc k thut, cng ngh tin tin, hin i; C k hoch nng cp, m rng h thng ph hp vi cc giai on pht trin trong tng khu vc; C k hoch o to ngun nhn lc c nng lc, trnh qun l, khai thc, bo dng h thng.
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4.5 M hnh chung ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL

4.5.1 M hnh kt ni ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL
Hnh 4. 12 M hnh kt ni h thng cung cp dch v ADSL Kt ni gia B-RAS vi h thng qun l v cung cp dch v (Data Center) theo dng hnh sao. Giao din kt ni l Fast Ethernet/Giga Ethernet (quang) theo cu hnh 2+0. Cc FE/GE c phn b trn hai tuyn si khc nhau (phn tp) m bo an ton mng. Kt ni gia B-RAS vi mng Internet: S dng giao din FE/GE v cng c phng n kt ni d phng m bo an ton mng. Kt ni gia cc DSLAM-Hub ln MSS, ln B-RAS v ln mng trc: Cc DSLAM- Hub c kt ni ln MSS thc hin phng thc kt ni theo kiu hnh sao. Giao din kt ni c s dng l n x E1 hoc n x STM-1 (in hoc
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quang) ty thuc vo mt thu bao ADSL, dung lng truyn dn SDH v si quang hin c ca mi khu vc; kt ni gia MSS v BRAS l STM -1. Kt ni gia cc DSLAM : Ty thuc vo dung lng DSLAM v h tng mng truyn dn hin c, c th s dng phng php kt ni sau: - Kt ni DSLAM dng chui : S dng cho nhng vng c truyn dn cp quang dng sao/Ring.
Hnh 4. 13 Kt ni DSLAM theo dng chui - Kt ni tp trung cc DSLAM cng a im hay cng khu vc: S dng cc DSLAM-Hub tch hp cc tnh nng tp trung trong trng hp khu vc c lu lng s dng ln, ng thi tit kim ng truyn dn.
Hnh 4. 14 Kt ni DSLAM dng tp trung - Ty thuc vo tng khu vc c th m c phng thc kt ni ph hp, hoc s dng kt hp c 2 phng php. Kt ni gia cc DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub s dng giao din E1 hoc STM-1. Ngoi ra c th s dng trc tip si quang mt s khu vc c th. i vi vi cc khu vc c nhu cu thu bao ADSL nh hoc phc v cho cc nhu cu pht trin thu bao t xut, cn c cc b MiniDSLAM, kt ni s dng giao din n x E1. 4.5.2 Chc nng ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL Mng ADSL c thit k thuc lp truy nhp dch v, c chc nng tp trung lu lung kt ni truy nhp ca khch hng truyn ti ln mng ng trc, ng thi c kh nng cung cp cc dch v c th ca cng ngh ADSL.
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Cu trc tng th h thng cung cp dch v ADSL gm hai lp: Lp truy nhp v truyn ti dch v ADSL; lp qun l v cung cp dch v ADSL. a. Lp qun l v cung cp dch v ADSL: Lp ny bao gm cc chc nng sau: - H thng my ch cung cp ni dung nh web server, game server, video server, VoD servery l h thng cc my ch cu hnh mnh c kh nng p ng y cc dch v mng. - H thng qun l DSLAM (EMS): h thng ny c t chc nhm m bo tnh thng nht v tp trung trn ton mng, cung cp cc ng dng thc hin tt vic cung cp dch v end-to-end. Cc chc nng c bn bao gm: + Qun l cc phn t mng: kim k cc phn t mng, cu trc mng v cc th mc, hin th phn t mng v tng thit b. + Qun l li: qun l cc cnh bo li hin ti, cc li xut hin v a ra c cc thng tin chi tit cnh bo. + Qun l bo mt: qun l cc thng tin truy nhp, iu khin giao tip ngi s dng. - My ch qun l mng NMS: l mt dng clustering server; c kh nng phn cp qun l mng theo nhiu cp an ninh khc nhau; c phn mm qun l li, ci t cu hnh, h tr tnh cc, kim sot cht lng v anh ninh mng; c kh nng thc hin cc thao tc qun tr qua giao din web, h tr qun l t xa qua dial-up. - My ch bc tng la Firewall Server: h tr VPN, NAT, an ton phi c chng thc bi cc t chc an ninh quc t, c kh nng lc bo v theo a ch, theo dch v, theo ngi dngv.v. b. Lp truyn ti v truy nhp dch v ADSL: Lp ny bao gm cc chc nng sau: - Thit b chuyn mch a dch v MSS: b sung kh nng chuyn mch gia cc thu bao trong cng DSLAM HUB; thit lp mng DDN h tr nhu cu kt ni knh ring; tp trung lu lng t cc DSLAM trc khi a ln BRAS. - Thit b truy nhp t xa bng rng BRAS: Thit b tp trung ny c kh nng h tr a dng cc giao tip kt ni, c kh nng x l rt cao nhm gim thiu cc kt ni logic (PVC), tp trung cc PVC n t DSLAM Hub vo mt hoc vi PVC, do cho php kt cui c hng ngn kt ni PPP cng lc t pha khch hng. - Thit b tp trung lu lng truy nhp DSLAM Hub: L mt thit b c chc nng tp trung lng truy nhp t cc thit b ghp knh DSLAM truyn ti ln lp trn (B-RAS) v ngc li. Ngoi ra, DSLAM-Hub cn c chc nng
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ghp knh truy nhp (ging nh DSLAM) v trc tip cung cp cng kt ni ti cc khch hng trong khu vc phc v. - Thit b ghp knh truy nhp (DSLAM) : L mt thit b ghp knh c chc nng trc tip cung cp cng kt ni ti khch hng. y l thit b tp trung cc ng thu bao ring l truyn ti ln lp trn (DSLAM-Hub/MSS/BRAS) v ngc li. Do k thut ADSL s dng kt ni trc tip n vng lp v v khong cch gii hn ca cc vng lp trong cng ngh DSL, nn cc DSLAM thng c t ti cc CO (cc nt chuyn mch). Dung lng ca DSLAM ph thuc vo nhu cu thc t. 4.5.3 Yu cu k thut ca h thng cung cp dch v ADSL - Cc thit b phi c cu trc module nhiu khe cm cho php m rng thm nhiu cng, card mt cch thun tin, ng thi ty thuc vo tim nng nhu cu s dng dch v m la chn nng lc cc i ca thit b tng ng. - B-RAS phi c kh nng kt ni vi nhiu DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub ( thng qua giao din STM-1/ STM-4 quang hoc in ), ng thi phi c kh nng kt ni mng din rng c th trin khai cc dch v kt ni mng (VPN, v.v). - Cc thit b DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub v B-RAS phi c kh nng kt ni c vi cc MSS, s dng th tc truyn thng MPLS trn mng Backbone, ng thi phi c kh nng h tr cc cng ngh DSL khc ( VDSL, RADSL, G.SHDSL, v.v) chun b cho kh nng cung cp cc dch v ny. - MSS c kh nng chuyn mch do vy nu lu lng c truyn gia hai thu bao trong cng mt vng ca MSS th lu lng ny s c chuyn ngay ti MSS m khng cn phi ln B-RAS x l nhm gim ti cho B-RAS.
4.6 ng dng thit k h thng cung cp dch v ADSL tnh An Giang

4.6.1 Cc tiu chun thit k
4.6.1.1 Tiu chun thit k k thut, t chc mng ADSL

a. Cc tiu chun phn tch, nh gi mng: S lng tuyn truyn ti trong mng (E): Biu th s lng tuyn truyn ti c th lin kt gia hai nt i, j trong mng. S lng nt trong mng (V) : Biu th s lng nt trong mng. S lng phn mng (G) : Biu th s cp mng c trong mng. Kch c mng c s (Cyclomatic (C)) : Biu th kch c ca mt mng c s, bao gm mng trc chnh v cc mng nhnh dng nan qut ni v mng li : C = E V + G. Ch s Beta () : Ch s ny biu th mc ca mt mng.
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E V Ch s Alpha () : Ch s hay ch s d tha (d tr) l t s gia s lng mch tham gia hot ng vi s lng mch ln nht c th c trong mt mng, y l mt ch s lin kt hu ch. Gi tr = 0 biu th mng mt nhnh, y vic di chuyn bt k mt tuyn no cng ph v mng thnh hai phn mng. Gi tr =1 hay 100% biu th mng c kt ni hon ton : E V + G 100 = V (V 1) (V 1) 2 Ch s Gamma () : Ch s Gamma l ch s gia s lng tuyn thc c v s lng tuyn ln nht trong mt mng. Ch s ny biu th mc lin kt trong mng, hoc s gia tng cc tuyn lin tip c th dng truyn s liu t mt Node ti Node khc. Ch s Gamma cng ging nh ch s Beta cho thy s lin quan ti pht trin kinh t: kinh t ca quc gia pht trin hn, th s cc tuyn truyn ti s liu hoc hng ha khc nhau s ln hn v do vy c th tng hiu qu v gim tc nghn :
= 2E 100 V (V 1)
ng knh mng truy nhp : Theo tiu chun thit b. b. Ch tiu thit k k thut t chc mng ADSL (m bo yu cu) : Ch tiu s tuyn truyn ti trong mng : E = 44 Ch tiu s lng Node trong mng (theo yu cu, nhu cu) : V = 31. Ch tiu s lng phn mng : G = 1. Ch tiu kch c mng c s Cyclomatic : C = 14. Ch tiu mc phc tp ca mng : 1. Ch tiu mc d tr ca mng : = 0% 100%. Ch tiu mc lin kt mng : > 0%. Ch tiu ng knh mng truy nhp : 5,0 Km.
4.6.1.2 Tiu chun thit k lu lng truy nhp dch v ADSL

a. Lu lng truy nhp dch v ADSL: Lu lng kt ni vo Local server: y l lu lng truy nhp ca cc thu bao ADSL trong h thng cung cp dch v ADSL bao gm: h thng qun l, cung cp dch v ADSL tp trung ti H Ni; h thng qun l, cung cp dch v ti ch (Bu in tnh, thnh ph).
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Lu lng kt ni vo cc ISPs quc gia: y l lu lng truy nhp ca cc thu bao ADSL vo mng cung cp dch v ca cc ISPs (nh cung cp dch v Internet trong nc nh VDC/FPT/NetNam/ v.v). Lu lng kt ni quc t : y l lu lng kt ni ca cc thu bao ADSL vo mng Internet (IAP). Hiu sut s dng knh truy nhp dch v ADSL: y l t l truy nhp ng thi ca cc thu bao ADSL vo h thng cung cp dch v ADSL (Local Server, ISPs, IAP). Hiu sut lu lng thng qua B-RAS : y l t l lu lng truy nhp ca cc thu bao ADSL i vi dch v khng c cung cp ti ch (ti Bu in tnh, thnh ph).
b. Ch tiu thit k lu lng truy nhp dch v ADSL: Ch tiu lu lng kt ni vo Local Server (TS) : Tc truy nhp dch v
Local Server l 128 TS 512 Kbytes/s. Ch tiu lu lng kt ni vo ISPs (TN) : Tc truy nhp dch v ISPs l 32 TN 128 Kbytes/s. Ch tiu lu lng kt ni vo IAP (TI) : Tc truy nhp dch v IAPs l 8 TI 32 Kbytes/s. Ch tiu phn b lu lng kt ni dch v ADSL ca cc thu bao : T l kt ni dch v ADSL trong Local Server : 10% S 15%. T l kt ni dch v ADSL trong ISPs : 35% N 45%. T l kt ni dch v ADSL trong IAP : 40% I 55%. Ch tiu hiu sut s dng knh truy nhp dch v ADSL (Ch) : T l kt ni ng thi ca cc thu bao ADSL l 25% Ch 60%. Ch tiu hiu sut lu lng thng qua B-RAS : 60% B-RAS 80%
c. Tnh tn lu lng truyn ti : Thit b truy nhp DSLAM c N ports : BDSLAM = N * Ch* [ S* TS + S* TN + I* TI ] DSLAM-Hub : BDSLAM-Hub = BDSLAM +
(Kbytes/s)
B
i =0
DSLAM - i
Trong : BDSLAM Hub :l lu lng yu cu ca DSLAM-Hub. BDSLAM : l lu lng yu cu ca cc thu bao ADSL c cung cp trc tip bi DSLAM-Hub. BDSLAM I : l lu lng ca cc DSLAM kt ni ti cc DSLAM-Hub. n : l s DSLAM kt ni ti cc DSLAM-Hub. Lu lng ca BRAS : T cc DSLAM/ DSLAM-Hub :
SV Chu Hip Thnh BB-RAS(in) =

n
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BDSLAM i + BDSLAM-Hub J
i= 1 i1 =
(Kbytes/s)
T B-RAS ti mng li : BB-RAS(out) = B-RAS .BB-RAS(in) (Kbytes/s) Trong : BB-RAS(out) : Lu lng kt ni t B-RAS ti mng Core Network. BB-RAS(in) : Lu lng kt ni ti B-RAS t cc DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub. B-RAS : Hiu sut lu lng thng qua B-RAS. d. Tnh ton tc truyn ti dch v ADSL : Tc truy nhp ca thit b DSLAM : RDSLAM = BDSLAM x 8 (kbit/s). Tc truy nhp ca thit b DSLAM-Hub : RDSLAM-Hub = BDSLAM-Hub x 8 (kbit/s). Tc truy nhp t cc DSLAM/DSLAM-Hub ti B-RAS : RB-RAS(in) = BB-RAS(in) x 8 (kbit/s). Tc truy nhp t B-RAS ti mng Core Network : RB-RAS(out) = BB-RAS(out) x 8 (kbit/s).
4.6.2 Nguyn tc thit k k thut t chc mng ADSL tnh An Giang - H thng ADSL Bu in tnh An Giang cn phi c trin khai theo nguyn tc t chc mng thng nht, trn c s mng hin c v nh hng mng th h sau NGN (Next Generation Network). - Mng c xy dng da trn m hnh thit k v cc tiu chun k thut c nu cc phn trc. - Bo m an ton, tin cy v bo mt thng tin cho khch hng. - m bo tun th theo m hnh t chc mng ADSL c thng nht p dng trong ton Tng Cng Ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT). - Bo m cung cp cc dch v truy nhp Internet tc cao, VoD, kt ni WAN, LAN VPN, Video Conference, v.v cho khch hng nh cc cng ty ln, a quc gia, cc doanh nghip va v nh, cc h gia nh, cc im truy nhp dch v. C kh nng cung cp dch v VoDSL trong tng lai. - m bo nguyn tc iu khin phn tn, qun l tp trung. - m bo chi ph u t thp, tn dng ti a c s h tng, pht trin dch v nhanh, d dng lp t, khai thc v qun l, bo dng.
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4.6.3 Nguyn tc s dng v phn b a ch IP - Giai on u s dng h a ch IPv4 trong vic cung cp dch v. Vic phn b a ch IPv4 phi c s dng hiu qu trn c s cn i gia mc ch v yu cu ca khch hng v s lng a ch IP. - Thit b trong mng ADSL c kh nng cung cp a ch IP tnh v ng v c h tr chun NAT (Network Address Translation) nhm cung cp cc dch truy cp Internet cng cng, IP VPN, kt ni LAN, WAN v.v. - H thng c kh nng ng dng a ch IPv6 nhm trin khai ng b vi h thng a ch IPv6 ca mng trc ATM/ IP. - Vic phn b a ch IP c s dng hiu qu trn c s cn i gia mc ch yu cu khch hng v s lng a ch IP. Thit b trong mng ADSL c kh nng cung cp a ch IP tnh v c h tr chun NAT (Network Address Translation) : + IP tnh (Static IP) : Trong trng hp ny, mi thu bao c gn mt a ch private IP m khng xem xt n thu bao ny c kt ni Internet hay khng. Xt trn kha cnh nh cung cp dch v th y l cch s dng a ch lng ph, nhng khch hng li d dng hn trong vic duy tr kt ni. i vi mt s khch hng s dng Web Server, Game Server, Ftp Server th vic cp a ch tnh l bt buc. + IP ng : Trong trng hp ny Public IP ch c gn cho thu bao khi h kt ni Internet v s c thu hi li khi thu bao ny ngng kt ni. Sau a ch Public IP ny c s dng li gn cho thu bao khc nh giao thc DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). - Do s lng a ch Public IP hn ch, nn cn s dng cc thit b ADSL v B-RAS c h tr chun NAT, trong trng hp ny nhiu thu bao c gn a ch Private IP, khi nhng thu bao ny kt ni Internet th thit b s dch nhiu a ch Private IP sang cng mt a ch Public IP. Vi cch s dng ny nhiu thu bao c th s dng cng mt a ch Public IP truy cp Internet. 4.6.4 Yu cu k thut ca cc thit b trn mng a. Thit b chuyn mch a dch v MSS ( Multi Service Switch ) - Yu cu chung : Kin trc module c th m rng linh hot khi c nhu cu. Kh nng chuyn mch MSS ti thiu 2 Gbps. H tr giao din ATM n x STM-1, n x E1 uplink v downlink. H tr giao din E1 ( Circuit Emulation ). H tr giao din cc giao din Ethernet. - Yu cu k thut chi tit : Yu cu v bo hiu v nh tuyn ca ATM.
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o ATMF UNI 3.1, UNI 4.0 o ATMF PNNI 3.1, ISIP 1.0 o Point to Point, Point to Multipoint PVC, SVC, SPVC. o ILMI 4.0 - Yu cu v cc giao din ATM : STM-4/OC-12: IR, LR, VLR. STM-1/OC-3: IR, LR, VLR. E3 E1 - H tr Circuit emulation ( dng kt ni vi mng DDN hin ti m khng h tr kt ni ATM ). - Cung cp cc kt ni FR cho User v lin mng. - Cc dch v Ethernet : H tr cng Gigabit Ethernet : 1000 Base X, 1000 Base T (option). H tr cng Fast Ethernet : 1000 Base T. VLAN 802.1 Q. CoS per 801.1 p. VLAN aggregation over MPLS. Multicasting. ATM- Ethernet Interworking : o Dch v Transparent LAN o Mapping Point to Point ca VC vo Port, VLAN, CoS v ngc li. - IP/MPLS ( ty chn ) : MPLS LER (PE) Layer 2 multi service interworking (Draft Martini) : Ethernet over MPLS. Point To Point Ethernet over MPLS da trn port, VLAN, SoS. - Yu cu v qun l lu lng : Tun th ATM TM 4.0 v TM 4.1 H tr CBR.rt VBR, ABR, UBR, shaped UBR v GFR. Shapinh theo tng VC v VP. Weighted fair queuing (WFQ). - Yu cu v ng b : C kh nng ly ngun ng b theo 2 Mb v 2 MHz. b. BRAS - Cc loi giao din vt l : STM-16 / OC-12c SM SR/IR/LR.
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STM-1 / OC -3c SM SR/IR/LR. DS3 E3 Fast Ethernet (100 Base TX,FX) Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Base FX -40Km) DWDM Cc giao din vt l da trn SONET/SDH c th da trn ATM. - Mt s c tnh : B nh flash ca server, DRAM, SRAM, kh nng m rng ti a. Dung lng mt sau (back plane) ca server truy nhp S lng phin PPP. S tunnel L2TP. S lng ti a VPN (IP, MPLS, VPN/ATM) c h thng h tr. - Cc yu cu k thut : Chc nng lp IP : o Qun l lu lng : DiffServ, RSCV v MPLS. o nh tuyn: h tr cc giao thc nh tuyn OSPF RIPI&2, TCP/IP, UDP, NTP, FTP, BRA, PRA v IXP/SPX, ERP, EBGP v BGP4. o Lp lin kt d liu : LAPB, LAPD, HDLC, PPP, HDB3, CMI, NRZ nh phn, ATM,MPLS, L2TP, PPTP. o Lp lin kt vt l : 802.3u, 802.3z, RS232, G703, STM1, STM4, STM16, E3, V35I, V24I, X.21. Cc phin PPP : o H tr PPPoA (RFC2364) v PPPoE (RFC2516). o Vn hnh PPPoE trn giao din AAL5. o C kh nng chp thun cc kiu ca PPP v mode 1483 bridge/routed. Cc giao din qun l : H tr giao din MIB/SNMP v2, corba. Mng ring o : o Xc nh VPN da trn ATM hay IP MPLS hoc c hai. o H thng c kh nng cung cp VPN s dng MPLS. o H thng phi c kh nng h tr VPN s dng cc giao thc tunnel L2TP v PPTP. o S lng ti a bng nh tuyn. Cc yu cu i vi h thng da trn ATM : o S lng VPC v VCC trong mi khi , mi card v cng.
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Tun th ATM Forum UNI3.1/4.0 UNI pha VPI trong khong 0-255 NNI pha VPI trong khong 0-4095 UNI pha VCI trong khong 0-65535 NNI pha VCI trong khong 0-65535 UNI o c h tr trn tt c cc cng giao din Nu SCV c h tr, chun bo hiu c s dng cho UNI phi tun th ATM Forum UNI3.1/4.0, chun bo hiu s dng cho NNI phi tun th ATM Forum PNNI version 1.0 v HSP o H tr RFC 1483, 1577, MPLS Yu cu k thut quang : o Kiu kt ni quang l FC-PC o Yu cu b chuyn i E/O o suy hao ti a trong si n mode l -25dbm ng b mng : o H thng nhn ng b t thit b truyn dn m n kt ni. o H thng h tr ng b bn ngoi ng b. Mt s ch tiu k thut khc : o H thng c chc nng ging nh mt server DHCP. o H thng phi h tr giao thc Dynamic Host Configuration. o Xc nh a ch IP cho DHCP. o Server truy nhp phi h tr NAT v PAT. o H thng phi cung cp IPv4, IPv6. o H thng phi c kh nng phi hp hot ng vi mng li. Cc giao din da trn cc b kt ni ATM hoc kt ni IP MPLS. - Cc c tnh c hc, in hc v mi trng : Thit b c cp ngun -48V, hot ng trong khong -42V n 64V Ch r cng sut tiu th ca ton h thng. H thng phi ph hp vi mi trng nhit i. H thng hot ng c m khng nh hng n tin cy ca h thng trong iu kin mi trng nhit t 0o n 50o C, m t 5% n 90%. Trong trng hp khng c iu ha nhit , h thng vn phi hot ng bnh thng trong khong nhit 60o C v 95% m trong khong thi gian l 48 ting.
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c. DSLAM - Cc giao din : Cc giao din vt l v pha khch hng : o ANSI T1.413 Issue2 o ITU- T G.922.1 (G.DMT) o ITU- T G.922.2 (G.Lite) o ITU- T G.994.1 (G.hs) o SDSL o G.SHDSL o VDSL Cc giao din vt l v pha mng : o STM-4 / OC -12c SM SR/IR/LR o STM-1 / OC -3c SM SR/IR/LR o DS3 o E3 o Past Ethernet (100Base TX, FX) o n x E1 o n x E1 IMA Cc giao din qun l : o Cc thit b h tr giao din MIB/SNMP v2, giao din corba o Cc giao din khc - Cc ch tiu k thut : Cc ch tiu k thut da trn ATM : o Ton b h thng h tr ti thiu kt ni 11K (cc VCC v VPC) o Tun th ATM Forum UNI3.1/4.0 o NNI pha VPI trong khong 0-4095 o NNI pha VCI trong khong 0-65535 o UNI o c h tr trn tt c cc cng giao din o Nu SVC c h tr, chun bo hiu c s dng cho UNI phi tun th ATM Forum UNI3.1/4.0, chun bo hiu s dng cho NNI phi tun th ATM Forum PNNI version 1.0 v IISP. o Tun th ATM Forum TM4.0, bao gm cc lp dch v (CBR, VBR-nrt, VBR-rt, UBR) o H tr RFC 1483, 1577, MPLS (K thut lu lng MPLS, VPN) Cc yu cu i vi h thng da trn IP :
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o Dung lng chuyn mch ca tng DSLAM. o H tr COS (Class of Service) o H tr L2TP. o H tr MPLS (lu lng, VPN) Cc yu cu i vi card ADSL : o ATU-C c kh nng t ng tm theo T1.143 Issue 2, G.Lite hoc G.DMT o ATU-C h tr ITU-T G.994.1 o Truy nhp knh thu bao h tr tc ph hp vi cng ngh ADSL v tc truyn dn ADSL c iu khin mm t CO ca DSLAM. o Cc knh thu bao ADSL c kh nng h tr BER l 10-7 i vi cp ng c ng knh 0,4mm v 0,5mm v di l 4Km. o Ton b cc ATU-C trong tng i hot ng theo gii hn truyn danh nh c qui nh trong T1.143, Issue2, G.Lite hoc G.DMT. Cc ATU-C ngoi tng i c cu hnh hot ng ti mc cng sut truyn danh nh khc hoc gim mc cng sut 10db di mc danh nh. o Mt s thng s k thut: trng thi cng, tc bit, mode hot ng, mode nh khung, Cc yu cu i vi giao din v b phn tch POST : o H thng con ADSL bao gm b phn tch POST c hai pha ca ADSL o Dch v POST vn hot ng bnh thng ngay c khi ngun c s c. o B phn tch pha khch hng bao gm mt b vi lc. o Cc dch v thoi tng t vi cc dch v nh Caller-ID v cc dch v Centrex c h tr trn tt c cc knh. o Cc c tnh chng qu p. Ch tiu quang : o Kiu kt ni quang l FC-PC. o B chuyn i E/O nu thit b h tr giao din quang. o suy hao ti a trn si n mode l 25dbm ng b mng : o H thng nhn ng b t thit b truyn dn m n kt ni. o H thng h tr ng b bn ngoi ng b.
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Cc ch tiu k thut khc : o Kh nng phi hp hot ng vi cc CPE trong h thng. o H tr kt cui phin PPP. o H tr Universal Slot. o Cc chun giao din (G.703, RS232, V,35, ). o Cc giao thc v giao thc nh tuyn multi-cast, broadcast. - Cc c tnh c, in v mi trng : Thit b c cp ngun -48v, hot ng trong khong -42V n 64V Ghi r cng sut tiu th cc i ca ton b h thng. H thng phi ph hp vi mi trng nhit i. H thng hot ng c m khng nh hng n tin cy ca h thng trong iu kin mi trng nhit t 0 n 50 C, m t 5% n 90%. Trong trng hp khng c iu ha, h thng vn phi hot ng bnh thng trong khong nhit t 60 tr xung v m t 95% tr xung trong khong thi gian l 48 gi. d. H thng qun l mng NMS NMS cung cp mi trng qun l tch hp, cc thnh phn mng c cung cp bi nhiu nh cung cp. H thng qun l bao gm cc chc nng qun l sau : * Chc nng qun l li : chc nng ny s cung cp cc cng c gim st trng thi ca mng, cc s c s c pht hin v c thng bo n ngi dng. * Chc nng qun l cht lng : chc nng ny gim st v qun l cht lng ca cc thnh phn mng v mng ni chung. Chc nng ny s cung cp cc chc nng v thng tin sau y : Cc thu bao ang hot ng v khng hot dng. ATU-R b li. Vic s dng PVC v SVC. To ra cc thng bo v cht lng hin ti v qu kh theo cc giai on gi, ngy, tun, thng trn mi tuyn. Kim nh cht lng tuyn v dch v c cung cp. Gim st vic s dng bng tn (ln v xung) ca khch hng ti CO. Hin th thng k lu lng. Cht lng ng truyn vt l.
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To ra / cp nht / xa ngng i vi mi loi hnh dch v. Hin th chn on li. * Chc nng qun l cu hnh : Chc nng ny a ra c cu qun l cc vt th di s iu khin ca h thng qun l. N bao gm cc chc nng sau : Thay i cu hnh. Khi to cc vt th mng, ngng v di chuyn chng ra khi dch v. Thu thp cc trng thi mng. * Chc nng qun l bo mt : Chc nng ny xc nh s truy nhp ng v cc hot ng ca h thng c thc hin bi ngi s dng bng mt khu. H thng s c cung cp t nht ba lp bo mt sau : Bo mt lp h thng. Bo mt ng dng. Bo mt lp c s d liu. * Chc nng qun l phn mm. e. Cc thit b mng trung tm - My ch qun l mng : S dng Clustering Server. H tr qun l chung cho tt c cc thit b mng ca cng kt ni Internet (IAP) cng nh mng cung cp dch v (ISP). C kh nng thc hin tt c cc thao tc qun tr trn giao din Web. C cc cng c h tr dng Wizard. H tr qun l theo dng Out-of-Band qun l thit b ngay khi c s c xy ra trn ng kt ni thng. H tr qun l t xa qua Dial-up v giao din Web thng thng. C kh nng phn cp v qun l mng theo nhiu cp an ninh khc nhau. C phn mm cc cng c qun l li, t cu hnh, h tr cho tnh cc, kim sot cht lng v an ton mng. - H thng tnh cc : H tr kh nng tnh cc cho 11.000 thu bao khc nhau v c kh nng m rng trong tng lai. C kh nng tnh cc theo thi gian thc. C kh nng x l vi tc cao. C dung lng b nh ngoi ln, c a cng External.
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Chy trn nn UNIX-Solaris vi h c s d liu Oracle Database Enterprise Edition. S dng Clustering Server. Cc yu cu ti thiu v phn cng: - CPU: 4 x 700 MHz. - RAM: 2 x 1GB. - Card mng Fast Ethernet. - a cng: 4 x 18GB hot swap; 128 GB External hot swap. - RAID controller. - Server xc thc truy nhp (Radius-AAA) : C kh nng tng thch s lng ln thu bao bng rng. Cung cp dch v VPN. Cu hnh chung: - Cc module ng h v cnh bo c d phng. - Cc b ngun d phng N:1. Cc giao din : - DS3 ATM, BNC connector. - E3 ATM, BNC connector. - Ethernet 10/100Base-T. nh tuyn : - RIP, RIPv2, OSPF, nh tuyn tnh, b lc nh tuyn. - BGP-4. - MPLS (RFC 2547 bis). Cc mng o v bo mt. RADIUS, PAP, CHAP, lc gi, nhn thc da vo tn min, nh tuyn da vo tn min , ATMP, cc b nh tuyn o L2TP (LAC V LNS), nhn dng trn dng lnh, nhn thc truy nhp khu vc. Qun l h thng v mng. Local/remote (TELNET), giao din dng lnh, SNMP,Java EMS trn NT v Solaris, tch hp HP Open View, h tr syslog, chng trnh k ton RADIUS, nng cp nhanh chng qua TFTP, cc tp cu hnh dng ASCII. Phn mm AAA Server : - H tr cc chun RADIUS RFC, cc thuc tnh tunnel protocol RADIUS. - H tr Distributed Authentication Proxy, Multiple Authentication. - H tr cc multi NAS Dictionary.
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- H tr CHAP. - H tr remote Proxy. - H tr qun l IP address Pool, Dynamic Access Controls, port Allocation. - H tr Load balancing v Fail Over. - H tr DNIS routing. - H tr giao din Web cho ngi qun tr. - H tr qun l cc User-session. - H tr cc truy cp h thng tp tin nh: LDAP, UNIX password file, Oracle, TACAS+, - H tr vic lu gi log. - H tr HDH UNIX. - Firewall : C th l sn phm phn cng hoc kt hp phn mm: an ton cao c chng thc bi cc t chc quc t. Thng lng cao. C kh nng h tr VPN. Kh nng bo v phong ph vi nhiu hnh thc nh bo v theo a ch, theo dch v, theo ngi dng, v.v H tr Secure ID authentication. H tr SNMPv2. C h tr cp nht nh k. H tr cc thut ton an ninh p ng (Adaptive Security Algorithm). Stateful failover/hot standby. C chc nng NAT (Network Address Translation). H tr giao din mng (NIC) 10/100. Tnh thng sut: cc cng mng ca tt c cc Firewall trong nhm c cng a ch IP v a ch MAC nhm trnh tr propagation cho thng tin routing v trnh khng mt thm a ch IP cho Firewall. Hai h thng Firewall cn i km vi thit b clustering nhm m bo cc chc nng chnh nh: - Stateful Failover/hot standby. - H tr t nht 280.000 kt ni ng thi, thng lng clear text 370Mb. - Caching Server : Intel Pentium III 1,13GHz, 512KBL2 Cache. 04 x 256MB ECC SDRAM.
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2 x 18.2GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD. Single channel Ultra3 SCSI controllers. Dual embedded 10/100TX LAN adapter. - Web Server : Intel Pentium III 1,13GHz, 512KBL2 Cache. 02 x 256MB ECC SDRAM. 18.2GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD. Single channel Ultra3 SCSI controllers. Dual embedded 10/100TX LAN adapter 1U racked. - QoS Server : Intel Pentium III 1,13GHz, 512KBL2 Cache. 04 x 256MB ECC SDRAM. 18.2GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD. Single channel Ultra3 SCSI controllers. Dual embedded 10/100TX LAN adapter 1U racked. - Conferencing Server : Intel Pentium III Xeon 700MHz, 1MBL2 Cache. 04 x 256MB ECC SDRAM. 18.2GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD. Single channel Ultra3 SCSI controllers. IBM Server RAID 4Mx(64MB Cache). 4U racked. Four 10/100TX LAN adapter. Dual power supplies. - VoD Server : Dual Intel pentium III Xeon 700MHz, 1MBL2 Cache. 04 x 256MB ECC SDRAM. 18.2GB 10Krpm Ultra3 SCSI HDD. Dual channel Ultra3 SCSI controllers. RAID 4Mx(64MB Cache). 4U racked. Four 10/100TX LAN adapter. Dual power supplies. - LAN Switch : H tr IPv4, IPX, OSPF v BGP-4. 10/100 Ethernet module 20 cng.
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Cc module c d phng, c th tro i cng. C h thng lm mt, h thng gim st. Kh nng lu tr v duy tr nhiu phin bn h iu hnh. H tr cc tc t lung T3/E3 n tc OC-48/STM16(2,4GHz). H tr cc giao thc routing: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, PIM, BGP. H tr nhiu phng thc m bo cht lng dch v (QoS) khc nhau. C cc giao din LAN tc cao nh Ethernet, Fast Ethernet v FDDL. C kh nng qun l giao din SNMP hay Telnet. H tr nhiu cng nh: - Cc cng OC-3/STM-1 POS. - Cc cng OC-12/STM-4 POS. - Cc cng OC-4/STM-16 POS. - Cc cng OC-3/STM-1 ATM. - Cc cng OC-12/STM-4 ATM. - Cc cng DS3. - Cc cng Gigabit Ethernet. - Thch hp vi cc yu cu v NEB/ETSI. - Tch hp IS-IS. - Ti thiu c 8 cng modem. - Thit b ngun UPS : S dng cng ngh : True On-line UPS, trc tuyn, chuyn i kp (c ngun xoay chiu ln ngun mt chiu t Battery). * u vo: S pha : Ba pha c chn la c. Mc in p danh nh : 380, 400, 415VAC. Di bin i in p: 320 480VAC. Tn s : 50/60Hz (chn t ng). Bin ng tn s : 10% . mo hi : 5%. Bo v: CB- Circuit Breaker, b lc RFI Filter. * u ra : in p : 208/220/230/240VAC. Bin ng in p : 5%. Tn s 50Hz. Bin ng tn s : 5%.
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Dng in p hnh sin chun. Cng sut : 10KVA. Hiu sut bin i ca b i in : 90% (vi ti 100%). mo sng hi trc tuyn : 3% mo sng hi phi tuyn : 5%. Loi ti c th cung cp : tt c cc tnh cht.
* Kh nng ca UPS : Gi in p v tn s u ra lun n nh 100% ti. Khi c s c ngun din u vo, thi gian lu in ti thiu 30 pht. Thi gian np li : 10 gi. Chuyn sang mch d phng v t ng chuyn i ch khi tr v iu kin bnh thng. Kh nng chu qu ti : 110 125% trong mt pht, 125 150% trong 10 giy. T ng iu chnh, np c b nhit. C kh nng sa cha, bo dng UPS m khng gy nh hng n vic cp ngun cho ti. V.v
4.7 M rng vng phc v ca ADSL

cung cp cc dch v da trn ng dy thu bao s - nh dch v ADSL,VPN, hin nay cc b ghp knh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s DSLAM ang c trin khai tng i rng ri ti mt s tnh thnh. Tuy nhin ti mt s tnh xut hin mt kh khn chung trong qu trnh khai thc v cung cp dch v mt s nt DSLAM th qu ti trong khi mt s khc li tha cng (port) v mt s khu vc khc nhu cu cao th khng nt DSLAM no "vn" ti c do phn b thit b ban u cha p ng nhu cu thc t. Hnh 4.15 trnh by m hnh tng qut mng DSLAM c trang b ti nhiu tnh/thnh trong c nc. Trong hnh v trn, cc HUB c lp t ti cc trung tm ln ca tnh, t vi giao tip ghp knh o qua ATM IMA kt ni i cc DSLAM nh hn ti cc th trn, huyn l xa trung tm. Tuy nhin, vi mng cp ng hin hu, c ly cung cp dch v ca DSLAM ch gii hn trong vng bn knh khong 3km.
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Hnh 4. 15 M hnh mng DSLAM da trn thit b DSLAM ASAM-7300 ca Alcatel m rng phm vi cung cp dch v ti nhiu im trn a bn, c bit l cho cc im nm ti "ra" trong cc khu cng nghip, cn phi c cch "ko di" ng cp ng hoc b sung cc nt DSLAM mi, v t cc im ny ti v tr t DSLAM thng c c ly > 3km. Yu cu quan trng ca gii php l phi t hiu qu v kinh t, ngoi ra phi tnh ti k hoch trin khai ADSL giai on 3 ca ngnh, tc l c k hoch ti s dng cc thit b u t. Vic ko di cc ng cp ng l khng kh thi. Vic b sung cc nt DSLAM tiu chun (nh ASAM 7300) gp kh khn v ti cc HUB hu nh khng cn khe trng no c th b sung thm cc card IMA. Hn na thit b d phng ca d n l rt t v hu nh khng th b sung thm. Trong khi , yu cu cung cp dch v l vn cp thit vi nhiu phiu yu cu tn ng. Thit b HUB-DSLAM ASAM 7300 c 16 slot dng cho lung xung, trong mi card E1LT c kt ni vi cc mini-DSLAM dng 4 lung E1, cn li l cc card ADLT dng cung cp card knh ADSL. Cc card IMA E1LT kh linh ng c th thit lp 1 4 nhm IMA vi 1 4xE1 ty theo yu cu v bng thng ca khu vc "s dng dch v".
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Nu ASAM-7300/UD c dng cung cp trc tip ADSL th c th cung cp ti 16*24= 384 port cho khch hng. Trong thc t khai thc, cc HUB c dng cho c hai mc ch l cung cp cng kt ni trc tip cho ngi s dng v cung cp kt ni ti cc DSLAM cp di. Sau khi tm hiu hin trng mt s khu vc mng tp trung v HUB DSLAM nhn thy, c kh nhiu port 2M trong nhm IMA l cha dng ti. iu ny xut pht t thc t l cc tuyn truyn dn ti cc Mini-DSLAM cn thiu v u tin dng cho mng in thoi, thu knh ring. Ngoi ra c mt thc t na l mc d bng thng cp cho mt nt mini-DSLAM l thp hn so vi thit k ban u nhng vn tm p ng yu cu ngi dng. Da trn thc t ny, trong khi ch i giai on u t cc HUB + DSLAM mi, c th tm thi tn dng bng thng v s port cn trng ti cc HUB m rng thu bao mi. Gii php s dng ATM cho phn truy cp mng DSL hin nay tha mn c ng thi hai yu t: Hiu qu bng thng v m bo QoS. Theo cc s liu phn tch thng k th thy rng trn mt thi gian quan st di tc truy nhp Internet bnh qun ca mi khch hng l thp hn nhiu tc cao nht ca ADSL (2,6,8 Mbit/s). Trn c s gii php m rng phm vi cung cp dch v c thc hin nh sau: 1. Tch cc nhm IMA (gm 4E1) i nhng hng lu lng thp (di 24 thu bao, tng ng 1 card ADLT) ra hai nhm, mi nhm 2xE1 (hoc 1 nhm 1xE1 v 1 nhm 3xE1 ty thc t), vi mi E 1 c tch ra c th ni thm c ti mt mini-DSLAM ti mt v tr mi v c kh nng phc v thm ti 24 thu bao na. Nu cc vn lu lng, mt thu bao c kho st k, vi trang b b sung quy m nh, Bu in tnh vn c th kp thi cung cp thm c nhiu thu bao hn na m vn tm thi m bo c cht lng dch v cho khch hng. kt ni ti cc mini-DSLAM mi c th dng truyn dn cp quang ni tnh, cp ng hoc kt hp cp quang v cp ng. 2. C th s dng cc mini-DSLAM vi giao tip ng ln IMA/4E1 nh gn, d lp t, ci t cu hnh nhanh. Khi giai on 3 c trin khai, cc b DSLAM ny c th c di i cc khu vc khc, b sung dung lng cc nt c hoc tip tc ko di cho cc nt ln. 3. m bo cht lng cung cp dch v, vic kt ni DSLAM HUB v cc mini-DSLAM mi nn thc hin trn SHDSL modem. Vi vic s dng SHDSL 2 cp c th t khong ko di thm khong 3-5km. 2 cp NTU c s dng s t an ton cao trong vic cung cp dch v cho khch hng.
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Hnh 4. 16 M rng phm vi cung cp dch v ADSL/ Internet
Chng 5 CC DCH V TRN MNG ADSL V THC T VIT NAM

5.1 Truy cp Internet tc cao
Vi u th v kh nng truyn ti s liu tc cao qua mng cp ng ni ht nn khi s dng DSL khch hng c th truy cp vo Internet vi tc cao hn rt nhiu so vi phng php truy nhp Internet bng cch quay s truyn thng (vi tc ca modem tng t thng thng th d bng thng ca mng chnh tng th cng gy ra hin tng c chai ti vng thu bao ni ht) . Trong tc chiu xung (downlink) c th ty chn ty thuc vo gi cc v mc tha thun cht lng dch v QoS; tc chiu ln (uplink) c th t ti 1Mbps. Mc cc i ca cc tc chiu xung, chiu ln ph thuc vo chun DSL c s dng v tc thc t cn ph thuc vo khong cch ca vng thu bao tnh t thit b DSLAM n nh khch hng (Xem bng 2.13). Mt khc s bt i xng ca ADSL l mt s ti u cho vic truy nhp Internet vi c im l d liu ca ngi dng ch thng l cc thng tin yu cu dch v v mt s dch v khc nh mail, chat vn yu cu tc thp hn nhiu so vi d liu gi v my tnh khch hng t mng Internet. Truy cp internet tc cao c th s dng mt trong hai phng thc kt ni PPPoA (PPP over ATM) hoc PPPoE (PPP over Ethernet).
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Vic s dng cng ngh DSL gip khch hng c th truy cp n nhiu Website tch hp ng dng Web mi cn tc cao nh: - Vic thm mi trng m thanh, hnh nh v video vo trang Web bao gm dng d liu nh RealAudio, Windows Media v ni dung video cng nh cc phng tin s khc phn phi dch v gii tr audio/video nh dng file ph bin n kinh ngc MP3, WMA, AVI, WMV. - Xu hng ang tng ca cc nh cung cp dch v Internet ngy nay l tr thnh cc nh cung cp dch v ng dng (ASP: Application Service Provider). Vi m hnh ny, nhiu ng dng ca ngi s dng (t ng dng my tnh bn v cc phn mm hu dng nh cc trnh x l vn bn cho n cc ng dng thng mi phc tp khc nh gii php thng mi in t, quy hoch ti nguyn in t (ERP: Electronic Resource Planning) c nh cung cp dch v t xa dn dt, qun l v ngi s dng t truy xut cc ng dng qua kt ni Internet. - Hi ngh tng tc hay cc ng dng cng tc nh hi ngh audio da trn Internet, phn chia ti liu cng ngy cng ph bin. Nhng ng dng ny cho php ngi s dng t xa c mi trng doanh nghip v mi trng khch hng u c th lin lc nh mng Internet. - Ngay c tr chi my tnh cng t ch l chng trnh dnh cho my tnh c nhn v c tnh c lp cng chuyn sang dng mng. Nhiu tr chi trn my tnh c nhn hng u hin nay c chc nng mng v c rt nhiu tr chi c vit da chnh trn nn tng ca ngn ng web. Kh nng ny tn dng cc server t xa v kt mng da trn Internet cho php ngi s dng tham gia vo tr chi cng vi nhiu u th khc trn ton th gii. - S tng trng ca cc my tnh c nhn ti gia nh v mng my tnh gia nh. Cc gia nh ngy nay thng c nhiu my tnh cng lc: mt my dnh cho tr em chi tr chi in t v lm bi tp, mt my gia nh gi e-mail, mua sm v mt my xch tay lm vic. Tt c cc my tnh c kt ni vi nhau san s file, my in v truy xut Internet. cng thi im c nhng thit b u cui truy xut Internet c lp khng dng my tnh c nhn cng c pht trin nh WebTV. Mt modem tng t s nhanh chng trn tc v khng th cung cp cc kt ni a dch v c trong cng mt thi im c.
5.2 Kt ni mng ring o VPN

Dch v mng ring o VPN c th em li cho cc nhn vin t xa c trang b DSL mt phng tin rt kinh t truy xut mng cng tc hay Intranet bng cch tn dng u im ca IP i vi chuyn vn ng di. Khi kt hp
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cht lng dch v ang c em li bi cc gii php DSL i mi cc nhn vin t xa s c cm gic nh ang c kt ni trc tip ti vn phng ca mnh cho d h ang xa hng ngn dm. Dch v VoDSL c th c kt hp nhn vin t xa c cm gic hon ton ang trong cng ty ca mnh. Trn c s h thng c thit k nh chng 4, dch v VPN c th c cung cp theo th tc s dng khi truyn ti thng tin qua mng trc l c ch ng ng L2TP tunneling, v.v.
5.3 Dch v VoDSL

Dch v VoDSL hay dch v thoi qua DSL thc s l mt dch v hp dn khch hng v l mt gii php kinh t i vi a s khch hng c nhu cu lin lc thoi vi gi r. Dch v VoDSL c cc u im sau: - Cht lng: m thoi r rng, ting di v tr khng nhn bit c. - Kt ni c mi loi thit b POTS nh my in thoi, my fax - tin cy v n nh cao nh dch v in thoi thng thng c cc cng ty in thoi thc hin. - D cung cp v qun l: VoDSL tng hp vi cc h thng qun l, iu hnh v bo dng mng in thoi v s liu hin ti.
Hnh 5. 1 Cu hnh VoDSL tiu biu Hnh 5.1 l cu hnh VoDSL tiu biu vi 3 thnh phn chnh: - Thit b truy xut tch hp VoDSL (IAD: Integrated Access Device) dng gi ha m thoi v sp xp tn hiu vo cc t bo ATM hay gi IP v chuyn vn chng qua cc lin kt DSL (v chuyn i ngc li cc gi m thoi thnh cc tn hiu knh thoi). Ngoi nhiu port thoi ni vi cc my in thoi, IAD cn bao gm cc port s liu kt ni my tnh, hub LAN v cc b nh tuyn.
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- DSLAM c kh nng VoDSL l DSLAM a dch v c kh nng dn ng cho cc gi d liu Internet hay cc mng s liu khc trong khi ng thi dn ng cc gi hay t bo d liu thoi qua voice gateway n PSTN. - Voice gateway chuyn thoi c gi ha thnh lu thoi da trn knh (v ngc li i vi lu thoi chuyn xung t IAD) v sau chuyn tip cc tn hiu knh ny cho cc b chuyn mch Class 5 ca PSTN bng chun giao tip cng nghip GR-303, TR-008 ( Bc M) hay V5 ( chu u).
5.4 Cc dch v khc

Ngoi cc dch v nu trn cn c cc dch v sau c th trin khai da trn cng ngh ADSL: - Video theo nhu cu (VoD: Video on Demand). - Hi ngh truyn hnh (Video Conferencing). - Cc ng dng t xa. - Dch v y t t xa. - Dch v o to t xa (E-learning). - Tr chi tng tc qua mng, tr chi trc tuyn (Game Online). - Audio, Video qung b. - Mua bn trc tuyn.
5.5 Thc t ADSL Vit Nam

So vi nhiu cng ngh bng rng , ang v sp trin khai nc ta nh: xDSL, Modem cp, cp quang, cng ngh MAN, cng ngh khng dy (Wifi, Wimax), truyn d liu qua mng di ng (GPRS, EDGE, 3G), V tinh bng rng IPStar th ADSL c VNPT v nhiu cng ty vin thng khc la chn v cc th mnh sau: - Vic cung cp dch v ADSL khng cn chi ph u t mng ln nh cc cng ngh khc, nu c sn c s h tng cp ng th chi ph u t s thp hn. - Gi cc ca ADSL v gi thnh thit b CPE l tng i v ph hp vi kinh t ca phn ln dn c (nht l cc th). - ng dy thu bao ti Vit Nam cht lng tng i ng u. C dy ph bin l 0,4mm v 0,5mm. Phn ln mng ng dy thu bao c xy dng trong vng 15 nm tr li. Quy hoch mng ni ht t s dng nhnh r. Trong thnh ph khng s dng cun ti. H s dy c lu tr y . Cc h thng DLC ang s dng kh hin i. Vi mng thu bao nh vy rt thun tin cho vic trin khai ADSL. - C s h tng mng truyn dn sn sng cho DSL bao gm: mng NGN vi bng thng rng, lp truyn ti s dng cng ngh IP/MPLS, c kh nng m bo QoS v bo mt; tuyn trc Bc-Nam l cp quang 20 Gb/s, truyn dn
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ni tnh ch yu l cp quang v viba, hin nay tt c cc huyn (tr cc huyn o) u c u v trung tm tnh bng cp quang; kt ni quc t thng qua cp quang bin v h thng thng tin v tinh Intersat vi tng dung lng kt ni Internet quc t l 2,16 Gb/s. nc ta, dch v Internet c bt u c trin khai vo thng 7/1997. Sau 6 nm, cng vi s hon thin v ph bin i tr ca cng ngh ADSL, nhu cu truy nhp cc dch v bng rng ngy cng cao, VNPT a vo khai thc dch v ADSL t thng 7/2003. Lc u i tng khch hng s dng ADSL l nhm n cc doanh nghip, cc khch sn, cc chung c cao cp v cc thu bao dch v Internet cng cng(Internet Coffee). Khi bt u thu hi vn mi h gi cc ph v m rng i tng s dng ti cc tng lp dn c khc. Chin lc l phi pht trin Internet trong nc, pht trin thng mi in t. Trong nhng ng dng ca DSL phi ch trng n dch v thoi trn DSL m rng d dng s khch hng v sm thu hi vn. Tuy nhin VoDSL khng cn gateway, cn t dung lng backbone, nhiu khch hng nhng cht lng kh n nh, bo hiu phc tp. Theo thng k ca VNNIC th tc tng trng hng nm s thu bao ADSL Vit Nam l 1,5 n 2 ln. S liu thng k tnh ti thng 10/2005 (hnh 5.2) nh sau (VNPT/tng Vit Nam): - S lng thu bao qui i: 1,1/2,47 triu. - S lng ngi dng: 4,08/9,21 triu. - T l dn s s dng: 4,92/11,1 %. - Kt ni i quc t: 2,16/3,31 Gb/s.
11.1 9.21 VNPT 3.31 2.16 Vit Nam
4.08 2.47 1.1 Thu bao Ngi dng
4.92
T l s dng
Kt ni quc t
Hnh 5. 2 Thng k ADSL Vit Nam (10/2005) Cho n nay ch ring VNPT trin khai lp t h thng truy nhp ADSL ti hn 50 tnh, thnh ph gm c: - 18 tnh, thnh ph: ti trung tm tnh, thnh ph; 100% trung tm huyn th, cc im tp trung dn c. - Cc tnh cn li: ti trung tm tnh, thnh ph.
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- Tng s thu bao ADSL ca VNPT l trn 70000 nghn v c khong 700 thu bao SDHSL (ch yu khch hng l cc ngn hng, ban n 112, ban n 47,). nh hng pht trin DSL ca VNPT trong giai on 2006-2010 l tng s thu bao DSL ln 400000-500000 (2008); 900000 (2010); u t pht trin mng truyn ti nh u t vo cc tuyn cp quang bin quc t, a vo khai thc cc tuyn cp quang trc Bc Nam mi nh tuyn dc ng H Ch Minh, 80% cc im truy nhp/chuyn mch c cp quang; m rng vic trin khai mng NGN; M rng vng phc v ca DSL, nng cp s dng ADSL2/ADSL2+, s dng thit b DSLAM h tr ng thi kt ni ATM v Ethernet (cc lu lng yu cu v QoS nh VPN, VoD s c truyn qua kt ni ATM, cc lu lng khc kiu nh truy nhp Internet s c truyn qua kt ni Ethernet); m rng kh nng tch hp xDSL vi cc dch v khc trn mng bng rng nh: thoi, ATM, FE, FR; cung cp cc dch v Video, Game, IPTV

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Chng 3 CNG NGH ADSL

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Hnh 3. 4 Kin trc mng ADSL khng c DLC

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3.2 Cc k thut m ha trong ADSL

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Hnh 3. 11 Thu pht tn hiu theo phng php CAP

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3.3 Cc phng php truyn dn song cng trong ADSL

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POTS can nhiu vo truyn dn s. S phn b tn s c trnh by nh hnh 3.12.

Hnh 3. 12 FDM ADSL S thc hin FDM ADSL nh sau:

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Hnh 3. 14 B trit ting vng

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Hnh 3. 16 Tri ph tn hiu ADSL

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3.4 M hnh tham chiu ca h thng ADSL

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3.5 M hnh tham chiu my pht ATU-C

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Tc d liu cao nht tng ng (Kb/s)

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Hnh 3. 20 M hnh tham chiu ATU-C cho truyn ti ATM

3.6 M hnh tham chiu cho my pht ATU-R

3.7 Chuyn vn d liu v hot ng ca thit b ADSL

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Hnh 3. 21 M hnh tham chiu ATU-R cho truyn ti STM

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Hnh 3. 27 Cu trc siu khung ADSL

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Hnh 3. 30 Cu trc khung d liu hng ln (ATU-R)

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3.8 ADSL2 v ADSL2+

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SV Chu Hip Thnh 3.8.5 Qun l ngun ADSL2

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Hnh 3. 34 ADSL2+ gp i bng thng hng xung

Hnh 3. 35 ADSL2+ gp i tc d liu hng xung

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3.9 Cu trc mng s dng cng ngh ADSL

Hnh 3. 36 M hnh kt ni h thng ADSL trong thc t

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3.9.1.2 B tp hp truy cp Aggregator

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SV Chu Hip Thnh 3.9.2 Thit b pha khch hng

3.9.2.1 Thit b u cui ADSL-CPE

3.9.2.2 CPE Splitter

3.9.3.1 Khi qut v kin trc giao thc ADSL

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3.9.3.2 RFC 1483