Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.

vn Trang 1
6. NG TRON

I. Phng trnh cua ng tron:
Trong mat phang Oxy, ng tron (C) co tam I(a;b) va ban knh R > 0 co phng trnh
la : ( ) ( )
2 2
2
x a y b R + = .
Mat khac, phng trnh ng tron (C) co the viet di dang khai trien la:
2 2
x y 2ax 2by c 0. (*) + + = Trong o ban knh
2 2
R a b c = + .
Ngc lai, mo i phng trnh co dang (*) se la phng trnh cua mot ng tron nao o, neu
ta co
2 2
R a b c = + > 0.
II.Phng tch cua mot iem oi vi mot ng tron:
Cho ng tron (C) co phng trnh: ( )
2 2
F x; y x y 2ax 2by c 0 = + + = .
Phng tch cua iem M(x
0
;y
0
) o i vi (C) la :
( ) ( )
( ) = = = + +
2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 M/ C
P d R F x ; y x y 2ax 2by c
(v i d la khoang cach t M en tam cua (C), R la ban knh cua (C)).
Do o:
M(x
M
;y
M
) thuoc (C)
( ) ( )
=
M/ C
P 0
M(x
M
;y
M
) nam ngoai (C)
( ) ( )
>
M/ C
P 0
M(x
M
;y
M
) nam pha trong (C)
( ) ( )
<
M/ C
P 0
III. Truc ang phng cua hai ng tron:
Cho hai ng tron kho ng ong tam:
2 2
1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2
(C) : x y 2a x 2b y c 0
(C') : x y 2a x 2b y c 0
+ + =
+ + =

Ta a biet truc a ng phng cua hai ng tron khong ong ta m la mot ng thang cha
ta t ca cac iem co cu ng phng tch o i vi hai ng tron o. Do vay, iem M(x
0
;y
0
) thuoc khi
va ch khi:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
=
+ + = + +
+ + =
M/ C M/ C'
2 2 2 2
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
P P
x y 2a x 2b y c x y 2a x 2b y c
a a x b b y c c 0 (*)

V (C) va (C) khong o ng tam nen suy ra co t nhat mo t trong hai so (a
1
a
2
), (b
1
b
2
) khac
0. Vay (*) that s la phng trnh cua mot ng thang. Ta goi ng thang nay la truc ang
phng cua hai ng tron (C) va (C).
Tom lai: Cho hai ng tron khong ong tam:
2 2
1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2
(C) : x y 2a x 2b y c 0
(C') : x y 2a x 2b y c 0
+ + =
+ + =

Th truc ang phng cu a chung la: ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 2 1
: a a x b b y c c 0. + + =
IV. V tr tng oi gi a ng thang va ng tron:
Cho ng tron (C) co tam I, ban knh R va ng thang bat k. Goi d la khoang cach t
I en ng thang , ta thay neu:
d = R th tiep xuc vi (C) tai 1 iem. Khi o c goi la tiep tuyen cua (C).
d > R th khong co ie m chung vi (C).
d < R th cat (C) cat (C) tai 2 iem phan biet.



R
I
M
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 2









e tm toa o giao iem cua vi (C), ta lap phng trnh hoanh o giao iem cua vi (C):
T phng trnh cu a , ta rut y theo x (*).
Thay (*) vao phng trnh cua (C) ta se c mot phng trnh bac hai theo x. Nghiem
cua phng trnh nay chnh la hoanh o giao ie m cua va (C).
V. V tr tng oi cua hai ng tron:
Cho ng tron (C) co tam I, ban knh R
1
, va ng tron (C) co tam J, ban knh R
2
. Ta thay
neu:
IJ = R
1
+ R
2
th (C) tiep xuc ngoai vi (C) tai 1 iem.
IJ =
1 2
R R th (C) tiep xuc trong vi (C) tai 1 iem.

1 2 1 2
R R IJ R R < < + th (C) cat (C) tai 2 iem phan biet.

1 2
IJ R R < th (C
1
) va (C
2
) cha trong nhau (khong co iem chung).
IJ > R
1
+ R
2
th (C
1
) va (C
2
) ngoai nhau (kho ng co iem chung).






Tiep xu c ngoai Tiep xuc trong Cat nhau







Cha trong nhau ngoa i nhau

e tm giao iem cua (C) va (C) ta lam nh sau:
Lap he phng trnh (he nay gom phng trnh cua (C) va (C)).
Giai he phng trnh ta se tm c cac nghiem chnh la toa o cu a ca c giao iem.







R
2
J
R
1
I
R
1
I
R
2
J
R
1
I
R
2
J
R
2
J
R
1
I
R
2
R
1
J I

(C)
I
H

(C)
I
H
I
(C)

H
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 3

MOT VAI DANG TOA N THNG GAP

O Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) trong moi trng hp sau ay:
a) (C) qua 3 ie m: A(1;1), B(-1;2), C(0;-1)
b) (C) qua iem A(2;-1) va tiep xuc vi cac truc toa o.
c) (C) co tam nam tren ng tha ng d: 4x + 3y 2 = 0 va tiep xuc vi 2 ng tha ng

1
: x + y + 4 = 0 va
2
: 7x y + 4 = 0.
Giai
a) Phng trnh ng tron (C) co dang:
2 2
x y 2ax 2by c 0. + + =
V A, B, C thuoc (C) ne n ta co he phng trnh sau:
2 2a 2b c 0 2a 2b c 2 2b c 1 2b c 1 a 1/ 2
5 2a 4b c 0 2a 4b c 5 2a 6b 4 a 1/ 2 b 1/ 2
1 2b c 0 2b c 1 2a 4b 1 b 1/ 2 c 2
+ = + = + = + = =

+ + = + = = = =


+ + = + = + = = =


Vay phng trnh ng tron (C) can t la:x
2
+ y
2
+ x - y -2 = 0.
b) V (C) qua iem A(2;-1) va tiep xuc vi cac truc toa o nen suy ra (C) phai nam hoan toan trong
goc phan t th IV cua he truc toa o Oxy va co khoang cach t tam I en truc Ox va Oy ba ng
nhau. Do o , ta goi I(a;-a) v i a > 0 la tam cua (C), ban knh cua (C) la :
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
R IA IA 2 a 1 a R 2a 6a 5 = = = + + = +

Mat khac, R cung bang a nen ta co :
2 2
2a 6a 5 a a 1 a 5 + = = = .
Vay co 2 ng tron thoa man e bai la: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 2
(C ) : x 1 y 1 1 , (C ) : x 5 y 5 25 + + = + + = .
c) Cach 1:
V (C) tiep xuc vi 2 ng thang
1
: x + y + 4 = 0 va
2
: 7x y + 4 = 0 ne n
1
va
2
la 2 tiep
tuyen cua (C), do o ta m I cua (C) pha i nam tren ca c ng phan giac cua cac goc tao bi
1
va

2
. Ta co phng trnh ca c ng phan gia c cua cac goc tao bi
1
va
2
la:
( ) ( )
x 3y 8 0
x y 4 7x y 4
5 x y 4 7x y 4
3x y 6 0 2 5 2
= + + +
= + + = +

+ + =

Mat khac, I cung thuoc d: 4x + 3y 2 = 0 ne n toa o cua I la nghie m cac he phng trnh sau:
4x 3y 2 0 4x 3y 2 0 x 2 x 4
x 3y 8 0 3x y 6 0 y 2 y 6
+ = + = = =


= + + = = =


Vay ta co: I
1
(2;-2), I
2
(-4;6).
Vi I
1
(2;-2) ta co R
1
= d(I
1
,
1
) =
2 2 4
2 2
2
+
=
phng trnh ng tron (C
1
) la: ( ) ( )
2 2
x 2 y 2 8 + + = .
Vi I
2
(-4;6) ta co R
2
= d(I
2
,
1
) =
4 6 4
3 2
2
+ +
=
phng trnh ng tron (C
2
) la: ( ) ( )
2 2
x 4 y 6 18. + + =
Cach 2:
Goi
2 3t
I ; t d : 4x 3y 2 0.
4
| |
+ =
|
\

V (C) tiep xuc vi 2 ng tha ng
1
: x + y + 4 = 0 va
2
: 7x y + 4 = 0 nen ta co:
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 4
1 2
2 3t 2 3t
7 t 4 t 4
t 2 4 4
d(I, ) d(I, ) t 18 5t 6
t 6
2 5 2
| |
+ + +
|
=
\
= = + = +

Vi t = -2 I
1
(2;-2) R
1
= 2 2 phng trnh ng tron (C
1
) la: ( ) ( )
2 2
x 2 y 2 8 + + = .
Vi t = 6 I
2
(-4;6) R
2
= 3 2 phng trnh ng tron (C
2
) la: ( ) ( )
2 2
x 4 y 6 18. + + =

O Cho ng tron (C):
2 2
x y 4x 2y 4 0 + + = . Hay viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen cua (C)
trong cac trng hp sau:
a) tiep xuc vi (C) tai iem A(-1;1).
b) qua B(5;4).
c) co he so goc bang 1.
Giai
a) De tha y ng tron (C) co tam I(2;-1), ban knh R = 3.

V tiep xuc vi (C) tai A nen suy ra co vect phap tuyen la:
( ) n IA 3; 2 = =

, do o phng trnh cua la:
( ) ( ) 3 x 1 2 y 1 0 3x 2y 5 0 + + = + = .
b) Cach 1:
Goi la ng thang qua B(5;4) va co he so goc k co dang:
( ) y 4 k x 5 kx y 5k 4 0 = + =
e tiep xu c vi (C) ta phai co:
2
2
2k 1 5k 4 8
d(I, ) R 3 5 3k 3 k 1 k
15
k 1
+ +
= = = + =
+


1
8 8
: x y 4 0 8x 15y 20 0
15 3
+ = + = la mot tie p tuyen cua (C) thoa e bai.
Xet
2
: x 5 x 5 0 = = , ta thay:
( )
2
d I, 2 5 3 R = = = . Vay
2
la tiep tuye n con lai cua (C) thoa e bai.
Tom lai: Qua B ta co the ke c 2 tiep tuyen v i (C) la:
1 2
: 8x 15y 20 0 , : x 5 0. + = =
Cach 2: (la cach tong quat)
Goi la ng thang qua B co dang: A(x 5) + B(y 4) = 0 Ax By 5A 4B 0 + = ,
trong o
2 2
A B 0. + e tiep xuc v i (C) ta phai co:
( )
2 2 2
2 2
B 0
2A B 5A 4B
d I, R 3 3A 5B 3 A B 8B 15AB 0
15
B A
A B
8
=

= = + = + + =

=
+

Vi B = 0, ta chon A = 1
phng trnh cua
1
: x 5 = 0.
Vi B = -15/8A, ta chon A = 8 B = -15
phng trnh cua
2
la: 8x 15y + 20 = 0.
c) Goi la ng thang co he so goc bang 1 co da ng: y = x + b x y b 0 + = .
e tiep xu c vi (C) ta phai co:
( )
2 1 b
d I, R 3 3 b 3 2
2
+ +
= = + =
b 3 2 3
b 3 2 3

=

=

.
Vay co 2 tiep tuyen tho a e bai la:
1 2
: x y 3 2 3 0 , : x y 3 2 3 0. + = =
I
A

Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 5

Lu y:
Bai toa n nay la 3 dang c ban ve tiep tuyen cu a ng tron. Ta co the giai quyet bai toan nay mot
cach tong quat nh sau:
Gia s (C) la ng tron co tam I(a;b), ban knh R. Co 3 loa i tiep tuyen vi (C) sau ay:
1) Tiep tuyen vi (C) tai mot iem M(x
0
;y
0
) thuoc (C):
Goi la tiep tuyen can tm. V tiep xuc vi (C) tai M ne n nhan vect
( )
0 0
n IM x a; y b = =

la m vect pha p tuyen.
Phng trnh cua la: ( )( ) ( )( )
0 0 0 0
x a x x y b y y 0. + =
2) Tiep tuyen vi (C) i qua (hoac la xuat phat t) iem A(x
A
;y
A
):
Nha n xet: Ro rang neu A nam pha trong (C) th ta khong the ke c bat k tiep tuyen nao
vi (C). Ne u A nam ngoa i (C) th ta luon luon ke c ung 2 tiep tuye n vi (C). (Do o, khi lam viec
vi tiep tuyen loai nay neu ta ch tm c 1 tiep tuye n th chac chan rang ta a b xot 1 tiep tuyen
na cung thoa e bai).
Ta giai bai toan nay nh sau:
Goi la ng thang qua A co dang:
( ) ( )
2 2
A A A A
A x x B y y 0 Ax By Ax By 0 , A B 0. + = + = +
(Dung ieu kien tiep xuc cu a ng tha ng va ng tron):
tiep xuc vi (C) ( )
+
= =
+
A A
2 2
Aa Bb Ax By
d I, R R
A B

ay la phng trnh ch theo 2 an so la A va B. V A, B khong o ng thi bang 0 nen ta co the
chon cho A mot gia tr nao o roi thay va o phng trnh e suy ra cac gia tr cua B (hoac lam ngc
lai), t o phng trnh cua .
Chu y: Phng trnh cua tm c khong phu thuoc vao cach chon A, B noi tren.
3) Tiep tuyen vi (C) co he so goc k cho trc:
He so goc k thong th ng c cho di 3 hnh thc sau:
Cho trc tiep k bang mot gia tr cu the nao o .
Cho biet tiep tuyen song song vi ng tha ng d xac nh nao o, ta suy ra he so goc
k

= k
d
.
Cho biet tiep tuyen vuong goc vi ng tha ng d xa c nh na o o, ta suy ra he so goc
k

nh vao he thc: k

.k
d
= -1.
Khi a biet he so goc cu a tiep tuyen roi, ta lam nh sau:
Goi la ng thang co he so goc k co dang: y = kx + b kx y b 0 + = .
Dung ieu kien tiep xuc: ( ) d I, R = , giai phng trnh nay ta se tm c cac gia tr cua
b, co bao nhieu b th co bay nhieu tiep tuyen.

O Cho ng tron (C): x
2
+ y
2
+ 2x 4y 20 = 0 va iem A(3;0). Goi la ng thang qua A va
cat (C) tai 2 iem M, N. Viet phng trnh ng thang sao cho:
a) Day MN co o dai ba ng 6.
b) Day MN co o dai ln nhat.
c) Day MN co o dai nho nhat.
Giai
a) Cach 1:
De thay ng tron (C) co tam I(-1;2), ban knh R = 5.
( ) ( ) A/ C
P = 9 + 6 20 < 0 A nam ben trong (C).
Gia s ta tm c 2 iem M, N nh hnh ve.
H
M
N
M
A
I
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 6
Goi H la trung iem cua MN MH = 3
Ta co: MI = R = 5 IH = 4.
Ta lai co:
( ) IA 4; 2 IA 20 = =


2 2 2
AH IA IH 20 16 4 AH 2 MA 3 2 1 = = = = = = .
Goi (C) la ng tron tam A, ba n knh AM = 1, ta co: ( )
2
2 2 2
(C') : x 3 y 1 x y 6x 8 0 + = + + =
Khi o, toa o cua M, M la nghiem he phng trnh sau:
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2 2
x y 6x 8 0 x y 6x 8 0
2x y 7 0 x y 2x 4y 20 0
x 3 x 19/ 5 x y 6x 8 0 5x 34x 57 0
y 1 y 3/ 5 y 2x 7 y 2x 7
+ + = + + =

= + + =
= = + + = + =


= = = =


Vay M(3;-1) va M(19/5;3/5).
Do o co 2 ng thang thoa man e bai la:
1
2
x 3 y
MA: x 3 0
0 1
x 3 y
M' A: 3x 4y 9 0.
4 3
5 5

= =

= =

Cach 2:
Goi la ng thang qua A(3;0) co dang: ( ) y k x 3 kx y 3k 0 = = .
Goi H la trung iem cua MN. V MN = 6 IH = 4.
Mat khac: ( )
2 2
k 2 3k 4k 2
IH d I, 4 k 3/ 4
k 1 k 1
+
= = = = =
+ +

Phng trnh : 3x 4y 9 = 0.
Xet ng thang qua A(3;0) co phng trnh: x 3 = 0.
Phng trnh tung o giao iem cua va (C) la: y
2
4y 5 = 0
y 1
y 5
=

.
Suy ra: M(3;-1), N(3;5).
Ta co: ( ) M' N' 0; 6 M' N' 6 = =

. Vay cung thoa e bai.
Tom lai: Co 2 ng thang qua A thoa e bai la: : 3x 4y 9 = 0 va : x 3 = 0.
b) Cach 1:
Ro rang day MN ln nhat khi no la ng knh cua (C). Vay ng thang trong trng hp nay
chnh la AI. Suy ra phng trnh la: x + 2y 3 = 0.
Cach 2:
Goi la ng thang qua A(3;0) co dang: ( ) y k x 3 kx y 3k 0 = = .
Day MN co o da i l n nhat khi no ba ng 2R = 10, tc la:
( )
1 1 3
d I, 0 I k 2 3k 0 k : x y 0 x 2y 3 0.
2 2 2
= = = + = + =
c) Cach 1:
Trong ng tron ta a biet tnh chat la da y cung nao xa tam hn se nho hn. Do o, day MN se
nho nhat khi: ( )
max
d I, MN IA MN (


Do o, trong trng hp nay chnh la ng thang qua A(3;0) va nhan ( ) IA 4; 2 =

lam vect
phap tuyen . Suy ra phng trnh cua la: 4(x 3) 2y = 0 2x y 6 0. =
Cach 2: Goi la ng thang qua A(3;0) co da ng: ( ) y k x 3 kx y 3k 0 = = .
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 7
MN co o dai nho nhat khi:
( )
2
2 2 2
max 2
max max
max max
4k 2 16k 16k 4 16k 12 16k 12
d I, 16
k 1 k 1 k 1
k 1
| + | | | + + | | | |
+ (
| | | |
+ + +
\ \ + \ \

Xet ham so:
2
16k 12
y , k .
k 1

=
+
Ta co:
( )
2
2
2
k 1/ 2 y 80/ 5
16k 24k 16
y' ; y' 0
k 2 y 4
k 1
= = + +
= =

= =
+

Bang bien thien:









T bang bien thien ta thay y
max
= 4 khi k = 2. Suy ra phng trnh cua : 2x y 6 = 0.

O Cho ng tro n (C) co phng trnh :

2 2
x y 2x 4y 20 0 + + = va ng thang d: x - 7y + 10 = 0. Hay viet phng trnh ng tron (C)
qua A(1;-2) va qua 2 giao ie m cua d va (C).
Giai
Xet ng tron (C) co dang: ( ) + + + + =
2 2
x y 2x 4y 20 x 7y 10 0 (*)
Gia s M, N la 2 giao iem cua (C) va d th toa o cua M, N thoa he phng trnh sau:
2 2
x y 2x 4y 20 0
x 7y 10 0
+ + =

+ =

T o M va N thuoc (C) (v khi thay toa o cua M va N vao (*) th (*) luon tho a). Tc la (C) i
qua M va N.
Mat khac, (C) lai qua A(1;-2) nen thay toa o cua A vao (*) ta co: 1 = .
Vay phng trnh cua (C) la: x
2
+ y
2
x 3y 10 = 0.

O Cho 2 ng tron:

2 2
1
2 2
2
(C ) : x y 2x 4y 4 0
(C ) : x y 2x 2y 14 0
+ + =
+ + =

a) Chng to (C
1
) va (C
2
) cat nhau tai 2 ie m A, B.
b) Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) qua A, B va iem C(0;1).
Giai
a) De tha y (C
1
) co tam I(1;-2), ban knh R = 3. (C
2
) co ta m J(-1;1), ban knh R = 4.
Ta co: ( ) IJ 2;3 IJ 13 = =

.
V:
1 2 1 2
3 4 R R 13 IJ R R 7 = < = < + =
Do o (C
1
) va (C
2
) cat nhau tai 2 iem A, B.
b) Xet ng tron (C) co dang:
( )
2 2 2 2
x y 2x 4y 4 x y 2x 2y 14 0 , 1. (*) + + + + + =

+
4
-80/5
0
2 -
1/2
y
y
k
0
0
0
+
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 8
V A, B la giao iem cu a(C
1
) va (C
2
) nen toa o cu a chung thoa he phng trnh sau:
2 2
2 2
x y 2x 4y 4 0
x y 2x 2y 14 0
+ + =

+ + =

T o suy ra A va B thuoc (C) (v khi thay toa o cua A va B vao (*) th (*) luon thoa).
Tc la (C) i qua A va B.
Mat khac, (C) lai qua C(0;1) nen thay toa o cu a C vao (*) ta co:
1
15
= .
Vay ng tron (C) co phng trnh la:
2 2
7 29 37
x y x y 0.
4 8 8
+ + =

O Hay viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen chung cu a 2 ng tron sau:
2 2 2 2
1 2
(C ) : x y 2x 4y 4 0 ; (C ) : x y 2x 2y 14 0 + + = + + = .
Giai
Cach 1:
De thay (C
1
) co tam I(1;-2), ban knh R = 3. (C
2
) co tam J(-1;1), ban knh R = 4.
Ta co: ( ) IJ 2;3 IJ 13 = =

.
V:
1 2 1 2
3 4 R R 13 IJ R R 7 = < = < + = nen (C
1
) va (C
2
) cat nhau tai 2 iem A, B.
Do o (C
1
) va (C
2
) co u ng 2 tiep tuyen chung.
V KJN ong dang vi KIM nen ta co:
2
1
R KJ JN 4 4 4
KJ KI KJ KI
KI IM R 3 3 3
= = = = =


( ) ( ) ( )
x 7
4
1 x;1 y 1 x; 2 y K 7; 11
y 11 3
=
=

Goi la ng thang qua K va co he so goc k.
Phng trnh cua : ( ) y k x 7 11 kx y 7k 11 0 = =


e tiep xu c vi (C
1
) (hien nhien cung tiep xu c vi (C
2
)), ta phai co:
( )
2
1
2
2
k 2 7k 11
d I, R 3 3 2k 3 k 1
k 1
3k 12k 8 0
6 2 3 6 2 3
k k
3 3
+
= = = + = +
+
+ + =
+
= =

Vay, 2 tiep tuyen chung can tm la:
( )
( )
1
2
6 2 3 6 2 3
: x y 7 11 0 6 2 3 x 3y 75 14 3 0
3 3
: 6 2 3 x 3y 75 14 3 0

= =
+ =

Cach 2:
Xet ng thang co phng trnh da ng: ax y + b = 0.
e la tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron ta phai co:
R
2
R
1
K
N
J
I
M
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 9
( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2
a 2 b
3 a 2 b
3 d I, 3
a 1
a 1
d J, 4 a 1 b
4 4 a 2 b 3 a 1 b
a 1
a 2 b a 2 b
3 3
a 1 a 1
7a b 11 a 7b 5
6 2 3 6 2 3
a a
3 3
75 14 3 75 14 3
b b
3 3
+ +
= + +

= =
+

+
= +

= + + = +

+ + + +
= =


+ +

+ = + =


+
= =




+

= =



Vay 2 tiep tuyen chung can tm la:
( )
( )
1
2
6 2 3 6 2 3
: x y 7 11 0 6 2 3 x 3y 75 14 3 0
3 3
: 6 2 3 x 3y 75 14 3 0.

= =
+ =

Lu y:
Khi ta goi ng thang co dang: ax y + b = 0, ngha la ta a ap at cho no co he so goc
la a roi, trong khi o co the ton tai nhng ng thang khong co he so go c (co da ng: x x
0
= 0) van
co the la tiep tuye n chung thoa e bai (nh trong bai tap 2b cach 1).
Do vay, ngay t au neu ta a xet co dang: ax y + b = 0, th khi lam xong ta phai kie m tra
xem co u so tiep tuye n chung hay cha, neu cha u th ta phai xet tiep co dang: x = x
0
e tm ra
so tiep tuyen chung con thie u.
Ta de da ng nha n tha y ieu nay:
Neu (C
1
) va (C
2
) cat nhau th so tiep tuyen chung luon la 2.
Neu (C
1
) va (C
2
) tiep xuc ngoai th so tiep tuyen chung luo n la 3.
Neu (C
1
) va (C
2
) tiep xuc trong th so tiep tuye n chung luo n la 1.
Neu (C
1
) va (C
2
) ngoai nhau th so tiep tuye n chung luon la 4.
Neu (C
1
) va (C
2
) cha trong nhau th so tiep tuyen chung luon la 0.


O Trong mat phang Oxy cho ng tron (C
m
) co phng trnh :
2 2
x y 2mx 2(m 1)y 12 0 + + + =
a) Chng minh (C
m
) luo n i qua 2 iem co nh.
b) Vi gia tr na o cua m th ba n knh cu a ho (C
m
) la nho nhat ?
c) Goi (C) la ng tro n cua ho ng vi m = 2. Hay tm khoang ca ch ngan nhat gi a (C) va ng
thang d: 3x 4y + 12 = 0.
Giai
a) Goi M(x
0
;y
0
) la iem co nh cua ho (C
m
).
m
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
M (C ) , m
x y 2mx 2(m 1)y 12 0 , m
2m(y x ) x y 2y 12 0 , m
y x 0 x 2 x 3
y 2 y 3 x y 2y 12 0

+ + + =
+ + + =
= = =

= = + + =

Vay ho (C
m
) luon i qua 2 iem co nh la: M
1
(2;2) va M
2
(-3;-3).
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 10
b) Ta thay (C
m
) co tam I(m;-m-1), do o ban knh cua (C
m
) la:
( )
2
2
2 2
1 25 2
R m m 1 12 2m 2m 13 2 m 5
2 2 2
| |
= + + + = + + = + +
|
\

Dau = xay ra khi m = -1/2. Khi o R =
2
5 .
2

c) Vi m = 2 ta co phng trnh cua (C) la:
2 2
x y 4x 6y 12 0 + + = .
De thay (C) co tam J(2;-3), ban knh R = 5.
Goi la ng thang song song vi d: 3x 4y +12 = 0 va tiep xuc vi (C), ta co phng trnh cu a
la: 3x 4y + c = 0, vi c 12.
V tiep xuc vi (C) ne n ta co: ( )
c 7 6 12 c
d J, R 5 5
c 43 5
= + +
= = =

Vay co 2 ng thang sons song vi va tiep xuc vi (C) la:

1
:

3x 4y + 7 = 0 va
2
: 3x 4y 43 = 0.
Goi M la iem thuoc (C) co khoang cach en d nho nhat, H la hnh chieu cua M tren d.
Khi o khoang cach nga n nhat gia (C) va d chnh la:
( ) ( )
1 2
MH min d d, , d d, . = (


Lay A(0;3) tren d, ta co:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
12 7 12 43
d d, d A, 1 ; d d, d A, 11
5 5
+
= = = = = =
Vay khoang cach ngan nhat gia (C) va d la:
MH = d( ,
1
) = 1 (vd).

O Trong mat phang toa o ecac vuo ng goc,
cho ho ng tro n
2 2 2
m
(C ) : x y 2mx 4my 5m 1 0 + + + = .
a) Chng minh rang ho (C
m
) luon luon tiep xuc vi hai ng thang co nh.
b) Tm m e (C
m
) cat ng tron (C):
2 2
x y 1 + = tai hai ie m pha n biet A va B. Chng minh khi o
ng thang AB co phng khong oi.
Giai
a) Ta thay ho ng tro n :
2 2 2
m
(C ) : x y 2mx 4my 5m 1 0 + + + = , co tam I(m;-2m), ban knh R = 1.
Xet ng thang co phng trnh : ax y + b = 0
e luon tiep xuc vi moi ng tron thuoc ho (C
m
) ta phai co:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
d I, R 1 , m
am 2m b
1 , m
a 1
m a 2 b a 1 , m
m a 2 2m a 2 b a 1 0 , m
a 2 0
a 2 a 2
a 2 0
b 5 b 5
b a 1 0
= =
+ +
=
+
+ + = +
+ + + + =

+ =
= =

+ =

= =

=

Vay co 2 ng thang co nh luon tiep xuc vi moi ng tron thuoc ho (C
m
) la:
d
A
(C)

1
H
M
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 11
1 2
: 2x y 5 0 , : 2x y 5 0. + = + =
b) ng tron (C): x
2
+ y
2
= 1 co ta m J(0;0), ban knh R = 1.
Ta co: ( )
2
JI m; 2m JI 5m = =


e (C) va (C
m
) cat nhau ta i 2 iem phan biet A, B ta phai co:
2
R R' JI R R'
2 5 2 5
0 5m 2 m m 0
5 5
< < +

< < < <

Vay vi { }
| |

|
|
\
2 5 2 5
m ; \ 0
5 5
th (C) ca t (C
m
) tai 2 iem phan biet A, B. Ta a biet khi o AB
chnh la truc ang phng cua (C) va (C
m
), do vay AB luon vuong goc vi JI (la ng thang noi 2
tam). Ma ng thang JI co vect ch phng la : ( ) JI m; 2m =

. Vect nay luon cung phng vi

vect ( ) a 1; 2 =

khong oi v i moi { }
| |

|
|
\
2 5 2 5
m ; \ 0
5 5
. Do o ng thang AB co phng
kho ng oi vi moi { }
| |

|
|
\
2 5 2 5
m ; \ 0
5 5
. Ba i toan c chng minh.

O Cho ng tro n: (C):
2 2
x y 2x 4y 8 0 + + =
Tm tren truc Oy nh ng iem ma t o ke c hai tiep tuyen vuong goc vi nhau en (C).
Giai
Ta thay (C) co tam I(-1;2), ban knh R = 13.
Goi M(0;b) thuoc Oy, la ng thang qua M co dang: y = k(x-b) kx y bk 0. =
e tiep xu c vi (C) ta phai co:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2
k 2 bk
d I, R 13 b 2b 12 k 2k b 1 9 0 (*)
k 1

= = + + + =
+

ieu kie n e co 2 tiep tuyen ke t M en (C) vuong goc vi nhau la phng trnh (*) phai co 2
nghiem phan biet k
1
, k
2
va k
1
.k
2
= -1. ieu nay tng ng vi:
2
2
1 2 2
10b 20b 107 0
' 10b 20b 107 0
b 3 b 1
9
k .k 1
b 3 b 2b 12
+ >
= + >

= =
= =

= +


Vay co duy nhat iem M(0;-3) tren Oy thoa e bai.













Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 12
BAI TAP REN LUYE N

Bai 1: (HNT 99) Cho ho (C
m
):
2 2
x y 2mx 2(m 1)y 2m 1 0 + + + =
a) Tm m e phng trnh tren la phng trnh cua ng tron.
b) Tm cac iem co nh ma moi ng tron cua (C
m
) e u i qua.
c) Ch ng minh rang (C
m
) luon cat Oy tai hai iem phan biet.

Bai 2: Cho ho ng cong
2 2
m
(C ) : x y (m 2)x (m 4)y m 1 0 + + + + + + =
a) CMR vi mo i gia tr cua m, phng trnh tren la phng trnh cua ng tro n.
b) Tm tap hp tam cua cac ng tron (C
m
).
c) Tm cac iem tren mat pha ng Oxy ma moi ng tron cua (C
m
) eu khong i qua.

Bai 3: Lap phng trnh cac ng tron sau:
a) Tam I(2; - 3) va co ban knh R = 2.
b) Qua A(3; 1) va co tam I(2; 7).
c) Co ng knh AB vi A( 2; 3) va B(0; 4).
d) Tam I( -1; 2) va tiep xuc ng thang (d): x 2y + 7 = 0.
e) (C) qua ba iem A(1; 4), B(- 7; 4), C(2; - 5)
f) Ngoai tie p tam giac ABC vi A(5; 3), B(6; 2), C(3; 1).
g) Qua iem A(-1;-2) va tiep xuc :(d):7x y 5 = 0 tai iem M(1; 2).
h) Qua hai iem M(2; 3), N(-1; 1) va co tam nam tren ng thang (d): x 3y 11 = 0.
i) Co ban knh bang 3, tiep xuc vi Ox va co tam nam tren ng thang: 3x + y 12 = 0.
j) Qua M( 2; 3) va tiep xuc vi hai ng thang d
1
: 3x 4y + 1 = 0; d
2
: 4x + 3x 7 = 0.
k) Co tam I na m tren ng thang (d): x + y + 1 = 0 va tiep xuc vi hai ng thang:
1 2
: x 2y 3 0; : x 2y 9 0 + + = + + =
l) Noi tie p tam giac ABC biet phng trnh ba canh la: 7x y + 11 = 0; x + y 15 = 0;
7x + 17y + 65 = 0.
m) (HBK 97) i qua A(2; - 1) va tiep xuc Ox, Oy.

Bai 4: Cho ng tron (C):
2 2
x y 6x 2y 31 0 + + + = .
a) CMR t M(6; 0) co the ke c hai tiep tuyen en (C).
b) Goi A, B la hai tiep iem cua hai tiep tuyen tren vi (C). Viet phng trnh ng thang AB.

Bai 5: (HNT 97) Cho ng tron (C):
2 2
x y 2x 4y 4 0 + + = va iem A(3; 5).
a) Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen ke t A en (C).
b) Gia s ca c tiep tuyen tiep xu c vi (C) ta i M, N. Hay tnh o dai MN.

Bai 6: Vie t phng trnh tiep tuyen chung cua hai ng tron:
a)
2 2 2 2
1 2
(C ) : x y 4x 3 0; (C ) : x y 8x 12 0 + + + = + =
b)
2 2 2 2
1 2
(C ) : x y 1 0; (C ) : x y 4x 4y 1 0 + = + =
c) (e 1):
2 2 2 2
1 2
(C ) : x y 6x 5 0; (C ) : x y 12x 6y 44 0 + + = + + =
d) d)
2 2 2 2
1 2
(C ) : x y 10y 0; (C ) : x y 4 0 + = + =

Bai 7: (H - D 2000) Cho cac ng tron
2 2 2 2
m
(C) : x y 1va (C ) : x y 2(m 1)x 4my 5 + = + + + =
a) CMR co hai ng tron
1 2
m m
(C ) va (C ) tiep xuc v i ng tron (C) ng vi hai gia tr m
1
, m
2

cua m.
Email: haithaomy@yahoo.com.vn Trang 13
b) Xac nh phng trnh ng thang tiep xuc vi ca hai ng tron
1 2
m m
(C ) va (C ) .

Bai 8: (HQG HCM 2000 t 2): Trong mat phang toa o Oxy cho ho ng cong (C
m
) co phng
trnh:
2 2 2
x y 2(m 1)x 2(m 2)y m 8m 13 0 + + + + = .
a) Tm ta t ca nhng gia tr cua m e (C
m
) la ng tro n. Tm quy tch tam I cua ng tron
(C
m
) khi m thay oi.
b) Cho m = 4. Viet phng trnh cac tiep tuyen ke t A(1; 5) en ng tron (C
4
).

Bai 9: (H D 2003) Trong mat phang to a o ecac vuong goc Oxy cho ng tron
2 2
(C): (x 1) (y 2) 4 + = va ng thang (d): x y 1 0 = . Viet phng trnh ng tron (C) oi xng
vi (C) qua (d). tm toa o giao iem cua (C) va (C).

Bai 10: (HQG 96) Cho ng tron (C): (x 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
= 9. Viet phng trnh ng thang qua
M(2; 1) va cat ng tron (C) tai hai iem E; F sao cho M la trung iem cua EF.

Bai 11: Cho hai ng cong:

2 2
2 2
m
(C) : x y x 2y 1 0
(C ) : x y 4mx 2my 2m 3 0
+ + =
+ + + + =

a) Ch ng to (C) la mot ng tron. Xac nh tam va ban knh cua (C)
b) nh m e (C
m
) la mot ng tron.
c) Xac nh m e (C
m
) la mot ng tron co ban knh bang 2. Xac nh tam cua ng tron o.
d) Tm m e (C
m
) co tam nam tren (C).