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I Chuyn hnh hc lp 10 2 1 Chuyn vect 1.1 1.2 Kin thc c bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 4 4 7 9 10
Chng 1
Chuyn vect
1.1 Kin thc c bn
AB + BC = AC AB AC = CB
Quy tc ny c th tng qut cho
im.
l trung im ca
AB , M
l mt im bt k.
IA + IB = 0 M A + M B = 2M I G
l trng tm ca
ABC , N
l mt im bt k.
GA + GB + GC = 0 M A + M B + M C = 3M G ABCD
l hnh bnh hnh khi ta c:
AC = AB + AD
Bi tp chuyn Hnh hc 10
1.2
Cc dng bi tp c bn
1.2.1
Thng thng chng minh mt ng thc vect ta thng s dng mt trong 3 phng php sau y: bin i v ny thnh v kia, bin i tng
ng ng thc cn chng minh thnh mt ng thc m ta bit l ng, bin i mt ng thc ng c sn thnh ng thc cn chng minh. Lu : nn p dng cc quy tc: ba im, trung im, hnh bnh hnh,
V d 1.1. Cho
minh rng:
ln lt l trung im ca
AB
CD.
Chng
2M N = AC + BD = AD + BC
Li gii.
Ta c:
AC = AM + M N + N C BD = BM + M N + N D
Cng (1) v (2) v theo v v ch rng
(1) (2)
AM + BM = 0 , N C + N D = 0
Ta c:
2M N = AC + BD
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Bi tp chuyn Hnh hc 10
2M N = AD + BC
V d 1.2. Cho su im
A, B, C, D, E, F .
AD + BE + CF = AE + BF + CD
Li gii.
(1)
Cch 1:
Ta c:
(1) AD AE + CF CD = BF BE ED + DF = EF EF = EF (ng)
Cch 2:
Bin i v tri ta c:
AD + BE + CF = AE + ED + BF + F E + CD + DF = AE + BF + CD + (ED + DF + F E) = AE + BF + CD + (EF + F E) = AE + BF + CD
Cch 3:
Ta c
AD + DC + CF + F B + BE + EA = 0
nn:
AD + BE + CF = DC F B EA = AE + BF + CD
Bi tp p dng
Bi tp 1.
ABC .
Cc im
M, N, P
ln lt l trung im ca
AB, AC
BC .
bt k ta c:
OA + OB + OC = OM + ON + OP
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Bi tp chuyn Hnh hc 10
OD = CO.
Bi tp 3.
Bi tp 2.
Cho
ABCD.
Chng minh
OA + OB +
Cho 6 im
A, B, C, D, E, F .
Chng minh:
AD + BE F C = AE F B + CD = F A + BD + CE
Bi tp 4.
ABC .
Chng minh
RJ + IQ + P S = 0 .
Cho lc gic u
ABCDEF .
bt k
ta c:
MA + MC + ME MB = MD + MF
Cho
Bi tp 6.
ABCD, M
l mt im bt k. Chng
minh:
1 M O = (M A + M B + M C + M D) 4
Cho tam gic
Bi tp 7.
ABC .
Gi
M, N, P
ln lt l trung im ca
BC, CA, AB .
AM + BN + CP = 0
Bi tp 8.
ABC .
Gi Gi
l trung im ca
AB , N
l mt im
trn
AC
sao cho
N C = 2N A.
l trung im ca
MN.
1 1 AK = AB + AC . 4 6 BC .
Chng minh
b) Gi
l trung im ca
1 1 KD = AB + AC. 4 3
v
Bi tp 9.
Gi
AM
ABC
D l trung im AM .
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Bi tp chuyn Hnh hc 10
Bi tp 10.
Gi
E, F
ln lt l trung im ca
AB, CD
l trung im
ca
EF . Chng minh: 1 AC + BD a) EF = 2 b) OA + OB + OC + OD = 0 c) M A + M B + M C + M D = 4M O (M
Dng 2: di vect
bt k)
1.2.2
| AB |=| BA |= AB .
Vy vic tnh di ca 1 vect thc cht l tnh di ca mt on thng, do vy m ta thng s dng cc phng php bit nh: pitago, t s lng gic,. . .
V d 1.3. Cho tam gic u
nh l
ABC cnh a. BC .
Ta c:
Tnh
| AB+ AC | v | AB AC |
Li gii.
Gi
l trung im
AB + AC = 2AM
Do :
| AB AC |=| CB |= CB = a
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Bi tp chuyn Hnh hc 10
| DB + DC |
Gi
ABCD cnh b.
Tnh
| DA AB |, | DA + DC |
Li gii.
l trung im ca
BC .
Ta c:
Mt khc ta c:
DE =
DC 2
CE 2
b2
b 2
=b 5
Bi tp 11.
| AB + AH |, | AB AH |
Bi tp 12.
ABC
cnh
a,
ng cao
AH .
Tnh
| AH |, | GB |,
ABC | GA + GB |, | GA + GB + GC |
Cho tam gic u
Bi tp 13.
cnh
a, G
l trng tm.
Tnh
Cho ng gic u
ABCDE
ni tip ng trn tm
bn knh
R.
Tnh:
| GA + GB + GC + GD |
Cho tam gic
Bi tp 14.
Tnh di cc vect
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v gc
B = 600 .
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Bi tp chuyn Hnh hc 10
1.2.3
2M C .
Hy phn tch
cho
MB =
Li gii.
Ta c
2 AM = AB + BM = AB + BC 3 2 = AB + (AC AB) 3 2 1 = AB + AC 3 3
V d 1.6. Cho tam gic
trn
ABC . M
l trung im ca
AB
l mt im Hy phn
AC
sao cho
tch vect
AK
N A = 2N C . Gi K theo AB v AC
l trung im ca
MN.
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Bi tp chuyn Hnh hc 10
Li gii.
Ta c:
1 AK = (AM + AN ) 2 2 1 1 = ( AB + AC) 2 2 3 1 1 = AB + AC 4 3
Bi tp p dng
Bi tp 15.
2IC .
Hy tnh
AI
theo
ABC . Gi I AB v AC
l im trn cnh
BC
sao cho
BI =
Bi tp 16.
, a b
ABCD.
AB = , AD = b . a
Cc biu
DI AG
vi vi
l trung im ca
BC . CDI G, H
l im i xng ca
Bi tp 17.
ABC
c trng tm
qua
G. M
l trung im ca
a) Tnh
AH
CH
theo
BC . AB v AC .
5 1 M H = AC AB. 6 6 ABCDEF .
Phn tch cc vecto
Bi tp 18.
cc vecto
AB
Cho lc gic u v
AF .
BC v BD theo
Bi tp 19.
AM
ca tam gic
ABC .
1.2.4
OM = a,
trong
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Bi tp chuyn Hnh hc 10
Trung im ca on thng.
...
V d 1.7.
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