Motsophuongphapxulynuoconhiem

TRNG I HC AN GIANG
KHOA S PHM
Sinh vin thc hin: PHAN ANH O

M s sinh vin: DHH 021092
MT S PHNG
PHP X L NC
NHIM
Gio vin hng dn: Th.S. NGUYN VN THT
An Giang, nm 2004
NHN XT CA HI NG KHOA HC
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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

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LI CM T
-----WX---- ti ny c hon thnh vi s gip tn tnh ca cc thy c Khoa
S Phm, Trng i Hc An Giang v cc c ch, anh ch S Ti Nguyn V
Mi Trng. Em xin chn thnh by t lng bit n i vi:
_ Thy hng dn : Thc s NGUYN VN THT tn tnh ch bo
em trong sut thi gian lm ti.
_ Ban Gim Hiu Trng i Hc An Giang, Ban Ch Nhim Khoa S
Phm to iu kin thun li h tr em thc hin ti.
_ Cc c ch, anh ch S Ti Nguyn V Mi Trng cung cp cho
em nhng s liu cn thit b sung vo ti.
Cui cng em xin by t lng bit n su sc n cc thy c Khoa S
Phm, b mn Ha truyn t cho em nhng kin thc qu bu lm c s cho
em thc hin ti ny.
LI NI U
-----YZ----Trong mi trng sng ni chung, vn bo v v cung cp nc sch l
v cng quan trng. ng thi vi vic bo v v cung cp nc sch, vic thi
v x l nc thi trc khi vo ngun l mt vn bc xc i vi ton th
loi ngi.
Trong nhng nm gn y,cng vi s pht trin ca nn cng ghip nc
ta, tnh hnh nhim mi trng cng gia tng n mc bo ng. Do c th ca
nn cng nghip mi pht trin, cha c s quy hoch tng th v nhiu nguyn
nhn khc nhau nh: iu kin kinh t ca nhiu x nghip cn kh khn, hoc do
chi ph x l nh hng n li nhun nn hu nh cht thi cng nghip ca
nhiu nh my cha c x l m thi thng ra mi trng. Mt khc nc ta l
mt nc ng dn, c mt dn c cao, nhng trnh nhn thc ca con
ngi v mi trng cn cha cao, nn lng cht thi sinh hot cng b thi ra
mi trng ngy cng nhiu. iu dn ti s nhim trm trng ca mi
trng sng, nh hng n s pht trin ton din ca t nc, sc khe, i
sng ca nhn dn cng nh v m quan ca khu vc.
Trong , nhim ngun nc l mt trong nhng thc trng ng ngi
nht ca s hy hoi mi trng t nhin do nn vn minh ng thi. Ngy nay
vn x l nc v cung cp nc sch ang l mt mi quan tm ln ca
nhiu quc gia, nhiu t chc x hi v chnh bn thn mi cng ng dn c. V
y cng l mt vn cp bch cn gii quyt ca nc ta trong qu trnh cng
nghip ha, hin i ha t nc.
Nhm mc ch gp phn vo vic bo v mi trng sng ca con ngi,
em chn ti MT S PHNG PHP X L NC NHIM .
Trong ti ny, em trnh by mt cch c ng v thc trng nhim ngun
nc v mt s phng php x l nc hin nay thng qua cc ti liu c lin
quan m em c iu kin tham kho c.
Vi s c gng thc s khi nghin cu mt vn khoa hc nhng khng
th trnh khi thiu st, em rt mong c s hng dn v ng gp ca qu
thy c v cc bn.
Mt s phng php x l nc nhim
Phan Anh o
MC LC
Mc lc ..........................................................................................................7
Phn I: ...........................................................................................................10
1. L do chn ti ....................................................................................11
2. Mc ch nghin cu .............................................................................11
3. i tng nghin cu ...........................................................................11
4. Nhim v nghin cu ............................................................................11
5. Phng php nghin cu ....................................................................11
Phn II: Tng quan ..................................................................................12

Gii thiu thng s nh gi s nhim nc .....................................13
A. Tnh hnh nhim v cc vn mi trng trn
th gii v Vit Nam ..............................................................................15
I. Tnh trng mi trng th gii ..................................................................15
II. Tnh trng mi trng Vit Nam...............................................................19
B. Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii v Vit Nam ..................21

I. Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii.......................................................21
II. Tnh trng nhim nc Vit Nam.......................................................21
II.1. Tnh hnh chung..................................................................................21
II.2. ng bng Sng Cu Long ............................................................22
II.3. An Giang.........................................................................................23
C. Phn loi nc nhim v tnh cht ca n ..................................25

ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 7
Phan Anh o
I. Phn loi ...................................................................................................25

II. Tnh cht ..................................................................................................26
Phn III: Cc phng php x l nc nhim ......................31

I. Cc phng php sinh hc ..................................................................32
I.1. Cc phng php hiu kh.....................................................................33
I.2. Cc phng php thiu kh....................................................................35
I.3. Cc phng php k kh ........................................................................35
II. Cc phng php ha l .....................................................................36

II.1. Lc qua song chn rc ..........................................................................36
II.2. Lng t ..................................................................................................37
II.3. Lc.........................................................................................................38
II.4. ng t v keo t ..................................................................................39
II.5. Tuyn ni...............................................................................................41
II.6. Hp ph.................................................................................................45
II.7. Trao i ion ...........................................................................................46
II.8 Thm thu ngc...................................................................................47
II.9. Siu lc..................................................................................................48
II.10. Thm tch v in thm tch ..............................................................49
II.11. Cc phng php in ha.................................................................49
III. Cc phng php ha hc ................................................................52

III.1. Phng php trung ha .......................................................................52
III.2. Phng php oxy ha v kh..............................................................54
III.3. Loi kim loi nng ................................................................................57
IV. Cc phng php ha sinh ...............................................................62
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 8
Phan Anh o
IV.1. X l nc thi trong iu kin t nhin..............................................63

IV.2. X l nc thi trong iu kin nhn to .............................................64
#.Cc cng trnh x l ph khc ....................................................................66
I. Kh trng nc thi ..................................................................................66
I.1. Kh trng bng phng php vt l....................................................66
I.2. Kh trng bng phng php ha hc ...............................................67
II. Kh mi v v ...........................................................................................68
III. Loi cht phng x ..................................................................................68
Phn IV. Kt lun......................................................................................70

Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................74
Ph lc...............................................................................................................76
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 9
Phan Anh o
PHN I:
NHNG VN
CHUNG
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 10
I.
Phan Anh o
L do chn ti:
Hin nay, vn nhim mi trng ni chung v nhim ngun nc

ni ring ang l mt thc trng ng lo ngi. Vn x l nc v cung cp
nc sch ang l mt mi quan tm ln ca nhiu quc gia, nhiu t chc x
hi v chnh bn thn ca mi cng ng dn c, nc ta cng khng ngoi l.
Nhm gp phn vo vic bo v mi trng sng ca con ngi, em
chn ti ny.
II.
Mc ch nghin cu:
_ Nhm pht huy tnh tch cc hc tp ca sinh vin.
_ Tp cho sinh vin bc u lm quen vi nghin cu khoa hc.
_ Vit phn tng quan l thuyt v thc trng nhim mi trng,

nhim ngun nc v cc phng php lm sch nc.
III.
i tng nghin cu:
i tng nghin cu ca ti l cc vn nhim mi trng ni

chung, nhim ngun nc ni ring v cc phng php x l nc.
IV.
Nhim v nghin cu:
Tm v c nhng ti liu c lin quan n ti, sau tng hp v

trnh by mt cch c ng, tng i y v thc trng nhim mi
trng, nhim ngun nc v cc phng php x l nc hin nay.
V.
Phng php nghin cu:
S dng cc phng php nghin cu l thuyt nh: phn tch, tng hp

l thuyt, phn loi, h thng ho l thuyt,...
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 11
Phan Anh o
PHN II:
TNG QUAN
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 12
Phan Anh o
GII THIU THNG S NH

GI S NHIM CA NC
THI:
Gi tr pH ca nc.
Hm lng cht rn l lng dng huyn ph (Suspended Solid SS):

l phn cht rn khng tan b gi li trn giy lc tiu chun. n v o: mg/l.
Mu: thng c xc nh bng phng php so mu vi cc dung
dch chun l clorophantinat coban. n v: Pt Co.
Tng cacbon hu c (Total Organic Carbon TOC): l ch s phn nh
lng cacbon hu c tng cng c trong mt mu vt, c tnh bng t l gia
khi lng cacbon so vi khi lng hp cht hu c. n v: mg/l.
Nhu cu oxy tng cng (Total Oxygen Demand TOD): l ch s phn
nh lng oxy tng cng cn thit oxy ho cc cht hu c v v c c
trong nc thi. n v: mg/l.
Nhu cu oxy sinh ho (Biochemical Oxygen Demand BOD) l ch s
phn nh lng oxy cn thit oxy ho cc hp cht hu c trong mu nc
nh hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt. BOD th hin c lng cht hu c d
b phn hu c trong nc mu. n v: mg/l.
Nhu cu oxy ho hc (Chemical Oxygen Demand COD): l ch s phn
nh lng oxy cn thit oxy ho cc cht c nhu cu v oxy trong nc
mu. Gi tr COD th hin ton b cc cht hu c c th b oxy ho bng tc
nhn ho hc v lun cao hn gi tr BOD. n v: mg/l.
Hm lng cc kim loi v kim loi nng: asen, cadimi, ch, niken, crom,
st, km, mngn, thu ngn, thic,... on v: mg/l.
Hm lng du m khong, du ng thc vt. on v: mg/l.
Photpho tng s, photpho hu c. n v: mg/l.
Tng nit, amoniac theo nit. n v: mg/l.
Hm lng florua, clorua, sunfua. n v: mg/l.
Hm lng phenol, xianua. n v: mg/l.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 13
Phan Anh o
Coliform: l ch s cho bit s lng cc vi khun gy bnh ng rut

trong mu nc. n v: MPN/100ml.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 14
Phan Anh o
A. Tnh hnh nhim v cc vn mi trng trn

th gii v Vit Nam:
I. Tnh trng mi trng th gii:
Vi thp nin gn y, khng hong mi trng trm trng hn. S
ph hoi sinh thi gia tng, h ngn cch giu ngho cng rng thm v tr em
tr thnh nhng nn nhn u tin ca s qun l km ci v mi trng.
Theo mt bo co quan trng hng u ca Lin Hip Quc v mi
trng ( UNEP ), s nhim khng kh v nc bin gii tip tc gia tng, theo
s ph rng m rng din tch sa mc, s gim sc sn xut nng nghip, t
l gia tng dn s qu nhanh trong lch s nhn loi. S tn ph dn n
tm vc hnh tinh v bao gm s gim tng ozone, s thay i kh hu v s
nng ln ton cu, s gia tng cht thi c hi v s tuyt chng ca hng
lot sinh vt. Bo co ca GEO-3 ( Bo co Vin cnh Mi trng Ton cu )
v tnh trng mi trng 1972-2002 c nhng kt lun sau:
t:
ng lc chnh to ra cc p lc i vi ti nguyn t chnh l s gia

tng dn s ton cu. So vi nm 1972, th gii hin nay c thm khong 2,2 t
ming n. Ti khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng, din tch t c canh tc
tng t di 125 triu ha nm 1972 ln ti hn 175 triu ha . Ti tiu qu
nhiu hay qun l km u c th dn ti suy thoi t do cc tc ng ca
mn ha. Hn 10% - tng ng 25-30 triu ha t c ti tiu trn th
gii c xp l t b thoi ha nghim trng .
Xi mn l nhn t chnh ca qu trnh thoi ha t. Khong 2 t ha t
trn th gii, ln hn c nc M v Mexico cng li, c xem l thoi ha do
cc hot ng ca con ngi . Mt phn su din tch t ny, khong 305 triu
ha c xp l loi t thoi ha mnh hoc cc k nghim trng. t b thoi
ha nghim trng cng tr nn ti t hn do khng th khi phc li .
Cc dng thoi ha chnh l xi mn do nc (56%); xi mn do gi
(28%); thoi ha ha hc (12%) v nhng tn hi v mt vt l hoc kt cu
(4%).
Chn th qu mc cng l nguyn nhn gy thoi ha (35%); ph rng
(30% ); nng nghip (27%); hy hoi thm thc vt (7%) v cc hot ng cng
nghip (1%).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 15
Phan Anh o
im ni bt trong 30 nm qua chnh l s pht trin ca th , din ra

hu ht cc gia nh khu vc ng Nam v cc o Thi Bnh Dng.
Nc sch:
Khong mt na cc sng trn th gii b cn kit nghim trng v b

nhim. 60% trong s 227 con sng ln nht th gii b chia ct mc cao v
trung bnh do xy dng cc p v cc cng trnh k thut khc.
Cc li ch gm tng sn lng lng thc v thy in. Song cc thit
hi khng th khi phc li xy ra i vi cc vng t ngp nc v cc h
sinh thi khc. T nhng nm thp k 50, c 40-80 triu ngi phi di
di.
Mt phn ba dn s th gii tng ng 2 t ngi ph thuc vo
cc ngun cung cp nc ngm. mt s nc nh cc vng ca n ,
Trung Quc, Ty , gm Bn o Arabia, Lin X c v pha Ty nc M, cc
mc nc ngm h xung l kt qu ca s khai thc qu mc ngun nc
ny.
Bm ht qu mc c th dn n s xm nhp mn cc vng ven
bin. V d, nhim mn ln su vo t lin hn 10 km Madras - n trong nhng nm gn y.
Gn 80 nc, chim ti 40% dn s th gii ang trong tnh trng thiu
nc nghim trng k t gia thp k 90. C khong 1,1 t ngi khng c
nc sch an ton v 2,4 t ngi c hng cc iu kin v sinh c
ci thin, ch yu Chu Phi v Chu .
Tuy nhin, t l ngi dn c c cc ngun cp nc c ci
thin mi ch tng t 4,1 t ngi , chim 79% dn s th gii (nm 1990)
n 4,9 t ngi, chim 82% dn s th gii (nm 2000).
Thit hi do cc bnh lin quan n nc li tht s tng nhanh. Hai t
ngi chu ri ro v bnh st rt, trong 100 triu ngi c th b nh hng
bt c lc no v hng nm s ngi t vong v cn bnh ny l 2 triu ngi.
Ngoi ra, c khong 4 t trng hp khc b mc bnh tiu chy v s t vong
hng nm l 2,2 triu ngi.
Cc bnh ly nhim ng rut do giun lm kh s 10% dn s cc
nc ang pht trin. C ti 6 triu ngi b m do bnh au mt ht. Khong
200 triu ngi khc b nh hng do bnh sn mng l nguyn nhn gy bnh
giun trong mu ngi.
Rng v a dng sinh hc:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 16
Phan Anh o
T chc nng lng th gii (FAO) c tnh rng che ph mt phn ba

b mt Tri t-3866 triu ha gim 2,4% k t nm 1990.Cc mc gim nhiu
nht l Chu Phi, ni c 5,6 triu ha hay 0,7% che ph rng b mt
trong cc thp k qua.
Sn lng g ton cu t ti 3335 triu m3, mt na trong s ny c
dng lm nhin liu, nht l cc nc ang pht trin.
Cc phng php khai thc g thng mi thng mang tnh ph hy,
v d Ty Phi, 2m3 g cy b ph hy to ra 1m3 g x.
Cui nm 2000, 2% din tch c cp chng nhn qun l rng bn
vng theo cc chung trnh ca Hi ng Qun l rng. Hu ht cc din tch
rng ny Canaa, Phn Lan, c, Na Uy, Ba Lan, Thy in v M.
Cc khu rng ngp mn, vng lnh hi, cc bi ng nui v c tr ca
c, cc vng tr ng ca cc loi chim di c ang b e da bi cc tc ng
nh khai thc qu mc g v nhin liu, pht trin du lch v pht trin ven b.
Gn 50% vic ph hy rng ngp mn hin nay l do cht ph rng pht
trin cc din tch nui tm.
Suy gim v chia ct cc ni c tr nh rng, t ngp nuc, cc bi ly
rng ngp mn lm tng thm cc p lc i vi i sng hoang d trn th
gii.
12% hay 1183 loi chim v gn hay 130 cc loi ng vt c v hin
ang b e da qui m ton cu.
Trong cc nm gn y cng vi s bin i kh hu, s xm ln ca cc
loi ngoi lai t mt khu vc th gii trn sang cc khu vc khc lm ny sinh
mi e da ng ch . Cc loi ngoi lai thng khng c cc loi thin ch t
nhin cc ni c tr mi v nh vy c th chim ly ngun thc n v vng
sinh sn ca cc loi bn a.
c tnh t 1939, c 497 loi ngoi lai sng trong mi trng nc ngt
v mi trng bin xm nhp vo mi trng thy sn. T 1980-1998, s
loi ny c tnh tng ln 2.214 loi.
Tng din tch cc khu bo tn, nh vn quc gia tng ln 2,78 triu
km2 t 1970 n 12,18 triu ha vo nm 2000. S lng cc khu vc bo tn
tng t 3.392 n 11.496 a im trong cng thi k. Mt cuc kho st 93 khu
bo tn cho thy hu ht cc khu ny rt thnh cng trong vic ngn chn
khai hoang t v khng m rng phm vi cc vn nh khai thc g, sn
bt, chy rng v chn th gia sc. Qui nh ngng sn bt c voi thng mi
p dng t gia thp nin 1980 dng nh mang li thnh cng ng k.
Vng duyn hi v bin:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 17
Phan Anh o
Vo 1994, c tnh 37% dn s ton cu s sng trong phm vi 60 km

gn b bin, nhiu hn s dn trn hnh tinh ny nm 1950.
Trn ton cu, nc cng rnh l ngun gy nhim bn, do khi lng
cc dng thi ln nht cc nc ang pht trin tng ln v l hu qu ca
qu trnh th ha din ra nhanh chng, tng dn s v thiu qui hoch, cng
nh t u t vo h thng thot nc v cc trm x l nc thi.
Chng trnh hnh ng ton cu ca UNEP bo v mi trng bin
trc cc hot ng t t lin c khi xng nm 1995 v c tip tc
thc y vo nm 2001.
Gim thiu cc dng thi khng c x l l mt mc tiu quan trng .
Tc ng ca kinh t ton cu i vi nhim bin v mt bnh tt v
sc khe con ngi tiu tn gn 13 t la.
Nc cng rnh cng vi cc dng thi c cha phn bn trong t,
pht thi t t v cc ng c khc lm giu thm ngun dinh dng nit
cc bin v i dng.
T 1991-1992, nng dn nui c Hn Quc b thit hi 133 triu
do s bng n ca cc loi to c, hay cn gi l thy triu xut hin do
mi trng qu giu cht dinh dng.
S dng phn bn ngy cng tng cc nc ang pht trin, cn
cc nc pht trin n nh hn.
Cc mi e da khc i vi i dng gm bin i kh hu, trn du
v cc dng thi c cha cc kim loi nng, cc cht nhim hu c tn lu
(POPs) v rc. S bi lng l hu qu ca cc pht trin ven b, nng nghip
v ph rng tr thnh cc mi e da ln trn ton cu i vi cc rn san
h, c bit Carib, n Dng, Nam v ng Nam .
nhim bin l mc tiu chnh ca Chng trnh bin Khu Vc UNEP,
trong c s k kt hip nh bin khu vc ng Bc Thi Bnh Dng vo
thng 3/2002, l ni bao ph phn ln mi trng bin ca hnh tinh.
Cc nc cng nhau thng qua Hip c Stockholm v 12 cht
nhim hu c tn lu vo u nm 2001.
Gn mt phn ba tr lng c th gii ang ngng ca cn kit, do
b nh bt qu mc bi c nhn s tr cp khong 20 t la mi nm.
Kh quyn:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 18
Phan Anh o
Suy gim tng ozone, c tc dng bo v s sng trc tia cc tm,

t ti mc k lc. Vo thng 9/2000, l thng tng ozone Nam Cc m
rng hn 28 triu km2.
Ngh nh th Montreal c thng qua nm 1987. Sn lng
chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), cht chnh ph hy tng ozone, t nh im vo
nm 1988 v hin nay c duy tr mc rt thp.
Hn 1,1 t la dnh cho 114 nc ang pht trin dng loi b cc
cht lm suy gim tng ozone. Vo nm 2000, tng mc tiu th cc ha cht
ny lm gim 85%. Tng ozone hy vng s phc hi bng cc mc trc
nhng nm 80 vo gia th k 21.
Cc nng cacbon dioxide ( CO2 ), kh chnh gy nng ln ton cu
hin duy tr mc cao hn 30% so vi 1750. Nng cc kh nh knh khc
nh metan v halocacbon cng tng ln.
Chu v Thi Bnh Dng pht thi 2.167 triu tn CO2 vo nm
1998, tip theo l chu u: 1677 triu tn, Bc M : 1614 triu tn, M Latin v
Carib: 365 triu tn, chu Phi: 223 triu tn, Ty : 187 triu tn.
Nm 1997, cc nc cng nghip thng qua ngh nh th Kyoto,
i hi cc nc ny phi gim thiu kh nh knh thp hn 5% so vi cc mc
nm 90 trong thi gian t 2008-2012. Ngh nh th ng thi ku gi cc c
ch linh hot cho php cc nc c b li cc mc pht thi ca mnh bng
cc hnh ng nc ngoi. V d, C ch Pht Trin Sch cho php cc
nc trng cy xanh v c cc chng trnh nng lng xanh d phng cc
nc ang pht trin.
Hi ng Lin Chnh ph v Thay i Kh Hu c tnh cc chi ph
dnh cho vic thc hin Ngh nh th Kyoto cc nc cng nghip s chim
1-2% GDP mi nc ( trang 34-36, [24]).
II. Tnh trng mi trng Vit Nam:
Hin trng mi trng th, cng nghip:
Nm 1990, Vit Nam mi c khong 500 th ln nh, n nm 2000

tng ti 694 th cc loi, trong c 4 thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng,
20 thnh ph trc thuc tnh, 62 th x v 563 th trn. Dn s th Vit Nam
nm 1990 l khong 13 triu ngi ( chim t l 20% ), nm 1995 t l dn s
th chim 20,75%, nm 2000 chim 25%, d bo n nm 2010 t l dn s
th Vit Nam chim 33%, nm 2020 chim 45%. S pht trin cc th
cng vi vic gia tng t l dn s th gy p lc rt ln n mi trng
th. Bn cnh s pht trin mnh ngnh cng nghip mt mt gp phn rt ln
vo s pht trin kinh t nhng li gy nh hng mi trng nghim trng.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 19
Phan Anh o
Cc loi nhim thng thy ti cc th Vit Nam l nhim ngun

nc mt, nhim bi, nhim cc kh sunfua, cacbonic, nitrit, nhim ch
(Pb), cht thi rn ( trong sinh hot, bnh vin ). Gio s Lm Minh Trit ( i
hc Quc gia thnh ph H Ch Minh ) trong bui hi tho Bo v mi trng
v pht trin bn vng Vit Nam nhn mnh nng cc cht nhim
trong nc mt thng rt cao nh l cht rn l lng, nhu cu oxy sinh ha,
nhu cu oxy ha hc, nitrit, nitratgp t 2-5 ln, thm ch ti 10-20 ln tr
s tiu chun i vi ngun nc mt loi B, ch s E Coli vt tiu chun cho
php hng trm ln. Ngoi cc cht nhim hu c trn, mi trng nc mt
th mt s ni cn b nhim kim loi nng v cht c hi nh ch, thy
ngn, asen, clo, phenol,
hu ht cc th nhim bi, nhiu ni b nhim mc trm trng.
Cc ni b nhim nng nht l khu dn c gn nh my xi mng Hi Phng,
nh my Vicasa Bin Ha, khu cng nghip Tn Bnh, nh my tuyn than Hn
Gai, mt s khu dn c gn cc khu cng nghip nng kh sunfua vt
ch s tiu chun cho php nhiu ln ( khu dn c gn nh my xi mng Hi
Phng nng kh sunfua trung bnh ngy l 0,407 mg/m3 gp 1,4 ln tiu
chun cho php, cm cng nghip Tn Bnh nng kh sunfua trung bnh ngy
l 0,338 mg/m3 gp 1,1 ln tiu chun cho php ). Tnh lng trung bnh cht
thi rn sinh hot thi ra cc thnh ph ln ( H Ni, Hi Phng, Nng,
thnh ph H Ch Minh ) t 0,6-0,8 kg/ngi/ngy, cht thi rn trong bnh vin
( c s y t ) c thi ra c tnh t 50-70 tn/ngy. Cht thi rn ny nh
hng rt ln n mi trng th-GS. Lm Minh Trit ni. Hin nay kh
nng thu gom cht thi rn cn rt thp so vi yu cu t ra. Ti nhiu x t l
thu gom cht thi rn trung bnh ch t 20-40%. Bin php thu gom cht thi
rn hin nay l chn lp ( nhng cha c bi chn lp no t tiu chun k
thut v sinh mi trng ).
Theo thng k, Vit Nam c trn 800 c s sn xut cng nghip vi
gn 70 khu ch xut khu cng nghip tp trung. ng gp ca cng nghip
vo GDP l rt ln; tuy nhin chng ta phi chu nhiu thit hi v mi trng
do lnh vc cng nghip gy ra. Hin nay, khong 90% c s sn xut cng
nghip v phn ln cc khu cng nghip cha c trm x l nc thi. Cc
ngnh cng nghip gy nhim mi trng, nng nht l cng nghip nhit
in, cng nghip sn xut xi mng, vt liu xy dng, cng nghip khai thc
khong sn ( din n doanh nghip, s 50, ngy 20/6/2003, trang 13 ).
Hin trng mi trng nc nng thn:
nhim nc nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip cng rt

nghim trng. Gn 76% s dn nc ta ang sinh sng nng thn l ni c
s h tng cn lc hu, phn ln cc cht thi ca con ngi v gia sc khng
c x l, thm xung t hoc b ra tri, lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun
nc v mt hu c v vi sinh vt ngy cng cao. Nhiu ni do nui trng thy
sn t, thiu quy hoch, khng tun theo quy trnh k thut, gy ra nhiu
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 20
Phan Anh o
tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng nc. Lng nc thi ca cc x nghip ch

bin thy sn ng lnh cng rt ln, t vi chc ngn n vi trm ngn
m3/nm. Mi trng nc nng thn cng ang b nhim do vic s dng
khng ng quy cch v khng hp l cc ha cht nng nghip; thiu cc
phng tin v sinh v c s h tng phc v sinh hot nn s h nng thn
c dng nc hp v sinh mi ch t 30-40%, v ch c 28-30% s h c
cng trnh v sinh t tiu chun ( trang 14, [23]).
B.Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii v Vit Nam:

I.Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii:
Trong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, nhim nc ang vi nhp ng
lo ngi. Tin nhim phn nh trung thc tin b pht trin k ngh. Ta c
th k ra:
_ Anh Quc chng hn: u th k 19, nc sng Thames rt sch.
N tr thnh ng cng l thin vo gia th k ny. Cc sng khc cng c tnh
trng tng t trc khi ngi ta a ra cc bin php x l v bo v nghim
ngt.
_ Nc Php rng hn, k ngh phn tn v nhiu sng ln nhng vn
cng khng khc bao nhiu. Dn Paris cn ung nc sng Seine n cui
th k 18. T vn i khc: cc sng ln v nc ngm nhiu ni khng
cn dng lm nc sinh hot c na, 5000 km sng ca Php b nhim
mn tnh. Sng Rhin chy qua vng k ngh ha mnh, khu vc c hn 40 triu
ngi, l nn nhn ca nhiu tai nn thm vo cc ngun nhim thng
xuyn.
_ Hoa K, tnh trng thm thng b pha ng cng nh nhiu vng
khc. Vng i H b nhim nng, trong h Erie, Ontario c bit nghim
trng ( trang 111, [2]).
II.Tnh trng nhim nc Vit Nam:

II.1. Tnh hnh chung:
_ Nc ta c mt nn cng nghip cha pht trin mnh, cc khu
cng nghip v th cha ng lm nhng tnh trng nhim nc xy ra
nhiu ni vi mc nghim trng khc nhau.
_ Nng nghip l ngnh s dng nhiu nc nht, dng nc ti
la v hoa mu, ch yu l ng bng Sng Cu Long v sng Hng. Vic s
dng nng dc v phn bn ha hc ngy cng gp phn lm nhim mi
trng nng thn ( trang 111, [2]).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 21
Phan Anh o
_ Cng nghip l ngnh lm nhim nc quan trng, mi ngnh

c mt loi nc thi khc nhau. Khu cng nghip Thi Nguyn thi nc bin
sng Cu thnh mu en, mt nc si bt trn chiu di hng chc km. Khu
cng nghip Vit Tr x mi ngy hng ngn m3 nc thi ca nh my ha
cht, thuc tr su, giy, dt xung sng Hng lm cho nc b nhim ng
k ( trang 112, [2]).
Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, tnh trng nhim cng ang mc
bo ng do nc thi sinh hot, nc thi ca cc ngnh cng nghip khng
qua x l hoc x l rt s si ang thi thng vo mi trng. Tun bo An
Ninh Th Gii ra ngy 20-05-04, c phng s sng ng Nai ang b khai t
ca tc gi Thun Thin phn nh: mi ngy ti sng ng Nai c khong
trn di mt triu m3 nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip, mi cht thi ca
thnh ph Bin Ha v 15 khu ch xut, khu cng nghip u v sng ng
Nai. Mi trng sng trong ngun nc v sc khe ca trn di 15 triu
ngi dn thnh ph Bin Ha v thnh ph H Ch Minh ang hng ngy phi
i mt vi him ha khn lng , cui bi tc gi t hi: n khi no con
sng ng Nai b nhim ti mc khng th t lm sch c na.
Vi lng cht thi kh ln t cc nh my, x nghip, nc thi
cng nghip chim mt lng ln trong tng lng nc thi hng ngy
thnh ph H Ch Minh, hn na mc gy nhim ca nc thi cng
nghip cao hn rt nhiu so vi nc thi sinh hot do cha nhiu ha cht
c hi v kh phn hy ( trang 89, [3]).
Do kinh ph cn hn hp, iu kin cha cho php nn hu ht
nc thi ca cc c s sn xut u khng qua khu x l m thi thng ra h
thng knh rch, sng ngi gy nhim trm trng cho cc ngun ny (trang
89, [3]).
Nc dng sinh hot ca dn c ngy cng tng nhanh do dn s
v cc th. Nc cng t nc thi sinh hot cng vi cc c s tiu th
cng nghip trong dn c l c trng nhim ca cc th nc ta ( trang
112, [2]).
Bn cnh , nc ngm cng b nhim do nc sinh hot hay
cng nghip v nng nghip. Vic khai thc trn lan nc ngm lm cho hin
tng nhim phn, nhim mn xy ra nhng vng ven bin sng Hng, sng
Thi Bnh, sng Cu Long, ven bin min Trung,( trang 112, [2]).
II.2. ng bng sng Cu Long:
ng bng sng Cu Long c khong 16 triu dn, l vng kinh t
trng im nng nghip ln nht nc, c sng Cu Long l ni cung cp
nc sn xut sinh hot chnh cho vng. Nhng do tp qun canh tc, n i
li trn sng nc, nht l nhng nm gn y cng nghip cc tnh pht trin,
canh tc nng nghip dng phn bn, thuc tr su ngy cng nhiu nn lm
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 22
Phan Anh o
nh hng nht nh n mi trng nc mt cng nh tng ngm. T ,

nh hng n ti nguyn nc, nh hng n nc sn xut , sinh hot ca
nhn dn, nht l trong ma l, ma kh cc vng su, vng ven bin ng
bng sng Cu Long. Hin nay, ng bng sng Cu Long c 40-50% dn
nng thn c nc sch sinh hot. Cp nc sch theo ng ng cn thp,
cc trm cp nc vi quy m nh v va ( t 500-2000 m3/ngy m ) ch
yu xy dng th trn, th t trung tm huyn l. Cn cc trung tm x p mi
xy dng trm cp nc vi quy m nh ( 100-300 m3/ngy m ). T ,
nc sch cho dn vng nng thn v v sinh mi trng nng thn ng bng
sng Cu Long ht sc bc xc.
II.3. An Giang:
+ Nc mt khu vc th ( thnh ph, th x, th trn ):
Cc ch tiu nhim ni bt khu th nm 2001 bao gm cc ch
tiu: cht rn l lng v mt s vi sinh tng coliforms. Nng cht hu c
BOD5 trung bnh 4 mg/l, xp x Tiu Chun Mi Trng, nhim nh hn nm
2000, SS trung bnh 80 mg/l cao gp 4 ln TCMT, amoniac trung bnh 0,2 mg/l
cao gp 4 ln Tiu Chun Mi Trng v mt s vi sinh tng coliforms trung
bnh 40x103 MPN/100ml, cao gp 8 ln Tiu Chun Mi Trng . Cc ch tiu
khc nm trong gii hn mi trng Vit Nam.
So snh khu vc th v nng thn trong nm 2001 cht lng
nc khu vc nng thn nhim v cht hu c cao hn khu vc th; cc
ch tiu khc: st tng cng, cht rn l lng, amoniac mc nhim 2 khu
vc trn tng ng nhau.
+ Mt s nguyn nhn dn n tnh trng nhim nc mt:
Cht lng nc mt nm 2001 c mc tng ng vi nm
2000. pH c tnh kim yu trong on ma kh, nguyn nhn c th l trong
thi gian qua nhiu knh rch tip tc c no vt, nc ra phn t t
theo cc knh rch ra sng, lm pH nc sng rch gim.
Vo ma ma, nc b nhim v cc ch tiu l ha nh: cht hu
c, st tng cng cao hn ma kh. Ch tiu amoniac c mc tng ng
ma kh. Nguyn nhn, nm 2001 nc l ln, mc nc xp x gn nm
2000, l ln trn khp ni, ko cc cht nhim t trn mt t xung cc
sng, knh, rch.
Cho n nay, hu ht cc ngun nc thi cng cng nh cc cng
thi th cc thnh ph, th trn, th x v cc cht thi cng nghip vn thi
trc tip ra sng, cc cht thi nng nghip vn cha c x l.
+ Hin trng nc thi v cng nghip:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 23
Phan Anh o
_ Nc thi t cc nh my sn xut cng nghip:

Cc nh my sn xut gy nhim mi trng quan trng tip tc
c quan trc, gim st. Qua kt qu quan trc c th nh gi nh sau:
Trong tnh nm 2001 c thm ba n v doanh nghip nh nc
xy dng xong cng trnh x l nc thi, l X nghip ng lnh s 7 (
thuc cng ty Angifish ), X nghip ng lnh Bn M, Nh my ch bin khoai
m ( thuc cng ty Afiex ) nng tng s n v xy dng h thng x l nc
thi l 8; trong 7 n v thuc doanh nghip nh nc, 1 n v thuc doanh
nghip t nhn. Hu ht cht lng nc thi ca cc n v ny c cc ch
tiu v mi trng nm trong gii hn Tiu Chun Mi Trng Vit Nam. Tuy
nhin, trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng x l nc thi, mt s h thng cha
hot ng n nh, mt s ch tiu vn nm ngoi tiu chun cho php nh
trng hp nh my ch bin khoai m.
Mt s n v nh: X nghip ng lnh 8, X nghip ch bin rau
qu Antesco, nh my ch bin nc mm Chnh Hng vn cha xy dng
h thng x l nc thi, nc thi trc tip ra sng Hu gy nhim ngun
nc mc xp x cc nm trc.
_ Nc thi khu vc th:
Nc thi khu vc th thnh ph Long Xuyn cng nh cc
th, th x Chu c c nng cht nhim rt cao, c bit l mt s vi sinh
tng coliforms, trung bnh 2,7x106 MNP/100ml, nng cht hu c BOD5
trung bnh vt gp hai ln Tiu Chun Mi Trng. Cc phng n x l
nc thi ca thnh ph Long Xuyn v th x Chu c xy dng xong t
nm 1998, nhng n nay vn cha c xc tin. Tuy nhin, trong nm 2001,
mt s h thng cng ni c nng cp, khng b ngp v phn no hn
ch c nhim mi trng do cng b, st.
_ nh gi chung:
Nm 2001, nhim mi trng t hot ng sn xut cng nghip
ln c chiu hng gim nh hn cc nm trc. Cc doanh nghip ln, c
ngun thi gy nhim nghim trng tch cc thc hin cc gii php bo
v mi trng, mt s doanh nghip xy dng xong h thng x l nc
thi, mt s khc cng thit k h thng x l, d kin xy dng trong nm
2002 nh cng ty Angifish s xy dng h thng x l nc thi X nghip ng
lnh 8 v nh my nc mm Chnh Hng.
+ Hin trng cht lng nc khu vc lng b Chu c:
nh gi cht lng nc cc khu vc lng b Chu c ( Vnh
M, Vnh Ngn ), Ph Tn ( Ph Hip ), An Ph ( a Phc ), Chu ph ( M
Ph ), Ch Mi ( th trn Ch Mi ), thnh ph Long Xuyn ( M Ha Hng ),
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 24
Phan Anh o
ng thi thc hin theo tinh thn cng vn 952/CV-UB ngy 15/5/2000 ca
UBND tnh An Giang Giao cho S Khoa Hc Cng Ngh & Mi Trng hng
thng mt ln o c phn tch mi trng nc cc khu vc neo u b tp
trung ln, c nhng khuyn co cho cc ngnh chc nng tham kho v
qun l. Trong nm, cc khu vc lng b c quan trc 6 t, kt qu
quan trc cho thy cht lng nc cc khu vc lng b trn c din bin
nhim cht hu c, amoniac, cht rn l lng, st tng cng vo giai on cui
nm gia tng hn so vi cc thng u v gia nm 2001. Mc nhim
c kh nng nh hng cht lng mi trng khu vc nui trng thy sn v
cht lng nc sinh hot, c th nh sau:
Ch tiu amoniac trung bnh 0,4 mg/l, cao gp 8 ln Tiu Chun Mi
Trng Vit Nam quy nh i vi cht lng mi trng nc mt. Nng
amoniac cao nht tp trung vo cc thng ma l ( thng 9-12 ). Khu vc lng
b Ch Mi, M Ha hng ( Long Xuyn ), Ph Hip ( Ph Tn ), a Phc (
An Ph ) mc nhim cao nht vt Tiu Chun Mi Trng trn 13-20 ln.
Nng amoniac cao trong giai on ny l do nc ra tri phn bn t ng
rung v cht lng nc sng nhim v amoniac hn cc giai on l. y
cng c th l lng phn bn s dng cho ng rung gia tng. Mt khc,
hot ng nui c tp trung cng gp phn lm nc b nhim theo ch tiu
ny ( [8]).
Theo Thi Bo Kinh T Si Gn ra ngy 24/06/2004, c phng s
Sng Hu on gnh nhim ca tc gi H Hng phn nh: ...Thc s
K Quang Vinh, Trng trm Quan trc mi trng thnh ph Cn Th, bc
xc: Cht lng nc trn sng Hu c du hiu nhim nng. Kt qu gim
st gn y nht ca trm, t cc mu nc ly t sng Hu, cho thy: hm
lng cht hu c thng qua cc ch s BOD5 v COD u vt tiu chun
Vit Nam (10 mg/l) khong 1,2-2,5 ln, c khuynh hng tng nhanh so vi cc
nm trc; nng dng cht (NO2 v NH3) vt tiu chun Vit Nam(0,05
mg/l) 2-20 ln; s lng vi sinh (Coliform)cng vt mc cho php t 1,5-9
ln,...
Hin nay, lng b th x Chu c c hn 400 b c, tnh chung
trong tnh An Giang c hn 3400 b c tri di trn sng Hu. Lng cht thi
t hng ngn b c ny thi ra cng vi cc h gia nh sng ven sng ri cc
khu cng nghip,...lm cho tnh trng nhim trn sng Hu tht s ng lo
ngi.
C. Phn loi nc nhim v tnh cht ca n:

I. Phn loi:
S nhim nc l s c mt ca mt s cht ngoi lai trong mi
trng nc t nhin d cht c hi hay khng. Khi vt qua mt ngng
no th cht s tr nn c hi i vi con ngi v sinh vt.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 25
Phan Anh o
S nhim nc c ngun gc t nhin hay nhn to:

_ S nhim nc c ngun gc t nhin: l do ma. Nc ma ri
xung t, mi nh, ng ph th, khu cng nghip,, ko theo cc cht
thi bn xung sng, h hoc cc sn phm ca cc hot ng sng ca sinh
vt vi sinh vt k c xc cht ca chng. S nhim ny cn gi l s nhim
khng xc nh c ngun gc.
_ S nhim nhn to: ch yu do ngun nc thi t cc khu dn
c, khu cng nghip, hot ng giao thng vn ti, thuc tr su, thuc dit c
v phn bn trong nng nghip ( trang 84, [10]).
Nc thi l mt t hp phc tp cc thnh phn vt cht c ngun
gc v c hay hu c tn ti di dng khng ha tan, keo v ha tan. Thnh
phn nng cht bn ty thuc vo tng loi nc thi. Cn c vo ngun
gc v tnh cht ca ngun nc thi m ngi ta phn loi nh sau:
+ Nc thi sinh hot:
L nc thi ra t cc khu dn c bao gm nc sau khi s dng
t cc h gia nh, bnh vin, khch sn, trng hc, c quan, khu vui chi gii
tr.
c im ca nc thi sinh hot l trong c hm lng ln
cc cht hu c d phn hy ( hidrocacbon, protein, cht bo ), cc cht v c
dinh dng ( nit, photphat ), cng vi vi khun ( bao gm c vi sinh vt gy
bnh ), trng giun sn
Hm lng cc cht gy nhim trong nc thi sinh hot ph
thuc vo iu kin sng, cht lng ba n, lng nc s dng, h thng
tip nhn nc thi v c im nc thi ca tng vng dn c ( trang 15-16,
[15]).
+ Nc thi cng nghip:
Nc thi t cc x nghip sn xut cng nghip, th cng nghip,
giao thng vn ti ni chung l nc thi cng nghip. Nc thi loi ny khng
c c im chung m ph thuc vo cc quy trnh cng ngh ca tng loi sn
phm.
Nc thi t cc c s ch bin nng sn, thc phm v thy sn
( ng, sa, bt tm c, ru, bia,,) c nhiu cht hu c d b phn hy;
nc thi ca cc x nghip lm acquy c nng axit v ch cao, Tm li,
nc thi t cc ngnh hoc x nghip khc nhau c thnh phn ha hc v
ha sinh khc nhau ( trang 16, [15]).
II. Tnh cht:

ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 26
Phan Anh o
Cc tnh cht c trng ca nc thi sinh hot, cng nghip c tm

tt trong cc bng sau:
Bng 1: Cc tnh cht vt l, ha hc v sinh hc c trng ca nc
thi, v ngun gc ca chng ( trang 17, [15]):
Tnh cht
Ngun pht sinh
_ Cc tnh cht vt l:
Mu
Cc cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip, s phn r t

nhin cc cht hu c.
Mi
S thi ra nc thi v cc cht thi cng nghip.
Cht rn
Cp nc cho sinh hot, cc cht thi sinh hot v

sn xut, xi mn t, dng thm, chy vo h
thng cng.
Nhit
Cc cht thi sinh hot v sn xut.
_Thnh phn ha hc:
+ Ngun gc hu c:
Cacbonhidrat
Cc cht thi sinh hot, thng mi v sn xut.
M, du, du nhn
Cc cht thi sinh hot, thng mi v sn xut.
Thuc tr su
Cc cht thi nng nghip.
Phenol
Cc cht thi nng nghip.
Protein
Cc cht thi sinh hot v thng mi.
Cc cht hot ng Cc cht thi sinh hot v sn xut.

b mt
Cc cht khc
Phn r t nhin cc cht hu c.
+ Ngun gc v c:
kim
Nc thi sinh hot, cp nc sinh hot v s thm

ca nc ngm.
Clorua
Cp nc sinh hot, cc cht thi sinh hot, s

thm ca nc ngm, cc cht lm mm nc.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 27
Cc kim loi nng

Nit
Phan Anh o
Cc cht thi cng nghip.

Cc cht thi sinh hot v cng nghip.
pH
Phospho
Lu hunh
Cc cht thi sinh hot v cng nghip.

Cp nc sinh hot, cc cht thi sinh hot v cng
nghip.
Cc hp cht c
+Cc kh:
H2S
Phn hy cc cht thi sinh hot.

Phn hy cc cht thi sinh hot.
CH4
Cp nc sinh hot, s thm ca nc b mt.
O2
Thnh phn sinh hc:

Cc ng vt
Cc dng nc h v cc nh my x l.
Thc vt
Cc dng nc h v cc nh my x l.
Sinh vt nguyn sinh, Cc cht thi sinh hot v nh my x l cc cht

thi sinh hot.
virut
Bng 2: Phn loi nc nhim da vo hm lng cht nhim ( trang 32,

[13])
Cc cht
Mc nhim
Nng
Trung bnh
Thp
Tng cht rn, mg/l
1000
500
200
_ Cht rn ha tan, mg/l
700
350
120
_ Cht rn khng tan, mg/l
300
150
Tng cht rn l lng, mg/l
600
350
120
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 28
Phan Anh o
Cht rn lng, mg/l
12
BOD5, mg/l
300
200
100
Oxy ha tan, mg/l
Tng nit, mg/l
85
50
25
Nit hu c, mg/l
35
20
10
N-NH3, mg/l
50
30
15
N-NO2-, mg/l
0,1
0,05
N-NO3-, mg/l
0,4
0,2
0,1
Clorua, mg/l
175
100
15
kim, mg CaCO3/l
200
100
50
Cht bo, mg/l
40
20
Tng photpho (theo P), mg/l
Nc thi sinh hot c thnh phn vi gi tr in hnh nh sau:

COD= 500 mg/l, BOD5= 250 mg/l, SS= 220 mg/l, Photpho= 8 mg/l, N-NH3 v Nhu c= 40 mg/l, pH= 6,8, TS= 720 mg/l.
Mt tnh cht c trng ca nc thi sinh hot l khng phi tt c
cc cht hu c u c th b phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt v khong 20-40%
BOD thot ra khi qu trnh x l sinh hc cng vi bn.
Bng 3: Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s ngnh cng nghip ( trang 18, [15])
Ngnh cng nghip
Cht nhim trong nc

thi
Nng (mg/l)
Ch bin sa
Tng cht rn
4516
Cht rn l lng
560
N - hu c
732
Natri
807
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 29
Phan Anh o
Canxi
112
Kali
116
Photpho
59
BOD5
1890
Cht rn l lng
820
N- hu c
154
BOD5
996
Cht rn l lng
717
N- hu c
122
BOD5
104,5
Cht rn l lng
929
N- hu c
324
BOD5
2240
Tng cht rn tan
6000-8000
BOD5
900
NaCl
3000
Tng cng
1600
Sunfua
120
Protein
1008
Crom
30-70
L m
_ Tru, b
_ M ln
_ Hn hp
Thuc da
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 30
Phan Anh o
PHN III:
CC PHNG
PHP X L
NC NHIM
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 31
Phan Anh o
Trong thnh phn nc nhim c cha nhiu loi tp cht nhim bn c

tnh cht khc nhau: t cc loi cht khng tan, n cc cht t tan v nhng
hp cht tan trong nc. X l nc nhim l loi b cc tp cht , lm
sch nc v c th a nc vo ngun hoc a vo ti s dng. t
c nhng mc ch chng ta thng da vo c im ca tng loi tp
cht la chn phng php x l thch hp ( trang 93, [15]).
Thng thng c cc phng php x l sau:
_ X l bng phng php sinh hc.
_ X l bng phng php ha l.
_ X l bng phng php ha hc.
I. Cc phng php sinh hc:

Thc cht ca bin php sinh hc x l nc thi l s dng kh
nng sng v hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht bn hu c trong
nc thi. Chng s dng cc hp cht hu c v mt s cht khong lm
ngun dinh dng v to nng lng. Trong qu trnh dinh dng, chng nhn
c cc cht lm vt liu xy dng t bo, sinh trng v sinh sn nn
sinh khi c tng ln.
Phng php ny thng c s dng lm sch cc loi c cha
cc cht hu c ha tan hoc cc cht phn tn nh, keo. Do vy, chng
thng c dng sau khi loi cc tp cht phn tn th ra khi nc thi.
i vi cc cht hu c c trong nc thi th phng php ny dng
kh cc hp cht sunfit, mui amoni nitrat - tc l cc cht cha b oxy ha
hon ton. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hy sinh ha cc cht bn
s l CO2, H2O, N2, SO42-,Cc nghin cu cho thy vi sinh vt c th phn
hy tt c cc cht hu c c trong thin nhin v rt nhiu cht hu c tng
hp nhn to ( trang 38-39, [3]).
X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc gm cc phng php sau:
_ Phng php hiu kh.
_ Phng php k kh.
_ Phng php thiu kh.
Ty iu kin c th nh a hnh, tnh cht v khi lng nc thi, kh
hu, mt bng ni cn x l, kinh ph cho php vi cng ngh thch hp, ngi
ta s chn mt trong nhng phng php trn hay kt hp vi nhau ( trang 80,
[11]).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 32
Phan Anh o
Cc phng php ny c nhng u im sau:

_ C th x l nc thi c ph nhim bn cc cht hu c tng i
rng.
_ H thng c th t iu chnh theo ph cc cht nhim bn v nng
ca chng.
_ Thit k v trang thit b n gin.
ng thi chng cng c nhng nhc im sau:
_ u t c bn cho vic xy dng kh tn km.
_ Phi c ch cng ngh lm sch ng b v hon chnh.
_ Cc cht hu c kh phn hy cng nh cc cht v c c c tnh
nh hng n thi gian v hiu qu lm sch. Cc cht c c tnh tc ng
n qun th sinh vt ni chung v trong bn hot tnh lm gim hiu sut x l
ca qu trnh.
_ C th phi lm long nc thi c nng cht bn cao, nh vy s
lm tng lng nc thi v cn din tch mt bng rng.
Tuy vy, cc phng php sinh hc vn c dng ph bin rng ri v
t ra rt thch hp cho qu trnh lm sch nc thi cha cc cht hu c d
phn hy ( trang 298-299, [1]).
I.1. Cc phng php hiu kh:
a. Nguyn tc:
Phng php hiu kh dng loi cc cht hu c d b vi
sinh phn hy ra khi ngun nc. Cc cht ny c cc loi vi sinh hiu kh
oxy ha bng oxy ha tan trong nc.
lng.
Cht hu c + O2
Cht hu c + O2
T bo mi
ti nghin cu khoa hc
+ O2
vi sinh vt
vi sinh vt
vi sinh vt
H2O +
CO2 + Nng
T bo mi.
H2O + CO2 + NH3.
Trang 33
Tng cng:
Phan Anh o
Cht hu c + O2
H2O + CO2 + NH3 +
Trong phng php hiu kh amoniac cng c loi b bng oxy

ha nh vi sinh t dng ( qu trnh nitrit ha ).
2 NH4+ + 3 O2
Nng lng.
2 NO2- +
Tng cng:
Nng lng.
O2
NH4+ + 2 O2
Nitrosomonas
2 NO2- + 4 H+ + 2 H2O +
Nitrobacter
2 NO3-
Vi sinh
NO3- + 2 H+ + H2O +
( gim pH )
iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh l: pH= 5,5 - 9,0, oxy ha tan ln hn

hoc bng 0,5 mg/l, nhit 5-400C.
b. K thut x l nc thi theo phng php hiu kh:
K thut bn hot tnh:
y l k thut c s dng rng ri x l nc thi th v
cng nghip. Theo cch ny, nc thi c a ra b phn chn rc, loi rc,
cht rn c lng, bn c tiu hy v lm kh.
Mt dng ci tin ca phng php bn hot tnh l phng php
thng kh tng cng gn y c s dng ti nhiu nc pht trin di
tn gi l mng oxy ha. Trong h thng ny c th b qua cc giai an
lng bc mt v tiu hy bn. Tuy nhin qu trnh ny li cn bin php thng
kh ko di vi cng cao hn.
Ao n nh nc thi:
Phng php x l sinh hc n gin nht l k thut n nh
nc thi. l mt loi ao cha nc trong nhiu ngy ph thuc vo nhit
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 34
Phan Anh o
, oxy c to ra qua hot ng t nhin ca to trong ao. C ch x l

trong ao n nh cht thi bao gm c hai qu trnh hiu kh v k kh.
_ Ao n nh cht thi hiu kh: l loi ao cn c 0,3-0,5m c
thit k sao cho nh sng mt tri thm nhp vo lp nc nhiu nht lm pht
trin to do hot ng quang hp to oxy. iu kin khng kh bo m t
mt ao n y ao.
_ Ao n nh cht thi k kh: l loi ao su khng cn oxy ha tan
cho hot ng vi sinh. y cc loi vi sinh k kh v vi sinh ty nghi dng oxy
t cc hp cht nh nitrat, sunfat oxy ha cht hu c thnh mtan v CO2.
Nh vy cc ao ny c kh nng tip nhn khi lng ln cht hu c v
khng cn qu trnh quang hp to. Ao n nh cht thi ty nghi l loi ao hot
ng theo c qu trnh k kh v hiu kh. Ao thng su t 1-2m, thch hp
cho vic pht trin to v cc vi sinh ty nghi. Ban ngy khi c nh sng, qu
trnh xy ra trong ao l hiu kh. Ban m lp y ao qu trnh chnh l k kh.
Ao n nh cht thi ty nghi thng c s dng nhiu hn hai
loi trn. Ngoi ba loi ao trn, theo phng php ao n nh cht thi ngi
ta cn kt hp vi cc loi ao nui c, ao thy thc vt ( ao rau mung, lc bnh
). tng cng hiu qu x l nc thi, ta nn kt ni cc loi ao vi nhau.
I.2. Cc phng php thiu kh ( anoxic ):
Trong iu kin thiu oxy ha tan vic kh nitrit ha s xy ra. Oxy
c gii phng t nitrat s oxy ha cht hu c v nit s c to thnh.
NO3-
O2
vi sinh
NO2- +
Cht hu c
N2
O2
CO2
+ H2O
Trong h thng x l theo k thut bn hot tnh s kh nitrit ha s

xy ra khi khng tip tc thng kh. Khi oxy cn cho hot ng ca vi sinh
gim dn v vic gii phng oxy t nitrit s xy ra. Theo nguyn tc trn,
phng php thiu kh ( kh nitrit ha ) c s dng loi nit ra khi nc
thi.
I.3. Cc phng php k kh:
Phng php x l k kh dng loi b cc cht hu c c trong
phn cn ca nc thi bng vi sinh vt ty nghi v vi sinh vt k kh.
Hai cch x l ym kh thng dng l:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 35
Phan Anh o
_ Ln men acid thy phn v chuyn ha cc sn phm thy phn

( nh acid bo, ng ) thnh cc acid v ru mch ngn hn v cui cng
thnh kh cacbonic.
_ Ln men metan: Phn hy cc cht hu c thnh metan ( CH4 )
v kh cacbonic ( CO2 ). Vic ln men metan nhy cm vi s thay i pH, pH
ti u cho qu trnh t 6,8-7,4. Th d v phn ng metan ha:
CH3COOH
2 CH2(CH2)COOH
+C2H5COOH + CO2
Methanosarcina
M.Suboxydans
+ 2 H2O + CO2
CH4
CH4
+
+
CO2
2CH3COOH
Cc phng php k kh thng c dng x l nc thi cng

nghip v cht thi t chung tri chn nui ( trang 80-84, [11]).
II. Cc phng php ha l:

Lm sch sinh hc ch c ng dng trong trng hp cn loi ra
khi nc cc cht hu c, nu cc cht bn c ngun gc v c th phng
php ny khng ph hp. Cc phng php ha l c ng dng x l
nc thi gm lc, ng t v keo t, tuyn ni, hp ph, trao i ion, thm thu
ngc, siu lc, thm tch v in thm tch,Cc phng php ny c
ng dng loi ra khi nc thi cc ht phn tn l lng ( rn v lng ), cc
kh tan nhng cht v c v hu c ha tan.
Vic ng dng cc phng php ha l x l nc thi c nhng
u im sau:
_ C kh nng loi cc cht c hu c khng b oxy ha sinh hc;
_ Hiu qu x l cao hn;
_ Kch thc h thng x l nh hn;
_ nhy i vi s thay i ti trng thp hn;
_ C th t ng ha hon ton;
_ Khng cn theo di hot ng ca sinh vt;
_ C th thu hi cc cht khc nhau.
II.1. Lc qua song chn rc ( x l s b ):
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 36
Phan Anh o
i tng x l l rc thi loi ln ( nh: gi, rc, v hp, cc

mu , g v cc vt thi khc ), chng thng c tch ra khi gy tc
nghn ng ng. Ngi ta dng li lm bng cc thanh kim loi c t
nghing mt gc 60750. Rc thi c ly ra bng co c gii. i vi rc c
kch c nh hn ngi ta c th dng ry ( trang 29, [3]).
y l hnh thc x l s b. Mc ch ca qu trnh l loi tt c
cc tp vt c th gy ra s c trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng x l nc
thi nh lm tc bm, ng ng hoc knh dn. y l bc quan trng m
bo an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li cho c h thng x l nc t nhin
ln nc thi ( trang 74, [13]).
II.2. Lng t:
c dng lng cc tp cht tan th ra khi nc thi ( sinh
hot v cng nghip ). Lng t din ra di tc dng ca trng lc. lng
ngi ta s dng b lng ct, b lng v b lng trong.
B lng ct:
c dng loi s b cht bn khong v hu c ( 0,20,25mm ) ra khi nc thi. B lng ct ngang l h cha c tit din ngang l
tam gic hoc hnh thang. Chiu su b lng ct 0,25-1m. Vn tc chuyn ng
ca nc khng qu 0,3m/s. B lng ct dc c dng hnh ch nht, trn, trong
nc chuyn ng theo dng t di ln vi vn tc 0,05m/s.
B lng ngang:
B lng ngang l b h cha hnh ch nht, c hai hay nhiu

ngn hot ng ng thi. Nc chuyn ng t u ny n u kia ca b.
Chiu su ca b lng H=1,5-4 m, chiu di L=( 8-12 )xH, chiu
rng B=3-6 m. B lng ngang c ng dng khi lu lng nc thi ln hn
15000m3/ngy m. Hiu qu b lng 60%.
B lng ng:
B lng ng l b cha hnh tr ( hoc tit din vung ) c y

chp. Nc thi c cho vo theo ng trung tm. Sau nc chy t di
ln trn vo cc rnh chy trn. Nh vy, qu trnh lng cn din ra trong dng
i ln, vn tc nc l 0,5-0,6m/s. Chiu cao vng lng 4-5m.
B lng hng tm:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 37
Phan Anh o
B lng hng tm l b lng trn. Nc trong chuyn ng t

tm ra vnh ai. Vn tc nc nh nht l vnh ai. Loi b lng ny c
ng dng cho lu lng nc thi ln hn 20.000m3/ngy m.
B lng dng bng:
bn trong b lng dng bng c cc bn t nghing v song

song vi nhau. Nc chuyn ng gia cc bn, cn cn trt xung vo bnh
cha.
B lng trong:
B lng c s dng lm sch t nhin v lm trong nc

thi cng nghip. Ngi ta thng s dng b lng trong vi lp cn l lng
trong ngi ta cho nc vi cht ng t i qua ( trang 87-89, [11]).
II.3. Lc:
Lc c dng x l nc thi, tch cc loi tp cht nh ra
khi nc thi m b lng khng lng c. Trong cc loi phin lc thng c
cc loi phin lc dng vt liu lc dng tm hoc dng ht. Vt liu dng tm c
th lm bng tm thp c c l hoc li bng thp khng g, nhm, niken,
ng, thau, v c cc loi vi khc nhau ( thy tinh, aming, bng, len, si
tng hp ). Tm lc cn c tr lc nh, bn v do c hc, khng b trng
n v b ph hy iu kin lc ( trang 95, [15]).
Vt liu lc dng ht l ct thch anh, than cc, si, nghin thm
ch c than g ( trang 95, [15]).
c tnh quan trng ca lp ht lc l xp v b mt ring. Qu
trnh lc c th xy ra di tc dng ca p sut ca ct cht lng hay p sut
cao trc vch vt liu lc hoc chn khng sau lp lc.
Cc phin lc lm vic s tch cc phn t tp cht phn tn hoc l
lng kh lng khi nc. Cc phin lc lm vic khng hon ton da vo
nguyn l c hc. Khi nc qua lp lc d t hay nhiu cng to ra lp mng
trn mt cc ht vt liu lc, mng ny l mng sinh hc. Do vy, ngoi tc
dng tch cc phn t tp cht phn tn ra khi nc, cc mng sinh hc cng
bin i cc cht ha tan trong nc thi nh qun th cc vi sinh vt c trong
mng sinh hc.
Cht bn v mng sinh hc s bm vo b mt vt liu lc dn dn
bt cc khe h ca lp lc lm cho dng chy b chm li hoc ngng chy. Do
, trong qu trnh lm vic, ngi ta phi ra phin lc, ly bt mng bn pha
trn, v cho nc thi i t di ln trn tch mng bn ra khi vt liu lc (
trang 96-97, [15]).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 38
Phan Anh o
II.4. ng t v keo t:
a. ng t:
Hn hp phn tn nh c loi ra khi nc bng phng php
ng t. ng t l phng php x l nc bng tc cht nhm hnh thnh
cc phn t ln t cc phn t nh. Phn t cc cht c mang in tch m.
Vic loi cc cht ny nh cc cht ng t l to thnh mui t cc cht kim
v axit yu. Cht ng t trong nc to thnh cc bng hydroxit kim loi, lng
nhanh trong trng trng lc. Cc bng ny c kh nng ht cc ht keo v ht
l lng kt hp vi chng. Cc cht ny tham gia vo phn ng trao i vi ion
nc v hnh thnh cc tp cht c phi tr phc tp ( trang 51, [11]).
Qu trnh thy phn cc cht ng t v to thnh cc bng keo xy
ra theo cc giai on sau:
Me3+
HOH
Me(OH)2+
Me(OH)2+ + HOH
Me(OH)2+
Me3+
Me(OH)2+
HOH
3HOH
[13]).
H+
Me(OH)3
Me(OH)3
H+
+
+
+
H+
3H+
( trang 120,
Cc cht ng t thng dng trong mc ch ny l cc mui nhm

hoc mui st hoc hn hp ca chng. y l hai loi ha cht rt thng dng
trong x l nc cp nht l x l nc sinh hot ( trang 138, [20]).
Cc mui nhm gm c: Al2(SO4)3.18 H2O, NH4Al(SO4)2.12 H2O,
NaAlO2. Al2(OH)5Cl, KAl(SO4)2.12 H2O, Trong c s dng rng ri nht l
Al2(SO4)3 v Al2(SO4)3 ha tan tt trong nc, chi ph thp, hot ng c hiu
qu cao trong khong pH= 57,5 ( trang 121, [13] ).
_ Trong phn ln cc trng hp, ngi ta dng hn hp NaAlO2 v
Al2(SO4)3 theo t l ( 10:1 )( 20:1 ). Phn ng xy ra nh sau:
Na2SO4
6NaAlO2
Al2(SO4)3
12 H2O
8 Al(OH)3 +
Vic s dng hn hp ny cho php tng hiu qu ca qu trnh lm

trong nc, tng khi lng v tc lng ca cc bng keo t, m rng
khong pH ti u ca mi trng.
Al2(OH)5Cl c axit thp dng lm sch nc c kim yu nh
phn ng:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 39

2CO2
Al2(OH)5Cl
Ca(HCO3)2
Phan Anh o
4 Al(OH)3
+CaCl2
Cc mui st Fe2(SO4)3. 2 H2O, Fe2(SO4)3. 3 H2O, FeSO4. 7 H2O v

FeCl3 cng thng c dng lm cht ng t ( trang 121, [13]).
Dng FeCl3 loi photphat:
FeCl3
6 H2O
PO43- FePO4
3 Cl-
+ 6 H2O
To bng keo qua phn ng:

FeCl3
Fe2(SO4)3
6 H2O
+
Fe(OH)3 +
6 H2O
3 HCl
2 Fe(OH)3 +
3 H2SO4
Cc mui st thng c dng lm cht ng t v c nhiu u

im hn so vi cc mui nhm do:
_ Tc dng tt hn nhit thp.
_ C khong gi tr pH ti u ca mi trng rng hn.
_ bn ln v kch thc bng keo c khong gii hn rng ca
thnh phn mui.
_ C th kh c mi v khi c H2S.
Nhng cc mui st c nhc im l chng to thnh cc phc ha
tan nhum mu qua phn ng ca cc cation st vi mt s cht hu c ( trang
285, [13] ).
Trong qu trnh to bng keo ca hiroxit nhm hoc st, ngi ta
thng thm cc cht tr ng nh: tinh bt, cc ete, xenluloz,, vi liu
lng 1-5mg/l, hay cht tr ng t tng hp nht l polyarylamit nhm gim
liu lng cht ng t, gim thi gian ng t v nng cao tc lng ca cc
bng keo ( trang100, [15]).
b. Keo t:
Keo t l qu trnh kt hp cc ht l lng khi cho cc hp cht cao
phn t vo nc. Khc vi qu trnh ng t, khi keo t s kt hp din ra
khng ch do tip xc trc tip m cn do tng tc ln nhau gia cc phn t
cht keo t b hp ph trn cc ht l lng.
c. Keo t in ha:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 40
Phan Anh o
Keo t khng c tc cht hay keo t in ha din ra bng cch dn

nc qua cc tm nhm c xp cch nhau 10-20 mm. Bn cht ca qu
trnh l ha tan anot ca cc tm nhm c ni ln lt vi cc cc dng v
cc m ca ngun in c cng cao v hiu in th thp. Khi ion nhm
s chuyn vo nc v to thnh hydroxit. u im ca qu trnh ny l hnh
thnh v lng nhanh cc si bng dai v khng cn iu chnh pH. Nhc im
ca n l chi ph in nng cao.
Phng php ny c th c dng x l nc ph sa cc tnh
thuc ng bng Sng Cu Long, nhng do mng li in cha c lp t
y v chi ph in cao nn cn b hn ch.
II.5. Tuyn ni:
Phng php tuyn ni da trn nguyn tc: cc phn t phn tn
trong nc c kh nng t lng km, nhng c kh nng kt dnh vo cc bt
kh ni ln trn b mt nc. Sau ngi ta tch bt kh cng cc phn t
dnh ra khi nc. Thc cht y l qu trnh tch bt hay lm c bt. Ngoi
ra, qu trnh ny cn tch cc cht ha tan nh cc hot ng b mt (trang
100, [15]).
Trong cng nghip, tuyn ni c p dng x l cht khong, ti
sinh nguyn liu t nc ra, lm sch nc thi, x l bn v thu hi khong
sn qu. Trong x l nc cp, qu trnh tuyn ni c kt hp vi qu trnh
keo t to bng, c bit l i vi cht mn v to sau qu trnh keo t to
bng c tch ra khi nc bng tuyn ni ( trang 85, [20] ).
Phng php ny c thc hin nh thi khng kh thnh bt nh
vo trong nc thi. Cc bt kh dnh cc ht l lng lng km v ni ln trn
mt nc. Khi ni ln cc bt kh tp hp thnh bng ht ln, ri to thnh
mt lp bt cha nhiu ht bn ( trang 100, [15]).
Tuyn ni bt nhm tch cc ht l lng khng tan v mt s cht
keo hoc ha tan ra khi pha lng. K thut ny c th dng cho x l nc thi
th v nhiu lnh vc cng nghip nh: ch bin du bo, dt thuc da, ch
bin tht, v.v ( trang 100, [15] ).
Ngoi ra, tuyn ni ion v phn t l mt phng php mi tch
cc cht tan ra khi nc, c s dng trong nhng nm gn y ( trang 74,
[10] ).
Hiu sut ca phng php tuyn ni ph thuc vo kch thc v
s lng bong bng kh, kch thc cc tp cht trong nc thi. Kch thc ti
u ca bong bng kh l 15 30m, kch thc ht tp cht l 0,2 1,5m (
trang 33, [3] ).
C nhiu phng php tuyn ni x l nc thi:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 41
Phan Anh o
1. Tuyn ni t s tch khng kh t dung dch;

2. Tuyn ni vi s phn tn khng kh bng c gii;
3.Tuyn ni nh cc tm xp;
4. Tuyn ni bng phng php tch phn on bt;
5. Tuyn ni ha hc, sinh hc v ion;
6. Tuyn ni in.
Phng php ny c u im l hot ng lin tc, phm vi ng dng
rng ri, chi ph u t v vn hnh khng ln, hiu qu x l cao, thit b n
gin, thu cn c m nh v c th thu hi tp cht trong cn. Ngoi ra, nc
thi c x l bng phng php tuyn ni s c thng kh, gim c
hm lng cht hot ng b mt, cht d b oxy ha.
[Tuyn ni t s tch khng kh t dung dch:
Phng php ny c p dng lm sch nc thi cha
ht nhim rt mn. Bn cht ca phng php ny l to dung dch qu bo
ha khng kh. Khi gim p sut cc bt khng kh s tch ra khi dung dch v
lm ni cht bn.
Ty thuc vo bin php to dung dch qu bo ha, ngi ta
chia ra: tuyn ni chn khng, p sut v bm dng ( trang 91, [11]).
[ Tuyn ni vi s phn tn khng kh bng c kh:
S phn tn kh trong my tuyn ni c thc hin nh bm
turbin kiu cnh qut, l a c cnh quay hng ln trn. Thit k kiu ny
c ng dng x l nc c nng cc ht l lng cao ( ln hn 2 g/l ).
Khi quay cnh qut trong cht lng xut hin mt s lng ln cc dng xoay
nh v c phn tn thnh cc bt kh c kch thc xc nh, mc phn
tn cng cao bt kh cng nh qu trnh cng hiu qu. Tuy nhin, nu vn tc
quay cao s lm tng t ngt dng chy ri v c th ph v t hp ht - kh,
do lm gim hiu qu x l ( trang 92, [11]).
[ Tuyn ni nh cc tm xp:
Phng php ny c u im l: kt cu bung ni n gin,
chi ph nng lng thp. Khuyt im: cc bt mau b bn v d b bt kn, kh
cho vt liu c l ging nhau to bt kh nhuyn v c kch thc bng nhau.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 42
Phan Anh o
Hiu qu tuyn ni ph thuc vo l xp, p sut khng kh, lu

lng khng kh, thi gian tuyn ni, mc nc trong thit b tuyn ni ( trang
93, [11]).
[. X l bng phng php tch phn on bt ( tch bt ):
Phng php tch phn on bt da trn s hp ph chn lc
mt hay nhiu cht tan trn b mt bt kh ni ln trn xuyn qua dung dch.
Qu trnh ny ng dng loi cht hot ng b mt ra khi nc thi, n
tng t qu trnh hp ph trn cht rn.
Trong qu trnh phn ring, bt to thnh c nng cht tan
hot ng b mt kh cao. Vic tch n ra khi bt rt kh khn. V vy, trong
a s cc trng hp n l cht thi.
Nh vy, qu trnh x l nc thi khi cht hot ng b mt
bng phng php tch bt c nhc im:
_ To thnh cht ngng giu cht hot ng b mt, b phn hy
chm.
_ Khi nng cht hot ng b mt trong nc thi tng hiu
qu x l gim.
Do , ngi ta ngh phng php x l cht hot ng b
mt kt hp vi phng php tch bt ri x l bc x, loi tr hon ton cht
thi dng bt.
Theo s ny, cht thi cha cht hot ng b mt c cho
lin tc vo thp. Khng kh cng c si bt vo thng ny. Bt to thnh
trong thp c a qua thit b bc x, chiu bng tia . Nh , cht hot
ng b mt b phn hy cn bt ngng t.
Theo s khc, bt khng i ra khi thp m b phn hy ngay
trn nh thp bng tia .
Phng php ny cho php x l nc thi c nng cht
hot ng b mt cao. Tuy nhin, s phn hy hon ton cht hot ng b
mt thnh H2O v CO2 khng kinh t. Thch hp nht l phn hy chng thnh
cc cht d b oxy ha sinh hc
[ Cc phng php tuyn ni khc:
l tuyn ni ha hc, sinh hc v ion.
a. Tuyn ni ha hc:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 43
Phan Anh o
Trong qu trnh x l nc c th din ra cc qu trnh ha hc

vi s pht sinh cc kh nh: O2, CO2, Cl2,Bt ca cc kh ny c th kt dnh
vi cc cht l lng khng tan v a chng ln lp bt. Nhc im ca
phng php ny l tiu hao nhiu tc cht.
b. Tuyn ni sinh hc:
Phng php ny c ng dng nn cn t b lng t I
khi x l nc thi sinh hot. Trong phng php ny cn c un nng bng
hi nc n 35-550C v nhit ny c gi c ngy m. Do hot ng
ca cc vi sinh vt, cc bt kh sinh ra v mang cc ht cn ln lp bt,
chng c nn v kh nc. Bng cch ny, trong vng 5-6 ngy m m
ca cn c th gim n 80% v n gin ha qu trnh x l cn tip theo.
c. Tuyn ni ion:
Qu trnh ny c tin hnh nh sau: ngi ta cho khng kh v
cht hot ng b mt vo nc thi. Cht hot ng b mt trong nc to
thnh cc ion c in tch tri du vi in tch ca ion cn loi ra. Khng kh
dng bt c trch nhim a cht hot ng b mt cng cht bn ln lp bt.
Phng php ny c th p dng tch ra khi nc cc kim
loi ( Mo, W, V, Pt, Ce, Re,) qu trnh hiu qu khi nng ion thp 10-3-10-2
mol.ion/l.
Trong trng hp cn tin hnh ng thi qu trnh tuyn ni v
oxi ha cht nhim, nn bo ha nc bng khng kh giu oxi hoc ozone.
hn ch qu trnh oxi ha th thay khng kh bng kh tr ( trang 93, [11]).
[Tuyn ni in:
Bin php ny da trn nguyn tc: khi c dng din mt chiu
qua nc thi, mt trong cc in cc ( catot ) s to ra kh hydro. Kt qu
nc thi kh c bo ha bi cc bt kh s ko theo cc cht bn khng
tan khc ni ln b mt nc. Ngoi ra, nu trong nc thi cn cha nhiu
cht bn khc l cc cht in phn th dng in i qua s lm thay i cc
thnh phn ha hc v tnh cht ca trng thi cc tp cht khng tan do c cc
qu trnh in ly, phn cc, in chuyn v oxy ha kh. xy ra.
Trong nhiu trng hp nhng thay i c li cho qua trnh x
l nc thi v trong nhng trng hp khc cn phi iu khin cc qu trnh
t c hiu sut x l mt loi cht bn no .
Khi s dng cc in cc tan ( st hoc nhm ) th cc anot
s din ra qu trnh ha tan kim loi: Kt qu s c cc cation ( nhm hoc st
)chuyn vo nc. Nhng cation ny s cng nhm hydroxyl to thnh hydroxit
l nhng cht keo t ph bin trong thc t x l nc thi. Do , trong khng
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 44
Phan Anh o
gian cc in cc s din ra qu trnh to bng keo t v to cc bt kh, to

iu kin bt kh bm vo bng cng nh qu trnh keo t cht bn, qu
trnh hp ph, kt dnh. din ra mnh v hiu sut tuyn ni cao hn.
Cng ca tt c qu trnh qu trnh ph thuc vo cc yu
t sau:
_ Thnh phn ha hc nc thi.
_ Vt liu cc in cc ( tan hoc khng tan ).
_ Cc thng s ca dng in: in th, cng , in tr
sut.
i vi cc trm tuyn ni in c cng sut ln th nn xy
dng hai ngn gm mt ngn in cc ( ngn keo t ), v mt ngn tuyn ni (
trang 78-81, [10]).
II.6. Hp ph:
Phng php hp ph c dng rng ri lm sch trit nc
thi khi cc cht hu c ha tan sau khi x l sinh hc cng nh x l cc b
khi trong nc thi c cha mt hm lng rt nh cc cht . Nhng cht
ny thng khng phn hy bng con ng sinh hc v thng c c tnh
cao. Nu cc cht ny b hp ph tt v khi chi ph ring lng cht hp ph
khng ln th vic ng dng phng php ny l hp l hn c ( trang 132-133,
[13] ).
Trong x l nc thi cng nghip, hp ph c ng dng kh
c nc thi khi thuc dit c, phenol, thuc st trng, cc hp cht hu c
vng thm, cht hot ng b mt, thuc nhum, mu hot tnh ( trang 33, [3] ).
Cc cht hp ph thng dng l: than hot tnh, t st, silicagen,
keo nhm, mt s cht tng hp hoc cht thi sn xut nh: x, mt
st,Trong s ny, than hot tnh l c dng ph bin nht. Than hot tnh
c hai dng: ht v bt u c dng hp ph. Cc cht hu c, kim loi
nng v cc cht mu d b than hp ph. Lng cht ny ty thuc vo kh
nng hp ph ca tng cht v hm lng cht bn c trong nc. Phng
php ny c kh nng hp ph c 58-95% cc cht hu c v mu. Cc
cht hu c c th b hp ph c tnh n l phenol, alkylbenzen, sunfonic
axit, thuc nhum, cc hp cht thm. c nhng ng dng dng than hot
tnh hp ph thy ngn v nhng thuc nhum kh phn hy, nhng tn
km v lm cho qu trnh khng kinh t. loi b cc kim loi nng, cc cht
hu c, v c c hi, ngi ta dng than bn hp ph v nui bo ty trn
mt h ( trang 100, [15] ).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 45
Phan Anh o
Phng php hp ph c tc dng tt trong vic x l nc thi cha

cc cht hu c, cc kim loi nng v mu. loi b cc kim loi nng, cc
cht v c v hu c c hi hin nay ngi ta c th s dng than bn hoc
mt s loi thc vt nc nh lc bnh.
u im ca phng php ny l hiu qu cao, c kh nng x l
nhiu cht trong nc thi v c th thu hi cc cht ny. X l nc hp ph
c th ti sinh, tc thu hi v tn dng cht thi; phn hy v tiu hy cht thi
cng vi cht hp ph
II.7. Trao i ion:
Trao i ion l qu trnh tng tc ca dung dch vi pha rn c tnh
cht trao i ion cha n bng cc ion khc c trong dung dch. Bng cch ny
ngi ta c th loi i mt s ion trong dung dch nc.
Phng php ny c ng dng lm sch nc hoc nc thi
khi cc kim loi nh: Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Ni, Hg, Cd, V, Mn,, cng nh cc hp
cht ca asen, photpho, xyanua v cc cht phng x, kh mui trong nc
cp, cho php thu hi cc cht c gi tr v t mc lm sch cao. V vy, n
c ng dng rng ri tch mui trong x l nc v nc thi.
C s ca qu trnh trao i ion:
Trao i ion theo t l tng ng v trong phn ln cc trng

hp l phn ng thun nghch. Phn ng trao i ion xy ra do hiu s th ha
hc ca cc ion trao i. Phng trnh trao i tng qut c dng:( trang 143,
[13])
mA
RmB
RmA
mB
( trang 37, [19]).
Qu trnh trao i ion c th tin hnh qua mt s giai on sau:

1.
Vn chuyn cc ion A t trong dng cht lng n mt ngoi

mng bin bao quanh ht ionit.
2.
Khuch tn cc ht qua lp bin.
3.
Vn chuyn cc ion qua b mt phn chia pha vo ht

nha.
4.
Khuch tn ion A vo trong ht n b mt phn chia pha.
5.
Phn ng trao i ion A v B.
6.
Khuch tn ion B bn trong ht n b mt phn chia pha.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 46
Phan Anh o
7.
Chuyn ion B qua b mt phn chia pha n mt trong

mng bin.
8.
Khuch tn ion B qua mng.
9.
Khuch tn ion B vo trong dng lng.

( trang 103, [11]).
Cc cht trao i ion (nha trao i ion ):
Cc cht c kh nng trao i ion c gi l cc ionit. Ty theo

loi trao i m nha c tn l cationit hay anionit. Ngoi ra do kh nng trao
i vi cc ion H+ hay c nhm OH- m n s c tnh axit hay baz. Nhn chung
cu to ca cc cht trao i ion gm hai phn: phn gc v phn mang nhm
ion c trao i.
Mt s cht trao i ion: zeolic, silicagen, than ,( trang 37,
[3]).
II.8. Thm thu ngc:
L qu trnh lc dung dch qua mng bn thm di mt p sut
cao hn p sut thm thu ( trang 153, [13]).
C ch ca qu trnh:
C nhiu c ch gii thch qu trnh thm thu ngc. Mt trong

nhng c ch gii thch nh sau: mng bn thm khng c kh nng ha
tan. Nu nh chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph bng hoc ln hn
mt na ng knh mao qun ca mng th di tc dng ca p sut ch c
nc sch i qua, mc d kch thc ca nhiu ion nh hn kch thc cu
phn t nc. Lp hirat ca cc ion ny cn tr khng cho chng i qua mao
qun ca mng. Kch thc mng hirat ca cc ion khc nhau s khc nhau.
Nu chiu dy ca lp phn t nc b hp ph nh hn na ng knh mao
qun th cc cht ha tan s chui qua mng cng vi nc.
u im ca phng php thm thu ngc l:
_ Khng c pha chuyn tip trong tch tp cht cho php tin
hnh qu trnh vi chi ph nng lng thp.
_ C th tin hnh qu trnh nhit phng khng c b sung
hoc b sung t ha cht.
_ n gin trong kt cu ( trang 159, [13]).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 47
Phan Anh o
Nhc im ca phng php thm thu ngc:

_ Nng sut, hiu qu lm sch v thi gian lm vic ca mng
lc gim khi nng cht tan trn b mt mng lc tng (trang 105, [11]).
_ Qu trnh hot ng di p sut cao, do cn c vt liu c
bit lm kn thit b.
Thm thu ngc c ng dng rng ri tch mui khi
nc trong h thng cp nc nh my nhit in v cc ngnh cng nghip
khc ( nh cng nghip bn dn, n hnh, dc). Nhng nm gn y,
phng php ny c s dng lm sch mt s nc thi cng nghip v
th (trang 159, [13]).
II.9. Siu lc:
_ C siu lc v thm thu ngc u ph thuc vo p sut,
ng lc ca qu trnh v i hi mng cho php mt s cu t thm qua, gi
li mt s cu t khc.
_ S khc bit gia hai qu trnh l ch siu lc thng c
s dng tch dung dch c khi lng phn t trn 500 v c p sut thm
thu nh ( nh vi khun, tinh bt, protin, t st,). Cn thm thu ngc
thng c s dng kh cc vt liu c khi lng phn t thp v c p
sut thm thu cao.
_ Siu lc thng c s dng kh t st, vi sinh vt, cc
cht thc vt, tch nc cho bn .
_ C ch ca qu trnh siu lc hon ton khc so vi c ch ca
qu trnh thm thu ngc. Cht tan b gi trn mng lc v kch thc phn t
ca chng ln hn ng knh l xp hoc do ma st phn t vi thnh l xp
ca mng. Qu trnh ny phc tp hn nhiu.
Khi s dng kt hp thm thu ngc v siu lc c th lm m
c v phn tch cc cht ha tan hu c v v c trong nc thi. V d theo
s di y, th sau qu trnh siu lc ta nhn c phn m c cha cc
cht hu c, cn trong qu trnh thm thu ngc s nhn c phn m c
ca cc cht v c v nc sch.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 48
Phan Anh o
Nc thi
Siu lc
Nc cha cc
Phn m c cha
cc cht hu c
cht v c
Thm thu ngc
Phn m c cha
Cc cht v c
Nc khng c mui
S kt hp siu lc v thm thu ngc ( trang 159-160, [13]).
II.10. Thm tch v in thm tch ( TT v TT ):
Php thm tch l qu trnh phn tch cht rn bng s dng
khuch tn khng bng nhau qua mng.
in thm tch c thc hin bng cch t cc mng c tnh
chn lc vi cation v anion lun phin nhau dc theo dng in. Khi a dng
in vo, cc cation c gn in i qua mng trao i cation v mt hng,
cn cc anion s i qua mng trao i ion v mt hng khc.
Kt qu l mui gim trong khoang ca mt cp mng v tng
trong khoang bn cnh. Nc khi c th i qua mt s mng cho n khi t
n mn cn thit theo yu cu.
Phng php thm tch c dng thu hi axit, mui kim
loi v cc hydroxit.
Phng php in thm tch c nghin cu nh mt
phng php kh nit trong nc thi nng nghip, n cng c ng dng
rng ri lm ngt nc. Phng php ny cng c dng thu hi
cc axit, lignin t nc thi ca sn xut giy, crm t nc thi ca m in (
trang 161-162, [13]).
II.11. Cc phng php in ha :
Ngi ta s dng qu trnh oxy ha cc anot v kh ca catot,
ng t in, lm sch nc thi khi cc tp cht ha tan v phn tn ln.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 49
Phan Anh o
_Tt c cc qu trnh ny u xy ra trn in cc khi cho dng

in mt chiu i qua nc thi.
_ Cc phng php in ha cho php ly t nc thi cc sn
phm c gi tr bng cc s cng ngh tng i n gin, t ng ha m
khng cn s dng cc tc nhn ha hc. Cc phng php ny cn c
dng x l nc thi cha nhiu xyanua trong cng ngh m in.
_ Nhc im chnh ca cc phng php ny l tiu hao nng
lng in nng ln.
Tuy nhin, vic lm sch nc thi bng cc phng php ny
c th tin hnh gin on hoc lin tc.
II.11.1. Oxy ha ca anot v kh ca catot:
_ Trong thng in phn, trn in cc dng din ra qu trnh
oxy ha in ha ( cc ion cho anot in t ), cn trn catot in cc m din ra
s kt hp cc in t ( phn ng kh ), ( trang 106, [11] ).
_ Cc qu trnh ny c nghin cu lm sch nc thi khi
cc tp cht xyanua, sunfoxyanua, cc amin, alcol, cc alhit, hp cht nit,
thuc nhum azo, sunfit, mecaptan,. Trong qu trnh oxy ha in ha, cc
cht trong nc thi b phn r hon ton thnh CO2 , NH3 v nc hay to
thnh cc cht khng c v n gin hn c th tch bng cc phng
php khc.
_ Anot c lm t cc vt liu khng ha tan khc nhau ( Pt,
titan, thp khng g, than,.).
_ Catot c lm bng Mo, hp kim ca Vonfram vi st hay
niken, graphit, thp khng g,
C ch oxy ha ca anot ( oxy ha in ha ):

+ Oxy ha anot ca xyanua xy ra theo phn ng :
CNO-
2H2O
NH4+
CO32-
hay qu trnh oxy ha c th dn n s to thnh nit:

2CNO-
4OH- - 6e
2H2O.
2CO2
N2
+ Qu trnh ph hy xyanua xy ra do s oxy ha in ha anot

v oxy ha bng clo c gii phng anot t s phn tch NaCl c m t
nh sau :
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 50

Cl-
2e
CN-
Cl2
H2O
2CNO- +
Cl2
2OH-
3Cl2
2H2O
Phan Anh o
4OH-
CNO- +
2Cl-
+ 6Cl-
2CO2 + N2
+ Cc sunfoxyanua c phn hy theo s sau :

CNS-
+ 10OH-
8e
CNO-
SO42-
5H2O
_ Cc ion sunfit pH=7 b oxy ha ti sunfit. Khi pH nh hn lu

hunh c th c to thnh. Oxy ha phenol khi c clorua trong nc ( khi
hm lng phenol khng ln ) xy ra theo cc phn ng sau:
4 OH-
4e
2 H+
2e
2 ClCl2
2e
Cl2
H2O
HClO
OH-
12 ClO-
6 H2O
C6H5OH
14 O
3 O2
O2
HCl
ClO-
H2
HClO
2 H2O
H2O
4 HCO3-
12e
6 CO2
8HCl
3 H2O
C ch kh in ha:
Ngi ta ng dng qu trnh kh in kha loi cc ion kim

loi ra khi nc thi vi s to thnh cn, nhm chuyn cc cu t gy
nhim thnh cc hp cht t c hn hoc v dng d tch khi nc nh cn,
kh. Qa trnh ny c th c s dng lm sch nc thi ra khi cc ion
kim loi nng nh: Pb2+, Sn2+, Hg2+, Cu2+, As2+ v Cr2+. Qu trnh kh ca
catot i vi cc kim loi nng xy ra nh sau:
Men+
ne
Me
y cc kim loi bm trn catot v c th thu hi chng.

_ Phn ng kh hp cht Crom:
Cr2O72- + 14 H+
ti nghin cu khoa hc
12e
2 Cr
7 H2O
Trang 51
Phan Anh o
_ x l nc thi cha mt s, kim loi nng, ngi ta tin

hnh qu trnh lm sch nc thi khi cc ion Pb2+, Cd2+, Hg2+, Cu2+ bng
qu trnh kh trn catot c lm t hn hp cacbon v lu hunh. Cc ion ny
lng trn cc dng sunfua hoc bisunfua v c th tch chng bng phng
php c hc.
sau:
H2O
[13] ).
_ Qu trnh kh NH4NO3 trn in cc than ch xy ra nh

NH4NO3
NH4NO2
2 H+
+
N2
2e
+
NH4NO2
2 H2O ( trang 162-165,
II.11.2. Tuyn ni in:

Trong qu trnh lm sch nc thi bng phng php ny, vic
tch cc ht l lng l nh cc bt kh to thnh trong in phn nc. anot
l nh cc bng kh oxy, cn catot l hyro. Khi s dng cc in cc tan (
st hoc nhm ) th catot s din ra qu trnh ha tan kim loi. Kt qu l s
c cc cation ( st hoc nhm ) chuyn vo nc cng vi nhm hyroxyl to
thnh hyroxit l nhng cht keo t ph bin trong thc t x l nc thi. Do
, khng gian cc in cc s ng thi din ra qu trnh to bng keo t v
to bt kh, to iu kin bt kh bm vo bng cng nh qu trnh keo t
cht bn, qu trnh hp ph, dnh kt,, din ra mnh, hiu sut tuyn ni cao
hn ( trang 78-79, [10] ).
II.11.3. ng t in:
lm sch nc thi cng nghip cha cc tp cht phn tn
trong nc c bn cao, ngi ta tin hnh qu trnh in phn vi vic s
dng in cc bng Al. Di tc dng ca dng in xy ra qu trnh ha tan
cc in cc, dn n cc cation nhm chuyn vo nc gp nhm hydrxyl
to thnh hydrxit ca cc kim loi dng bng v qu trnh ng t xy ra
mnh lit.
u im ca phng php ny l thit b gn v iu khin n
gin khng s dng tc nhn ha hc, t nhy cm vi s thay i iu kin tin
hnh qu trnh lm sch, khng c cc cht c; bn cn c tnh cht ha hc
v cu trc tt. Nhng phng php ny c nhc im l tiu tn kim loi v
chi ph in nng cao.
Phng php ng t in c ng dng nhiu trong cng
ngh thc phm, ha cht, giy, bt giy, lc nc ph sa, phm mu phn tn.
III. Cc phng php ha hc:

ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 52
Phan Anh o
Cc phng php ha hc dng trong x l nc thi gm c: trung ha,

oxy ha v kh. Tt c cc phng php ny u dng cc tc nhn ha hc
nn l phng php t tin. Ngi ta s dng cc phng php ha hc
kh cc cht ha tan v trong cc h thng cp nc khp kn. i khi cc
phng php ny c dng x l s b trc x l sinh hc hay sau cng
on ny nh l mt phng php x l nc thi ln cui thi vo ngun
nc ( trang169, [13] ).
III.1. Phng php trung ha:
Nc thi cha cc axit v c hoc kim cn c trung ha pH v
khong 6,5 8,5 trc khi thi vo ngun nc hoc s dng cho cng ngh
x l tip theo.
Trung ha nc thi c th c thc hin bng nhiu cch khc
nhau:
_Trn ln nc thi axit vi nc thi kim:
Phng php ny c s dng khi nc thi ca x nghip l axit
cn x nghip gn c nc thi l kim: C hai loi nc thi ny u khng
cha cc cu t gy nhim khc ( trang 169, [13]).
_ Trung ha bng b sung cc tc nhn ha hc:
trung ha nc axit , c th s dng cc tc nhn ha hc nh
NaOH, KOH, Na2 CO3 , nc amoniac NH4OH, CaCO3, MgCO3 , olomit (
CaCO3 . MgCO3 ) v xi mng. Tc nhn r nht l sa vi 5 n 10% Ca(OH)2 ,
tip l soa v NaOH dng ph thi . i khi ngi ta s dng cc cht
thi khc nhau ca sn xut trung ha nc thi.
trung ha nc thi kim ngi ta s dng cc axit khc nhau
hoc kh thi mang tnh axit nh CO2 ,SO2, NO2,(trang 169, [13] ).
_ Trung ha nc thi bng cch lc qua vt liu c tc dng trung
ha:
Ngi ta thng dng cc vt liu nh manhtit (MgCO 3 ), olomit ,
vi, hoa,v cc cht thi rn nh x, x tro lm vt liu lc. Qu trnh
trung ha c tin hnh trong cc thit b lc - trung ha t nm ngang hoc
ng. Cc thit b lc ny dng trung ha nc axit c nng khng vt
qu 1,5mg/l v khng cha mui ca kim loi nng.
_ Trung ha bng cc kh axit :
trung ha nc thi kim, trong nhng nm gn y, ngi ta
dng kh thi cha CO2 ,SO2, NO2, Vic s dng kh axit khng nhng cho
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 53
Phan Anh o
php trung ha nc thi m ng thi tng hiu sut lm sch chnh kh thi
khi cc cu t c hi.
Vic s dng CO2 trung ha nc thi kim c nhiu u im vi
vic dng H2SO4 hay HCl v cho php gim rt ng k chi ph cho qu trnh
trung ha. Do ha tan CO2 km nn mc nguy him do oxy ha qu mc
cc dung dch c trung ha cng gim xung, cc ion CO32- c to thnh
c ng dng nhiu hn so vi ion SO42- , Cl- , ngoi ra tc ng n mn v c
hi ca ion CO32- trong nc nh hn cc ion SO42- , Cl- (trang 174,[13]).
III.2. Phng php oxy ha v kh:
lm sch nc t nhin v nc thi ngi ta c th dng cc
cht oxy ha nh Clo dng kh v dng lng, iclooxit, CaOCl2, Ca(ClO)2 v Na,
KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, H2O2, O2 , O3 ,MnO2
Trong qu trnh oxy ha, cc cht c hi trong nc thi chuyn
thnh cc cht t c hn v tch ra khi nc. Qu trnh ny tiu tn mt
lng ln cc tc nhn ha hc, do oxy ha ha hc ch c dng loi
cc tp cht gy nhim bn trong nc m khng th tch bng phng php
khc nh kh xyanua hay hp cht ha tan ca As (trang 175,[13]).
III.2.1. Oxy ha bng Clo :
Clo v cc cht cha Clo hot tnh l cht oxy ha thng dng nht,
thng c dng tch hydrosunfua, hydrosunfit, cc hp cht cha
metylsunfit, phenol, xyanua ra khi cht thi.
V d: Qu trnh tch xyanua ra khi nc thi c tin hnh mi
trng kim (pH = 9 ). Xyanua c th b oxy ha ti N2 v CO2 theo phng
trnh sau:
CN- + 2 OH- + Cl2 CNO2CNO- +
4 OH-
+ Cl2
+ 2Cl- +
CO2
H2O
6Cl- + N2 + H2O
( trang 176,[13])
III.2.2. Oxy ha bng hydro peoxit:
H2O2 c dng oxy ha cc nitrit, xyanua, phenol, cc cht
thi cha lu hunh v cc cht nhum mnh.
Trong mi trng axit, H2O2 th hin r chc nng oxy ha, cn
trong mi trng kim l chc nng kh. Trong mi trng axit, H2O2 chuyn
Fe2+ thnh Fe3+ , HNO2 thnh HNO3, SO32- thnh SO42-, CN- b oxy ha trong
mi trng kim ( pH= 912 ) thnh CNO-.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 54
Phan Anh o
Ngoi tnh oxy ha, ngi ta cn dng tnh kh ca H2O2 loi

Clo ra khi nc:
H2O2
Cl2
O2 +
H2O2
NaClO
2 HCl
O2 +
NaCl
H2O
III.2.3. Oxy ha bng oxy khng kh:

phn ng:
_ O2 trong khng kh c dng tch Fe ra khi nc theo

4 Fe2+
Fe3+
+
+
O2 +
3 H2O
2 H2O
4 Fe3+
Fe(OH)3 +
4 OH-
3 H+
_ O2 trong khng kh cn c dng oxy ha sunfua trong

nc thi ca cc nh my giy, ch bin du m v ha du. Qu trnh oxy
ha hydrosunfua thnh sunfua lu hunh din ra nh sau:
S-2 S SnO62- S2O32- SO32- SO42Khi nhit tng, tc phn ng v mc oxy ha sunfua v
hydrosunfua tng ( trang 177, [13] ).
III.2.4. Oxy ha bng MnO2:
MnO2 c dng oxy ha As3+ n As5+ theo phn ng sau:
MnSO4 +
H3AsO3
H2O
MnO2
H2SO4
H3AsO4
Khi tng nhit ( nhit ti u 70-800 ) th mc oxy ha tng.

Qu trnh oxy ha ny thng c tin hnh bng cch lc nc thi qua lp
vt liu MnO2 hoc trong thit b c khuy trn vi vt liu ( trang 178, [13] ).
III.2.5. Ozon ha:
Oxy ha bng ozon cho php cc tp cht nhim bn, mu, mi v
l i vi nc, hay c th lm sch nc thi khi phenol, sn phm du m,
H2S, cc hp cht ca As, cht hot ng b mt, xyanua, cht nhum,
hirocacbon thm, thuc st trng.
Trong x l nc bng ozon, cc hp cht hu c b phn hy v
xy ra s kh trng i vi nc. Cc vi khun cht nhanh hn so vi x l
nc thi bng Clo vi nghn ln.
Ozon c th oxy ha tt c cc cht v c v hu c.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 55
Phan Anh o
V d: oxy ha Fe2+, Mn2+ to thnh kt ta hyroxit hay ioxit

permanganat khng tan:
O2
H2SO4
H2O
2 FeSO4 +
H2SO4
MnSO4 +
O3
2 H2MnO3
3 O3
O3
2 H2O
Fe2(SO4)3
H2MnO3
2 HMnO4
H2O
O2
3 O2
Oxy ha NH3 trong mi trng kim nh sau:

NH3
4 O3
NO3-
4 O2
H2O
H+
III.2.6. Lm sch bng kh:

Phng php ny c ng dng rng ri x l cc hp cht
thy ngn, crom, asen. Trong phng php ny, hp cht thy ngn v c
c kh n thy ngn kim loi v tch ra khi nc nh lng, lc hoc keo
t. Cc hp cht thy ngn u tin c oxy ha phn hy, sau cc cation
thy ngn c kh n kim loi. kh thy ngn v cc hp cht ca chng
c th dng sunfat st, hydroxit natri, bt st, H2S, bt nhm,
Phng php ph bin kh asen l cho n lng di dng cc
hp cht kh tan, cn cc hp cht cha crom ha tr 6 ngi ta kh n n
crom ha tr 3 v cho n lng di dng hydroxit trong mi trng kim. Cht
kh c th l than hot tnh, sunfat st, bisunfat natri, hydro, dioxit lu hunh,
cc ph thi hu c. Kh bng dung dch bisunfat natri:
+ 10 H2O
4 H2CrO4 + 6 NaHSO3 + 3 H2SO4 2 Cr2(SO4)3 + 3 Na2SO4
lng Cr(III), ngi ta ng dng tc cht kim Ca(OH)2, NaOH (

gi tr ti u l pH= 8-9,5 ):
Cr3+
3OH-
Cr(OH)3
S dng sunfat st s thu c kt qu tt.

Trong mi trng axit:
+ 6 H2O
2 CrO3 + 6 FeSO4 + 6 H2SO4
3 Fe2(SO4)3
+ Cr2(SO4)3
Trong mi trng kim:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 56

6 CaSO4
Phan Anh o
2 Cr2O3 + 6 FeSO4 + 6 Ca(OH)2 + 6 H2O 2 Cr(OH)3 + 6Fe(OH)3 +

( trang 121, [11] ).
C th lng Cr(III) bng axetat bari ( Cr(VI) lng di dng cromat

bari ). u im ca phng php ny l c th x l ng thi Cr(VI) v ion
SO42-.
III.3. Loi cc ion kim loi nng:
Cc ion kim loi nng nh thu ngn, crom, cadimi, km, ch,
ng, niken, asen c loi ra khi nc thi bng phng php ho hc. Bn
cht ca phng php ny l chuyn cc cht tan trong nc thnh khng tan,
bng cch thm tc cht vo v tch chng ra di dng kt ta.
Cht phn ng dng l hydroxit canxi v natri, cacbonat natri, sulfit
natri, cc cht thi khc nhau nh x st crom cha: CaO 51,3%, MgO
9,2%, SiO2 27,4%, Cr2O3 4,13%, Al2O3 7,2%, FeO 0,73%.
a. X l hp cht thu ngn:
Nc thi b nhim thu ngn v cc hp cht thu ngn c
to thnh trong sn xut clo, NaOH, trong cc qu trnh in phn dng in
cc thu ngn, do sn xut thu ngn, iu ch thuc nhum, cc hidrocacbon,
do s dng thy ngn lm cht xc tc. Thu ngn trong nc c th tn ti
dng kim loi, cc hp cht v c: oxit, clorua, sunfat, sunfua, nitrat, xianua (
Hg(CN)2 ), thioxanat ( Hg(NCS)2 ), xianat ( Hg(OCN)2 ).
Thu ngn kim loi c lc v lng. Cc ht khng lng c
oxy ho bng clo hoc NaOCl n HgCl2. Sau , x l nc bng cht kh (
NaHSO4 hoc Na2SO3 ) loi chng v clo d.
Thu ngn c th c tch ra khi nc bng phng php kh
vi cc cht kh l sunfat st, bisunfit natri, bt st, kh H2S, hydrazin.
lng thu ngn trc tin cho vo nc thi sulfat natri,
bisunfit natri hoc kh H2S. Sau x l nc bng clorua natri, kali, magi,
canxi hoc sunfit magi vi lng 0,1 g/l. Khi , thu ngn s lng dng ht.
loi cc ht keo phn tn cao, dng cht keo t Al2(SO4)3. 18H2O, FeSO4.
7H2O
Cc hp cht thu ngn trc tin b phn hu bng oxy ho (
bng kh clo ), sau khi loi clo d, cation thu ngn c kh n Hg kim loi
hoc chuyn sang dng sunfua kh, ri loi cn.
b. X l cc hp cht km, ng, niken, ch, cadimi, coban:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 57
Phan Anh o
Mui cc kim loi ny, ho cht cha trong nc thi tuyn

qung, luyn kim, ch to my, ch bin kim loi, ho cht, dc phm, ch
bin sn, dt
X l nc thi cha mui km bng natri hydroxit:
Zn2+
OH-
Zn(OH)2
Khi pH= 5,4 hydroxit km bt u lng. Khi pH= 10,5 bt u tan

cc hydroxit km lng tnh. Do , qu trnh x l cn tin hnh vi pH= 8-9.
Khi s dng soa ta c phn ng:
+ CO2
2 ZnCl2 + 2 Na2CO3 + H2O
4 NaCl
+ (ZnOH)2CO3
Khi pH= 7-9,5 hnh thnh cacbonat c thnh phn 2 ZnCO3, 3

Zn(OH)2; khi pH 10 thnh phn hydroxit tng.
X l nc thi cha ion ng bng hydroxit:
Cu2+
+ 2 OH-
2 Cu2+
Cu(OH)2
2 OH- + CO32-
(CuOH)2CO3
C th dng feroxianua kali tch ng v cc ion kim loi nng

ra khi nc. loi ng v cadimi cho nc thi tip xc vi SO2 hoc cc
sunfit v bt kim loi nh km, st. Khi kim loi kh sunfit thnh sunfua,
cng vi kim loi nng hnh thnh sunfua kh tan.
X l niken bng hydroxit, cacbonat:
Ni2+
+ 2 OH-
2 Ni2+
Ni2+
Ni(OH)2
+ 2 OH- + CO32+
CO32-
(NiOH)2CO3
NiCO3
Cation ch trong dung dch chuyn thnh cn lng mt trong ba

dng dung dch kh tan:
Pb2+
2 Pb2+
Pb2+
2 OH-
+
+
+
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Pb(OH)2
2 OH- + CO32-
CO32-
(PbOH)2CO3
PbCO3
Trang 58
Phan Anh o
Hydroxit ch bt u lng pH= 6.

X l coban v cadimi trong nc thi bng sa vi t kt qu ti
a. Nc thi c th cha nhiu kim loi khc nhau, chng thng c loi
ng thi bng canxi hydroxit. Lng ng thi vi kim loi khc nhau c hiu
qu tt hn so vi khi lng tng kim loi do hnh thnh tinh th hn hp v hp
ph kim loi trn b mt pha rn.
X l nc thi bng kim cho php gim nng kim loi nng
n i lng thi vo h thng nc thi sinh hot. Khi sch yu cu cao
hn th phng php ny khng p ng. lm sch hn x l nc thi
bng sunfua natri, v ho tan ca cc sunfua kim loi thp hn ca cc
hidroxit v cacbonat rt nhiu. Qu trnh lng sunfua din ra khi pH thp hn so
vi khi lng hydroxit v cacbonat. loi kim loi cng c th s dng pirit ht
hoc bt, sunfua cc kim loi khng c.
Nhc im ca phng php ny l hnh thnh cn kh tch ra
khi nc. Ngoi ra, nc sau khi x l cha lng ln mui canxi, kh s
dng li trong h thng tun hon nc.
c. X l hp cht asen:
x l asen trong ngun nc ng dng phng php phn
ng, hp ph, in ho, chit v cc phng php khc. La chn phng
php x l ph thuc vo dng asen ho tan, thnh phn, axit v cc ch s
khc ca nc.
Khi nng asen cao c th ng dng phng php lng ho hc
di dng cc cht kh tan ( asenat, asenit cc kim loi kim th v kim loi
nng, sunfua v hydroxit asen ).
Asen l mt cht c mnh c tc dng tch ly v c kh nng
gy ung th v y cng l mt cht kh x l. Gn y, cc nh khoa hc
pht hin ra mt phng php x l asen t hiu qu cao v chi ph thp.
l phng php x l bng cy dng x.
Mt s nh khoa hc M va pht hin ra mt loi dng x c tn
l Pteris vittata c kh nng ht cht asen ra khi nc b nhim c. Loi thc
vt ny s lm gim mc nhim xung mc gii hn an ton, do C quan
Bo v mi trng M t ra, ch trong vng mt ngy.
Phng php "lc sinh vt" ny s gip mang li mt phng
thc r tin loi b cht asen ra khi ngun nc sinh hot. Ngi ta s
trng loi dng x ny trc tip trong nc ht asen, tng t nh vic
dng thm lau sy loi b cc cht thi hu c hin nay.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 59
Phan Anh o
Pteris vittata l mt loi thc vt hp th asen c pht hin ba

nm trc y. Loi thc vt ny c kh nng cha c ti 22g asen/kg thn
cy, ng thi c kh nng sinh trng rt nhanh v khe mnh.
Trn nhng vng t khng b nhim, hm lng asen trong
dng x thay i t 11,8-64 phn triu. Tuy nhin, nhng cy dng x mc
trong vng t nhim ti min Trung Florida li c nng cao t 1.442-7.526
phn triu. Asen tp trung phn ln trn nhng chic l xanh dng di hay l
hnh lc ca dng x.
Dng x diu hu xut x t chu Phi, chu v Australia. Hin
nay chng thch nghi c vi cc vng t m hn chu M.
ng Mark Elless thuc Cng ty H thng Edenspace cng cc
ng s phn tch mt th nghim cng dng ca loi dng x ny bng
cch o c thi gian v lng asen m chng ht c. Kt qu l trong 24
gi, loi cy ny gim c ti 200 microgram asen trong mi lt nc.
Nhng cy ny c th c s dng nhiu ln.
Khng ging nh mt s phng php loi b asen khc, phng
php lc sinh hc ny khng to ra cc cht thi ha hc giu asen kh x l.
Thay vo , cht nha c p ra t thn cy dng x ny c l asen, c
th chit xut ra dng trong cng nghip.
ng Andrew Maharg, mt chuyn gia nghin cu v kh nng hp
th cht asen ca cy ci ti i hc Aberdeen (Anh) cho rng "y l mt cng
ngh th v". Nhng ng cho rng cng ngh ny s c tc dng tt nht nu
c s dng lc nc vi quy m nh ti cc nc ang pht trin.
Ngun nc sinh hot v ti tiu c ly t tng nc ngm b
nhim c asen hin ang l mt mi e da sc khe ln ti Bangladesh v
n . Khi ngun nc b nhim c ny c dng ti tiu, cht c s
theo nc nhim vo ng cc, hoa mu. Theo c tnh, c khong ba nghn
ngi Bangladesh c th cht mi nm do nhim c asen.
Elless v cc ng nghip hy vng rng khm ph ca h s c
th gip lm sch ngun nc nhng nc ny; c bit, loi dng x t ra
thch hp vi nhng vng kh hu nng, m nh cc quc gia ng ny.
Nhng ng Meharg th thn trng hn. ng ch ra rng loi dng x ny c th
s kh m lc c mt lng nc ti tiu ln, v Bangladesh thiu
nhng c s h tng cn thit bo tr nhng c s lc nc nh vy.
Cho ti nay, phng php ny t ra c hiu qu nhng nc
giu hn. Th d, hng nghn h thng cung cp nc M t c tiu
chun mi ca EPA (ti thng 1-2006 mi c hiu lc) v nng asen trong
nc sinh hot thp: ch 10 microgram trong mi lt nc.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 60
Phan Anh o
(VnExpress,
Th
hai,
3/3/2003).
d. X l mui st:
St cha trong nc thi nh my ho cht, luyn kim, ch to
my, ch bin kim loi, dt, nhum, ho du, dc phm
kh st ng dng phng php sc kh, ho hc, hp ph, lc
ngc Qu trnh lc din ra nh sau:
4 Fe2+
Fe3+
+
+
O2 + 2 H2O
3 H2O
4 Fe3+
Fe(OH)3
4 OH-
+
3 H+
Nu trong nc c ion bicacbonat:

4 Fe2+
8 HCO3-
O2 + 2 H2O
8 CO2
4 Fe(OH)3 +
Cn Fe(OH)3 c loi ra khi nc bng lng hoc lc.

Khi nng st cao, phng php sc kh khng cho php loi
chng hon ton, v vy phi dng phng php ho hc. Cht phn ng c
th l clo, clorat canxi, permanganat kali, ozon, oxit canxi, soaPhn ng lin
kt vi clo:
2 Fe(HCO3)2 + Cl2 + Ca(HCO3)2
+ CaCl2
2 Fe(OH)3 +
6 CO2
Phn ng lin kt vi permanganat kali:
+ KHCO3
3 Fe(HCO3)2 + KMnO4 + 2 H2O 3 Fe(OH)3 + 5 CO2 + MnO2
Nu st dng cc hp cht hu c hoc keo th ta ng dng

phng php ozon ho.
e. X l cc hp cht mangan:
Cc hp cht mangan cha trong nc thi nh my luyn kim,
ch to my v ho cht. Khi nng mangan ln hn 0,05 mg/l nc c mu
ti. Loi mangan ra khi nc c th ng dng cc phng php sau:
_ X l bng permanganat kali.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 61
Phan Anh o
_ Sc kh vi s vi ho.
_ Lc nc qua ct mangan hoc cation mangan.
_ Ozon ho, clo ho hoc oxy ho bng dioxit clo.
Khi x l bng permanganat kali s hnh thnh dioxit mangan:
3 Mn2+ + 2 MnO4- +
2 H2O 5 MnO2 + 2 H2
Khi pH= 9,5 mangan c loi hon ton, cn khi pH< 7,5 n gn
nh khng b oxy ho bi oxy khng kh. kt thc qu trnh oxy ho sau khi
sc kh cho thm vo nc Ca(OH)2 hoc soa tng pH.
Mn(II) c th loi ra khi nc nh oxy ho bi clo, ozon hoc
dioxit clo. Tiu hao clo cho oxy ho 1 mg Mn l 1,3 mg, tiu hao ClO2 l 1,35 mg
v O3 l 1,45 mg. Tuy nhin s dng cc cht kh ny cn xy dng cc
thit b phc tp nn trong thc t chng khng c ng dng. Trong cc
phng php trn hiu qu nht l phng php x l bng permanganat kali
v n khng i hi thit b phc tp v d kim tra (trang 122-124, [11]).
IV. Phng php ha sinh:

Phng php ha sinh x l nc thi da trn kh nng ca vi sinh s
dng i vi cc cht ny lm cht dinh dng trong hot ng sng - cc cht
hu c i vi vi sinh l ngun cacbon. Phng php vi sinh c ng dng
loi cc cht hu c ho tan v mt s hu c ra khi nc thi sinh hot
v nc thi cng nghip.
Khi tip xc vi cc cht hu c vi sinh phn hu chng mt phn thnh
nc, kh cacbonic, ion nitric v ion sulfat. Phn khc to thnh khi sinh hc.
S phn hy cht hu c c gi l oxy ha sinh hc.
C hai phng php x l sinh ha l hiu kh v ym kh. Phng php
hiu kh da vo vic s dng nhm vi sinh hiu kh, i vi hot ng ca ca
chng cn c dng oxy c nh v nhit 20 400C. Khi thay i ch oxy
v nhit th thnh phn v khi lng vi sinh thay i. Trong x l hiu kh
cc vi sinh c ct trong bn hot tnh hoc trong mng sinh hc. Cc phng
php ym kh din ra khng cn oxy, chng c ng dng ch yu kh
cht cn c.
Bn hot tnh l h keo v nh hnh, khi pH = 4 9 th n c in tch
m. Thnh phn bn hot tnh ca h thng x l nc thi nh my than cc
c cng thc C97H199O53N28S2, ca nh my nit C90H167O24N28S8, ca hn hp
PCV v BCV l C11H212O82N20S v ca nc thi th l C54H212O82N8S7.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 62
Phan Anh o
Cht kh ca bn hot tnh cha 70 90% hu c v 10 30% v c.

Cht nn trong bn hot tnh c th n 90% l phn cht rn ca ru to v
cc phn rn khc nhau.
IV.1. X l nc thi trong iu kin t nhin:
Cc qu trnh x l sinh hc c th din ra trong iu kin t nhin v
trong cc cng trnh nhn to. Trong iu kin t nhin vic x l xy ra trn
cc cnh ng ti, cnh ng lc v cc ao sinh hc. Cc cng trnh nhn to
l cc b thng kh (aerotank) v cc thit b lc sinh hc. Kiu cng trnh x l
c chn ph thuc vo v tr nh my, iu kin kh hu, ngun cp nc, th
tch nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot, thnh phn v nng cht nhim.
Trong cc cng trnh nhn to, cc qu trnh x l xy ra ln hn trong iu
kin t nhin.
a) Cnh ng ti:
l khu t c chun b ring bit s dng ng thi hai
mc ch: X l nc thi v gieo trng. X l nc thi trong iu kin t
nhin din ra di tc dng ca h vi thc vt di t, mt tri, khng kh v
di nh hng ca thc vt.
Trong t, cnh ng ti c vi khun, men, nm, ru to, ng vt
nguyn sinh v ng vt khng xng sng. Nc thi cha ch yu l vi
khun. Trong lp t tch cc xut hin s tng tc phc tp ca cc vi sinh
vt c bc cnh tranh.
S lng vi sinh vt trong cnh ng ti ph thuc vo thi tit
trong nm. Vo ma ng, s lng vi sinh vt nh hn rt nhiu so vi ma
h. Nu trn cc cnh ng khng gieo trng cy nng nghip v chng ch
c dng x l sinh hc nc thi th chng c gi l cc cnh ng lc
nc. Cc cnh ng ti sau khi x l sinh hc nc thi, lm m v bn
phn c x dng gieo trng cy c ht v cy n ti, c, rau cng nh
trng cy ln v cy nh (dng cy bi, khm).
Cnh ng ti c cc u im sau so vi cc aerotank:
1. Gim chi ph u t v vn hnh.
2. Khng thi nc ra ngoi phm vi din tch ti.
3. Bo m c ma cy nng nghip ln v bn.
4. Phc hi t bc mu.
Trong qu trnh x l sinh hc, nc thi i qua lp t lc, trong
cc ht l lng v keo c gi li, to thnh mng trong l xp ca t.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 63
Phan Anh o
Sau mng c to thnh ny hp th cc ht keo v cc cht tan trong

nc thi. Oxy t khng kh xm nhp vo l xp oxy ha cc cht ha c,
chng chuyn thnh cc hp cht v c. Oxy kh xm nhp v lp t di
su, v vy s oxy ha mnh lit nht din ra trong lp t pha trn (0,2
0,4m). Nu khng oxy s xy ra cc qu trnh ym kh. Cc cnh ng ti
tt nht nn b tr trn ct, t st tht v t en. Nc ngm khng c cao
hn 1,25m tnh t mt t. Nu nc ngm cao hn th cn phi lp h thng
thot nc.
b)
Ao sinh hc:
Ao sinh hc l dy ao gm 3 5 bc, qua nc thi chy vi vn

tc nh, c lng trong v x l sinh hc. Cc ao c ng dng x l sinh
hc v x l b sung trong t hp vi cc cng trnh x l khc. Ao c chia
thnh 2 loi: ao thng kh t nhin v ao nhn to. Ao thng kh t nhin khng
su (0,5 1m) c si nng bng mt tri v cc vi sinh vt nc. hot
ng bnh thng cn phi t pH ti u v nhit khng thp hn 6oC. Kch
thc ao phi bo m thi gian lu cn thit ca nc thi v vn tc oxy ha
c nh gi theo BOD ca cht phn hu chm nht.
IV.2. X l nc thi trong cng trnh nhn to:
Vic x l nc thi trong iu kin nhn to c tin hnh trong b
thng kh (aerotank) hoc thit b sinh hc.
a) X l trong b thng kh:
Aerotank l b cha bng beton ct st c thng kh. Qu trnh
x l trong aerotank din ra theo dng nc thi c sc kh v trn vi bn
hot tnh.
Nc thi c a vo b lng, tng cng s lng cc ht l
lng c th a vo mt phn bn hot tnh, sau nc trong i vo b n
nh - thng kh s b, a thm vo y mt phn bn hot tnh t b lng
t II. y nc thi c sc kh trong 15 20 pht. Trong trng hp cn
thit c th a thm cht dinh dng vo b ny. T b n nh nc thi
c a vo b aerotank, trong bn hot tnh c tun hon t ngn.
Cc qu trnh sinh hc c xy ra trong aerotank c chia thnh
2 giai on:
1. Hp th cc cht hu c trn b mt bn hot tnh v khong
ho cc cht d b oxy ho vi s tiu th mnh lit oxy.
2. Oxy ha b sung cc cht kh b oxy ha, ti sinh bn hot tnh.
giai on ny oxy ha tiu th chm.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 64
Phan Anh o
Aerotank l b l thin c chiu su 2-5m, c chia thnh 2 phn:

phn ti sinh (25% th tnh chung) v phn thng kh, trong din ra qu trnh
x l chnh. S hin din ca phn ti sinh cho php x l nc thi m c
hn v tng nmg sut ca h.
Trc b aerotank nc thi khng c cha hn 150 mg/l ht l
lng v 25 mg/l sn phm du m. Nhit nc thi khng thp hn 60C v
khng cao hn 300C, pH= 6,5-9.
b. X l trong thit b lc sinh hc:
Thit b lc sinh hc l thit b m bn trong thn ca n c b tr
m dng thi v c cu phn phi nc v khng kh . Trong thit b lc sinh
hc nc thi c lc qua lp vt liu bao ph mng vi sinh. Vi sinh trong
mng oxy ha cc cht hu c, s dng chng lm ngun dinh dng v nng
lng. Nh vy , cht hu c c tch ra khi nc cn khi lng mng
sinh hc tng ln. Mng sinh hc cht tri theo nc ra khi thit b.
Vt liu m l vt liu c xp cao, khi lng ring nh v b
mt ring ln nh dm, x, cui, keramit, cc vng s nha hoc kim
loi Mng sinh hc ng vai tr nh bn hot tnh, n hp th v phn hu
cc cht hu c trong nc thi. Cng oxy ha trong thit b lc sinh hc
thp hn trong aerotank.
Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu x l trong thit b lc sinh hc
l: BOD ca nc thi, bn cht ca cht hu c nhim, vn tc oxy ha,
cng thng kh, chiu di mng sinh hc, thnh phn vi sinh, din tch v
chiu cao.
Thit b lc sinh hc nh git c nng sut thp nhng m bo x
l tun hon. Ti trng thu lc ca chng l 0,5 3m3/(m2.ngy m). Chng
c s dng x l nc vi nng sut n 100m3/ngy m nu BOD <
200mg/l.
Thit b sinh hc cao ti hot ng vi ti trng thu lc 10 30m3/(m2.ngy m), ln hn thit b lc sinh hc nh git 10 15 ln nhng n
khng m bo x l sinh hc tun hon.
ha tan oxy tt hn tin hnh khng kh. Th tch khng kh
khng vt qu 16m3 trn 1 m3 nc thi. Khi BOD20 > 300 mg/l nht nh phi
tun hon nc thi. Thp sinh hc cho x l nc thi c nng sut n
5000m3/ngy m.
Thit b thng kh lc - sinh hc l cc na ng hnh tr ng knh
80 mm c b tr nm ngang xen k nhau. Nc thi i vo t trn, y
vo na ng tr v chy trn xung di. mt ngoi ca ng hnh thnh cc
my sinh hc, cn bn trong ng l khi sinh vt ging nh bn hot tnh. Nc
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 65
Phan Anh o
c bo ha oxy khi chy t trn xung. Thit b ny c nng sut v hiu qu

x l cao.
c) Phng php ym kh:
Phng php ny c ng dng ln men cn to thnh trong
x l ha sinh nc thi sn xut v x l bc mt nc thi m c (BODtp =
4 5 g/l), cha cc cht hu c b phn hu bi cc vi sinh ym kh. Tu thuc
vo sn phm cui m c chia thnh cc dng ln men: cn, axit, sa,
mtanSn phm cui tng ng l cn, axit, axeton v kh (CO2, H2, CH4).
Qu trnh ln men c tin hnh trong thit b metanten l bnh
cha kn c trang b c cu nhp v tho cn.
Phng php ym kh c th c s dng x l cht thi m
c ca cng nghip thc phm, dc phm, ch bin len, axit bo tng hp.
Trong iu kin ln men m thi gian lu ca nc thi trong b
metanten l 7 15 ngy m; trong iu kin khng thng thu 15 30 ngy
m. Sau khi ln men BODtp trong nc thi l 1,5 2g/l s c x l tip
trong aerotank. Lng kh ln men rt ln, n 0,5 0,7m3/kg BODtp (trang
124-133, [11]).
# Cc cng trnh x l ph khc:

I. Kh trng nc thi:
Qua cc cng trnh x l c hc cng nh sinh hc khng loi tr
c mt cch trit cc loi vi khun, nht l vi khun gy bnh, bi vy
nc thi cn c kh trng trc khi x vo ngun. kh trng nc thi,
ngi ta c th s dng hai phng php l : phng php vt l v phng
php ha hc.
I.1. Kh trng bng phng php vt l:
I.1.1. Phng php nhit:
y l phng php n gin v lu i nht, git c cc vi
th gy bnh nh cc vi khun, vi trng, nang , trng. l bin php hiu qu
trong x l phm vi h gia nh, song khng kh thi trong x l nc cp cho
cng ng, ch s dng trong trng hp khn cp ( trang 121, [19] ).
I.1.2. Kh trng bng tia cc tm:
L phng php kh trng i vi nc trong, hiu qu gim
ang k khi nc c hoc cha cc phn t nh nitrat, sunfat v st ( trang
221, [19] ).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 66
Phan Anh o
Nc lm sch bng phng php ny khng b thay i tnh

cht v v ca n. Tuy nhin, phng php ny gi thnh cao ch thy cc
nc pht trin ( trang 221, [19] v trang 59, [11] ).
I.1.3. Kh trng bng siu m:
y l mt phng php kh trng trit nhng tn km.
Di tc dng ca sng siu m git cht cc t bo thc,
ng vt, cc vi sinh v c nhng c th ln hn rt c c trong nc ung v
nc k thut ( trang 59, [11] ).
I.2. Kh trng bng phng php ha hc:
C s ca phng php ny l s dng cc cht oxy ha mnh
oxy ha men ca t bo vi sinh vt v tiu dit chng. Cc ha cht thng
dng l cc halogen nh: clo, brm, iod, clodioxit v cc hp cht khc ca clo,
ozon, kali permanganat, hydro, peoxit,Phng php kh trng ha hc c
hiu sut cao nn c s dng rt rng ri v cho mi quy m ( trang 168, [20]
).
I.2.1. St trng nc bng clo v cc hp cht ca clo:
Bn cht tc dng kh trng ca clo l qu trnh oxy ha kh
din ra khi tng tc clo v cc hp cht ca n vi cc cht hu c mng vi
sinh. Axit tham gia vo phn ng vi men khun v ph hy trao i trong mng
khun.
Ty trng bng clo s din ra qu trnh phn hy cc hp cht
hu c, th d cc cht mn khong thnh CO2, st(II) oxy ha thnh st (III);
Mn (II) thnh Mn(IV), cc cht huyn ph bn vng chuyn thnh khng bn
vng do s phn hy ca cht keo bo v.
Clo ha c vai tr to ln trong vic lm sch cc tp cht l
lng phn tn mn trong nc, kh nng lm mt mu nc v to iu kin
thun li lm trong nc v lc nc.
Clo ha tan vo trong nc thnh hai axit clorua v clorat:
H2O
Cl2
HCl
HClO
Axit clorat rt yu v s phn ly ca n ph thuc vo pH ca

mi trng. pH cng thp nng axit clorat cng cao v do c th oxy ha
kh cao to iu kin kh trng nc. V vy, kh trng nc bng clo v cc
hp cht cha clo nn tin hnh trc khi cho cht kim vo nc ( trang 5657, [11] ).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 67
Phan Anh o
S dng phng php ny dit khun cho nc rt ph bin v

hiu qu cao v kinh t.
I.2.2. Kh khun bng ozon:
Phng php ozon ha c dng ngy cng nhiu x l
nc thi v nc ung nht l cc nc pht trin, v n c hiu qu trong
vic kh cc hp cht gy mi v kh chu hay mu cho nc.
Tuy nhin, do thit b ozon ha phc tp, gi thnh kh trng
cao nn vic s dng ozon cc nc ang pht trin cn b hn ch ( trang
222-223, [19] ).
I.2.3 Kh khun bng iod:
Kh khun bng Iod cn liu lng cao, nhng khng hiu
qu khi nc kh trng c mu hoc c. Do d bay hi trong cc dch th nn
phng php ny ch s dng khi khn cp v b hn ch nhiu ( trang 222, [19]
).
I.2.4. Kh khun bng KMnO4:
L cht oxy ha mnh, c hiu qu chng li vi khun gy
bnh th t nhng khng hiu qu i vi cc mm bnh khc. N li cc
vt mu trong thng ng nn phng php ny cng rt t s dng.
II. Kh mi v v ( ty u ):
Ty u l x l nc vi mc ch kh cc mi hi v v gy nn
bi cc cht khc nhau c mt trong nc i khi vi lng khng xc nh
c qua phn tch. Mi trong nc c th do: H2S, C6H5OH, Cl2, cc mui ha
tan,, cc cht hot ng b mt trong nc hay cc cht c trong nng
nghip a n.
Ty u bng cch lc qua lp than hot tnh. kh phenol v
clophenol ng dng clo ha nc, nhn c dn xut polyclo khng c mi
hi. Tc dng kh mi v v ca clo c th tng ln nu thm permanganat.
Phng php ozon ha cng l phng php lm v nc tt hn. Phng
php ny c dng trong lm sch cc cht hot ng b mt c trong nc (
trang 61-62, [11]).
III. Loi cht phng x:

Trong nc t nhin c cha cc cht phng x c ngun gc t
nhin hay nhn to. C th kh hot tnh ca nc bng hai cch:
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 68
Phan Anh o
_ Gi nc trc khi a i s dng mt khong thi gian

phn hy cc ng v c thi gian sng ngn.
_ Loi cc cht phng x l lng.
Loi cc cht phng x trong nc bng cch chng ct, lng,
lc, keo t, hp ph ( bng t st, than hot tnh, cc cht hp ph kim loi v
cc cht khc ) trao i ion v kt hp gia cc phng php trn ( trang 75,
[11]).
Trong ngnh cng nghip x l cc cht phng x t trc n
nay ngi ta thng chn chng trong cc h khoan su trong lng t cc
ni hoang vng, cch xa cc khu dn c. i vi cc cht thi phng x c
cng thp ngi ta thng pha long ri xung bin hay i dng ( !
). Trong mt s trng hp nguy him ngi ta trn b thi kh vi mt s cht
ph gia ri nu chy thnh thy tinh sau ct gi cc khi thy tinh rn ny
vo trong cc hm cha c bit. Hin nay, ngi ta cho rng y l phng
php bo qun cht thi phng x bo m nht v an ton nht ( trang 97, [6]).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 69
Phan Anh o
PHN VI:
KT LUN
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 70
Phan Anh o
V phng din khoa hc, mi trng l mt lnh vc lin ngnh, a

ngnh; cn v phm vi nh hng ca n l mt trong nhng i tng mang
tnh ton cu r rt nht. Nu s nhim mi trng l mt tai ha th tai ha
ny khng phi ca ring ai , m l chung ca tt c cc quc gia, ca ton
nhn loi. Vng nhim mi trng ni chung v nhim ngun nc ni ring
ang l mt vn ng quan tm hin nay.
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin cng nghip, th v s bng n dn s
lm cho ngun nc t nhin b hao kit v nhim dn. V th, con ngi phi
bit x l cc ngun nc cp c s lng v m bo t cht lng
cho mi nhu cu sn xut cng nghip v sinh hot, cho chnh mnh v gii
quyt hu qu ca chnh mnh. Vn x l nc ni chung ang tr thnh vn
cp bch mang tnh cht x hi v chnh tr ca cng ng.
Nc ta l mt nc ang pht trin, nn cng nghip mi bt u c
xy dng, cha c nhng khu cng nghip ln v tp trung, giao thng vn ti
cha pht trin, s lng xe c cha nhiucho nn nu nhn tng th th mc
nhim nc ta cha nghim trng, t trng ca cc ngnh cng nghip
trong cc yu t gy nhim cha cao. Tuy nhin, nu xt cc b th mt s
thnh ph ln nh H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh; mt s th x, th trn v
vng ph cn ca mt s nh my, x nghiptnh trng nhim i khi l
nghim trng. cc thnh ph ln v cc khu ng dn c, cc yu t gy
nhim ch yu l cc cht thi sinh hot. My nm gn y, tnh hnh nhim
cc khu vc ny ngy cng tr nn trm trng hn v tc th ha ngy
cng cao, trong khi s pht trin c s h tng cha p ng kp. Cng cn
phi tha nhn rng tnh trng ngho kh, dn tr cn thp, trnh qun l
th cn thp, mt dn s caocng l nhng yu t lm cho vn nhim
tr nn nng n hn.
cc khu cng nghip v vng ph cn, tuy quy m khng ln nhng do
hu ht cc nh my u c cng ngh c, lc hu, khng c cng on x l
cht thi, tt c cc cht thi u c thi trc tip vo mi trng, cho nn
cc khu vc ny tnh trng nhim l nghim trng, i khi s nhim cn nh
hng c n cc vng khc qua cc con ng lan truyn tng ng.
Cc cht thi t hot ng sn xut cng nghip, nng nghip v sinh
hot ca ngi dn m cc ngun nc nc ta hin nay ang b nhim
vi cc mc khc nhau, c bit l cc thnh ph ln, cc khu cng
nghip v cc vng ph cn
Mt trong nhng mc tiu v nhim v ch yu ca thi k y mnh
Cng nghip ha- Hin i ha t nc m i hi ng ln th VIII ra
l: dn c thnh th v 80% dn s nng thn c cung cp nc sch v
cn xy dng quy hoch bo v v khai thc hp l ngun nc,p ng yu
cu ca sn xut v i sng. lm c iu chng ta phi bng v
da vo khoa hc v cng ngh ( Ngh quyt Trung ng ln th II, kha III ).
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 71
Phan Anh o
c c ngun nc sch sinh hot v sn xut, th cc ngun

nc thi ni chung cn phi c x l qua cc cng on khc nhau m
bo khng b nhim trc khi vo ngun. Hin nay c rt nhiu cc
phng php x l khc nhau. Mi phng php u c u im ca n, ty
theo ngun nc thi m ta s dng phng php thch hp.
i vi nc nhim c ngun gc t nhin hay nc thi sinh hot
thng cha cc cht hu c ha tan d b vi sinh vt phn hy th ta dng
phng php sinh hc ( hiu kh, k kh, thiu kh ). Nu lng nc thi b v
khng cha cc thnh phn c hi th cc qu trnh t nhin nh sa lng, oxy
ha sinh hc sc lm sch chng, v do ngi ta c th thi trc tip
nc thi vo sng, h hay bin. Tuy nhin, ngy nay cc thnh ph v khu
cng nghip ln, lng nc thi sinh hot rt ln (bnh qun 200
l/ngi/ngy) v c cha nhiu thnh phn c hi, mt khc ngun nc t
nhin ngy nay cng b nhim nhiu hn do nh hng t cc ngun
nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip. V vy chng cn c x l trc khi thi
vo mi trng. Qu trnh x l nc thi trng hp ny thng c chia
thnh ba giai on sau: giai on x l s b loi cc cht phn tn ln, giai
on hai l loi b cc tp cht hu c c mt trong nc hm lng ln
bng cch dng qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc, sau cng l giai on loi b trit
cc tp cht c hi n mc t tiu chun ca nc ung, ngi ta c th
tin hnh cc cng vic nh lc , keo t, loi phot phat, loi cc hp cht ca
nit, s dng cc phng php in ha, kh mi, v, st trng nc.
i vi nc thi cng nghip th thng dng phng php ha l v ha
hc loi b cc cht kh tan, kh b vi sinh vt phn hy hoc cc kim loi
nng t cc nh my cng nghip ha cht, m in, cng nghip dt, sn xut
thuc tr su nn vic x l nc thi cng nghip kh hn nhiu so vi vic
x l nc thi sinh hot.
Vic lm sch cc ngun nc thi cng nghip c thc hin cng gn
ging nh i vi nc thi thng thng. Cc phng php x l s b, lng,
lc, keo t, tuyn ni, hp ph, in ha,cng c s dng mt cch rng
ri, cng nh mt s phng php sinh ha s dng vi sinh vt i vi mt s
hp cht hu c c bit. i vi cc kim loi c nh Cd, Pb, Hg, As, hay
khng c hi nhng cng nguy him n sc khe con ngi v sinh vt c
loi ra bng cch kt ta ha hc, trao i ion hay chit bng dung mi. i vi
cc mui tan v l lng, ngi ta dng cc phng php nh kt ta, trao i
ion, in phn, in thm tch, cc cht oxy ha mnh, in ha,i vi cc
cht phng x th c th c c ri cha trong nhng thng cha c bit v
ct gi cn thn, nu cc cht phng x c thi gian bn hy ln th c th pha
long ri thi ra bin. Nu c s gim st thng xuyn v khng c s tp
trung cc ng v phng x bi cc sinh vt th cch x l ny hon ton v hi.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 72
Phan Anh o
Tuy nhin, c mt s phng php ha l hc khng c gi tr kinh t

cao, tn km nng lng, ha cht v thit b t tin,hoc r tin nh
phng php sinh hc nhng cn c mt bng rng, thi gian x l di.v.v...
Do , trong thc t ngi ta thng kt hp cc phng php vi
nhau sao cho hiu qu x l cao nht, chi ph thp nht l cc nc ang
pht trin nh nc ta.
Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh ngy nay, c kh nhiu phng
php mi ang c nghin cu hoc ng dng vo quy trnh x l nhm
lm sch nc thi ng thi c th thu hi cc cht c gi tr m em cha c
iu kin cp nht c. Nhng phng php ny c th khc phc c mt
s khuyt im khc ca cc phng php trn. Knh mong qu thy c hng
dn thm cho em.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 73
Phan Anh o
Ti liu tham kho

1.
L Kim Bng, Hong Kim C, Dng c Hng, Lng c Phm, Trn
Hu Uyn - K thut mi trng - Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
2.
Th.S. V Vn B, TS. Hunh Thu H - Mi trng v con ngi. i hc
Cn Th.
3.
V Th Dim Chu - Lun vn tt nghip: Kho st mt s phng php
x l nc thi nh my dt nhum - Nm 1999.
4.
PTS. Nguyn Ngc Dung - X l nc cp - i hc Kin Trc H Ni.
5.
Nguyn Quang Dng - K thut x l nc l hi. Nh xut bn Cng
Ngh K Thut.
6.
V ng - Ha Hc V S Nhim Mi Trng - Nh xut bn gio
dc - 1997.
7.
Trn c H - X l nc thi sinh hot quy m nh v va - Nh xut
bn khoa hc v k thut.
8.
T Phc Hi, Vng Vn Khoa, Trnh Pht, Hunh Tun Trung, ng
Hong Tun - ti su tm: nhim mi trng nc Khoa Nng
Nghip Ti Nguyn Thin Nhin, Ngnh Pht Trin Nng Thn, i Hc An
Giang.
9.
PGS. PTS. Hong Hu - X l nc thi - i hc Kin Trc H Ni.
10.
Hong c Lin, Tng Ngc Tun - K thut v thit b x l cht thi
bo v mi trng - Nh xut bn nng nghip H Ni 2003.
11.
Lu Cm Lc - Ha hc x l mi trng.
12.
McGRAW HILL Book Company ( third edition ) - Wastewater
engineering Treatment, Disposal and Reuse Metcalf and Eddy.
13.
Ng Th Nga, Trn Vn Nhn - Gio trnh cng ngh x l nc thi Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H Ni 1999.
14.
PGS. PTS. Trn Hiu Nhu - X l nc thi. Nh xut bn khoa hc v
k thut.
15.
PGS. TS. Lng c Phm Cng ngh x l nc thi bng bin
php sinh hc - Nh xut bn gio dc.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 74

16.
Phan Anh o
Nguyn Hu Ph - C s v l thuyt cng ngh x l nc t nhin.
17.
PTS. Nguyn Vn Phc- K thut x l nc thi cng nghip - i hc
k thut TP. H Ch Minh.
18.
Trn Minh Quang - Cng ngh m in - Nh xut bn khoa hc v k

thut.
19.
Nguyn Duy Thin - Cc cng trnh cung cp nc sch cho th trn v
cng ng dn c nh - Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
20.
Nguyn Th Thu Thy - X l nc cp sinh hot v cng nghip - Nh
xut bn khoa hc v k thut H Ni 2000.
21.
Hi tho Cng ngh x l nhim mi trng ngnh dt nhum. Trung
Tm Cng Ngh Mi Trng ( ECO ).
22.
Tuyn tp cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh nm 2001 Vin Cng Ngh Ha Hc.
23.
Tp ch Bo V Mi Trng ( S 5 2003) - Tp ch ca Cc Bo V
Mi Trng - B Ti Nguyn V Mi Trng.
24. Tp ch Khoa Hc Cng Ngh - Mi Trng ( S 7 2002, s 10 2001,
s 8 2002, s 6 - 2002 ) - B Khoa Hc, Cng Ngh V Mi Trng Trung
tm thng tin t liu khoa hc v cng ngh quc gia.
25.
Tp ch Nc sch v sinh mi trng ( s 7 12/2000 ) Ban ch o
Quc gia v cung cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng.
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 75
Phan Anh o
PH LC
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Trang 76
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Phan Anh o
Trang 77
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Phan Anh o
Trang 78
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Phan Anh o
Trang 79
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Phan Anh o
Trang 80
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Phan Anh o
Trang 81
ti nghin cu khoa hc
Phan Anh o
Trang 82

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TRNG I HC AN GIANG

Sinh vin thc hin: PHAN ANH O

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

Phn II: Tng quan ..................................................................................12

B. Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii v Vit Nam ..................21

C. Phn loi nc nhim v tnh cht ca n ..................................25

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

I. Phn loi ...................................................................................................25

Phn III: Cc phng php x l nc nhim ......................31

II. Cc phng php ha l .....................................................................36

III. Cc phng php ha hc ................................................................52

IV. Cc phng php ha sinh ...............................................................62

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

IV.1. X l nc thi trong iu kin t nhin..............................................63

Phn IV. Kt lun......................................................................................70

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

Hin nay, vn nhim mi trng ni chung v nhim ngun nc

_ Vit phn tng quan l thuyt v thc trng nhim mi trng,

i tng nghin cu:

i tng nghin cu ca ti l cc vn nhim mi trng ni

Nhim v nghin cu:

Tm v c nhng ti liu c lin quan n ti, sau tng hp v

Phng php nghin cu:

S dng cc phng php nghin cu l thuyt nh: phn tch, tng hp

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

GII THIU THNG S NH

Hm lng cht rn l lng dng huyn ph (Suspended Solid SS):

Hm lng du m khong, du ng thc vt. on v: mg/l.

Photpho tng s, photpho hu c. n v: mg/l.

Tng nit, amoniac theo nit. n v: mg/l.

Hm lng florua, clorua, sunfua. n v: mg/l.

Hm lng phenol, xianua. n v: mg/l.

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

Coliform: l ch s cho bit s lng cc vi khun gy bnh ng rut

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

A. Tnh hnh nhim v cc vn mi trng trn

ng lc chnh to ra cc p lc i vi ti nguyn t chnh l s gia

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

im ni bt trong 30 nm qua chnh l s pht trin ca th , din ra

Khong mt na cc sng trn th gii b cn kit nghim trng v b

Rng v a dng sinh hc:

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

T chc nng lng th gii (FAO) c tnh rng che ph mt phn ba

Vng duyn hi v bin:

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

Vo 1994, c tnh 37% dn s ton cu s sng trong phm vi 60 km

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

Suy gim tng ozone, c tc dng bo v s sng trc tia cc tm,

II. Tnh trng mi trng Vit Nam:

Hin trng mi trng th, cng nghip:

Nm 1990, Vit Nam mi c khong 500 th ln nh, n nm 2000

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

Cc loi nhim thng thy ti cc th Vit Nam l nhim ngun

Hin trng mi trng nc nng thn:

nhim nc nng thn v khu vc sn xut nng nghip cng rt

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim

tc ng tiu cc ti mi trng nc. Lng nc thi ca cc x nghip ch

B.Tnh trng nhim nc trn th gii v Vit Nam:

II.Tnh trng nhim nc Vit Nam:

Mt s phng php x l nc nhim