B mn: Mng Vin Thng

t i NCKHSV:
NH TUYN PHN CP TRONG
MNG CM BIN KHNG DY
WSN
Sinh vin:
Nguyn Hong Sn
D07VT3 (ch tr)
Nguyn nh Quang
D07VT3
L Minh Ngc
D08VT3
V Mnh Thng
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
KHOA VIN THNG I
==========
H Ni, T11/2010
MC LC
MC LC...................................................................................ii
DANH MC HNH.......................................................................iv
THUT NG VIT TT.................................................................v
LI NI U.............................................................................vi
Chng I: TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN.................................1
1.1. Khi nim mng cm bin.................................................1
1.1.1. nh ngha....................................................................................1
1.1.2.Cu trc c bn ca mng cm bin.............................................1
1.1.3. c trng c bn ca mng cm bin.........................................1
1.1.4. Mt s chun mng cm bin......................................................2
1.2. M hnh giao thc mng....................................................2
1.2.1. Theo m hnh OSI.........................................................................3
1.2.1. Theo mt phng qun l..............................................................4
1.3. Cc cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin.........................4
1.3.1. Cu trc phng (flat architecture)................................................4
1.3.2. Cu trc tng (tiered architecture)..............................................5
1.4. Cc k thut truyn dn s dng trong mng cm bin........8
1.4.1. Bluetooth......................................................................................8
1.4.2. WLAN...........................................................................................8
1.4.3. Zigbee..........................................................................................9
1.5. ng dng.........................................................................9
1.6. Kh nng m rng v pht trin......................................10
1.7. Kt lun.........................................................................11
Chng II: NH TUYN TRONG MNG CM BIN........................12
2.1. Thch thc trong vn nh tuyn.................................12
2.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn.................................................13
2.2.1. nh tuyn truyn trc tip........................................................13
2.2.2. nh tuyn thng qua s tha thun.........................................15
2.2.3. nh tuyn theo v tr.................................................................15
2.2.4. nh tuyn phn cp..................................................................17
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Chng III: GIAO THC NH TUYN PHN CP LEACH V PEGASIS
18
3.1. LEACH............................................................................18
3.1.1. Tng quan v LEACH:.................................................................18
3.1.2. Hot ng ca LEACH:...............................................................18
3.2. PEGASIS.........................................................................24
3.2.1. Tng quan v PEGASIS...............................................................24
3.2.2. Hot ng ca PEGASIS.............................................................24
3.3. So snh PEGASIS vi LEACH.............................................29
3.3.1. u im.....................................................................................29
3.3.2. Nhc im................................................................................30
Chng IV: M PHNG HOT NG NH TUYN TRONG WSN....31
4.1. Cng c m phng OMNet++...........................................31
4.1.1. Gii thiu OMNeT++..................................................................31
4.1.2. M hnh trong OMNeT++...........................................................32
4.1.3. Hng dn ci t OMNET trn Windows..................................35
4.2. Thc hin m phng........................................................36
4.2.1. LEACH........................................................................................38
4.2.2. PEGASIS.....................................................................................40
4.3. Kt lun.........................................................................43
PH LC...................................................................................44
A1. LEACH topo.....................................................................44
A2. PEGASIS topo..................................................................45
TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................46
TI LIU THAM KHO


2
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
DANH MC HNH
HNH 1.1: M HNH MNG CM BIN THNG THNG .....................................................1
HNH 1.2: KIN TRC GIAO THC CA MNG CM BIN .....................................................3
HNH 1.3: CU TRC PHNG ..................................................................................5
HNH 1.4: CU TRC TNG ....................................................................................5
HNH 1.5: CU TRC MNG PHN CP CHC NNG THEO LP .............................................6
HNH 1.6: CU TRC MNG PHN LP XP TNG ...........................................................6
HNH 1.7: CU TRC MNG PHN CP LOGIC ................................................................7
HNH 1.8: NG DNG TRONG QUN S ......................................................................9
HNH 1.9: NGI NH THNG MINH S DNG CM BIN ...................................................10
HNH 1.10: MNG WSN CNH BO CHY RNG ........................................................10
HNH 2.1: TRUYN THNG IP INTEREST. .................................................................13
HNH 2.2: PHA CI T GRADIENT .........................................................................14
HNH 2.3: NG TRUYN D LIU C CHN C NNG LNG CAO NHT ........................14
HNH 2.4: CC CHIN LC CHUYN TIP GI. ............................................................16
HNH 2.5: GII THUT NH TUYN KHNG HIU QU .....................................................17
HNH 3.1: TRNG THI CC PHASE CA LEACH .........................................................18
HNH 3.2: LU THUT TON PHN B CA LEACH .................................................20
HNH 3.3: LU HOT NG N NH TRNG THI CA LEACH ...................................21
HNH 3.4: NHIU V TUYN. NODE A TRUYN D LIU N NODE B GY NHIU N NODE C .....22
HNH 3.5: M HNH MNG CM BIN CHY GIAO THC NH TUYN LEACH .........................23
HNH 3.6: XY DNG CHUI S DNG THUT TON GREEDY ............................................25
HNH 3.7: X L LI KHI MT NODE TRONG CHUI CHT. ...............................................26
HNH 3.9: CU TRC MNG HNH CHUI ...................................................................29
HNH 4.1. M PHNG MNG TRONG OMNET++ ......................................................31
HNH 4.2. CU TRC PHN CP MODULE TRONG OMNET++ .........................................32
HNH 4.3. CC KT NI TRONG OMNET++ ............................................................34
HNH 4.4. TRUYN BN TIN ..................................................................................35
HNH 4.5. M HNH M PHNG NT CM BIN ............................................................37
HNH 4.6. CHN NODE CH V THU THP D LIU BNG LEACH .....................................39
HNH 4.7. TO CHUI V CHN NODE CH TRONG PEGASIS .........................................40
HNH 4.8. THUT TON CHN NODE CH CHY TRONG TNG NODE .....................................41
HNH 4.9. THUT TON THU THP D LIU BNG TOKEN .............................................42
Hnh 4.9. Thut ton thu thp d liu bng TOKEN


1
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt Ting Anh Ting Vit
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access a truy nhp cm nhn theo sng mang
DS-SS Direct Sequence - Spread Spectrum Tri ph chui trc tip
GAF Geographic Adaptive Fidelity Chnh xc tng thch a l
GEAR
Geographic and Energy-Aware
Routing
nh tuyn da theo s nhn bit v a
l v nng lng
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
Vin k thut in v in t
ISM Industrial, scientific, and medical Cng nghip, khoa hc, y t
LEACH
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy
Phn nhm phn bc tng thch nng
lng thp
LEACH-C
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy-Centralized
Phn nhm phn bc tng thch nng
lng thp - tp trung
LEACH-F
Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy-Fixed
Phn nhm phn bc tng thch nng
lng thp - C nh
MAC Media Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trng
PAN Personal Area Network Mng vng c nhn
PEGASIS
Power-efficient Gathering in Sensor
Information System
Tp trung hiu sut nng lng trong
h thng thng tin cm bin
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
SAR Sensor Aggregates Routing Giao thc cm bin kt hp
SMP Sensor Management Protocol Giao thc qun l cm bin
SPIN
Sensor Protocols for Information via
Negotiation
Giao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua
s m phn
SPIN-BC
Sensor Protocols for Information via
Negotiation - Broadcast media
Giao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua
s m phn mi trng qung b
SPIN-EC SPIN-PP with a low energy threshold Giao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua
s m phn im im vi mc


1
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
ngng nng lng thp
SPIN-PP
Sensor Protocols for Information via
Negotiation Point to Point
Giao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua
s m phn im im
SPIN-RL SPIN-BC for lossy networks
Giao thc thng tin cm bin thng qua
s m phn mi trng qung b
cho mng suy hao
TDMA
Task Assignment and Data
Advertisement Protocol
a truy nhp v phn chia theo thi
gian
UWB Ultra-Wideband Bng siu rng
WPAN Wireless Personal Area Network Mng v tuyn c nhn
WSN Wireless Sensor Network Mng cm bin khng dy
LI NI U
Ngy nay x hi pht trin mnh m nn song song vi l nhu cu trao i thng
tin, gii tr, t ng ha khng ngng tng ln. Nhng h thng dy cp phc tp li
khng th p ng y nhng khu vc xa xi cht hp, v nhu cu mi lc mi
ni ca ngi s dng. Do nh c nhng tin b nhanh chng trong khoa hc k
thut v cng ngh, s pht trin ca mng cm bin khng dy WSN c to nn t
nhng cm bin gi thnh r, a chc nng v tiu th t nng lng nhn c
nhng s ch ng k.
Bn cnh nhng u th c c, mng WSN ang phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch
thc, mt trong nhng thch thc ln nht l ngun nng lng b gii hn v
khng th np li. Hin nay rt nhiu nh nghin cu ang tp trung vo vic ci thin
kh nng s dng hiu qu nng lng ca mng cm bin trong tng lnh vc khc
nhau. Trong ng ch nht l phng php s dng giao thc nh tuyn phn
cp tm ng i gia cc node mng qua ko di ng k thi gian sng ca
mng WSN. Vic nghin cu ny s gp phn tng bc lm r hot ng ca giao
thc nh tuyn phn cp ng thi hng ti ci thin phng php nh tuyn trong
WSN p ng nhu cu ng dng ca mng thc t.
Trc thc t , c s nh hng v ch dn ca ThS. Nguyn Th Thu Hng,
nhm sinh vin chng em chn tn ti nh tuyn phn cp trong mng cm
bin khng dy WSN. ti c trnh by trong 4 chng:


2
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Chng I: Tng quan v mng cm bin.
Chng II: nh tuyn trong mng cm bin.
Chng III: Giao thc nh tuyn phn cp LEACH v PEGASIS.
Chng IV: M phng hot ng nh tuyn trong mng WSN.
Chng em xin by t lng bit n ti cc thy c gio trong khoa Vin Thng 1, c
bit ti ThS. Nguyn Th Thu Hng v ThS. Nguyn Ngc ip, cc thy c tn
tnh ch bo v cho chng em nhng li khuyn quan trng trong sut qu trnh chng
em nghin cu ti ny.
Do kin thc v kh nng ca chng em cn hn ch nn ti ny khng trnh
khi thiu st, chng em rt mong nhn c s gp ca cc thy c, cc bn sinh
vin ni dung ca ti c hon thin hn na.
H Ni, ngy 19 thng 11 nm 2010
Nhm sinh vin
Chng I: TNG QUAN V MNG CM BIN
1.1. Khi nim mng cm bin
1.1.1. nh ngha
Mng cm bin khng dy (Wireless Sensor Network) l mt cu trc mng c
to ra bi s lin kt ca cc node cm bin vi nhau trn mt h thng kin trc mng
khng dy linh hot, trong cc node thng l cc thit b n gin v nh gn, gi
thnh r to nn s kt hp cc kh nng cm bin, x l thng tin v cc thnh
phn lin lc to kh nng quan st, phn tch, phn ng li vi cc s kin, hin
tng xy ra trong mi trng xung quanh.
1.1.2.Cu trc c bn ca mng cm bin
Mt mng cm bin c bn bao gm 4 phn:
Cc cm bin c phn b theo m hnh tp trung hay phn b ri rc.
Mng li lin kt gia cc cm bin (hu tuyn hay v tuyn).
im trung tm tp hp d liu (Clustering)
B phn x l d liu trung tm


1
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Hnh 1.1: M hnh mng cm bin thng thng
1.1.3. c trng c bn ca mng cm bin
Mt node trong mng WSN thng thng bao gm 2 phn: phn cm bin
(Sensor) hoc iu khin (MCU - Micro Controller Unit) v phn giao tip v tuyn
(RF transceiver). Do s lng node trong WSN l ln v khng cn cc hot ng bo
tr, nn yu cu thng thng i vi 1 node mng l gi thnh thp (10 50 USD) v
kch thc nh gn (din tch b mt vi n vi chc cm
2
).
Do gii hn v ngun nng lng cung cp, gi thnh v yu cu hot ng trong
mt thi gian di, nn vn tiu th nng lng l tiu ch thit k quan trng nht
trong mng cm bin.
Mt trong nhng u im ln ca WNS l chi ph trin khai v lp t c gim
thiu, d dng lp t v kch thc nh gn, d s dng. Mng c th c m rng
theo mun v ty theo mc ch s dng m c th thit k cc nt mng sao cho
ph hp. Cc nt cm nhn c b vi x l bn trong thay v gi d liu th ti nt ch
c th x l n gin v gi d liu c x l theo yu cu.
Cc nt mng c th hot ng trong cc iu kin mi trng khc nghit chnh
v vy ngy nay WSN tr thnh mt gii php hp dn v mang n s tin li v
nhiu phng din v c im trong nhiu trng hp k c vic lm gim s nguy
him cho con ngi trong nhng iu kin mi trng khc nghit. Mt h thng
WSN hon thin c kh nng theo di v cnh bo mc an ton ca mi trng
hoc nh v s di chuyn ca cc i tng trong phm vi ca n.
1.1.4. Mt s chun mng cm bin


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nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Lp vt l Lp lin kt d liu Lp mng Lp truyn ti Lp ng dng
Do phm vi ng dng cua WSN rt rng ln, tnh cht, c trng ca mng ph
thuc vo ng dng trin khai c th. Do vy, cc cng ty, cc phng th nghim vn
thng pht trin, trin khai giao thc ring (MAC, Routing, synchronisation ...) ph
hp cho tng ng dng c th da trn cc thit b phn cng (transceiver chip) trn
th trng. Mt s chun WSN c bit n l:
ALOHA system (U. of Hawaii)
PRNET system (U.S. Defense)
WINS (U. of California)
PicoRadio (U. of California)
MicroAMPS (M.I.T)
MANET (Mobile ad-hoc Network)
Zigbee: da trn physical layer v MAC layer ca chun WPAN 802.15.4
1.2. M hnh giao thc mng
M hnh giao thc bao gm lp vt l, lp lin kt d liu, lp mng, lp truyn ti,
lp ng dng v khi chia theo mt phng qun l th bao gm phn qun l nng
lng, phn qun l di ng v phn qun l nhim v. M hnh giao thc m nt ch
v cc nt cm bin s dng c trnh by nh trong hnh 1.2:
Hnh 1.2: M hnh giao thc ca mng cm bin
1.2.1. Theo m hnh OSI
- Lp ng dng: Ty tng nhim v ca mng cm bin m cc phn mm ng
dng khc nhau c xy dng v s dng trong lp ng dng. Trong lp ng dng
c mt s giao thc quan trng nh giao thc qun l mng sensor (SMP), giao thc
qung b d liu v ch nh nhim v cho tng sensor (TADAP), giao thc phn phi
d liu v truy vn cm bin (SQDDP).


5
q u n l n n g l n g q u n l d i n g q u n l n h i m v
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
- Lp truyn ti: Lp truyn ti gip duy tr lung s liu khi ng dng mng cm
bin yu cu. Giao thc lp vn chuyn gia sink vi ngi dng (nt qun l nhim
v) c th l giao thc UDP hay TCP thng qua internet hoc v tinh. Cn giao tip
gia sink v cc nt cm bin yu cu cc giao thc kiu UDP do cc nt cm bin
hn ch v b nh. Hn na cc giao thc ny cn phi tnh n s tiu th cng sut,
tnh m rng v nh tuyn tp trung d liu .
- Lp mng: Lp mng quan tm n nh tuyn d liu cung cp bi lp truyn
ti. Vic nh tuyn trong mng cm bin n cha rt nhiu thch thc nh mt
cc nt dy c, nng lng hn ch Do vy thit k lp mng trong mng cm
bin phi tun th cc nguyn tc sau:
Tnh hiu qu v nng lng phi c t ln hng u.
Cc mng cm bin gn nh l tp trung d liu.
Tch hp d liu v giao thc mng.
Phi c c ch a ch theo thuc tnh v bit v v tr.
Nhn chung, lp mng c chia thnh ba loi da vo cu trc mng: nh tuyn
ngang hng, nh tuyn phn cp, nh tuyn da theo v tr. V mt hot ng, chng
c chia thnh nh tuyn da trn a ng (multipath-based), nh tuyn theo truy
vn (query- based), nh tuyn negotiation-based, nh tuyn theo cht lng dch v
(QoS-based), nh tuyn kt hp (coherent-based).
- Lp lin kt d liu: chu trch nhim ghp cc lung d liu, d khung d liu,
iu khin li v truy nhp mi trng. N m bo giao tip im - im, im - a
im tin cy. Mi trng c tp m v cc nt cm bin c th di ng nn giao thc
iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) phi xt n vn cng sut v phi c kh
nng ti thiu ho vic va chm vi thng tin qung b ca cc nt ln cn.
- Lp vt l: chu trch nhim la chn tn s, pht tn s sng mang, iu ch, lp
m v tch sng.
Bn cnh , cc phn qun l cng sut, qun l di chuyn v qun l nhim v s
gim st vic s dng cng sut, s di chuyn v thc hin nhim v gia cc nt cm
bin. Nhng phn ny gip cc nt cm bin phi hp nhim v cm bin v tiu th
cng sut tng th thp hn.
1.2.1. Theo mt phng qun l
-Phn qun l nng lng: iu khin vic s dng cng sut ca nt cm bin. V
d, nt cm bin c th tt khi thu ca n sau khi thu c mt bn tin t mt nt ln
cn trnh to ra cc bn tin ging nhau. Tng t, khi mc cng sut ca nt cm bin
thp, nt cm bin pht qung b ti cc nt ln cn thng bo n c mc cng sut
thp v khng th tham gia vo cc bn tin chn ng. Cng sut cn li s c
dnh ring cho nhim v cm bin.


3
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
- Phn qun l di ng: pht hin v ghi li s di chuyn ca cc nt cm bin
duy tr tuyn ti ngi s dng v cc nt cm bin c th lu vt ca cc nt cm
bin ln cn. Nh , cc nt cm bin c th cn bng gia cng sut ca n v
nhim v thc hin.
- Phn qun l nhim v: cn bng v ln k hoch cc nhim v cm bin trong
mt vng xc nh. Khng phi tt c cc nt cm bin trong vng u phi thc
hin nhim v cm bin ti cng mt thi im nn mt s nt cm bin thc hin
nhim v nhiu hn cc nt khc tu theo mc cng sut ca n.
Nhng phn qun l ny cn thit cc nt cm bin c th lm vic cng nhau s
dng hiu qu cng sut, chn ng s liu trong mng cm bin di ng v phn
chia ti nguyn gia cc nt cm bin.
1.3. Cc cu trc c trng ca mng cm bin
1.3.1. Cu trc phng (flat architecture)
Trong cu trc phng (flat architecture) (hnh 1.3), tt c cc nt u ngang hng v
ng nht v mt hnh dng v chc nng. Chng giao tip vi sink qua multihop s
dng cc nt ngang hng lm b tip sng.
Hnh 1.3: Cu trc phng
Vi phm vi truyn c nh, cc nt gn sink hn s m bo vai tr ca b tip
sng i vi mt s lng ln ngun. Gi thit tt c cc ngun u s dng cng mt
tn s truyn d liu, do chia s thi gian l c th. Mc du vy, hiu qu ch
t c khi c ngun chia s n l nh thi gian, tn s
1.3.2. Cu trc tng (tiered architecture)
i vi cu trc tng (tiered architecture) (hnh 1.4), cc cm c to ra gip
cc ti nguyn trong cng mt cm gi d liu single hop hay multihop (ty thuc vo
kch c ca cm) n mt nt nh sn, thng gi l nt ch cm (cluster head).


3
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Trong cu trc ny, cc nt to thnh mt h thng cp bc, mi nt mt mc xc
nh thc hin cc nhim v nh sn.
Hnh 1.4: Cu trc tng
Trong cu trc tng, chc nng cm nhn, tnh ton v phn phi d liu khng
ng u gia cc nt. Nhng chc nng ny c th phn theo cp, cp thp nht thc
hin tt c nhim v cm nhn, cp gia tnh ton, cn cp cao nht cng phn phi d
liu (hnh 1.5)
Hnh 1.5: Cu trc mng phn cp chc nng theo lp
Ni cch khc, nhng nhim v xc nh c th c chia khng ng u gia cc
lp, mi lp c th m nhn mt nhim v xc nh trong tnh ton. Khi , cc
sensor cp thp nht c vai tr l mt b lc thng di n gin, tch nhiu khi d
liu, ng thi cc nt cp cao hn ngng lc d liu ny. S phn tch chc nng
ca cc mng cm bin phn nh cc c im t nhin ca cc nt, cn gi l s phn


2
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
bit theo logic. V d, mt tp hp con cc nt vi kh nng truyn thng phm vi


2
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Hnh 1.6: Cu trc mng phn lp xp tng
Nh vy, mt tp hp con cc nt trong mng c th c phn bit mt cch logic
bi chng i din thc hin mt nhim v cho cc nt khc. Nhng chc nng nh
vy phi bao gm s tp trung d liu, truyn thng qua mng xng sng, hoc kt
hp nh tuyn gia cc nt. Nhng qui tc logic ny to nn mng phn cp logic
(hnh 1.7). v c th thay phin nhau nh k m bo s cng bng.


3
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Hnh 1.7: Cu trc mng phn cp logic
Khi cc nt c kh nng tnh ton cao hn hot ng, cc nhim v tnh ton s
c chuyn sang cc nt ny t cc nt t kh nng hn. Nu khng c computer
servers nh vy, mt cm cc sensor cn chn ra mt nt thc hin cc nhim v
nh tp trung d liu. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp ch c nt c ti nguyn vt
l thch hp thch hp cho vic thc hin cc nhim v nh sn. Mt nt vi h thng
nh v ton cu (global positioning system - GPS) ng vai tr ch cht trong vic
nh v hoc ng b thi gian l mt v d. Do vy, rt nhiu cc mng cm bin hin
nay c thit k theo cu trc phn cp l iu tt yu.
Qua nhng phn tch trn ta thy mng cm bin xy dng theo cu trc tng hot
ng hiu qu hn cu trc phng do:
- Tui th cao hn mng phng: trong trng hp phi tnh ton nhiu, mt b x l
nhanh, cc chc nng mng phn chia gia cc phn cng c thit k ring s
hiu qu hn, ph thuc vo thi gian yu cu thc hin tnh ton. Tuy nhin, vi cc
nhim v cm nhn trong khong thi gian di, cc nt tiu th t nng lng ph hp
vi yu cu x l ti thiu s hot ng hiu qu hn.
- tin cy: mi mng cm bin phi ph hp vi vi s lng cc nt yu cu,
tha mn iu kin v bng thng v thi gian sng. Vi mng cu trc phng, qua


4
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
phn tch, thng lng ti u ca mi nt trong mng c n nt l

,
_

n
W
, trong W
l rng bng tn ca knh chia s.
- Tnh kinh t ca cu trc tng: nh v cc ti nguyn v tr hot ng hiu qu
nht. Qu thc, nu trin khai cc phn cng thng nht, ch cn mt lng ti nguyn
ti thiu mi nt thc hin tt c nhim v. Do s lng cc nt cn thit ph thuc
vo vng ph sng xc nh, nn chi ph ton mng s khng cao. Thay vo , nu
mt s lng ln cc nt vi chi ph thp thc hin nhim v cm nhn, mt s lng
nh hn cc nt vi chi ph cao hn c ch nh phn tch d liu, nh v v ng
b thi gian, chi ph ton mng s gim.
Tm li, dng cu trc tng em li s tng thch gia cc chc nng trong mng.
1.4. Cc k thut truyn dn s dng trong mng cm bin
1.4.1. Bluetooth
Bluetooth l cng ngh khng dy cho php cc thit b in in t giao tip vi
nhau trong khong cch ngn bng song v tuyn thng qua bng tn chung ISM
(Industrial Scientific Medical) trong di tn 2,4 2,8 GHz dnh ring cho cc thit b
khng dy trong cng nghip, khoa hc, y t.
c im ca Bluetooth l cng sut tiu th thp, gi thnh r . Bluetooth dng k
thut tri ph, song cng hon ton . Khi kt ni im im .cho php cng lc kt ni
vi 7 thit b ng thi trong Bluetooth ng vai tr nh master cn cc thit b
khc ng vai tr slave.
Bluetooth c th gip cc thit b giao tip c vi nhau ngay c khi chng khng
c chung trong mt phng ch cn chng c trong khong cch ti a l
100m, v ty thuc vo mc nng lng ca thit b . Cc thit b c th kt ni vi
nhau nm trong 3 mc nng lng:
Mc 3 (1 mW): ph bin nht cho php kt ni trong phm vi 10m
Mc 2 (2,5 mW): t thy nht, cho php kt ni trong phm vi 20m
Mc 3 (100 mW): l mc c phm vi kt ni xa nht, ti a l 100m
Tuy nhin Bluetooth cng c nhng nhc im nht inh nh tc truyn tin
thp (khong 720kbps).
1.4.2. WLAN
L mng LAN khng dy vi c im ni bt l tnh linh ng, tc cao hn v
cung cp cho s lng ngi dng vi mt cao. Chun IEEE802.11g v 802.11n l


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cn thit cho ng dng bng thng rng v mt cao. Chun IEEE802.11e l cng
ngh cung cp cht lng dch v cao qua giao tip khng dy. Chun IEEE802.11i
p ng tt yu cu bo mt thng tin.
Tuy vy WLAN cng mang mt s c im hn ch nh mi trng kt ni khng
dy l khng kh nn kh nng b tn cng ca ngi dng l kh cao, tn hiu b nhiu
do tc ng ca cc thit b khc. Bn cnh , mt mng chun vi cc thit b chun
ch c th hot ng tt trong phm vi vi chc mt, nu mun m rng th phi mua
thm repeater hay access point dn n chi ph tng.
1.4.3. Zigbee
Zigbee l mt cng ngh c xy dng da trn tiu chun IEEE, p ng cho s
pht trin rng khp ca mng WSN.Tiu chun IEEE 802.15.4 cung cp chun tc
d liu thp vi thi gian s dng pin nhiu thng ti nhiu nm v t phc tp.
Zigbee mang mt s c im sau:
Tc truyn d liu thp
Phm vi hot ng tt ca Zigbee l 10m 75m.
S dng cu hnh ch t cho php kt ni ti a 254 node mng.
Node mng Zigbee vn hnh tn t nng lng, n c th gi v nhn cc gi
tin trong khong 15ms.
1.5. ng dng
WSN c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t:
- Qun s : theo di, nh v cc mc tiu, chin trng, cc nguy c tn cng nguyn
t, sinh ha, .
Hnh 1.8: ng dng trong qun s
- Y t : gim st bnh nhn trong bnh vin, qun l thuc, iu khin cc trang thit
b t xa


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- Gia nh : thit k ngi nh thng minh, iu khin cc thit b in, thit b si m,
gim st an ninh
Hnh 1.9: Ngi nh thng minh s dng cm bin
- Mi trng : gim st chy rng, thin tai v cc bin i kh hu
- Thng mi : iu khin trong mi trng cng nghip v vn phng, gim st cc
phng tin giao thng.
- Gim st v cnh bo cc hin tng a chn.
Hnh 1.10: Mng WSN cnh bo chy rng
1.6. Kh nng m rng v pht trin


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Tim nng ca WSN l rt ln nhng nhng ng dng thc t ca n th cha c
khai thc trit . Mt h thng mng giao tip thng minh, tin dng, tit kim nng
lng cng vi nhng ch li m WSN em li s khin WSN tr nn ph bin v l
mi quan tm ln ca con ngi trong th k 21. Kh nng m rng ca mng cm
bin khng dy ph thuc vo s khc phc cc nhc im ca chnh n.
Nhc im u tin l nng lng, v cc node sensor c kch thc nh, nn
ngun ca n cng t, nu nh chng ta c th np li nng lng cho cc sensor th
thi gian hot ng v cng sut pht ca cc node s tng ln.
Nhc im th hai l di thng b gii hn do ngun cung cp cho vic pht tn
hiu b hn ch, hin nay vic truyn d liu gia cc node l khong 10-100Kbits/s.
Do s gii hn bng thng gy nn s kh khn trong giao tip gia cc sensor, nh
hng n vic ng b ha.
Hn ch tip theo l v vi x l v b nh ca cc sensor. Tc thp gy nn kh
khn v vic x l thng tin. B nh t gy nn kh khn trong vic lu tr v tng
hp d liu. Gii quyt c vn ny m khng lm tng kch c cng nh thi
gian sng ca cc sensor th vic m rng ng dng ca mng cm bin khng dy s
khng cn l tng lai xa.
1.7. Kt lun
Kh nng ng dng ca WSN l gn nh v hn nhng nhng ng dng thit thc
ca n li cha c khai thc trit . Mt h thng mng giao tip thng minh, tit
kim nng lng cng vi kh nng p dng thc t cao s l mt u th tt WSN
c th ph bin rng khp vi gi thnh r - mt chun cho tng lai.


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Chng II: NH TUYN TRONG MNG CM BIN
2.1. Thch thc trong vn nh tuyn
Mc d mng cm bin c kh nhiu im tng ng so vi cc mng adhoc c
dy v khng dy nhng chng cng biu l mt s cc c tnh duy nht m to cho
chng tn ti thnh mng ring. Chnh nhng c tnh ny lm cho tp trung mi nhn
vo yu cu thit k cc giao thc nh tuyn mi m khc xa so vi cc giao thc
nh tuyn trong cc mng adhoc c dy v khng dy. Vic nhm vo c tnh ny
a ra mt tp cc thch thc ln v ring i vi WSN.
Chnh v nhng c im ring bit ca mng cm bin m vic nh tuyn trong
mng cm bin phi i mt vi rt nhiu thch thc sau:
Mng cm bin c mt s lng ln cc nt, cho nn ta khng th xy dng
c s a ch ton cu cho vic trin khai s lng ln cc nt v lng
mo u duy tr ID qu cao.
D liu trong mng cm bin yu cu cm nhn t nhiu ngun khc nhau v
truyn n sink.
Cc nt cm bin b rng buc kh cht ch v mt nng lng, tc x l, lu
tr.
Hu ht trong cc ng dng mng cm bin cc nt ni chung l tnh sau khi
c trin khai ngoi tr mt vi nt c th di ng.
Mng cm bin l nhng ng dng ring bit.
Vic nhn bit v tr l vn rt quan trng v vic tp hp d liu thng
thng da trn v tr.
Kh nng d tha d liu rt cao v cc nt cm bin thu lm d liu da trn
hin tng chung.
Mc ch chnh ca mng cm bin l truyn thng d liu trong mng trong khi c
gng ko di thi gian sng ca mng v ngn chn vic gim cc kt ni bng cch
a ra nhng k thut qun l nng lng linh hot. Trong khi thit k cc giao thc
nh tuyn, chng ta thng gp phi cc vn sau:
c tnh thay i thi gian v trt t sp xp ca mng
Rng buc v ti nguyn
M hnh d liu trong mng cm bin
Cch truyn d liu


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2.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn
2.2.1. nh tuyn truyn trc tip
Truyn tin trc tip l mt giao thc nh tuyn d liu trung tm mng WSN.
Chc nng chnh ca giao thc l tit kim nng lng cho mng bng cch to ra s
tng tc gia cc node qua s trao i thng ip trong phm vi ln cn.
Thnh phn chnh ca giao thc ny l gm cc thng ip interests, data messages,
gradients v reinforcements. Khi mt node no cn gi liu, n s pht qung b
theo chu k gi interests n cc node xung quanh xc nh xem c node no c d
liu m n ang cn khng. Hnh 2.1 miu t qu trnh truyn thng ip interest.
Hnh 2.1: Truyn thng ip Interest.
Sau khi truyn thng ip interest, trong mng hnh thnh vic xy dng gradient
(c th xem nh hng v tc truyn) ti cc node mng hnh thnh lin kt gia
trm gc v cc node c d liu. Trong qu trnh ci t gradient trm gc s to ra
nhiu tuyn. ng c cht lng tt nht s c gi li trong khi cc ng c nng
lng thp hn s b loi b. Hnh 2.2 m t qu trnh pha ci t gradient.


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Hnh 2.2: Pha ci t Gradient
Sau khi thit lp c ng truyn, qu trnh truyn d liu bt u. Trong sut
qu trnh truyn d liu, nu ng truyn b hng hoc nng lng ca mng khng
p ng c yu cu th mt ng truyn khc c nng lng thp hn s c s
dng. Hnh 2.3 m t ng truyn d liu c chn c nng lng cao nht.

Hnh 2.3: ng truyn d liu c chn c nng lng cao nht


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K thut truyn tin trc tip c hiu sut s dng nng lng cao, n nh vi mi
trng c c tnh ng.
2.2.2. nh tuyn thng qua s tha thun
i tng chnh ca nh tuyn ny l tnh hiu qu ca vic pht thng tin t mt
node no n tt c cc node trong mng. Cc giao thc n gin nht l flooding
v gossiping. Flooding yu cu mi node gi mt bn sao d liu cho tt c cc node
ln cn cho ti khi d liu c truyn ti ch. Gossiping dng tnh ngu nhin
gim s bn sao v yu cu ch mt node nhn c mt gi d liu v sau chuyn
tip ti cc node c chn trc.
S n gin ca flooding v gossiping do quy lut hot ng n gin v khng i
hi cu hnh mng phc tp. Tuy nhin, do cc node c chn trc nn c th
ng truyn d liu khng phi l ng c nng lng cao nht dn n vic gy
lng ph ti nguyn mng. c im ca giao thc ny l cc node cng gi bn sao
d liu gy ra bng n cc gi, s tr gi l gim cht lng ca mng.
Cc gi sau khi nhn c gi qung co, nu mun nhn gi d liu phi gi mt
gi yu cu cho cc node ngun. Do cc node ch gi d liu cho cc cc node
quan tm, hn ch kh nng b bng n gi nh trong flooding v gim ng k lu
lng d tha trong mng. y l c im ca giao thc SPIN nhm gii quyt hn
ch ca giao thc truyn thng. Trong giao thc ny, mi node mng c th theo di
s tiu th nng lng trc khi pht hay x l d liu. Khi mc nng lng xung
thp, node s ngng gi d liu, vic truyn d liu s do mt node khc c nng
lng cao hn m nhim do SPIN gip ko di thi gian sng ca cc node.
2.2.3. nh tuyn theo v tr
Mc tiu ca giao thc ny l dng thng tin v v tr tm ra tuyn lin lc
hiu qu nht t ngun ti ch. Trong giao thc ny, mt gi d liu t node ngun s
c gi ti cc node trong phm vi ln cn c khoanh vng trc. Vng gii
hn ny s do node ngun quyt nh hoc cng c th do cc node trung gian m
nhim trnh vic gi d liu b gi lng vng trong mng. c im ni bt ca
giao thc ny l mi node ch cn bit thng tin v node ln cn trc tip ca n do
giao thc ny gim ng k overhead v nng lng tiu th do qu trnh truyn ch
qua mt chng. V vy giao thc ny ph hp vi cu hnh mng c nng lng thp.
Tuy nhin hiu qu truyn tin cn ph thuc vo mt mng, v tr xc sut ca cc
node v quan trng hn l quy c truyn gi ti ch.
Phn quan trng ca giao thc ny l quy c truyn gi ti ch cui cng.
Trong qu trnh truyn tin, mi node s quyt nh bc tip theo da vo v tr ca
n, v tr ca cc node ln cn v node ch. Do cht lng ca vic truyn tin ph


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thuc vo s hiu bit ca node v cu hnh ton mng, iu ny khng ph hp
trong mng WSN do nng lng trong mng l hn ch. gii quyt vn ny mt
s cc gii php c a ra. Di y l mt v d c th.
Xt m hnh nh trn hnh 2.4, node hin ti c d liu cn truyn l MH. Qu
trnh chn la cc node trung gian tip theo trn nguyn tc node gn node ch hn
MH s c chn.
Chin thut most forward - within R (MFR) s chn node nm xa MH nht
trong s cc node nm trong vng c nh sn. Theo , bc k tip c chn bi
MH chuyn tip d liu l MFR.
Mt chin thut khc l nearest forward progress, la chn node gn MH
nht. Do node NFP s c chn.
M hnh compassing routing chn node c gc nh nht c to bi ng ni
t MH ti ch v t MH ti node c chn.Do CMP s l node c chn.
M hnh low energy forward chn node ti thiu nng lng c yu cu
.Node LEF s c chn.
Hnh 2.4: Cc chin lc chuyn tip gi.

Mc d n gin, nhng khng phi lc no cng tm c tuyn hay nh tuyn
hiu qu. M hnh hnh 2.5 cho thy r hn v trng hp ny. Node cn chuyn gi
d liu cho D, nhng trong m hnh th khong cch t S2 v S3 ti D u xa hn so
vi khong cch t S1 ti D.


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Hnh 2.5: Gii thut nh tuyn khng hiu qu
nh tuyn theo v tr ph hp vi mng WSN v yu cu t thng tin cho iu khin
v tng tc, tuy nhin cc lin kt bt i xng v cc ng giao nhau lm tng
phc tp ca giao thc.
2.2.4. nh tuyn phn cp.
nh tuyn phn cp l loi nh tuyn d trn s phn cp theo cm hoc theo
chui, li dng cu trc ca mng t c hiu qu v nng lng, s n nh, s
m rng. Trong loi giao thc ny cc nt mng c ch nh hoc t t chc thnh
cc cm (hoc chui) trong mt nt c mc nng lng cao hn cc nt khc s
ng vai tr l nt ch. Nt ch thc hin phi hp hot ng trong cm v chuyn
tip thng tin gia cc cm (hoc chui) vi nhau. Vic to thnh cc cm (hoc
chui) c kh nng lm gim tiu th nng lng v m rng thi gian sng ca mng.
nh tuyn phn cp gm 2 thut ton tiu biu l : LEACH v PEGASIS. C th
v 2 thut ton ny s c cp r hn trong chng III.


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Chng III: GIAO THC NH TUYN PHN CP
LEACH V PEGASIS
3.1. LEACH
3.1.1. Tng quan v LEACH:
LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) l giao thc phn cp theo
cm thch ng nng lng thp dng trong mng cm bin WSN. y l giao thc thu
thp v phn pht d liu ti cc sink, c bit l cc trm c s. Vi mc tiu chnh
ca LEACH l:
Ko di thi gian sng ca mng
Gim s tiu th nng lng bi mi nt mng
S dng tp trung d liu gim s bn tin truyn trong mng
3.1.2. Hot ng ca LEACH:
Hot ng ca LEACH c chia thnh cc vng (round), mi vng c bt u
vi pha thit lp (set-up phase), khi cc cluster t thit lp, sau l pha n nh
(steady-state phase), khi xy ra qu trnh truyn d liu n trm gc (base station).
gim thiu chi ph overhead, trong pha n nh di hn so vi pha thit lp.
Hnh 3.1: Trng thi cc phase ca LEACH
3.1.2.1. Pha qung b (Advertisement Phase)


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Ban u, khi cc cluster c to, mi node quyt nh c hay khng tr thnh
cluster-head cho vng hin ti. S quyt nh ny da trn t l phn trm mong mun
tr thnh cluster-head trong mng (xc nh u tin) v s ln node tr thnh
cluster-head trc cho n thi im hin ti. S quyt nh ny c thc hin bi
node la chn mt gi tr ngu nhin gia 0 v 1. Nu gi tr ny thp hn gi tr
ngng T(n), node s tr thnh cluster-head ca vng hin ti. Ngng T(n) c
xc nh bi:

( ) ( )
0
( )
1 mod 1/
P T n
P r P

'

P = t l phn trm mong mun tr thnh cluster-heads

r = vng hin ti
G l tp cc node cha tr thnh cluster-heads 1/P vng trc .
S dng ngng ny, mi node s tr thnh cluster-head mt vi im trong 1/p
vng. Trong sut vng th 0 (r=0) mi node c mt xc sut P tr thnh cluster-
head. Cc node l cluster-head vng th 0 s khng th l cluster-head 1/P vng
tip theo. Do , xc sut cc node cn li tr thnh cluster-head cn c tng ln,
v c t node hn c iu kin tr thnh cluster-head. Sau 1/P -1 vng, T=1 cho
cc node cha tr thnh cluster-head, v sau 1/p vng, tt c cc node mt ln na
iu kin tr thnh cluster-head. Phin bn tip theo ca giao thc ny s bao gm
mt ngng da trn nng lng tnh ton cho cc node c nng lng khng ng
u. Trong trng hp ny, chng ta gi s rng tt c cc node bng u vi nng
lng bng nhau ng u gia cc node.
Mi node m chn chnh n tr thnh cluster-head cho vng hin ti, n qung
b mt bn tin Advertisement (ADV) cho cc node cn li, s dng giao thc non-
persistent CSMA. Bn tin ny l mt bn tin nh cha ID ca nt v mt tiu
phn bit bn tin ny nh l mt bn thng bo. i vi pha cluster-head-
advertisement, cluster-heads s dng giao thc CSMA MAC, v tt c cluster-heads
truyn bn tin Advertisement cng nng lng truyn dn. Cc node non-cluster-head
phi gi b thu trong sut qu trnh pha thit lp lng nghe bn tin advertisements
ca cc node l cluster-head. Sau , mi non-cluster-head quyt nh cluster m n
thuc v cho vng hin ti. S quyt nh c da trn mnh tn hiu nhn c
ca bn tin Advertisement. Gi s cc knh truyn l i xng, cluster-head c bn tin


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Advertisement c lng nghe vi cng tn hiu ln nht l cluster-head cn t
nng lng cn thit cho lin lc. Trong trng hp ca lin kt, mt cluster-head
ngu nhin c chn.
Hnh 3.2: Lu thut ton phn b ca LEACH
3.1.2.2. Pha thit lp nhm (Cluster Set-Up Phase)
Sau khi mi node quyt nh nhm m n thuc v, n phi thng bo cho node
cluster-head rng n s l thnh vin ca nhm. Mi nt truyn bn tin yu cu lin
kt (join-request (REQ) tr li nt c chn cluster-head s dng non-persistent
CSMA. Bn tin ny l mt bn tin ngn cha ID ca nt, ID ca cluster-head v mt


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tiu . Trong sut pha ny, tt c node l luster-head cn gi trng thi tip nhn bn
tin.
3.1.2.3. To nh thi (Schedule Creation)
Cc node l cluster-head nhn cc bn tin v cc node mun l thnh vin ca
nhm. Da trn s lng ca node trong nhm, cluster-head to mt nh thi TDMA
thng bo cho cc node thnh vin thi im n c th truyn. nh thi ny c
qung b tr li cc node trong nhm. Vic to nh thi ny nhm trnh c xung
t gia cc node trong mng, ng thi gip cc node duy tr trng thi ch khi
cha n phin truyn, gip tit kim nng lng.
3.1.2.4. Truyn d liu (Data Transmission)
Hnh 3.3: Lu hot ng n nh trng thi ca LEACH


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Mt khi cc nhm c to v cc nh thi TDMA l c nh, d liu c th bt
u truyn i. Gi s cc node lun lun c d liu truyn, n s truyn i trong
sut thi gian nh trc ti cluster-head. Vic truyn ny s dng mt lng nh
nng lng (la chn da trn cng tn hiu bn tin cluster-head advertisement ).
Sng radio ca mi non-cluster-head c th c tt cho n khi thi im cho php
truyn nh trc, do gim thiu nng lng tiu th trong cc node. Cc node
cluster-head cn gi cc b thu d liu bt nhn d liu t cc node trong nhm.
Khi tt c d liu c nhn, cluster-head thc hin chc nng x l tn hiu nn
d liu thnh mt tn hiu duy nht. V d: Nu d liu l audio hay cc tn hiu ng
t, cluster-head c th kt hp cc tn hiu n l thnh mt tn hiu tng hp. Tn
hiu tng hp ny c th c gi ti trm gc gim bt kch thc bn tin truyn.
Khi trm gc xa, s truyn d liu ny tiu tn mt lng ln nng lng. y l
trng thi pha n nh trong hot ng ca cc mng LEACH. Sau mt thi gian nht
nh c xc nh u tin, vng tip theo bt u vi mi node xc nh nu n nn
tr thnh cluster-head cho vng hin ti v qung b thng tin, nh c miu t
trn.
3.1.2.5. Multiple Clusters
Phn trc chng ta m t lm sao cc cluster n l giao tip trong s cc node
trong cluster . Tuy nhin, v tuyn vn l min qung b. Chng hn, truyn dn
trong mt cluster s nh hng (v do lm suy bin) s giao tip gia cc cluster
gn nhau.
Hnh 3.4: Nhiu v tuyn. Node A truyn d liu n node B gy nhiu n node C


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V d: Hnh trn cho thy phm vi truyn thng ca mt node v tuyn. Node A
trong khi truyn thng tin cho node B th li lm nh hng n truyn dn ca node
C. gim bt loi nhiu ny, mi cluster giao tip s dng m CDMA khc nhau.
Do , khi mt node quyt nh tr thnh cluster-head, n chn ngu nhin t danh
sch cc m tri ph. N thng bo cho tt c cc node trong nhm s dng m tri
ph ny. Sau cluster-head lc tt c nng lng m n nhn c s dng m tri
ph nh trc. Bi vy, nng lng v tuyn ca cc nhm ln cn s c lc ra
v khng lm nh hng ti truyn dn ca cc node trong nhm. S phn b knh
sao cho hiu qu l mt vn kh khn, thm ch ngay c khi c mt trung tm iu
khin ring chy cc thut ton cn thit. Khi khng cn ch nhiu n vn
hiu qu bng thng th s dng m CDMA s gii quyt c vn a truy cp
trong mt cch thc phn phi.
3.1.2.6. Nhm phn cp (Hierarchical Clustering)
LEACH c th c m rng thit lp cc nhm phn cp. Trong kch bn ny,
cluster-head c th giao tip vi cc siu node l super-cluster-head v nh vy cho
n lp trn nht ca phn cp, ti im m d liu c truyn n trm gc. Trong
mng ln, s phn cp ny c th tit kim c mt lng ln nng lng.
Hnh 3.5: M hnh mng cm bin chy giao thc nh tuyn LEACH
Trong phn trn chng ta cp n LEACH, mt giao thc nh tuyn da trn
nhm ti thiu ha nng lng s dng bng cch phn phi ti ti tt c cc node
nhng im khc nhau v thi gian. LEACH out thc hin cc thut ton nhm tnh
bng cch yu cu cc node tnh nguyn tr thnh cc cluster-head nng lng cao v
thch nghi vi cc nhm da trn cc node m c chn lm cluster-head ti thi
im xc nh. Ti nhng thi im khc nhau, mi node c gnh nng v d liu thu
c t cc node trong nhm, hp nht d liu thu c mt tn hiu kt hp, v


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truyn tn hiu kt hp ny ti trm gc. LEACH c phn b hon ton, khng i
hi thng tin iu khin t trm gc, v cc node khng yu cu hiu bit v mng
ton cc cho LEACH hot ng.
Phn b d liu trong s cc node trong mng l hiu qu trong vic gim nng
lng tiu tn ton din v nng cao thi gian sng ca h thng.

3.2. PEGASIS
3.2.1. Tng quan v PEGASIS
PEGASIS (Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems -Tp trung
hiu sut nng lng trong h thng thng tin cm bin) l h giao thc nh tuyn v
tp hp thng tin cho mng WSN. PEGASIS thc hin 2 nhim v:
Ko di thi gian sng cho mng.
ng b nng lung ti tt c cc node mng v gim tr cc gi d liu.
3.2.1.1. M hnh p dng
PEGASIS p dng trn m hnh mng bao gm tp hp cc node c phn b
ng nht trn mt vng a l. Trong mi node u bit c thng tin v v tr
cc node khc trong ton mng. Bn cnh chng cng c kh nng iu khin cng
sut v bao ph mt vng ty . Cc node ny cng c trang b b thu pht sng s
dng cng ngh CDMA.
Trch nhim ca cc node ny l thu lm v truyn d liu n cc sink, thng
thng l cc trm c s. Mc ch pht trin mt cu trc nh tuyn v mt s
tp trung d liu gim thiu s tiu th cng sut v truyn d liu c tp trung
n trm c s vi tr truyn dn nh nht trong khi vn cn bng s tiu th cng
sut gia cc node trong mng.
3.2.1.2. c trng
Giao thc ny u tin h tr vic ko di thi gian sng ca mng nh t c
vic tiu th nng lng ng nht v hiu sut nng lng cao qua tt c cc node
trong mng, th hai lm gim tr truyn d liu n sink.
Gii thut ny s dng m hnh cu trc dng chui.
3.2.2. Hot ng ca PEGASIS
3.2.2.1. PEGASIS c bn
a. Xy dng chui
To mt chui cc node cm bin - mi node c th nhn v truyn d liu ti node
bn cnh . Qu trnh thm cc node vo chui c thc hin tun theo thut ton
Greedy. Bt u vi node xa sink nht m bo cc node xa sink u c node ln
cn gn n v trong thut ton Greedy khong cch gia cc node s tng dn v cc


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node nm trong chui s khng c thm li, cc node mng c thm dn vo
chui lm chui ln dn, k t node hng xm gn nht.
xc nh c node ln cn gn nht mi node s s dng cng tn hiu
o khong cch ti cc node ln cn ca n. Sau khi xc nh xong, cc node s iu
chnh cng tn hiu sao cho ch c node ln cn gn nht nghe c.
Hnh 3.6: Xy dng chui s dng thut ton Greedy
b. Chn node ch
Sau khi chui c thnh lp, bc tip theo l chn node ch. Mt node trong
chui s c trn lm node ch, trch nhim ca node ch l truyn d liu tp hp
c ti trm c s. Vai tr node ch s b dch chuyn v tr trong chui sau mi vng
chu k. Vic quay vng node ch trong chui nhm m bo cng bng trong tiu th
nng lng gia cc node trong mng. Tuy nhin cng cn ch rng vic thay i c
khi dn n node ch ri xa trm c s (sink), khi node ny li cn yu cu cng
sut cao truyn n trm c s.
Node ch c chn bng cch sau: vng th i th node th i mod N (N l s
node trong mng ) s lm ch.
c. Truyn d liu
Vic tp trung d liu trong mng dc theo chui. tp hp d liu mi vng, mi
node s nhn d liu t node hng xm v hp nht vi d liu n thu nhn c v
truyn n node hng xm tip theo trong chui.
Trong mt vng, chng ta c th s dng mt c ch iu khin token passing khi
to bi node ch bt u vic truyn ti d liu t 2 u ca chui. Chi ph l rt
nh v kch thc th bi l rt nh. u tin node ch s gi mt th bi ti node cui
cng bn phi cui chui. Trong khi nhn c tn hiu ny node cui s gi d liu
n thu lm c n node ln cn theo chiu xui trong chui, sau node ny tp


2
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34567821
trung d liu v li tip tc gi n node ln cn gn n nht, c nh vy cho n khi
gi n node ch. Sau node ch s li tp trung d liu v gi n sink.
V d: Trong hnh, node c2 l node ch, v n s chuyn
tip cc th bi trong chui ti node c0, node c0 s truyn
d liu ca n ti node c1, node c1 hp nht d liu truyn
n n v d liu n thu nhn c ri tip tc truyn v
node ch. Sau khi nhn d liu t c1, node ch c2 s
chuyn tip cc th bi ti node c4 v mi vic din ra tng t, node c4 node truyn
d liu ca n ti node c3. Node c3 hp nht d liu ca node c4 vi d liu ring ca
n v sau truyn n node ch.Node c2 ch nhn d liu t c hai hng xm v
sau hp nht d liu ca n vi cc d liu ca hng xm. Cui cng, node c2
truyn mt bn tin n BS.
d. X l li khi node cht
Khi mt node b cht, chui s c cp nht li bng cch b qua node trong
chui. Nh trong hnh 3 khi node 7 cht, node 8 s c gng lin lc vi node 6.
Hnh 3.7: X l li khi mt node trong chui cht.
3.2.2.2. PEGASIS ci tin
a. Thay i phng php chn node ch
Trong gii thut PEGASIS c bn, chng ta thy rng mc d nng lng c
chia s cho cc node nhng cc node xa trm BS s b tiu th nng lng nhiu hn
v do nhanh chng cht i. Nh vy s nh hng n thi gian sng ca ton
mng. Sau y, ta a ra mt ci tin trong qu trnh chn node ch lm tng thi
gian sng ca mng. Chng ta s khng cho cc node xa trm BS v c nng lng
thp lm node ch.
Tt c cc node s tnh ton t s R
i
nh sau:
R
i
=P
ai
/PT
xi


2
BS
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Trong : P
ai
: nng lng ca node i ti thi im hin ti.
PT
xi
: nng lng cn thit node i truyn n trm c s.
Node cui chui s bt u gi gi cha gi tr Ri ca n v pha node hng xm
trong chui. Mi node nhn gi ny s so snh gi tr hin ti trong gi vi gi tr R
ca n. Nu cao hn, n n gin s chuyn tip gi, cn nu nh hn, n s bin i
gi vi gi tr hin ti ca n v chuyn tip n node cnh n trong chui. Node c
gi tr R cao nht s l node ch. Node ch s thng bo cho cch thnh vin trong
chui bit. Vic bu chn node ch c thc hin theo mt s vng no .
S vng la chn node ch thay i thch ng theo mc nng lng hin ti ca
mi node. Ti thi im bt u, mc nng lng ca mi node khc nhau tng i
nh v cc node vn c mc nng lng rt cao. Mt khi c la chn lm node ch,
node s gi vai tr ny trong mt s vng. Sau n khi to chu k la chn node
ch khc v do lm gim s mo u lin kt vi node ch. Khi mc nng lng
ca cc node gim th s vng chn li node ch cng gim v do trnh c
mt node tiu th nng lng qu nhiu khi lm node ch. Khi mc nng lng ca
node tr nn qu thp, vic chn node ch s din ra thng xuyn mi vng. K
thut ny m bo cc node c nng lng cao v gn trm BS s c nhiu c hi lm
node ch hn. Vic chn node gn trm BS lm node ch s gim tng chi ph truyn
trong mng.
Sau khi chn node ch. Node ch s truyn th bi dc theo chui n node cui
chui. Node ny bt u cm nhn d liu v truyn n node bn cnh n trong
chui. Node ny s tp hp d liu ca n v d liu nhn c trong mt gi v
truyn n node bn cnh n trong chui. C nh th, d liu c truyn n trm c
s (BS).
b. Khc phc tr bng chui con
Mc d c nhng ci tin ng k so vi LEACH, nhng PEGASIS vn tn ti mt
s hn ch, ng k nht l tr trong mng kh ln, c bit l nu kch thc mng
ln th chui s rt di v s lng bc nhy rt cao khi truyn d liu t cui chui
n trm c s.


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Hnh 3.8: Khc phc tr ca PEGASIS
khc phc tr chng ta c th chia mng ra thnh nhiu khu vc con, mi khu
vc con ny s thit lp nn mt chui. Tng ng vi mi chui con s c mt node
ch. Cc node ch ny li c th lin kt vi nhau to thnh chui cp cao hn v
chui ny s li chn node ch truyn n trm BS.
c. Tp trung d liu song song
Mc d n gin nhng m hnh tp trung dng chui d gy ra tr trc khi d liu
tp trung c truyn n sink. Mt phng php gim tr ny l tp trung d
liu song song dc theo chui, v s cng gim nhiu hn nu cc node c trang b
b thu pht s dng CDMA.
Dng n gin nht l cc node 2 pha node ch ln lut truyn d liu n khi
n node ch. c cht lung cao hn cc node uc cp cc b thu pht dng
CDMA trnh can nhiu gia cc node ln cn. Hnh 3.9 minh ha gii thut tp hp
d liu song song.


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Hnh 3.9: Cu trc mng hnh chui
Gi s tt c cc node bit uc cc thng tin chung v c lin kt thnh
chui. N l s node tham gia vo chui. Xt node 3 v tr s 3 l node ch trong vng
ang xt, mc u tin cc node c nh s chn s pht d liu tp hp c cho
node bn phi ca mnh. Mc k tip, cc node ang gi cc d liu tp hp c
nh s li v cc node nh s chn s pht d liu cho node ngay bn phi ca n.
mc cui cng, node 7 uc nh s 1 l nt cha d liu ln cn cui cng ca node
ch node 3. Node 7 s gi ton b d liu tp hp trc cho node ch. Sau node


6
V tr node V tr node V tr node
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
ch s pht ton b d liu ca chui cho trm gc. Thut ton chui song song tit
kim ng k nng lung tiu th ti cc node v tr gi.
3.3. So snh PEGASIS vi LEACH
3.3.1. u im
PEGASIS c nhng ci tin ng k hn so vi LEACH v thi gian sng.
PEGASIS tit kim nng lng mt s giai on. C th nh sau:
Vic tp hp d liu cc b, khong cch m hu nh cc node trong mng
truyn d liu nh hn nhiu so vi vic truyn d liu ca cc node thnh vin
n node ch trong cm ca LEACH.
Khi lng d liu node ch trong PEGASIS nhn c nhiu nht l hai bn
tin trong khi ca LEACH l 20 (nu mng c 100 node), nhiu hn rt nhiu.
Ch c mt node trong mng truyn d liu n trm c s trong khi
LEACH c 5% s node truyn n trm c s.
3.3.2. Nhc im
Mc d c nhng ci tin ng k so vi LEACH, nhng PEGASIS vn tn ti mt
s hn ch nh sau:
Tr trong mng kh ln, c bit l nu kch thc mng ln th chui s rt di
v s lng bc nhy rt cao khi truyn d liu t cui chui n trm c s.
Cc node trong chui phi bit cu hnh mng v iu ny khng phi lun lun
d dng i vi mng cm bin.
Xy ra hin tng tht c chai ti node ch. Tc l d liu tp hp c n
node ch th node ch khng cn nng lng truyn n trm BS na.
Feature PEGASIS LEACH
Khong cch truyn DL Nh Ln
Lng DL node ch nhn c Nhiu nht 2 bn tin
~20 bn tin
(mng 100 node)
S node truyn DL n trm
c s
Mi cm ch 1 node 5% s node
Tr
Kh ln (TL thun vi k.thc
mng)
TB
Yu cu vi cc node Phi bit cu hnh mng Khng cn bit cu hnh mng


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nh tuyn phn cp
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03-SV-2010-RD-VT
Nng lng node ch Xy ra hin tng tht c chai


1
nh tuyn phn cp
trong WSN
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Chng IV: M PHNG HOT NG NH TUYN
TRONG WSN
4.1. Cng c m phng OMNet++
4.1.1. Gii thiu OMNeT++
OMNeT++ l vit tt ca cm t Objective Modular Network Testbed in C++.
OMNeT++ l mt ng dng cung cp cho ngi s dng mi trng tin hnh m
phng hot ng ca mng. Mc ch chnh ca ng dng l m phng hot ng
mng thng tin, tuy nhin do tnh ph cp v linh hot ca n, OMNeT++ cn c s
dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nh m phng cc h thng thng tin phc tp, cc
mng kiu hng i (queueing networks) hay cc kin trc phn cng...
Hnh 4.1. M phng mng trong OMNeT++
OMNeT++ cung cp sn cc thnh phn tng ng vi cc m hnh thc t. Cc
thnh phn ny (cn c gi l cc module) c lp trnh theo ngn ng C++, sau
c tp hp li thnh nhng thnh phn hay nhng m hnh ln hn bng mt
ngn ng bc cao (NED). OMNeT++ h tr giao din ho, tng ng vi cc m


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trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
hnh cu trc ca n ng thi phn nhn m phng (simulation kernel) v cc module
ca OMNeT++ cng rt d dng nhng vo trong cc ng dng khc.
4.1.2. M hnh trong OMNeT++
Mt m hnh trong OMNeT++ bao gm cc module lng nhau c cu trc phn
cp. su ca ca cc module lng nhau l khng gii hn, iu ny cho php ngi
s dng c th biu din cc cu trc logic ca cc h thng trong thc t bng cc cu
trc m hnh. Cc module trao i thng tin vi nhau thng qua vic gi cc message
(message). Cc message ny c th c cu trc phc tp tu . Cc module c th gi
cc message ny theo hai cch, mt l gi trc tip ti a ch nhn, hai l gi i theo
mt ng dn c nh sn, thng qua cc cng v cc kt ni.
Cc module c th c cc tham s ca ring n. Cc tham s ny c th c s
dng chnh sa cc thuc tnh ca module v biu din cho topology ca m
hnh. Cc module mc thp nht trong cu trc phn cp ng gi cc thuc tnh.
Cc module ny c coi l cc module n gin, v chng c lp trnh trong ngn
ng C++ bng cch s dng cc th vin m phng.
4.1.2.1. Cu trc phn cp ca cc module
Mt m hnh trong OMNeT++ cha cc module lng nhau c cu trc phn cp,
trao i thng tin vi nhau bng cch gi cc message. Mi m hnh ny thng biu
din cho mt h thng mng. Module mc cao nht trong cu trc phn cp c gi
l module h thng. Module ny c th cha cc module con, cc module con cng c
th cha cc module con ca ring n. su phn cp i vi cc module l khng
gii hn, iu ny cho php ngi s dng c th d dng biu din mt cu trc logic
ca mt h thng trong thc t bng cu trc phn cp ca OMNeT++.
Cu trc ca m hnh c th c m t bng ngn ng NED ca OMNeT++.

Hnh 4.2. Cu trc phn cp module trong OMNeT++
Cc module c th cha nhiu module con v c gi l module kt hp. Cc
module n gin l cc module c cp thp nht trong cu trc phn cp. Cc module


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trong WSN
03-SV-2010-RD-VT
n gin cha cc thut ton ca m hnh. Ngi s dng trin khai cc module n
gin bng ngn ng C++, s dng cc th vin m phng ca OMNeT++.
Tt c cc module d l n gin hay phc tp u l cc i tng c th ca cc
kiu module. Trong khi m t cc m hnh, ngi s dng nh ngha ra cc kiu
module, cc i tng c th ca cc kiu module ny c s dng nh cc thnh
phn ca cc kiu module phc tp hn. Cui cng, ngi s dng to module h
thng nh mt i tng c th ca kiu module c nh ngha trc , tt c
cc module ca mng u l module con (hoc l con ca module con) ca module h
thng.
Khi mt kiu module c s dng nh mt khi dng sn (building block), s
khng th phn bit l mt module n gin hay phc tp. iu ny cho php
ngi s dng c th tch cc module n gin ra thnh nhiu module n gin c
nhng trong mt module kt hp, v ngc li c th tp hp cc chc nng ca mt
module kt hp trong mt module n gin m khng nh hng g n cc kiu
module c ngi s dng nh ngha.
Kiu module c th c lu tr trong mt file ring r. iu ny cho php ngi
s dng c th nhm cc kiu module li v to ra mt th vin thnh phn.
4.1.2.2. Message, cng, cc lin kt
Cc module trao i thng tin bng vic gi cc message. Trong thc t, message
c dng khung (frame) hoc l cc gi tin (packet) c truyn i trong mng. Cc
message c th c cu trc phc tp tu . Cc module n gin c th gi cc
message i mt cch trc tip n v tr nhn hoc gi i theo mt ng dn nh sn
thng qua cc cng v cc lin kt.
Thi gian m phng a phng (local simulation time) ca mt module tng ln
khi module nhn c mt message. Message c th n t mt module khc hoc n
t cng mt module (message ca chnh bn thn module self-message c dng
thc hin b nh thi).
Cng (gate) l cc giao tip vo ra ca module. Message c gi i qua cc cng
ra v c nhn vo thng qua cc cng vo. Mi kt ni (connection) hay cn gi l
lin kt (link) c to bn trong mt mc n trong cu trc phn cp ca cc
module: bn trong mt module kt hp, mt kt ni c th c to ra gia cc cng
tng ng ca hai module con, hoc gia cng ca module con vi cng ca module
kt hp.


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Hnh 4.3. Cc kt ni trong OMNeT++
Tng ng vi cu trc phn cp ca mt m hnh, cc message thng di chuyn
qua mt lot cc kt ni vi im bt u v kt thc l cc module n gin. Tp cc
kt ni i t mt module n gin v n mt module n gin c gi l route. Cc
module kt hp hot ng ging nh cc cardboard box trong m hnh, trong sut
trong vic chuyn tip cc message gia cc thnh phn bn trong v th gii bn
ngoi.
4.1.2.3. M hnh truyn gi tin
Mt kt ni c th c ba tham s c trng rt thun tin cho cc m hnh m phng
mng thng tin. Ba tham s ny bao gm:
tr ng truyn (s): l tng thi gian n ca message b tr i khi truyn
qua knh
T s li bit (s li/bit): l xc sut cc bit b truyn sai. Do xc sut mt
message di n bit truyn i chnh xc l:
P(message gi i c nhn chnh xc) = (1 - ber)n
trong ber l t s li bit v n l s bit ca message. T s li bit nh hng
n qu trnh truyn message qua knh. Cc message truyn i u c mt c
li, c ny s c thit lp khi vic truyn message c li
T s d liu (bit/s): c s dng tnh thi gian truyn mt gi tin. Khi t
s ny c s dng, qu trnh gi message i trong m hnh s tng ng vi
vic truyn bit u tin v message c tnh l n ni sau khi bn nhn
nhn c bit cui cng.


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Cc tham s ny l tu chn. Gi tr ca chng khc nhau trn tng kt ni, ph
thuc vo kiu ca lin kt (hay cn gi l kiu ca knh truyn channel type).
Hnh 4.4. Truyn bn tin
4.1.2.4. Tham s
Cc module c th cc tham s. Cc tham s ny c th c t gi tr trong cc
file NED hoc cc file cu hnh ompnetpp.ini. Cc tham s ny c th c dng
thay i cc thuc tnh ca cc module n gin hoc dng biu din cho topology
ca m hnh. Cc tham s c th c kiu l chui, s hc, gi tr logic hoc cng c th
cha cy d liu XML (XML data tree). Cc bin kiu s trong cc biu thc c th
nhn gi tr t cc tham s khc, gi hm, s dng cc bin ngu nhin t cc ngun
phn tn hoc nhn gi tr trc tip c nhp vo bi ngi s dng.
Cc tham s c kiu s c th c dng cu hnh topology rt d dng. Nm
trong cc module kt hp, cc tham s ny c th c dng ch ra s module con,
s cng giao tip v cch cc kt ni ni b c to ra.
4.1.3. Hng dn ci t OMNET trn Windows
- Phin bn Windows h tr: Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7 (32-bit)
- Yu cu: Cn ci t trc Java runtime (JRE). http://www.java.com
- Ci t OMNeT++:
Download gi OMNeT++ 4.1 win32. http://omnetpp.org/download/
Extract file zip ra th mc ci t OMNET (C:\omnetpp). Ch : tn th mc phi
khng c du cch (space)
Chy file mingwenv.cmd trong th mc omnetpp-4.1 s hin ra giao din dng
lnh. Ti du $ g 2 dng lnh sau bt u qu trnh ci t:


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$ ./configure
$ make
Sau khi qu trnh ci t hon tt, khi ng IDE bng lnh:
$ omnetpp
- Cc bc m phng vi OMNeT++:
1. m hnh OMNeT + + xy dng t cc thnh phn (module) m cc
thnh phn ny giao tip vi nhau bng bn tin trao i. Module c th
c lng nhau, ngha l, mt s module c th c nhm li vi
nhau to thnh mt module t hp. Khi to m hnh, cn nh x h
thng cn m phng vi mt h thng module truyn thng phn cp.
2. nh r cu trc ca m hnh bng ngn ng NED. C th son
tho NED trong mt trnh son tho vn bn hoc trong trnh son
tho ha ca Eclipse da trn m phng IDE OMNeT + +.
3. Cc thnh phn tch cc ca m hnh (modules n gin) phi c
lp trnh trong C++, s dng nhn m phng v lp th vin
(simulation kernel and class library).
4. To ra mt file omnetpp.ini ph hp lu gi cu hnh OMNeT+
+ v cc thng s ca m hnh. Mt file cu hnh c th m t mt vi
m phng chy vi cc tham s khc nhau.
5. Xy dng chng trnh m phng v chy n. Vic ny s lin kt
code vi nhn m phng OMNeT++ v mt trong nhng ni cung cp
giao din ngi dng OMNeT++. C giao din dng lnh (batch) v
tng tc.
6. Kt qu m phng c vit vo cc tp tin vector v v hng
u ra. C th s dng Analysis Tool trong Simulation IDE quan
st chng. Cc tp tin kt qu l dng vn bn, do cng c th x l
chng vi R, Matlab hoc cng c khc.

4.2. Thc hin m phng
L do chnh chn OMNET + + m phng ny l n cho php v tr ca cc
module nm bt k ni no. y cng l l do ti sao chng ta c th m phng cc


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03-SV-2010-RD-VT
v tr ngu nhin ca mt mng cm bin cng nh xy dng cc i tng chuyn
ng.
M hnh : cc node trong mng c phn b v tr mt cch ngu nhin v gi s
cc node cm bin khng di ng.
Cc thut ton ca 2 giao thc u th hin cc nt. M hnh mt nt cm bin
c minh ha nh hnh di y:

a. y
b. Rt gn
Hnh 4.5. M hnh m phng nt cm bin
Module lp vt l (Phy): i din cho lp vt l ca mt nt cm bin, c trch
nhim to kt ni gia nt v cc nt hng xm ca n, v chuyn tip bn tin
t lp cao hn ti hng xm ca n v ngc li.
Module ng dng (App): i din cho lp ng dng. Ch rng, c sau khi truyn
mt bn tin, module t ng gi mt bn tin DECREASE_ENERGY ti module


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nng lng (thng qua module iu phi) cho php cc module gim nng
lng ca mt s n v nng lng.
Module iu phi (Coordinator): l giao din kt ni tt c cc module li vi
nhau. N phn loi mt bn tin n chuyn n ti ng module. V d, khi nhn
mt bn tin DECREASE_ENERGY n s chuyn bn tin ti module nng lng.
Module cm bin (sensor): i din cho mt bng cm bin trong mt nt. Nu
thng s SENSOR_SWITCH l ON (= 1), cc module tiu th nng lng, v vy,
sau mt khong thi gian (timer), module s gi mt tin nhn
DECREASE_ENERGY n module nng lng (thng qua module iu phi).
Khi mi ln nh thi, thi gian ch s b gim xung. Cc b m thi gian ch
i c thit lp bi tin nhn SENSOR_REFRESH t cc module ng dng. Nu
b m thi gian ch bng 0, module s tt (tham s SENSOR_SWITCH c
thit lp v 0).
Module v tuyn (radio): cho bng v tuyn ca mt nt. Cc module Radio i
din cho Ban pht thanh mt nt cm bin. Nu tham s RADIO_SWITCH l
ON (= 1), cc module tiu th nng lng, v vy, sau mt khong thi gian
(timer), module s gi mt tin nhn DECREASE_ENERGY n module nng
lng (thng qua module iu phi).
Module nng lng (energy): i din cho ngun nng lng (pin) ca mt nt
cm bin. Nu module nhn mt bn tin DECREASE_ENERY n s gim mc
mt s n v nng lng.
Vi mc ch m phng hot ng nh tuyn ca giao thc, trong m phng di y
s dng m hnh node rt gn ch bao gm module ng dng (App) v module nng
lng (Ene)
4.2.1. LEACH
Qu trnh m phng bao gm 4 bc:
+ Bc 1: Khi to mng v chn node ch (CH)
+ Bc 2: Mi cc node vo nhm
+ Bc 3: Phn chia khe thi gian TDMA
+ Bc 4: Truyn d liu.
4.2.1.1. Khi to mng v chn CH
Ban u, mi node s quyt nh c hay khng tr thnh cluster-head cho vng hin
ti bng cch tnh gi tr ngng T
N
, nu T[i] > T
N
node s tr thnh node ch
4.2.1.2. Mi cc node vo nhm


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Cc node ch s broadcast bn tin INVITATION mi cc node vo nhm. Cc
node cn li khi nhn c bn tin ny s tnh ton khong cch t n n node ch
(CH), nu nh nm trong vng ph ca CH n s ng vo nhm v gi tr bn tin
JOIN_CLUSTER
4.2.1.3. Phn chia khe thi gian TDMA
Cc CH sau khi nhn c bn tin JOIN_CLUSTER t cc node s cp pht khe
thi gian tp hp d liu bng bn tin TDMA_SCHEDULE
4.2.1.4. Truyn d liu
Cc node con trong cm truyn d liu v node ch theo khe thi gian c cp
pht qua gi DATA.
Kt qu m phng LEACH nhn c nh hnh 4.6:
a.Khi to mng v chn CH b.Mi cc node vo nhm


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c. Phn chia khe thi gian TDMA d. Truyn d liu
Hnh 4.6. Chn node ch v thu thp d liu bng LEACH
4.2.2. PEGASIS
Qu trnh m phng bao gm 4 bc:
+ Bc 1: Tm node xa trm BS nht
+ Bc 2: To chui
+ Bc 3: Chn node ch
+ Bc 4: Truyn d liu v x l li khi node cht
4.2.2.1. Tm node xa nht
Ban u BS s pht i bn tin INI_NETWORK thng bo bt u xy dng
mng. Cc node nhn c bn tin s tnh ton khong cch n BS v sau reply li
bng bn tin REPLY_ INI.
Sau khi nhn c bn tin reply, BS s so snh cc gi tr v tm ra c
MaxDistance - ng vi node xa nht so vi n.
4.2.2.2. Thit lp chui
BS s gi bn tin MAX_DISTANCE cho node xa nht thng bo n s tr thnh
node gc ca chui v chui bt u c sinh t y.
Node gc s bt u tm node khc gn n nht v cho vo chui bng bn tin
FIND_NODE .Cc node xung quanh nhn c bn tin ny v gi bn tin p tr li
REPLY_FIND. Node gc cn c vo cc gi tr distance trong cc bn tin la chn
ra node gn mnh nht c a ch MinAddr v khong cch Min.
Sau node gc gi cc bn tin INVITATION mi chng vo chui. Node gn
nht ng vi bn tin JOIN_CHAIN. C nh vy, sau khi mt node vo chui th n
s li tip tc mi gi cc node cn li vo chui, trong sut qu trnh ny, node mi
vo s ng vai tr nh node gc mt node gc tm thi.


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Hnh 4.7. To chui v chn node ch trong PEGASIS
Sau khi tt c cc node u vo chui (khi node gc tm thi khng cn nhn
c bn tin JOIN_CHAIN no na sau khi request), n s gi bn tin
CHOSING_HEADER n cho trm BS. BS s bt u khi to qu trnh chn node
ch bng cch gi n node gc ca chui.
4.2.2.3. Chn node ch
Node xa nht bt u tnh ton t l: Ratio=curPower/distance v cho vo bn tin
truyn dc theo chui. Ti cc node: khi nhn c bn tin cng tnh ton gi tr ny
v sau so snh gi tr Ratio ca n v ca bn tin nhn c.
+ Nu nh hn n n gin s forward i
+ Nu nh hn n s thay th bng Ratio ca mnh v li truyn i.
Node c gi tr Ratio cao nht s c chn lm node ch. Node ch s thng bo
cho cc node khc bit n l node ch cng vi v tr ca n.


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Begin
Nhn bn tin
DR=0
n==N-1
Index==0
R[i]>RT
RT=R[i]
H=i
Forward Bn tin Xa bn tin
End
Backward bn tin
DR=1
Hnode=true

S
S
S
S
getId()==H

S
Hnode_id=H
Hnh 4.8. Thut ton chn node ch chy trong tng node
4.2.2.4. Truyn d liu v x l li khi mt node cht
Node ch bt u gi bn tin TOKEN n node gc chui bt u mt vng
truyn d liu, sau nh thut ton nu trn, cc node s ln lt tch hp d
liu ca n v truyn n node ch.
Sau node ch s tp hp d liu ca n v hai bn tin t hai pha truyn v v
truyn n Sink. Ti cc node mi khi nhn c bn tin s tnh ton nng lng nhn
v truyn.


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Begin
Nhn TOKEN
getId()==Hnode_id
End
getId()==(0 OR N-1)
Kt hp vi d liu
ca n v gi v sink
vng
Backward TOKEN
Flag=1
Forward TOKEN
Flag==0
Ghi d liu vo TOKEN

S
S
S

S
Flag=0
Hnh 4.9. Thut ton thu thp d liu bng TOKEN
Sau mi ln nhn gi tin, cc node s kim tra xem cn nng lng truyn v
nhn khng? Nu khng nng lng th n s khng truyn gi i v cng s khng
nhn gi tin. Lc ny node coi nh l cht, cc node khc da vo thi gian
timeout, khng thy node gi d liu n s thng bo n node ch cp nht
li chui. Chui mi s b qua node cht. Sau node ch li gi TOKEN bt u
thu thp d liu.
Khi node cht, node ch c nhim v gi thng bo n BS, BS m s node cht
v sau BS a ra kt qu.


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4.3. Kt lun
Cc mng Sensor vi gi thnh thp, c kh nng trin khai trong nhiu iu kin
a l kh hu phc tp, c bit l cc kh nng x l cng tc v chu c cc h
hng s c em li mt cuc cch mng trong lnh vc cm bin v thu thp thng
tin. iu ny mng li nhiu li ch thit thc cho cuc sng, cho sn xut v cho
khoa hc. Trong tng lai, mng Sensor c th s l mt phng tin cn thit v
thng dng nh my tnh c nhn v in thoi di ng hin nay.
Trn y, chng em hon thnh ni dung nghin cu khoa hc, tuy cha thc s
hon thin song t c nhng kt qu theo cng ra, xin c tm tt li
nh sau:
Chng I: Gii thiu tng quan v mng cm bin khng dy vi nhng hiu
bit v nn tng ca cng ngh mng cm bin khng dy, cc nhn t nh
hng n mng v tuyn, c im v kin trc tng quan mng cm bin
khng dy cng nh cc ng dng ca mng cm bin khng dy.
Chng II: a ra c cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng cm bin
khng dy. Chng ny phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn thnh hai loi:
cc giao thc nh tuyn da theo cu trc mng, v da theo c ch hot
ng.
Chng III: Tm hiu c hot ng ca 2 giao thc nh tuyn phn cp
in hnh l LEACH v PEGASIS trong mng cm bin khng dy
Chng IV: Thc hin m phng hot ng nh tuyn trong mng cm bin
khng dy da trn phn mm OMNet++
Trong tng lai, cc k thut nh tuyn tp trung vo cc hng khc nhau nhng
tt c u c mc ch l ko di thi gian sng ca mng. Mc d cc giao thc nh
tuyn trong mng WSN hin nay bc u s dng hiu qu nng lng nhng cc
nghin cu vn cn tip tc kt hp vi cc vn nh m bo QoS v cc ng dng
thi gian thc.
Mt vn khc cn c quan tm l kh nng di chuyn ca nt. Khi vic cp
nht thng tin v tr ca nt ch huy v nt cm bin cng nh truyn thng tin qua
mng c th tiu th mt mc nng lng ng k ca cc nt. Cc giao thc nh
tuyn mi cn phi x l thng tin v di chuyn v s thay i cu hnh mng trong
iu kin hn ch v nng lng.
Bn cnh cn c hng pht trin tch hp cc mng cm bin vi mng hu
tuyn v hu ht cc ng dng trong gim st mi trng u cn s liu t cc nt


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cm bin gi ti my ch c phn tch k hn. Hy vng nhng vn trn trong
tng lai gn chng em s c dp nghin cu v pht trin tip.


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PH LC
A1. LEACH topo
// ============================== Leach.ned ===============================
// Created on: Nov 20, 2010
// Author: Nguyen Dinh Quang (quangnd.na@gmail.com) - D07VT3-PTIT
//
package wsn;
simple Node
{
parameters:
int id;
int xpos = uniform(0,3000);
int ypos = uniform(0,3000);
int CH = default(0);
int myCH = 0;
volatile double s = uniform(0,1);
@display("i=misc/node");
gates:
input in @directIn;
}
simple BS
{
parameters:
int xpos;
int ypos;
@display("i=device/antennatower;is=vl");
gates:
input in @directIn;
}
network Leach
{
parameters:
int xmax;
int ymax;
int numNodes;
int psize;
int dmax;
double InitEnergy;
@display("bgi=background/terrain,s;b=3200,3200;bgb=3200,3200");
submodules:
node[numNodes]: Node {
parameters:
id = index+3;
@display("is=vs;i=,blue");
}
bs: BS {
@display("p=1500,1500");
}
}
//


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// ========================================================================
A2. PEGASIS topo
// ============================= Pegasis.ned ==============================
// Created on: Nov 21, 2010
// Author: Nguyen Hoang Son (hson7246@gmail.com) - D07VT3-PTIT
//
import ned.DelayChannel;
simple App {
gates:
inout gate;
inout app_tof[2];
}
simple Energy {
parameters:
int energy = 5000;
gates:
inout gate;
}
module snode {
parameters:
int id; //Direction
int RA_N = uniform(0,1000); //Ratio of current node
int CH = default(0); //Chain Head
@display("bgb=300,300,DarkSeaGreen;bgp=0,0");
gates:
inout gate[2];
submodules:
app: App {
@display("p=70,100;i=block/segm");
}
ene: Energy {
@display("p=256,100;i=block/plug");
}
connections allowunconnected:
for i=0..sizeof(gate)-1 {
gate[i] <--> app.app_tof[i];
}
ene.gate <--> app.gate;
}
network WSN {
parameters:
int NNode = 50;
@display("bgl=2;bgi=background/terrain,s");
types:
channel C extends ned.DelayChannel {
delay = uniform(0.1ms, 1ms);
}
submodules:
node[NNode]: snode {
parameters:
@display("i=misc/node2,blue");
id = index;
}
connections allowunconnected:
for i=0..NNode-2 {
node[i].gate[1] <--> C <--> node[i+1].gate[0];
}


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}
//
// ========================================================================


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TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] S. Lindsey and C. Raghavendra, PEGASIS: Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor
Information Systems, IEEE Aerospace Conf. Proc., 2002, vol. 3, 9-16, pp. 1125-30.
[2] W. Heinzelman, A.P. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, Energy-Efficient
Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks, IEEE Proceedings of
the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, January 4-7, 2000, Maui,
Hawaii.
[3] O. Younis and S. Fahmy, HEED: A Hybrid, Energy-Efficient, Distributed
Clustering Approach for Ad Hoc Sensor Networks, IEEE Trans. Mobile Comp., vol.
3, no. 4, Oct.Dec. 2004, pp. 36679.
[4] W. R. Heinzelman, J. Kulik, and H. Balakrishnan, Adaptive Protocols for
Information Dissemenination in Wireless Sensor Network, IEEE Proc. Hawaii Initl
Conf. Sys. Sci. Jan. 2000 pp 1 -10.
[5] Wendi Beth Heinzelman, Application-Specific Protocol Architectures for
Wireless Networks, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1997).
[6] Kazem Sohraby, Daniel Minoli, Taieb Znati, Wireless Sensor Networks
Technology, Protocols, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New
Jersey, 2007.
[7] Anna Hac, Wireless Sensor Network Designs, University of Hawaii at Manoa,
Honolulu, USA, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Copyright 2003.
[8] Jamal N. Al-Karaki Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor
Networks, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa 50011.
[9]. TS. L Nht Thng, TS. Nguyn Qu S, Cc k thut phn nhm trong cc
mng cm bin v tuyn, Tp ch Bu chnh vin thng, s 301, nm 2007.
[10] OMNeT++ simulation, http:// www. omnetpp .org .
[11] Sensor Network Research Group at Louisiana State University (2/1/2005),
Simulating Wireless Sensor Networks with OMNeT++.
[12] Sam Tran Phu Manh, Applying image processing techniques to simulate a self-
organized sensor network for tracking objects, MS Thesis, The University of
Houston Clear Lake, 2005.


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