MC LC

CHNG I: M U..............................................................................3
CHNG II: TNG QUAN L THUYT V CNG NGH............4
2.1.Nguyn l hot ng chung..........................................................................................4
2.1.1.Nhit ................................................................................................................4
2.1.2. xo trn:...........................................................................................................4
2.1.3.Thi gian: .............................................................................................................4
2.2. Phn loi cc phng php nhit.................................................................................4
2.2.1.Nhit phn:............................................................................................................4
2.2.2.Thiu t..............................................................................................................10
2.3.Nhin liu cho qu trnh t.......................................................................................12
2.3.1.Nhin liu b sung cho qu trnh t...................................................................12
2.3.2.Dng cht thi nguy hi lm nhin liu...............................................................13
2.4.Lng khng kh d...................................................................................................13
2.5.u v nhc im ca phng php nhit.................................................................15
2.5.1.u im...............................................................................................................15
2.5.2.Nhc im:........................................................................................................15
2.6.Hiu qu qu trnh t................................................................................................15
2.6.1.Hiu qu phn hy(DRE: destruction and removal efficiency)............................15
2.6.2.Hiu qu t (CE Combution Efficiency)............................................................16
..........................................................................................................................................16
2.7.ng dng....................................................................................................................17
2.8.Hin trng p dng phng php t Vit Nam......................................................23
Trong cuc kho st ca nhm nghin cu ti Vin KTN v BVMT phi hp vi S
KHCN v MT TP H Ch Minh thng 1/2002 ti 7 l t rc thi t tai khu vc pha
Nam, trong c 5 l t c ch to trong nc v 2 l t nhp ku t nc ngoi.
Danh mc cc loi l nh sau:..........................................................................................23
1

CHNG III: CC THIT B S DNG TRONG PHNG PHP

NHIT.......................................................................................................24
3.1.L t cht lng..........................................................................................................24
3.1.1.Nguyn l hot ng............................................................................................24
3.1.2.u v nhc im...............................................................................................25
3.2.L t cht rn............................................................................................................26
3.2.1.Phn loi:.............................................................................................................26
3.2.2.Nguyn l hot ng ca l t cht thi nguy hi..............................................28
3.3.Gii thiu mt s dng l t.....................................................................................28
3.3.1.L t thng quay................................................................................................28
y l loi l t cht thi c nhiu ng dng bi qu trnh xo trn tt, t hiu qu
cao c s dng kh ph bin cc nc tin tin hin nay. M l t thng quay
chim ti 75% s l t cht thi nguy hi, l t tng si chim 10%, cn li 15% cc
loi l khc (l c nh t nhiu cp). L t thng quay cng c cu to gm hai
bung t: s cp v th cp........................................................................................29
3.3.2.L t gi/v c nh..............................................................................................31
3.3.3.L t tng si.....................................................................................................31
3.3.4.L xi mng...........................................................................................................34
3.3.5.L hi..................................................................................................................34
3.4.Gii thiu mt s phng php x l nhit................................................................34

CHNG IV: KT LUN V KIN NGH.......................................38

4.1.Kt lun......................................................................................................................38
4.2.Kin ngh....................................................................................................................38

TI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................39

CHNG I: M U
Trong qu trnh pht trin, cc hot ng sn xut kinh t sn sinh ra mt lng
ln cht thi, c bit l cc loi cht thi nguy hi. C rt nhiu nh ngha v cht thi
nguy hi v cc nh ngha ny u nhc n c im chung ca cht thi nguy hi l chy
n, n mn, hot tnh, c tnh.
Ti Vit Nam, do tnh a dng v s pht trin nhanh chng ca cc loi hnh cng
nghip m lng cht thi nguy hi c cc c tnh nh trn ngy cng nhiu. Lng pht
thi cc cht ny cng nhiu e doa nghim trng n mi trng v sc khe con ngi. V
vy, cc loi cht thi ny cn thit phi c x l trit . Do khng th x l cht thi
nguy hi theo cc phng php x l cht thi thng thng nn ngi ta nghin cu v
v a vo ng dng mt lot cc phng php chuyn dng x l cht thi nguy hi.
Mt trong cc phng php c ng dng nhiu trong thc t l x l cht thi
nguy hi bng phng php nhit.
y l k thut x l cht thi nguy hi c nhiu u im hn so vi cc phng
php khc. Phng php ny dng x l cht thi nguy hi khng th chn lp m c kh
nng chy, n p dng cho tt c cc dng cht thi: rn, lng, kh.

CHNG II: TNG QUAN L THUYT V CNG NGH

2.1.Nguyn l hot ng chung
X l CTNH bng phng php nhit l qu trnh s dng nhit chuyn cht thi
sang dng kh, lng v tro ng thi gii phng nng lng di dng nhit.
t c hiu qu cao, qu trnh phi tun theo nguyn tc 3T: nhit
(temperature); xo trn (turbulence); thi gian chy (time).
2.1.1.Nhit
Nhit cn phi m bo phn ng xy ra nhanh v hon ton, khng to
Dioxin, t hiu qu x l ti a (> 11000C ).
Nu nhit qu cao, lu lng kh sinh ra qu ln s nh hng n thi gian lu
kh trong bung th cp. iu ny s lm gim s tip xc gia khng kh v kh gas,
khi thi ra c mu en, nng cc cht nhim nh CO, THC trong kh thi cao.
Nu nhit khng cao, phn ng s xy ra khng hon ton v kh thi ra cng
c mu en.
V vy nu nhit qu cao cng nh qu thp s nh hng n hiu qu chy.
2.1.2. xo trn:
tng hiu qu tip xc gia CTNH cn t v cht oxy ha, c th t cc tm
chn trong bung t hoc ti gc nghing thch hp gia dng kh vi bec phun tng
kh nng xo trn.
2.1.3.Thi gian:
Thi gian lu chy lu phn ng xy ra hon ton. i vi l t nhit phn,
m bo thi gian lu chy thch hp s kim sot c ch nhit phn ti bung t s
cp cp kh gas ln bung t th cp, quyt nh hiu qu x l ca l t. Thi gian
lu cn thit m bo t chy hon ton ca mi cht khc nhau ph thuc vo bn cht
ca cht b t nhit t.
=>
Cc yu t trn lin h khng kht vi nhau, khi nhit phn ng cao, xo trn tt
th thi gian phn ng gim vn m bo hiu qu chy cao.
2.2. Phn loi cc phng php nhit
2.2.1.Nhit phn:
2.2.1.1.Phn ng nhit phn xy ra nh sau:
Cht thi

cht bay hi (kh gas) + cn rc

Kh gas bao gm: CxHy, H2, COx, NOx, SOx, hi nc

Cn rn gm: Cacbon c nh, tro
4

2.2.1.2.Nhim v ca cc bung t trong l nhit phn:

a) Bung t s cp:
Trong l nhit phn, bung t s cp c nhim v nhit phn cht thi rn to kh gas.
Kh ny s cp cho bung th cp nh s chnh lch p sut gia bung s cp v bung
th cp
Qu trnh t nhit phn ti bung t s cp din ra theo cc giai on:
Rc

thot hi nc

nhit phn

t cn Cacbon

tro

b) Bung t th cp:
Bung th cp c nhim v nhn v t kh gas
t th cp bao gm hai bung: trn v t cui cng.
Lung kh di dng cc ht mng cha t l phn trm carbon cao.
Lng carbon cha trong ht s c t chy hon ton khi i vo bung trn.
Kh thot khi bung trn, qua ca c mn chn v vo bung t cui cng.
Vn tc thp trong bung t ny m bo thi gian t chy hon ton cc thnh
phn.
2.2.1.3.Nguyn l c bn v cc b phn c bn ca l
Cc l nhit phn c b phn kim sot khng kh theo tng iu kin c th, hot ng
trong ch : thiu kh(bung t s cp), v d khng kh(bung th cp)

Hnh 1. S l nhit phn tnh t cht thi

2.2.1.4.Yu cu vn hnh l t

Hnh 2.S quy trnh vn hnh l t

2.2.1.5.Yu t nhit trong qu trnh t nhit phn
T thc ngim nhn thy rng, cht thi c thnh phn caosu v nha cao th nhit phn
mnh di 5000C
Cht thi ca ngnh dy da v rc du kh c thnh phn cht hu kh phn hy nn nhit
nhit phn ca cc cht thi ny cao hn: 600 6500C
=>Nguyn tc chn nhit nhit phn = T + 1000C. Nh vy nhit nhit phn ti thiu
ca mt cht l 3500C
Trong : T l nhit phn hy ca mt cht

Hnh 3. gim khi lng theo nhit nhit phn ca PE

Hnh 4. gim khi lng theo nhit nhit phn ca Cao su

8

Hnh 5. gim khi lng theo nhit nhit phn ca Pet

2.2.1.6.Yu t m n qu trnh nhit phn
Cht thi c em t nn c m W 30%

m < 20% th nhit bung t t l: nhit rc kh bt u nhit phn mnh

+ 500C

m t 20 30% th nhit bung t t l: nhit rc kh bt u nhit phn

mnh + 750C

m t 35 50% th nhit bung t t l: nhit rc kh bt u nhit phn

mnh + 1000C

=>Khi m cao th thi gian nhit phn thng ko di, nng sut t s gim

900
Nhie
t o

14

CH4

800

CO

12

700

10

500

400
6

CH4,CO, %

Nhie
t o
, 0C

600

300
4
200
2

100
0

0
0

50

100

Th
i gian, phu
t

150

200

250

Hnh 6. S hnh thnh CH4 v CO trong qu trnh nhit phn

2.2.2.Thiu t
2.2.2.1.Nguyn l chung ca qu trnh t
t l qu trnh oxy ha nhit cao bng oxy khng kh. Bng cch t CTNH, ta
c th gim th tch ca n n 80 90 %. Nhit phi cao hn 850 o C. Sn phm cui
cng l tro, CO2 , nc
Qu trnh t thc cht l qu trnh oxy ha kh trong xy ra phn ng gia cht
t (cht thi dng hu c) vi oxy trong khng kh (thnh phn ca khng kh ch yu l:
79% nit v 21% oxy theo th tch) nhit cao
Phn ng xy ra nh sau:
Cht thi + (O2 + N2) --------> Sn phm chy + Q (nhit)
Sn phm chy: Bi, SOx, NOx, CO, CO2, THC, HCl, HF, ioxins/Furans
2.2.2.2.Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chy
Qu trnh chy v cc cht nhim to thnh (sn phm chy) lin quan cht ch ti
thnh phn, bn cht ca cht thi c t, nhin liu s dng, iu kin t nh: h s d
khng kh (oxy), nhit t, tip xc v thi gian tip xc gia nhin liu (hoc kh
gas) vi oxy...
Qu trnh chy ca cht thi rn bao gm 4 giai an c bn sau:
+ Qu trnh sy kh (bc hi nc).
10

+ Qu trnh phn hy nhit cht thi (hnh thnh kh gas).

+ Qu trnh phi trn kh gas hoc cht t vi gi (khng kh) v s mi la.
+ Qu trnh chy dng kh.
Cc nguyn tc c bn ca qu trnh t chy l p dng nguyn tc 3T
+ Temperature (nhit ) : nhit ca khng kh trc khi a vo l v nhit ca
bung t cao phn ng xy ra nhanh, chy hon ton. Nhit khng cao phn
ng s khng xy ra hon ton v sn phm kh thi s c khi en v cc cht nhim kh
nh CO, Hydrocacbon (THC) cao. iu ny lin quan ti hoc l do kch thc bung t
qu nh hoc lng khng kh cp vo qu d lm ngui bung t.
+ Turbulence (xo trn): tng hiu qu tip xc gia cht chy v cht oxy ho, c
th t cc tm ngn trong bung t hoc ti cc van i chiu dng kh tng kh nng
xo trn.
+ Time (thi gian): thi gian tip xc phn ng oxy ho xy ra hon ton bng
cch t cc vch ngn nhm tng thi gian tip xc hoc kch thc bung t ln.
Trong cc l t kiu c, nhit thp theo cch t c in th cc im chy h, 4
giai on ca qu trnh chy xy ra cng mt v tr v cng mt lc. Do s phi trn km
nn chy khng hon ton, hiu qu chy km, c nhiu bi cng cc cht nhim (CO,
THC, ) ko theo trong khi thi. khc phc nhc im trn hin nay ngi ta tin
hnh t cht thi trong l t nhiu cp, c bit vic ng dng cng ngh t nhit phn
ci thin c vn nhim mi trng ng k.
2.2.2.3.Thnh phn ha hc ca cht thi
i vi cht thi c em t cha cc thnh phn hu c cng c th c coi nh
mt dng nhin liu.
Thc cht nhin liu l nhng vt cht m khi t chy th pht sng v ta ra mt
nhit lng no . Cng nh nhin liu, cht thi c t c th tn ti cc dng: rn,
lng hoc kh.
i vi thnh phn nhin liu rn v lng thng c biu din di cc dng:
- Thnh phn hu c

C h + Hh + Oh + Nh =

100%

- Thnh phn chy

Cc + Hc + Oc + Nc + Sc =

100%

- Thnh phn kh

Ck + Hk + Ok + Nk + Sk + Ak = 100%
11

Cd + Hd + Od + Nd + Sd + Ad + Wd =

- Thnh phn s dng

100%

Thnh phn c bn ca nhin liu cng nghip (cht thi) bao gm:
C+H+O+N+S +A +W=

100%

Trong : C, H, O, N, S, A, W l hm lng phn trm trng lng ca cc nguyn t

cacbon, hydro, oxy, nit, lu hunh, tro, m trong cht thi.
2.3.Nhin liu cho qu trnh t
2.3.1.Nhin liu b sung cho qu trnh t
Cht thi hu c cn c mt nhit rt cao chy, nhng n cng dng mt lng
nhin liu b sung mi cho qu trnh chy.
Mt s cht thi nguy hi, khi lng nhit cung cp cho cht thi chy khng v
vy cn b sung mt s loi nhin liu gia tng nhit chy.
Bng 1: Mt s nhin liu cho qu trnh t
Cht thi

Lng nhit
c t

rng
(lb/ft)

Khi lng
(lb/ft3)

tro (%)

m (%)

(Btu/lb)
Du ha

18900

50

0.5

Benzen

18210

55

0.5

Toluen

18440

52

0.5

Hidro

61000

0.0053

Axid axetic

6280

65.8

0.5

Methyl alcohol

10250

49.6

Ethyl alcohol

13325

49.3

Nha thng

17000

53.6

Du m

15000

41.6

Giy

7975

1.5

Giy nu

7250

Tp ch

5250

35

22.5

Giy gn sng

7040

Lp bc cht do

7340

2.6

12

Giy cacton

11330

3.5

Rut lp xe

1700

40

0.75

75

Nha poliethylen

20000

40-60

Gi rch

8000

10 15

Du m ng vt

17000

50 60

Vi dnh du

11000

70 100

60

0
20-30

(Btu: n v o lng nhit ca Anh)

2.3.2.Dng cht thi nguy hi lm nhin liu
y l phng php tiu hy cht thi bng cch t cng vi nhin liu nhm tn
dng nhit cho cc thit b tiu th nhit. Lng cht thi b sung vo l t c th chim
10 -25 % tng khi lng nhin liu.
2.4.Lng khng kh d
Khi cht thi chy th chng cn mt lng khng kh nht nh, khi sn phm cn
li sau khi chy khng cn cha oxi th y gi l qu trnh chy hon ton nhng iu ny
khng th xy ra trong qu trnh chy. L t lun phi duy tr mt lng khng kh d
t c qu trnh chy. chy c th ngi ta phi cung cp oxi qua 2 giai on:

Giai on 1: Khi ng cho qu trnh t

Giai on 2: Chy vi mt lng khng kh d, lng khng kh d ny s dng

trong l t iu khin nhit trong l v lng khng kh d ny dng hp th
lng nhit pht sinh khi c phn ng ph xy ra trong sut qu trnh chy

13

Hnh 7. Biu lng khng kh d

Hnh 8. Mi quan h gia nhit v lng khng kh d

Nhin liu
CH4

50,0

C2H6

30,0

C3H8

7,5

N2

6,0

H2

4,0

2900

CO

1,0

2800

CO2

1,5

3600
3500
3400

Nhit (0F)

% th tch

3300
3200
3100
3000

2700

Gi s rng

2600
2500

tn tht nhit l 2%

2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

% kh d
14

Hnh 9. nh hng ca lng khng kh d i vi nhit bng t

2.5.u v nhc im ca phng php nhit
2.5.1.u im
Phng php x l bng nhit rt thch hp cho x l t b nhim bi cht thi
nguy hi, c th tch cht nhim ra khi t ng thi lm sch trit cht nhim.

L mt phng php an ton cho mi trng nu c h thng x l kh thi.

Hiu sut x l tiu c cao > 99%.

C kh nng gim 90 95% trng lng cht thi trong thi gian ngn

C kh nng x l ti ch khng cn vn chuyn i xa, trnh c cc ri ro khi vn

chuyn

Cn b tro sau khi x l chim t l rt nh (0,01% ).

Thi gian x l nhanh.

Din tch cng trnh nh.

2.5.2.Nhc im:
Chi ph u t ban u , chi ph vn hnh v cng nh chi ph xy dng h thng x
l kh thi tn km

Khng p cho t nhim kim loi nng.

Cu trc t sau khi x l b ph hoi.

Vic thit k, vn hnh l t phc tp

c bit qu trnh t c th gy nhim mi trng nu cc bin php kim sot

qu trnh t, x l kh thi khng m bo
2.6.Hiu qu qu trnh t
2.6.1.Hiu qu phn hy(DRE: destruction and removal efficiency)
L kh nng phn hy mt cht hu c nguy hi kh phn hy nht trong mt hn hp cht
thi.
DRE= (W u vo W u ra )* 100/ W u vo.
W: Nng cht nhim.
i vi cc hp cht dioxins/furans theo quy nh ca M th DRE phi t gi tr
99.9999%
15

2.6.2.Hiu qu t (CE Combution Efficiency)

CE = ( CO2 CO)*100/ CO2
CO v CO2 l nng phn trm theo th tch trong kh thi kh iu kin chun 7%
hoc 9% O2
Hiu qu t CE phi t trn 99.9%
Ch o kh thi: sau khi np rc vo 5 pht , o cho n khi kt thc m
Kt qu tnh ton hiu qu chy ca mt s l t nh sau:
Bng 2.Kt qu o ti l t cht thi cng nghip Cng ty FORMOSA

Bng 3.Kt qu o ti l t cht thi cng nghip DNTN Thi Tun

Bng 4.Kt qu o ti l t cht thi cng nghip Cng ty AVENTOS(l nhp)

Bng 5.Kt qu o ti l t cht thi cng nghip Cng ty SYNGENTA(l nhp)

16

2.7.ng dng
Phng php nhit l quy trnh cui cng ng dng cho mt s cht thi khng th
ti ch, ti s dng hay d tr an ton trong bi chn lp.
Phng php thiu t ch s dng khi cht thi l cht c sinh hc, khng b phn
hy sinh hc v bn vng trong mi trng, l cht d bay hi v phn tn, cht thi cha
cc cht hu c nh halogen, ch, thy ngn, km, photpho, sunfua
Mt s cht thi khng c x l bng phng php thiu t l cc cht thi phng
x, cht thi d gy n
Phng php nhit c s dng x l cht thi m khng th chn lp c. Bn
kh v cht thi rn nguy hi l nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh t trong l t.

a. Cht thi nhim du

Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh du kh trong nhng nm qua, cht thi nhim du
cng tng nhanh, y l cc cht thi nguy hi i hi phi c bin php x l thch hp.
ngun gc cht thi nhim du c th k n:

T hot ng tm kim, thm d, khai thc du kh.

T cc kho cng xng du.

T hot ng v sinh sc ra tu du.

Trc y, Cng ty Sng Thu ti Nng thit k v xy dng h thng l t x

l cn du t hot ng v sinh sc ra tu du cng sut 700 tn/thng. L t gm 2
bung t s cp (nhit t 7000C) v th cp (nhit t 1.1000C), c h thng lm
ngui v x l kh thi. Tuy nhin, khi i vo hot ng, kh thi t l t khng t tiu
chun mi trng, ng thi hiu sut t khng t tiu chun thit k.
Nh my x l cht thi Cng ty TNHH SX-TM-DV Mi trng Vit Xanh c a
ch ti L N1, ng N8, khu cng nghip Nam Tn Uyn, Bnh Dng c nh gi l
mt trong nhng nh my x l cht thi cng nghip, rc thi nguy hi hin i v ln
17

nht Vit Nam hin nay (Trch li nhn xt ca Tin s Nguyn Trung Vit, ch tch hi
ng nghim thu cp php x l cht thi nguy hi - Cc Mi trng Vit Nam)
Din tch mt bng nh my: 12.000 m2.
H thng qun l mi trng ca nh my: t tiu chun ISO 14001:2004
H thng x l cht thi nhim du ca nh my bao gm

cc thng s sau:

L t cht thi 2 cp:tiu hy cn du, cht thi nhim du.

Cng ngh l t

: Cng ha lin bang c.

Nhit tiu hy cht thi

: trn 1.3000C

Cng sut tiu hy cht thi

: 24 tn/ ngy

i km vi l t l cc h thng ph tr bao gm h thng x l khi v thu hi

bi, m bo kh thi ra mi trng t tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam.
H thng x l ca cng ty TNHH Sng Xanh Vng Tu bao gm: H thng x l
v tn dng cn du (Cht thi rn, lng, cn du) cng sut 06tn/ Ngy , L t cht thi
rn, lng nhit ti a 12000C, cng sut 0.5khi/1h , L t rc hu c cng sut 20khi/
ngy(2ci). H thng x l cht thi nhim du, h thng l t thng quay CS750kg/h.
b. Cht thi nhim cc cht c hi nh thuc BVTV
Phng php c x dng x l cc thuc bo v thc vt v c thnh cc cht
v c khng c hi nh: CO2, H2O v Cly thng l bin php cui cng khi khng
cn cch tiu hy no khc hu hiu v trit i vi thuc bo v thc vt c c tnh
cao, qu bn vng.
Bn cht ca phng php l oxy ha thuc bo v thc vt bng oxy khng kh
nhit cao.
Phng php ny c u im l x l c trit cc thuc bo v thc vt cn tn
lu trong bao b to thnh cc cht v c khng c hi.
Tuy nhin phng php ny i hi k thut cao, nhit tiu hy trn 1600 oC, cn
oxy v thi gian tip xc, thi gian lu tr ti thiu l 2 giy, cn c s tham gia ca cht
xc tc.
Vi cc bao b cha thuc bo v thc vt dng v c, c cha thy ngn (Hg ) v
cc kim loi nng, phng php ny khng c p dng bi hiu sut x l thp.
Cc l t s dng trong phng php ny l cc l nung xi mng hoc l t c
bit. Hin ti i vi iu kin Vit Nam, vic xy dng cc l t c nh t tiu chun v
cc yu cu k thut l rt kh khn.
Cc bo v mi trng (B mi trng ) kt hp vi Trung Tm Cng Ngh Mi
Trng ( B Quc Phng ) th nghim p dng cng ngh tiu hy cht bo v thc vt tn
ng bng phng php thiu t trn h thng l hai cp. cng ngh ny l s kt hp ca
18

3 phng php, u tin l phng php ha hc nhm lm gim ti a c tnh ca thuc

bo v thc vt. tip l x l nhit tiu hy hon ton cc yu t c hi v thu nh
th tch1h cc cht gy nhim, v cui cng l b tng ha cc ha ct cn li.

Hnh 10. M hnh tiu hy thuc bo v thc vt

19

c. Rc dc phm, y t, thuc l
Lng cht thi rn y t pht sinh trn phm vi ton quc theo c tnh ca B Y T
nm 2001 l khong 12500 tn/nm. S liu iu tra ca B Y T cho thy, hin nay c
khong 61 l t cht thi y t (CTYT ) c lp t trn ton quc. Th tng chnh ph
ch o B KHCN v MT phi hp vi B Y T tin hnh thm nh cc l t CTYT
theo yu cu v k thut, kinh t, mi trng.
Theo d tho bo co quy hoch tng th x l cht thi rn y t ti Vit Nam, tnh
n thng 9 nm 2003, ton quc c 47 l t ngoi nhp c lp t v vn hnh x l
cht thi y t nguy hi. trong , c 2 l t cng sut ln (200 kg/h v 1000 kg/h )t bn
ngoi khun vin bnh thuc trch nhim ca x ngip x l cht thi y t (trc thuc
URENCO) ti hai thnh ph H Ni v Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, cn li hu ht l cc l
t c cng sut nh (t 20 n 100 kg/h). S lng l t sn xut trong nc l 14 l vi
cng sut x l dao ng t 20 kg/h n 50 kg/h.
20

C nhiu loi l t khc nhau c th dng thiu t RTYT nguy hi.

L quay: c th t nhiu loi rc khc nhau, t nhit cao v cng sut thng
t 200 kg/gi tr ln.
L y tnh: nguyn l chy t trn xung, cht thi trong qu trnh t khng
c xo trn. Ph hp vi cng sut thp, t theo m.
L t tng si: hiu qu t cao do rc thi lun trng thi ng v tip xc trc
tip vi tc nhn mang nhit l ct.
L nhiu y: dng thp, t 3 vng nhit tuy nhin cao nht l 990oC. Ph
hp vi l cng sut cao.
L Plasma: l cng ngh tin tin nht hin nay. Trng nhit Plasma c th t t
3.000 n 16.600oC phn hu hon ton rc thi y t thnh nhng nguyn t c bn,
an ton tuyt i cho mi trng. Tuy nhin gi thnh x l qu cao: 3-8 USD/kg rc
thi.
=>
Nh vy mi loi cng ngh, thit b t u c nhng im mnh v hn ch ca
mnh. Vic la chn phng n ph hp ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: La chn nhit
t v cp t (1 hoc 2 cp), vn hi lu, tn dng ngun nhit ca khi l; Thnh phn,
tnh cht v lng rc cn t mi ngy; Nng lc u t, ngun kinh ph v qui m u t;
Trnh ca ngi s dng; Kh nng gia cng c kh, ngun cung cp nguyn vt liu c
chng...; Ngun nng lng tin v r nht (ga, du, in...)

Bng 6.Tng hp kt qu o cc cht nhim trong kh thi t cc l t rc y t

khu vc pha Nam
21

d. i vi cc cht thi khc nh:

Cht thi dung mi

Nha cao su, m cao su

Cht tha cha Halogen, ch, thy ngn

Cht thi d bc hi v do d phn tn

Ngoi vic p dng cc phng php c hc, ha hc, x l nhitmt s nc nh

Nauy, Thy in, Nht Bn, Hn Quc nghin cu p dng phng php thiu t
CTNN bng l nung xi mng. Qua kho st ca Cc Mi Trng v D n VCEP cng mt
s c quan lin quan, phng php thiu t CTNH bng l nung xi mng c kh nhiu u
im. L nung cng tn dng c nhit nng t qu trnh thiu t cc cht thi nguy hi
dng hu c thay th tit kim mt phn nhin liu. Cng c th a vo l nung xi
mng mt lng nht nh cht thi dng v c tiu hy. Cc cht thi v c ny s
tng tc hoc kt hp nguyn liu ca xi mng v l thnh phn ph gia cho xi mng.
L nung clinke dng thiu t CTNH phi l loi l hin i m trong thit k
tnh c tnh n vic thiu t CTNH. Hu ht cc loi cht hu c dng rn hoc lng k c
22

cc cht thi c cha PCB u c th thiu t trong l nung clinke, tuy nhin cc cht thi
cn qua cng on ch bin thnh nhin liu, cht ph gia t tiu ch nht nh trc khi
a vo l clike. Vic thiu t CTNH trong l clinke c th p dng cho rt nhiu loi cht
thi nguy hi nh: cc dung mi hu c, du thi c cha PCB, sn, keo dn, vecni, plastic
k c PVC lp cao su. Qu trnh chy trong l clinke s ph hy cu trc ca cc cht thi
nguy hi, tro x cn li tham gia vo thnh phn xi mng khng gy nh hng n cht
lng xi mng.
2.8.Hin trng p dng phng php t Vit Nam
Hin nay trong iu kin th trng, Vit Nam m ca v bun bn vi tt c cc nc
trn th gii, nhiu cng ty ch to thit b nhit ni ting c mt ti Vit Nam. Ni n l
t ngi ta ngh n ngay vt liu c kh nng chu nhit cao l gch chu la. min
Bc c nh my gch chu la ng Anh H Ni, min Nam c nh my gch chu la
Tn Vn ng Nai sn xut c cc loi gch chu la c nhit t 1450 17000C
Trc y, cc loi l t Vit Nam u nhp t nc ngoi. Hin nay, Vit Nam ch
to c mt s loi l t c cng sut nh(t 40 70kg/h, vi` chi ph 200 750 triu
ng) dng t rc thi t ng dng v mt s loi rc thi cng nghip vi gi ch
bng 1/3 cc l t nhp khu
Trong cuc kho st ca nhm nghin cu ti Vin KTN v BVMT phi hp vi S
KHCN v MT TP H Ch Minh thng 1/2002 ti 7 l t rc thi t tai khu vc pha
Nam, trong c 5 l t c ch to trong nc v 2 l t nhp ku t nc ngoi.
Danh mc cc loi l nh sau:
L Hoval, nhp t B, Cng ty Mi trng th TP H Ch Minh
L rc thi y t Entec - 100, TT Entec, bnh vin a khoa tnh Bnh Dng
L t rc thi y t, Vin MT v TN , TT y t Bn C u Ty Ninh
L t Hoval A.G, nhp t Thy S, bnh vin L Li TP Vng Tu
L t rc thi y t, H Bch Khoa TPHCM, Bnh vin C Lao Minh Bn Tre
L t rc thi y t TSH - 20G, Cng ty Thi Sn, Bnh vin qun y 175
L t rc thi y t, Vin CHUD, TT lao v bnh phi Tin Giang

23

CHNG III: CC THIT B S DNG TRONG PHNG PHP NHIT

Cu to chung ca mt l t
Khu vc nhn cht thi v bo qun cht thi
B phn nghin v phi trn cht thi
B phn cp cht thi, bn, cht rn
Bung t s cp
Bung t th cp
Thit b lm ngui kh hay ni hi chy bng nhit d gim nhit
H thng ra kh
Qut ht ht kh v khng kh vo l kh duy tr p sut m
ng khi

Hnh 11. S h thng t x l cht thi

3.1.L t cht lng
3.1.1.Nguyn l hot ng
c dng t cc cht thi nguy hi hu c c th bm c, ngoi ra cn kt
hp t cc cht thi dng kh, bn mn.
Cht lng s c phun vo l t di dng sng bi vi kch thc git lng t
1m tr ln. Loi thit b ny thng c dng hnh tr nm ngang, tuy nhin trong trng
hp cht thi lng c hm lng cht v c cao th thit b c dng thng ng.
24

Hnh 12. S l t cht lng

Cc thng s thit k l t cht lng

Cc thnh phn ha hc ca cht thi
Nhit chy
nht ca cht lng
Hot tnh n mn ca cht lng
phn ng
Kh nng polyme ha
Hm lng tro ca cht thi sau x l
Nhit nng chy ca tro

3.1.2.u v nhc im
3.1.2.1.u im
t c nhiu loi cht lng nguy hi
Khng yu cu ly tro thng xuyn
Thay i nhit nhanh chng theo tc nhp liu
Chi ph bo tr thp
3.1.2.2.Nhc im
Ch p dng c i vi cc cht lng c th nguyn t ha
25

 Cn cung cp qu trnh chy c hon ton v trnh ngn la tc ng ln gch

chu la
D b nght bc phun khi cht lng c cn
3.2.L t cht rn
L t cht thi c th c thit k theo 3 dng, ph thuc vo cch np liu:
Cht thi c treo trn h thng treo
Cht thi c t trn li
Cht thi c t trong bung t
C rt nhiu dng l t khc nhau nhng trong l t c s dng h thng treo
c kh nng np liu cht thi kh u.
Nhng i vi cht thi nguy hi th thng c t trong bung t.
3.2.1.Phn loi:
C nhiu loi l t, tuy nhin ph bin mt s loi l t sau:
L t thng quay
L t 1 bc (t khi dng)
L t 2 bung

Hnh 13. L t 2 bungkiu ngang

26

Hnh 14. L t 2 bung kiu ng

L t nhiu bc
Mc ch l t trit cht thi v kh thi ra mi trng phi t tiu chun qui
nh.
Cht thi c t trong l c nhiu bung t: bung t s cp v bung t th cp.
Thm ch c mt s trng hp t cht thi nguy hi kh phn hy, c mi th l t c th
c ti 3 cp t (3 bung t).
V sau ny k thut t cht thi ngy cng c ci tin v k thut t cht thi nhiu
cp c kim sot kh ra i, ch yu l p dng nguyn l nhit phn trong t cht thi hay

Bung t s cp
Ca np liu
M t

Bung t th
cp

ng
khi

ngi ta cn gi l l t nhit phn

Ghi
bc thang
Ca ly tro

Ca
V sinh

Ghi trt

Hnh 15.L t nhiu bc

27

3.2.2.Nguyn l hot ng ca l t cht thi nguy hi

C 2 qu trnh chnh din ra trong l t : qu trnh nhit phn, qu trnh oxi ha (oxi
d). Qu trnh oxi ha gim nng cc cht nhim c trong kh thi ra. Cc loi l
t:
Thng c qu trnh oxi ha v
qu trnh nhit phn

L 2 bung t
L c b phn iu khin khng kh

L t thng quay th ch c qu trnh nhit phn.

i vi cc l t 2 bung t thng c thit k trong giai on u nhit phn
lm gim tc kh, v gim lng cc vt cht nh b cun theo.
Lng khng kh d s c s dng oxi ha khng kh trong c bung s cp v
bung th cp. L t 2 bung c dng ph bin trong t cht thi nguy hi.
Bung t s cp: nhit trong bung t s cp khong 705 815 0C. Trong
bung t ny th mt phn cc cht thi hu c d bay hi s b bay hi. Cc cht thi kh
phn hy nhit ti bung t s cp s chuyn sang bung t th cp.
Bung t th cp: bung t th cp rt cn thit cho qu trnh t cht thi nguy
hi v trong bung t s cp cht vn cha cung cp thi gian, nhit v s xo trn
ph hy cc hp cht hu c kh phn hy. Nhit trong bung t ny thng 1300
15000C. Ti bung t ny cung cp nhit cc cht thi hu c bay hi m ti nhit
th hon thnh qu trnh oxi ha. Qa trnh oxi ha din ra ti nhit 980 1200 0C
3.3.Gii thiu mt s dng l t
3.3.1.L t thng quay
3.3.1.1.Nguyn l hot ng
Thng dng t cht thi rn, bn, kh v cht lng.
Thit b thng c dng hnh tr c th t nm ngang hay nghing mt gc so vi
mt ngang hoc thng ng. Thng thng c quay 0,5 1 vng /pht, thi gian lu ca
cht thi rn trong l t 0,5 1h vi lng cht thi rn np vo l chim 20%th tch l.
Thit b l t trong l c nhit ln ti 14000C, v vy c th phn hy c cht
hu c kh phn hy nhit.
Kch thc l t thng quay thng nh sau: ng knh trong thng t 1,5 3,6
m, chiu di t 3 9 m. T l ng knh theo chiu di thng l 4:1.

28

y l loi l t cht thi c nhiu ng dng bi qu trnh xo trn tt, t hiu qu

cao c s dng kh ph bin cc nc tin tin hin nay. M l t thng quay chim
ti 75% s l t cht thi nguy hi, l t tng si chim 10%, cn li 15% cc loi l khc
(l c nh t nhiu cp). L t thng quay cng c cu to gm hai bung t: s cp v
th cp.

L s cp:
L mt tang quay vi tc iu chnh c, c nhim v o trn cht thi rn trong

qu trnh chy. L t c t hi dc vi nghing t (1 5)/100, nhm tng thi gian

chy ca cht thi v vn chuyn t ng tro ra khi l t. Phn u ca l t c lp mt
bec phun du hoc gas km qut cung cp cho qu trnh t nhin liu nhm t nng cho
h thng l t. Khi nhit l t trn 8000C th cht thi rn mi c a vo t.
Giai an t s cp, nhit l quay khng ch t 800 - 9000C, nu cht thi chy to
nng lng gi c nhit ny th b t phun du/gas t ng ngt. Khi nhit h
thp hn 8000C th b t t ng lm vic tr li.

Bung t th cp (bung t ph):

y l bung t tnh, nhm t cc sn phm bay hi, cha chy ht bay ln t l

s cp. Nhit y thng t 950 1100 0C. Thi gian lu ca kh thi qua bung th
cp t 1,5 2 giy. Hm lng oxy d ti thiu cho qu trnh chy l 6%. C cc tm
hng kh thi va c thi qua vng la chy ca b phn t phun du va c xo
trn mnh lit chy trit . Kh thi sau c lm ngui v qua h thng x l trc
khi qua ng khi thi ra mi trng.
3.3.1.2.u v nhc im
u im
p dng cho cht thi lng v rn
C th t ring cht lng v cht rn hoc c th kt hp t chung c cht lng v
cht rn
Khng b nght g l do qu trnh nu chy
C th np cht thi dng thng hoc khi
Linh ng trong c cu np liu
Cung cp kh nng xo trn v cht thi v khng kh cao
29

 Qu trnh ly tro lin tc m khng nh hng n qu trnh chy

Kim sot c thi gian lu ca cht thi trong thit b
C th np cht thi trc tip m khng cn phi x l s b gia nhit cht thi
C th vn hnh nhit trn 14000C
Nhc im
Chi ph u t cao
Vn hnh phc tp
Yu cu lng kh thu ln do tht thot qua cc khp ni
Thnh phn tro trong kh thi ra cao

Hnh 8.L t thng quay

A
B

10

2
1

10

E
10

F
7

Tun hon

11
5

Hnh 16. H thng thit b l t thng quay c x l kh

Tun hon

30
11

10

8
H

Ghi ch:
A. Kh nhin liu

B. Khng kh t

E. Khng kh lm ngui

C. Cht thi rn

F. Nc b sung

D. Khng kh t

G. Dung dch NaOH

H. X b

1. L t thng quay

2. Bung t th cp v lng bi

3. Bng ti tro

4. Bung dp kh nng

5. Thit b ra kh Ventury

6. Thp ra kh

7. Thit b tch lng

8. Van

9. ng khi

10. Qut khng kh

11. Bm tun hon

3.3.2.L t gi/v c nh
V c cu ging nh l t thng quay nhng khng c phn di ng. Trong bung
th cp, lng kh cung cp thng l 50 80% lng kh yu cu so vi mc ch v cho
hai qu trnh nhit phn v chy xy ra ng thi. Trong bung th cp, sn phm ca qu
trnh nhit phn v cht hu c bay hi c tip tc t. Lng kh cn thit bung th
cp t t 100 200% so vi lng kh yu cu theo l thuy
3.3.3.L t tng si
3.3.3.1.Nguyn l hot ng
c s dng x l cht thi lng, bn, cht thi kh nguy hi
Cht thi c a vo lp vt liu l ct, ht nhm, cacbonat canxi. Qa trnh oxi
ha nhit phn x ra trong lp vt liu ny
Nhit vn hnh ca thit b khong 760 870C v lng kh cp s c cp d
so vi l thuyt khong 25 150%
Thuc loi l t tnh c lt mt lp gch chu la bn trong lm vic vi nhit
cao. c im ca thp l lun cha mt lp ct dy 40 50cm nhm: Lp ct nhn
nhit v gi nhit cho l t, b sung nhit cho rc t. Lp ct c gi thi xo ng l
cht thi rn b ti ra, xo ng theo nn chy d dng. Cht thi lng khi bm vo l s
bm dnh ln b mt cc ht ct nng ang xo ng, nh vy s b t chy cn thnh phn
nc s bay hi ht.
Qu trnh t tng si:
Gi thi mnh vo di lp v c l nn gi s phn b u di y thp lm lp
m ct cng cc ph liu rn, nho u c thi ti, to iu kin chy trit . Khoang
pha di thp (trn v phn b gi), l khu vc chy s cp nhit bung t t 850
31

9200C, cn khoang pha trn phnh to hn l khu vc chy th cp c nhit chy cao hn
(990 11000C) t chy hon ton cht thi. Trong thp si cn duy tr mt lng ct
nht nh to mt lp m gi nhit n nh v h tr cho qu trnh si ca lp cht thi a
vo . Kh thi sau c lm ngui v qua h thng x l trc khi qua ng khi thi ra
mi trng.
3.3.3.2.u v nhc im
u im
C th t c 3 dng cht thi rn, lng, kh
Thit k n gin v hiu qu nhit cao
Nhit kh d thp v lng kh d so vi yu cu thp
Hiu qu t cao do din tch b mt tip xc ln
Lng nhp liu khng cn c nh
Kh nng cp nhit cho cht thi n nhit chy rt cao
t sinh ra bi
Nhit chy n nh
Nhc im
Kh tch phn khng chy c
Lp dch chuyn phi c tu sa v bo tr
C kh nng ph v lp m
Nhit t b khng ch nu cao hn 8150C c kh nng b ph v lp m
Cha c s dng nhiu trong x l cht thi nguy hi

32

Hnh 17.L t tng si

V < 9,0 m/s

V>9,0m/s

10500C

10000C

9900C

Th tch khi 310 m3

Th tch khi 180 m3

8500
9200C
C
V < 2,0 m/s

850 C
V = 2,0 2,5 m/s

54.000 m3/h

36.000 m3/h

Hnh 18. L t tng si

33

3.3.4.L xi mng
3.3.4.1.Nguyn l hot ng
V thc cht y l dng l t thng quay. Tuy nhin trong l ny cht thi c s dng
l nguyn liu cho qu trnh nung Clanhke.
3.4.4.2.u im
Tng t nh l t thng quay, nhng n c li hn l tn dng c lng nhit pht
sinh do qu trnh t cht thi

Hnh 19. L t xi mng

3.3.5.L hi
i vi cc cht thi l nhit tr cao c s dng l nhin liu cho l hi. Tuy nhin cn
phi lu n vn x l cht thi ca qu trnh t trnh vic hnh thnh cc sn
phm ph l cc cht kh c hi

3.4.Gii thiu mt s phng php x l nhit

Bng 7.Mt s phng php x l nhit
34

35

Dungmiphihalogen
Chthuccha Clo
Cht hu c khc
Cht thi nhim du

t
Dung mi halogen

Qu
trnh
x l

Phun
cht
lng
x
x
x
x
x

L t
thng
quay
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

L t
tng
si
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

L hi

Cc
qu
trnh
cng
nghip

Thiu
t
cht
thi
ly
nhim

36

Cht kh

Cht rn hoc bn

Cht lng

t nhim bn

Cht thi ly nhim

Cht c hot tnh ha hc cao

Cht lngnhim bn hu c

Cht bn kim loi

PCBs

Hp cht cuanua

Cht n mn

Cht thi nguy hi

Dng cht
thi

x
x
x

x
x
x

x
x

t
tn
dng
nhit

37

CHNG IV: KT LUN V KIN NGH

4.1.Kt lun
Nhm thc hin nghin cu v nguyn tc hot ng, u nhc im ca
phng php nhit trong x l cht thi nguy hi
Tm hiu nguyn l hot ng, u nhc im v cu to ca mt s dng l t ph
bin
Nghin cu c hin trng x l cht thi nguy hi bng phng php nhit Vit
Nam
nh gi c hiu qu chy ca mt s l t thng qua cc thng s nng cc
cht kh thi sau qu trnh chy
4.2.Kin ngh
Hin nay, cc l t Vit Nam a s l nhp ngoi, mt s l t c ch to
trong nc th hiu qu t khng n nh. V vy, cn phi xy dng c cng ngh vn
hnh l t thch hp cho mi loi cht thi. lm c nh vy th cn xc nh chnh
xc v thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi t xy dng mi quan h gia tc , nhit
vi thi gian nhit phn v t
u t thm c s vt cht k thut tnh ton thit k ch to l t ngay trong
nc, gim chi ph u t ban u t gim c chi ph x l cht thi nguy hi

38

TI LIU THAM KHO

1.GS.TS.Lm Minh Trit TS.L Thanh Hi,2006 Gio trnh qun l cht thi nguy hi
NXB Xy dng - t trang 214 218
2.Nguyn Quc Bnh 2002 Nghin cu xc nh iu kin nhit phn nng cao hiu
qu ca l t Tp ch lao ng tng lin on Vit Nam ti nghin cu
3.Mc Graw hill Hazardous Waste Management Page 741 - 811

39