X l kim loi nng bng vi sinh vt

I.

t vn

Trong s pht trin chung ca nn kinh t nc nh, ngnh cng nghip ng mt vai tr v cng quan trng. Nm 2004 t trng cng nghip chim hn 40% GDP nn kinh t quc dn, tc tng trng trn 18%. Cho n nay cng nghip tip tc l u tu ca tng trng kinh t Vit Nam. Gi tr sn xut cng nghip 9 thng u nm tng 13,8% so vi cng k nm 2009 v nm 2010 c tng 14% so vi nm 2009. Tnh n thng 3 nm 2004, c nc c 97 khu cng nghip v khu ch xut c thnh lp vi tng din tch 19.500 ha. Ngoi ra cn c hang trm cm Cng nghip v lng ngh nhiu a phng trong c nc. Tuy nhin mt tri ca s pht trin ny chnh l vn nhim mi trng, mt lng ln cht thi ( kh thi, nc thi, cht thi rn) l nguy c pht sinh v nguy c tim tng tc ng n mi trng cng nh sc khe cng ng, lm nh hng ln n i sng ca cc sinh vt. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s tc hi chnh l s nhim cc kim loi nng (KLN) trong nc lm nh hng trc tip n cc sinh vt di nc cng nh sc khe con ngi. ng trc nhng thch thc , vic i tm li gii cho bi ton mi trng ni chung v vn x l nc thi nhim kim loi nng ni ring ang c quan tm su sc.

II.

Tng quan

1. Kim loi nng v ngun gc t nhin Kim loi nng hay cn gi l nguyn t vt c t trng trn 6g/cm3. mt s kim loi cn cho s pht trin ca sinh vt v chng c coi l nguyn t vi lng, nhng khi i vo c th vi mt lng vt qu tiu chun cho php chng tr nn c hi vi c th. Kim loi nng phn b hu ht cc ni: trong t, nc Hu ht cc kim loi trong nc tn ti di dng ion, chng c ngun gc t nhin v pht sinh do cc hot ng ca con ngi. Cc cht quan trng nht m chng ta cn nghin cu n nh: Hg, As, Ni, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb chng pht sinh t

ngun gc khc nhau, ch yu do hot ng cng nghip. Cc kim loi nng khng phn r do chng tch t trong cc chui thc n ca h sinh thi. Khi nng ca chng ln s gy tc hi nghim trng cho c th sinh vt v con ngi. 2. nh hng ca kim loi nng n sc khe con ngi Nh ta bit mt mc cho php, kim loi nng c xem l yu t vi lng cn thit cho s pht trin nhng khi hm lng cc cht trong c th vt qu gii hn cho php n tr nn v cng c hi. Sau y ta cng nghin cu v mt s nh hng ca kim loi nng i vi con ngi nh sau: Ch (Pb): l nguyn t c c tnh cao i vi sc kho con ngi. Ch gy c cho h thn kinh trung ng, h thn kinh ngoi bin, tc ng ln h enzim c nhm hot ng cha hyro. Ngi b nhim c ch s b ri lon b phn to huyt (tu xng). Tu theo mc nhim c c th b au bng, au khp, vim thn, cao huyt p, tai bin no, nhim c nng c th gy t vong. c tnh ni bt l sau khi xm nhp vo c th, ch t b o thi m tch t theo thi gian ri mi gy c. - Ch i vo c th con ngi qua nc ung, khng kh v thc n b nhim ch. - Ch tch t xng, km hm qu trnh chuyn ho canxi bng cch km hm s chuyn ho vitamin D. - Tiu chun ti a cho php theo WHO nng ch trong nc ung: 0,05 mg/ml. Thu ngn (Hg): tnh c ph thuc vo dng ho hc ca n. Thu ngn nguyn t tng i tr, khng c. Nu nut phi thu ngn kim loi th sau s c thi ra m khng gy hu qu nghim trng. Nhng thu ngn d bay hi nhit thng nn nu ht phi s rt c. Thu ngn c kh nng phn ng vi axit amin cha lu hunh, cc hemoglobin, abumin; c kh nng lin kt mng t bo, lm thay i hm lng kali, thay i cn bng axit baz ca cc m, lm thiu ht nng lng cung cp cho t bo thn kinh. Tr em b ng c thu ngn s b phn lit, co git khng ch ng. Trong nc, metyl thy ngn l dng c nht, n lm phn lit nhim sc th v ngn cn qu trnh phn chia t bo. - Thu ngn a vo mi trng t cc cht thi, bi khi ca cc nh my luyn kim, sn xut n hunh quang, nhit k, thuc bo v thc vt, bt giy - Nng ti a cho php ca WHO trong nc ung l 1mg/l; nc nui thu sn l 0,5mg/l.

Asen (As): l kim loi c th tn ti dng tng hp cht v c v hu c. Trong t nhin tn ti trong cc khong cht. Nng thp th kch thch sinh trng, nng cao gy c cho ng thc vt. - Ngun t nhin gy nhim asen l ni la, bi i dng. Ngun nhn to gy nhim asen l qu trnh nung chy ng, ch, km, luyn thp, t rng, s dng thuc tr su - Asen c th gy ra 19 cn bnh khc nhau. Cc nh hng chnh i vi sc kho con ngi: lm keo t protein do to phc vi asen III v ph hu qu trnh photpho ho; gy ung th tiu m da, phi, ph qun, xoang - Tiu chun cho php theo WHO nng asen trong nc ung l 50mg/l. Caimi (Cd): l kim loi c s dng trong cng nghip luyn kim, ch to nha; hp cht caimi c s dng sn xut pin. Ngun t nhin gy nhim caimi do bi ni la, bi v tr, chy rng Ngun nhn to l t cng nghip luyn kim, m, sn, cht do - Caimi xm nhp vo c th ngi qua con ng h hp, thc phm. Theo nhiu nghin cu th ngi ht thuc l c nguy c b nhim caimi. - Caimi xm nhp vo c th c tch t thn v xng; gy nhiu hot ng ca mt s enzim, gy tng huyt p, ung th phi, thng vch ngn mi, lm ri lon chc nng thn, ph hu tu xng, gy nh hng n ni tit, mu, tim mch. - Tiu chun theo WHO cho nc ung 0,003 mg/l. Crom (Cr): tn ti trong nc vi 2 dng Cr (III), Cr (VI). Cr (III) khng c nhng Cr (VI) c i vi ng thc vt. Vi ngi Cr (VI) gy lot d dy, rut non, vim gan, vim thn, ung th phi. - Crom xm nhp vo ngun nc t cc ngun nc thi ca cc nh my m in, nhum, thuc da, cht n, mc in, in trng nh - Tiu chun WHO quy nh hm lng crom trong nc ung l 0,005 mg/l. Mangan (Mn): l nguyn t vi lng, nhu cu mi ngy khong 30 50 mg/kg trng lng c th. Nu hm lng ln gy c cho c th; gy c vi nguyn sinh cht ca t bo, c bit l tc ng ln h thn kinh trung ng, gy tn thng thn, b my tun hon, phi, ng c nng gy t vong. - Mangan i vo mi trng nc do qu trnh ra tri, xi mn, do cc cht thi cng nghip luyn kim, acqui, phn ho hc. - Tiu chun qui nh ca WHO trong nc ung l 0,1 mg/l. (Ngun: Tp ch Ho hc & ng dng) trnh c nhng tc hi trn chng ta cn phi c nhng phng php c th x l tnh trng nhim kim loi nng.

3. Cc phng php x l kim loi nng Thc t cho thy hin nay c nhiu phng php c p dng tin hnh x l nhim kim loain nng trong nc nh: phng php kt ta ha hc, in ha, trao i ion, x l bng vi sinh vt Trong cc bin php trn ta tp trung nghin cu phng php x l kim loi nng bng vi sinh vt. a) x l nhim KLN bng bin php kt ta ha hc: phng php ny da trn phn ng ha hc gia cht a vo nc thi vi KLN cn tch, pH thch hp to thnh hp cht kt ta v tch khi nc thi bng phng php lng ng. b) trao i ion y ngi ta dung ion lm nha hu c tng hp cao phn t, gc hidrocacbon v nhm chc trao i ion c tin hnh trong cc ct catrionit v anionit. c) in ha Ta dng phng php oxy ha- kh tch KLN trn cc in cc nhng trong nc thi cha KLN khi cho dng in mt chiu chy qua. T cho php ta tch ion kim loi ra khi nc khng b sung cht thch hp vi nc thi c nng kim loi cao(> 1g/ml), chi ph in nng kh ln. d) oxy ha: bng cc cht oxy ha mnh nh Cl, KMnO4, H2O2, O3 oxy in ha: dung in cc l hp kim, phng php ny p dng hu hiu cho nhng quy m nh. Oxy quang ha: thc hin bng cch chiu tia cc tm vo trong nc lm lng, c s dng cc cht hp ph quang ha nh Fe3+, Ca2+. Ngi ta c th dung nh sng mt tri lm ngun tia cc tm. e) X l nhim KLN bng phng php sinh hc Qua qu trnh nghim cu ngi ta ch ra rng c nhiu sinh vt c kh nng tch lu KLN trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin. Do , phng php ny c ng dng trong thc tin nhm kh c, lm sch cc KLN da trn nguyn tc mt s loi thc vt, vi sinh vt trong nc s dng KLN nh cht vi lng trong pht trin sinh khi. Theo Widerrman v Updegraff, mt s sinh vt c kh nng chuyn haKLN bi c ch sau: - To kt ta dng hydroxit - To kt ta dng sunfit - To phn ng phc hu c - S dng thc vt hp th KLN

Theo Borth (1965) tp on vi sinh vt trong bn hot tnh c kh nng lin kt vi KLN, lm gim hm lng cc KLN trong nc thi u ra. C th nh sau: hm lng Cr c th gim n 44%, Cu gim 75%, Ni gim 28%, Zn gim 89%... C ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt kh KLN din ra nh sau: + Hp th KLN: kh nng ny thuc v sinh khi nm mc Rhizopusarrhizus, chng hp ph Cr l 31mg/g, Ni l 18mg/g, Pb l 373 mg/g. Chitin cng l cht hp ph sinh hc c th t 40 mg Ni/ g v 99 mg Cr/g. Trong khi vi khun Bacillus c kh nng hp th ti 178g Cr/g. Cc sinh vt trn hp th theo c ch tch ly KLN ch yu trn b mt t bo, s dng chng nh cc cht vi lng trong qu trnh pht trin sinh khi. + Oxy ha KLN: Thio bacillus c kh nng oxy ha KLN t dng ha tan sang dng kt ta, lm gim tnh c ca chng trong nc. Thio bacillus ng vai tr quan trng qu trnh oxy ha qung pyrite, mt s nguyn t nh Al, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn chuyn chng sang dng oxyhidroxit, hydroxit, sunfit kim loi. FeS2 + O2+ H2O -> Fe2+ + SO42-+H+ Fe2+ +O2 + H+ -> Fe3+ + H2O FeS2 + Fe3+ + H2O -> Fe2+ + SO42- + H+ Fe3+ + H2O + O2 -> Fe(OH)3 + H+ Ngoi ra: H2S + 2O2 -> SO42- + 2H+ + Vi khun kh sunfat l nhm vi khun k kh d dng phn b rng ri trong t nhin. Ngun nng lng cung cp cho qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin c to t qu trnh oxy ha cc hp cht hidrocacbon, chng kh SO4 iu kin k kh thnh H2S. Vi khun kh sunfat tc ng trc tip n nng kim loi ha tan bng vic to kt ta di dng sunfit kim loi. Ta c phng trnh phn ng tng qut nh sau: SO4 + CH2O -> H2S + HCO3M2+ + H2S + HCO-3 -> MS + 2 H2O + 2 CO2 ( M_ kim loi) Trong thc tin cho thy c nhiu cng trnh nghin cu thnh cng trong vic s dng vi khun kh sunfat x l KLN. Sottnik v Sucha (1999) thnh cng vi h thng chuyn ha KLN trong nc thi khai qung m Sobov (Slovakia) nh s dng u th ca vi khun ny. C th: Hm lng Fe gim t 2260 mg/l xung cn 4.1 mg/ l Hm lng Al gim t 900 mg/l xung cn 0.18 mg/l Hm lng Mn gim t 51 mg/l xung cn 23 mg/l Hm lng Cu gim t 4.95 mg/l xung cn 0.03 mg/l

Ti Vit Nam, vic x l nc thi ti cc khu cng nghip, cc lng ngh bng phng php sinh hc ang rt c quan tm. GS. Li Thy Hin v cc cng s nghin cu v vic x l Cr v Ni trong nc thi ti lng ngh Vn Chng ( Nam nh) v thu c nhng kt qu kh quan, hm lng cc KLN trong nc sau khi c x l bng vi sinh vt gim nhiu so vi ban u. Phng trnh phn ng kh Cr (VI) thnh Cr (III) nh sau: 3HS- +6FeSO4 + 4CrO42- + 13 H2O + OH- -> 2S + 6Fe(OH)3 + + 4Cr(OH)3 + 6SO42Nh vy phng php x l KLN bng vi sinh vt c nhiu u th hn cc phng php x l bng c ch l ha nhiu im nh: - Phng php ny ph hp vi vi iu kin lng ngh Vit Nam - D vn hnh, d p dng - C th p dng x l dng cht thi - Nguyn liu s dng sn c trong t nhin ( khng s dng ha cht) khng gy nhim mi trng - Cc sinh vt c kh nng chuyn ha KLN l cc vi sinh vt ni ti c sn trong t nhin.

3. Kt lun:
Nh ta thy, mc d s pht trin cc khu cng nghip, lng ngh t c nhiu thnh tu v c nhng ng gp nht nh cho qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc nhng vn nhim do nc thi, c bit l nhim kim loi nng ang rt bc xc v cn c x l trit . Vic y mnh xy dng cc h thng x l nc thi tp trung l rt cn thit, lin quan trc tip n cht lng nc thi khi x vo mi trng. ng thi cn ch trng vo phng php x l bng vi sinh vt tng hiu qu, tit kim v tham gia bo v mi trng. Ngoi ra cng cn phi ra nhng chnh sch ph hp khuyn khch cc khu cng nghip, lng ngh xy dng tt, kp thi, nng cao hiu qu cc khu x l nc thi t tiu chun mi trng nhm pht trin bn vng cc khu cng nghip, lng ngh trong tng lai.