You are on page 1of 7

M hnh OSI

M hnh OSI
Xem cc ngha khc ti OSI
M hnh OSI 7 Tng ng dng 6 Tng trnh din 5 Tng phin 4 Tng giao vn 3 Tng mng 2 Tng lin kt d liu Tng con LLC Tng con MAC 1 Tng vt l

M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, vit ngn l OSI Model hoc OSI Reference Model) - tm dch l M hnh tham chiu kt ni cc h thng m - l mt thit k da vo nguyn l tng cp, l gii mt cch tru tng k thut kt ni truyn thng gia cc my vi tnh v thit k giao thc mng gia chng. M hnh ny c pht trin thnh mt phn trong k hoch Kt ni cc h thng m (Open Systems Interconnection) do ISO v IUT-T khi xng. N cn c gi l M hnh by tng ca OSI.

Mc ch
M hnh OSI phn chia chc nng ca mt giao thc ra thnh mt chui cc tng cp. Mi mt tng cp c mt c tnh l n ch s dng chc nng ca tng di n, ng thi ch cho php tng trn s dng cc chc nng ca mnh. Mt h thng ci t cc giao thc bao gm mt chui cc tng ni trn c gi l "chng giao thc" (protocol stack). Chng giao thc c th c ci t trn phn cng, hoc phn mm, hoc l t hp ca c hai. Thng thng th ch c nhng tng thp hn l c ci t trong phn cng, cn nhng tng khc c ci t trong phn mm. M hnh OSI ny ch c ngnh cng nghip mng v cng ngh thng tin tn trng mt cch tng i. Tnh nng chnh ca n l quy nh v giao din gia cc tng cp, tc qui nh c t v phng php cc tng lin lc vi nhau. iu ny c ngha l cho d cc tng cp c son tho v thit k bi cc nh sn xut, hoc cng ty, khc nhau nhng khi c lp rp li, chng s lm vic mt cch dung ha (vi gi thit l cc c t c thu o mt cch ng n). Trong cng ng TCP/IP, cc c t ny thng c bit n vi ci tn RFC (Requests for Comments, dch st l " ngh duyt tho v bnh lun"). Trong cng ng OSI, chng l cc tiu chun ISO (ISO standards). Thng th nhng phn thc thi ca giao thc s c sp xp theo tng cp, tng t nh c t ca giao thc ra, song bn cnh , c nhng trng hp ngoi l, cn c gi l "ng ct ngn" (fast path). Trong kin to "ng ct ngn", cc giao dch thng dng nht, m h thng cho php, c ci t nh mt thnh phn n, trong tnh nng ca nhiu tng c gp li lm mt. Vic phn chia hp l cc chc nng ca giao thc khin vic suy xt v chc nng v hot ng ca cc chng giao thc d dng hn, t to iu kin cho vic thit k cc chng giao thc t m, chi tit, song c tin cy cao. Mi tng cp thi hnh v cung cp cc dch v cho tng ngay trn n, ng thi i hi dch v ca tng ngay di n. Nh ni trn, mt thc thi bao gm nhiu tng cp trong m hnh OSI, thng c gi l mt "chng giao thc" (v d nh chng giao thc TCP/IP).

M hnh OSI M hnh tham chiu OSI l mt cu trc ph h c 7 tng, n xc nh cc yu cu cho s giao tip gia hai my tnh. M hnh ny c nh ngha bi T chc tiu chun ho quc t (International Organization for Standardization) trong tiu chun s 7498-1 [1] ( ISO standard 7498-1 [1]). Mc ch ca m hnh l cho php s tng giao (interoperability) gia cc h my (platform) a dng c cung cp bi cc nh sn xut khc nhau. M hnh cho php tt c cc thnh phn ca mng hot ng ha ng, bt k thnh phn y do ai to dng. Vo nhng nm cui thp nin 1980, ISO tin c vic thc thi m hnh OSI nh mt tiu chun mng. Ti thi im , TCP/IP c s dng ph bin trong nhiu nm. TCP/IP l nn tng ca ARPANET, v cc mng khc - l nhng ci c tin ha v tr thnh Internet. (Xin xem thm RFC 871 [2] bit c s khc bit ch yu gia TCP/IP v ARPANET.) Hin nay ch c mt phn ca m hnh OSI c s dng. Nhiu ngi tin rng i b phn cc c t ca OSI qu phc tp v vic ci t y cc chc nng ca n s i hi mt lng thi gian qu di, cho d c nhiu ngi nhit tnh ng h m hnh OSI i chng na. Mt khc, c nhiu ngi li cho rng, u im ng k nht trong ton b c gng ca cng trnh mng truyn thng ca ISO l n tht bi trc khi gy ra qu nhiu tn tht.

Tng trnh cc tng cp ca mu hnh OSI


Tng 1: Tng ng dng (Application layer)
Tng ng dng l tng gn vi ngi s dng nht. N cung cp phng tin cho ngi dng truy nhp cc thng tin v d liu trn mng thng qua chng trnh ng dng. Tng ny l giao din chnh ngi dng tng tc vi chng trnh ng dng, v qua vi mng. Mt s v d v cc ng dng trong tng ny bao gm Telnet, Giao thc truyn tp tin FTP v Giao thc truyn th in t SMTP, HTTP, X.400 Mail remote

Tng 2: Tng trnh din (Presentation layer)


Lp trnh din hot ng nh tng d liu trn mng. lp ny trn my tnh truyn d liu lm nhim v dch d liu c gi t tng Application sang dng Fomat chung. V ti my tnh nhn, lp ny li chuyn t Fomat chung sang nh dng ca tng Application. Lp th hin thc hin cc chc nng sau: - Dch cc m k t t ASCII sang EBCDIC. - Chuyn i d liu, v d t s interger sang s du phy ng. - Nn d liu gim lng d liu truyn trn mng. - M ho v gii m d liu m bo s bo mt trn mng.

Tng 3: Tng phin (Session layer)


Tng phin kim sot cc (phin) hi thoi gia cc my tnh. Tng ny thit lp, qun l v kt thc cc kt ni gia trnh ng dng a phng v trnh ng dng xa. Tng ny cn h tr hot ng song cng (duplex) hoc bn song cng (half-duplex) hoc n cng (Single) v thit lp cc qui trnh nh du im hon thnh (checkpointing) gip vic phc hi truyn thng nhanh hn khi c li xy ra, v im hon thnh c nh du - tr hon (adjournment), kt thc (termination) v khi ng li (restart). M hnh OSI u nhim cho tng ny trch nhim "ngt mch nh nhng" (graceful close) cc phin giao dch (mt tnh cht ca giao thc kim sot giao vn TCP) v trch nhim kim tra v phc hi phin, y l phn thng khng c dng n trong b giao thc TCP/IP.

M hnh OSI

Tng 4: Tng giao vn (Transport Layer)


Tng giao vn cung cp dch v chuyn dng chuyn d liu gia cc ngi dng ti u cui, nh cc tng trn khng phi quan tm n vic cung cp dch v truyn d liu ng tin cy v hiu qu. Tng giao vn kim sot tin cy ca mt kt ni c cho trc. Mt s giao thc c nh hng trng thi v kt ni (state and connection orientated). C ngha l tng giao vn c th theo di cc gi tin v truyn li cc gi b tht bi. Mt v d in hnh ca giao thc tng 4 l TCP. Tng ny l ni cc thng ip c chuyn sang thnh cc gi tin TCP hoc UDP. tng 4 a ch c nh l address ports, thng qua address ports phn bit c ng dng trao i.

Tng 5: Tng mng (Network Layer)


Tng mng cung cp cc chc nng v qui trnh cho vic truyn cc chui d liu c di a dng, t mt ngun ti mt ch, thng qua mt hoc nhiu mng, trong khi vn duy tr cht lng dch v (quality of service) m tng giao vn yu cu. Tng mng thc hin chc nng nh tuyn, .Cc thit b nh tuyn (router) hot ng ti tng ny gi d liu ra khp mng m rng, lm cho lin mng tr nn kh thi (cn c thit b chuyn mch (switch) tng 3, cn gi l chuyn mch IP). y l mt h thng nh v a ch lgic (logical addressing scheme) cc gi tr c chn bi k s mng. H thng ny c cu trc ph h. V d in hnh ca giao thc tng 3 l giao thc IP.

Tng 6: Tng lin kt d liu (Data Link Layer)


Tng lin kt d liu cung cp cc phng tin c tnh chc nng v quy trnh truyn d liu gia cc thc th mng, pht hin v c th sa cha cc li trong tng vt l nu c. Cch nh a ch mang tnh vt l, ngha l a ch (a ch MAC) c m ha cng vo trong cc th mng (network card) khi chng c sn xut. H thng xc nh a ch ny khng c ng cp (flat scheme). Ch : V d in hnh nht l Ethernet. Nhng v d khc v cc giao thc lin kt d liu (data link protocol) l cc giao thc HDLC; ADCCP dnh cho cc mng im-ti-im hoc mng chuyn mch gi (packet-switched networks) v giao thc Aloha cho cc mng cc b. Trong cc mng cc b theo tiu chun IEEE 802, v mt s mng theo tiu chun khc, chng hn FDDI, tng lin kt d liu c th c chia ra thnh 2 tng con: tng MAC (Media Access Control - iu khin Truy nhp ng truyn) v tng LLC (Logical Link Control - iu khin Lin kt Lgic) theo tiu chun IEEE 802.2. Tng lin kt d liu chnh l ni cc cu ni (bridge) v cc thit b chuyn mch (switches) hot ng. Kt ni ch c cung cp gia cc nt mng c ni vi nhau trong ni b mng. Tuy nhin, c lp lun kh hp l cho rng thc ra cc thit b ny thuc v tng 2,5 ch khng hon ton thuc v tng 2.

Tng 7: Tng vt l (Physical Layer)


Tng vt l nh ngha tt c cc c t v in v vt l cho cc thit b. Trong bao gm b tr ca cc chn cm (pin), cc hiu in th, v cc c t v cp ni (cable). Cc thit b tng vt l bao gm Hub, b lp (repeater), thit b tip hp mng (network adapter) v thit b tip hp knh my ch (Host Bus Adapter)- (HBA dng trong mng lu tr (Storage Area Network)). Chc nng v dch v cn bn c thc hin bi tng vt l bao gm: Thit lp hoc ngt mch kt ni in (electrical connection) vi mt phng tin truyn thng (transmission medium). Tham gia vo quy trnh m trong cc ti nguyn truyn thng c chia s hiu qu gia nhiu ngi dng. Chng hn gii quyt tranh chp ti nguyn (contention) v iu khin lu lng. iu bin (modulation), hoc bin i gia biu din d liu s (digital data) ca cc thit b ngi dng v cc tn hiu tng ng c truyn qua knh truyn thng (communication channel). Cp (bus) SCSI song song hot ng tng cp ny. Nhiu tiu chun khc nhau ca Ethernet dnh cho tng vt l cng nm trong tng ny; Ethernet nhp tng vt l vi tng lin kt d liu vo lm mt. iu tng t cng xy ra i vi cc mng cc b nh Token ring, FDDI v IEEE 802.11.

M hnh OSI

Cc giao din
Ngoi cc tiu chun i vi tng giao thc v truyn ti d liu, cn c cc tiu chun giao din cho cc tng cp khc nhau hi thoi vi tng cp trn hoc di n (thng phc thuc vo h iu hnh c th ang c s dng). V d, Winsock ca Microsoft Windows, Berkeley sockets ca Unix v Giao din tng chuyn ti (Transport Layer Interface) ca System V l nhng giao din gia cc trnh ng dng (tng 5 tr ln) v tng giao vn (tng 4). NDIS (Network Driver Interface Specification - c t Giao din iu vn Mng) v ODI (Open Data-Link Interface - Giao din Lin kt D liu M) l cc giao din gia phng tin truyn (media) (tng 2) v giao thc mng (tng 3). thong tin nay co chinh xac hay khong vay

Bng lit k cc th d
Tng Tn # Cc th d khc nhau B TCP/IP SS7 B AppleTalk B OSI B IPX SNA UMTS

7 ng dng

HL7, Modbus, SIP

HTTP, SMTP, SMPP, SNMP, FTP, Telnet, NFS, NTP

ISUP, INAP, MAP, TUP, TCAP

AFP

FTAM, X.400, X.500, DAP

APPC

6 Trnh din 5 Phin lm vic 4 Giao vn 3 Mng

TDI, ASCII, EBCDIC, MIDI, MPEG Named Pipes, NetBIOS, SAP, SDP

XDR, SSL, TLS

AFP

ISO 8823, X.226

Session establishment for TCP TCP, UDP, RTP, SCTP IP, ICMP, IPsec, ARP, RIP, BGP MTP-3, SCCP

ASP, ADSP, ZIP, PAP

ISO 8327, X.225

NWLink

DLC?

NetBEUI

ATP, NBP, AEP, TP0, TP1, TP2, RTMP TP3, TP4, OSPF DDP

SPX, RIP

NetBEUI, Q.931

X.25 (PLP), CLNP IPX

RRC (Radio Resource Control) SDLC MAC (Media Access Control)

2 Lin

Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), Token Ring, FDDI, PPP, HDLC, Q.921, Frame Relay, ATM, Fibre Channel

MTP-2

LocalTalk, TokenTalk, EtherTalk, AppleTalk Remote Access, PPP Localtalk on shielded, Localtalk on unshielded (PhoneNet)

X.25 (LAPB), Token Bus

IEEE 802.3 framing, Ethernet II framing

1 Vt l

RS-232, V.35, V.34, Q.911, T1, E1, 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX, ISDN, POTS, SONET, DSL, 802.11b, 802.11g

MTP-1

X.25 (X.21bis, EIA/TIA-232, EIA/TIA-449, EIA-530, G.703)

Twinax PHY (Physical Layer)

M hnh OSI

iu hnh song song

This is parallel of OSI and standard letter communication between two company managers

Hi hc
M hnh by tng cp trn thng c m rng thm di mt hnh thc hi hc, m ch n nhng nhan thng thng, khng c tnh k thut. Mt trong nhng tr a l m hnh 10 tng cp, trong tng 8 l tng "ngi dng", tng 9 l "ti chnh" v tng 10 l "chnh tr". K thut vin mng truyn thng thng m ch n nhng nhan ca ca tng th 8, ni tng ngi dng l tng c nhan , ch khng phi l mng. M hnh OSI cn c gi mt cch diu ct l "m hnh Taco Bell" (ca hng bn thc n Mexico), v ca hng n ny tng ni ting vi nhng ci bnh gi 7 lp burrito. Dick Lewis dng mt cu chuyn din t ip vin [[James Bond [3]] (007) phn pht mt thng ip mt] minh ha m hnh by tng.

M hnh OSI

Nhng cu d nh (Menmonics)
Tn ca by tng trong giao thc m hnh ca OSI (Physical, Data link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation v Application) c th c ghi nh nhanh chng bng cc cch vit tt sau: Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away [4] All People Seem To Need Data Processing[4] APS Transports Network Data Physically (separates upper and lower layer groups)[4] APS Turds Never Develop Pubes Please Do Not Tell Secret Passwords Anytime[4] A Perfect Student Needs To Drink Port Anh Phi Sng Ti Ngy ng Phng

Tham chiu
[1] [2] [3] [4] http:/ / standards. iso. org/ ittf/ PubliclyAvailableStandards/ s020269_ISO_IEC_7498-1_1994(E). zip http:/ / tools. ietf. org/ html/ 871 http:/ / www. lewistech. com/ rlewis/ Resources/ james. aspx http:/ / www. dummies. com/ WileyCDA/ DummiesArticle/ id-2264. html

Lin kt ngoi
ISO standard 7498-1:1994 (http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/ s020269_ISO_IEC_7498-1_1994(E).zip) Cybertelecom :: Layered Model of Regulation (http://www.cybertelecom.org/broadband/layers.htm) OSI Model Tutorial (http://www.pcsupportadvisor.com/OSI_7_layer_model_page1.htm) OSI Model Tutorial In Flash (http://www.semsim.com/ccna/tutorial/osi/osi.html) ' OSI Reference ModelThe ISO Model of Architecture for Open Systems Interconnection (http://www. comsoc.org/livepubs/50_journals/pdf/RightsManagement_eid=136833.pdf), Hubert Zimmermann, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 28, no. 4, thng 4 nm 1980, pp. 425 - 432.

Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi

Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi
M hnh OSI Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=4861771 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Avia, Bongdentoiac, Ctmt, Daubac402, Future ahead, Hai Dang Quang, Hoangvu 701, Mekong Bluesman, Ndp1007, Nguyn Thanh Quang, Quanghieuhcm, Sideduck, Thaibinhtt, Truong Manh An, Tttrung, Vietchau dn, Vinhtantran, 49 sa i v danh

Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo hnh


Tp tin:Osi-model-jb.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Osi-model-jb.png Giy php: GNU Free Documentation License Ngi ng gp: Original created by JB Hewitt (Johnblade) at en.wikipedia Later version(s) were uploaded by PeterC, Brakcen, Chai at en.wikipedia. Tp tin:Rm-osi_parallel.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Rm-osi_parallel.png Giy php: GNU Free Documentation License Ngi ng gp: AirBa, Mdd

Giy php
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/

You might also like