Đại số tổ hợp

ST: L Ngc Sn_SP Ton K07_H Ty Nguyn Chuyn : i S T Hp
- 1 -

I S T HP
NI DUNG
Phn 1: Hon v, chnh hp, t hp v ng dng
I. L thuyt
Qui tc cng, qui tc nhn.
Hon v, chnh hp; t hp.
II. Cc dng ton ng dng
Dng 1: Rt gn biu thc i s t hp.
Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc; bt ng thc i s t hp.
Dng 3: Gii phng trnh; bt phng trnh i s t hp.
Dng 4: Cc bi ton m s phng n.
Phn 2: Nh thc Newtn v ng dng
I. L thuyt: Nh thc Newtn
II. Cc dng ton ng dng
Dng 1: Tnh tng t hp.
Dng 3: Xc nh h s ca s hng trong khai trin nh thc Newtn.

Phn I: HON V, CHNH HP, T HP V NG DNG

I. L thuyt:
Qui tc cng, qui tc nhn.
Quy tc cng: Nu c m
1
cch chn i tng x
1
, c m
2
cch chn i tng x
2
,...
m
n
cch chn i tng x
n
v nu cch chn i tng x
i
khng trng vi i tng
x
j
no( i khc j; i, j = 1,2,....,n) th c m
1
+ m
2
+....+ m
n
cch chn mt trong cc i
tng cho.
Quy tc nhn: Nu mt php chn c thc hin qua n bc lin tip, bc 1 c
m
1
cch, bc 2 c m
2
cch,.... bc n c m
n
cch, th php chn c thc hin
theo m
1
.m
2
...m
n
cch khc nhau.

- 2 -

II. Hon v, chnh hp; t hp.
1. Hon v:
Cho tp hp A gm n phn t ( n_1). Mi cch sp th t n phn t ca tp hp A
c gi l mt hon v ca n phn t .
S hon v ca n phn t :
P
n
= n! = 1.2.3.4.5.n ( ; n N \ _ n 1) ; Qui c 0! 1 = .
2. Chnh hp:
Cho tp hp A gm n phn t. Mi b gm k (1_ k _n) phn t sp th t ca tp
hp A c gi l mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t ca A.
S chnh hp chp k ca n phn t :
( 1)...( 1)
k
n
n n n k
A
=
(1_ k _n)

!
( )!
n
k
A
n
n k
=

(1_ k _n)
3. T hp:
Cho tp hp A gm n phn t. Mi tp con gm k (0_ k _n) phn t ca A c
gi l mt t hp chp k ca n phn t cho.
S t hp chp k ca n phn t :
!
!( ) !
k
n
n
k n k
C
=
(0_ k _n)

Cc dng ton thng gp:
Dng 3: Gii phng trnh; bt phng trnh i s t hp.
Dng 4: Cc bi ton m s phng n.


- 3 -

Phng php
S dng cc cng thc sau rt gn biu thc i s t hp:
!
n
P n = (
*
n N )

!
( ) !
n
k
A
n
n k
=
(1_ k _n)

!
!( ) !
n
k
C
n
k n k
=
(0_ k _n)
Mt s v d
V d 1: Rt gn biu thc:
1
!
2
n
k
A
n
k
k
=
_
=

Bi gii
Ta c nhn xt:
( )
1 1 1
! ! 1 !
k
k k k

Suy ra
( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
... 1
! 1! 2! 2! 3! ! ! 1 !
2
n
k
A
n
k n n n
k
= = =
_
=

6 5
4
A A
n n
A
A
n
=
Bi gii
Ta c
2
( 1)...( 5) ( 1)...( 4)
4 ( 4)( 5) ( 4)
( 1)...( 3)
n n n n n n
A n n n n
n n n

= = =

2
1
2 ...
1 1
n
C C
n n
A C n
n
n
C C
n n
=

Bi gii:
Ta ln lt c:
1
n
C n =

- 4 -

1
!
2
2!.( 2) !
2 2.
1 !
1!.( 1) !
n
n
C
n
n
n
C
n
n
=

...
1
1
1 !
1!.( 1) !
n
C
n
n
n n
C
n
n
= =

( 1)
1 ... 2 1 .
2
n n
A n n

= = =

Bi tp t luyn:
Bi 1: Rt gn biu thc:
1
1
( 1)
n
n
k
C
k k
=

=
_

( 1) ! 5!
( 1) 3!( 1)!
m
A
m m m
=

.
10 9 12 11
17 17 49 49
10 8
49 17
A A A A
B
A A

= -

Bi 4: Tnh gi tr biu thc
4 3 4 2
7 7 8 3
5 6 6
2 10 10 11
1
1
C C C A
S
P C C C

=

Dng 2: Chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc i s t hp
Phng php: Thc hin cc bc sau
+ S dng cc cng thc:
!
n
P n = (
*
n N )

!
( ) !
n
k
A
n
n k
=
(1_ k _n)

!
!( ) !
k
n
n
C
k n k
=
(0_ k _n)

- 5 -

-1
(0 )
-1 -1
k k k
C C C k n
n
n n
= < <
a ng thc, BT i s t hp thnh ng thc, bt ng thc i s thng thng.
+ Chng minh ng thc, bt ng thc i s thng thng suy ra pcm.

Mt s v d:
V d 1: CMR vi k, n N, 3 k n ta c:
2 1 2 n n n
A A k A
n k n k n k

=

Bi gii

( ) ! ( )!
2 1
( 2) ! ( 1) !
( )! 1 ( ) !
1
( 2)! 1 ( 1)( 2) !
2 2
( ) ! ( ) !
2
( 1).( 2) ! !
VP
n k n k
n n
VT A A
n k n k
k k
n k k n k
k k k k
k n k k n k
n
k A
n k
k k k k
1

=

( )
=

= =

=

= = =

V d 2: Chng minh rng:
1
2 2
( !) ( ) ( , 2)
2
n
n n
n n n Z n
< < (1)

Bi gii
Bin i BT (1) v dng:

1
2 2
(1.2.3.... ) ( )
2
n
n n
n n

< <

2
1
2
[(1. )2.( 1)].3.( 2)..... ( 1)] ( )
2
n
n n
n n n n k n k

= < < (2)
a) Ta c nh gi:

( 1) ( , 1) k n k n k n k _ \ < (* )

Do

(* ) ( 1) ( 1) 0 ( )( 1) 0 n k k k n k k = = _
ng , 1 k n k \ <
p dng BT (*) vi k = 2,, n -1 ta c

- 6 -

1.
2.( 1)
....
( 1)
...
.1
n n
n n
k n k n
n n
'
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
_

_
n bt ng thc.
(a)
2
[(1. )2.( 1)].3.( 2)..... ( 1)...( 1).2( .1)] n
n
n n n k n k n n =
b) S dng BT Csi tac :
1 1
2 2
( 1) ( ) ( )
2 2
k n k n
k n k

_ = (**) 0, k n k \ _ _
p dng BT (**) vi k =1,2,, n ta c
2
2
2( 1)
1
2
1
2
2
1
1.
2
2
1
2
........
( 1)
........
( 1)2
2
1
1.
2
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
k n k
n
n
n
'
1
l 1
1
l
1
1 l
1
l
1
1
1
l
1
1 l
_
1
l 1
1 l
1
1
1
1
1
1
l
1
1
l
!
l
1
1 l
1
1
1
1
1
1 l
1
l
1
1
l
1
l
1
1
1
l
1
1
l
1
1 l
1
l
1
1+
_
_
_
BDT
Suy ra
2
1
(1. )[2.( 1)].3.( 2)..... ( 1)...( 1)2( .1)
2
n
n
n n n k n k n n
l
l
l
l
< (b)
( ) ( ) a b =pcm


- 7 -

V d 4: CMR
a)
1 2 3
3 3
3
k k k k k
C C C C C
n n n n
n

=

b)
-1 -2
2 (2 )
2
k k k k
C C C C k n
n n n
n
= _ _

c)
1 2 3 3 2
2 5 4
3 2
k k k k k k
C C C C C C
n n n n
n n

=

Bi gii
a) Ta c
) )
1 1 2 2 3
( 2( ) (
1 2 1 1 2
2 ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
2 2 3
k k k k k k
VT C C C C C C
n n n n n n
k k k k k k k
C C C C C C C
n n n n n n n
k k k
C C C VP
n n n

=

= =

= = =

b) Ta c:
-1 -2
2 (2 )
2
k k k k
C C C C k n
n n n
n
= _ _

Nn

- 1 - 1 - 2 - 1
1 1
2
k k k k k k
VP C C C C C C
n n n n n n
k
C VT
n
1 1 1

( ) ( ) ( )
1

( )
= =

= =

c)

1 1 2 3
) )
1
2 3( (
k k k k
n n n n
C C C C
k k
VT C C
n n

1

( )
=

1 2 3
2 3
1 1 1
k k k
C C C
n n n
1 1 1

( ) ( ) ( )

=

1 2 2 3
2
1 1 1 1
2 3
2
2 2
2 2 3 2 3
2 2 3 2 2
k k k k
C C C C
n n n n
k k
C C
n n
k k k k k
C C C C C VP
n n n n n
1 1

( ) ( )
1 1

( ) ( )
1 1 1

( ) ( ) ( )

=

=

= = =


- 8 -

V d 5: CMR:
2
. ( ) (0 ) (1)
2 2 2 -
n n n
C C C k n
n n k n k
_ _ _

Bi gii: Ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )

(
2
. ( ) 0 ) (1)
2 2 2 -
2
2 ! 2 ! 2 !
.
!. ! !. ! !. !
( 1)...( ) ( 1)...( )
n n n
C C C k n
n n k n k
n k n k n
n n n k n n k n
n k n k n n k n k n
1

( )
l l
=
l l
l l
_ _ _

= _

2
( 1)...( )
( 1)( 2)...( ) ( 1)( 2)...( )
( 1)...(
n n n
n k n k n k n n k n k n k n
n n
l
l
l
l l
=
l l
l l
_

_

...
2
)
( 1)( 1) ( )( )
2
( 1)...( ) (*)
n
n k n k n k n n k n
n n n
l
l
l
l l
l l
l l
l
l
l
=
_

Theo BT Cauchy ta c
( )
2
( )( ) n k i n k i n i \ _ _ _ 0 k n; i = 1...n
Cho 1, i n = ta c BT (*)
Vy BT (*) ng (1) c chng minh.

Bi tp tng t
Bi 1:
1
. ( 1) ( , )
n m
nC m C m n Z
m n m n

=

Bi 2:
2 2
( 2, )
1
C C n n n Z
n
n
= _

Bi 3:
-
. . ( , , , , )
-
r k k r k
C C C C r k n N r n k r
n r n n r
= _ _
Bi 4:
1
2 -1 1
( )
2 2 2 2
2
n n
C C C n Z
n n n

=

Bi 5:
-1
-1
n
r r
C C
n
n
r
=
Bi 6
*
:
( )
2 3
1
1
2. 3 ... ....
1 2 - 1 - 1 2
p n
C C C C
n n
n n n n
C p n
n
p n
C C C C
n n n n
=

- 9 -

Bi 7: , 2 n N n \ _ ta c
( )
1
1 1 1
...
2 2 2
2 3
n
n
A A A
n
=

Bi 8: CMR:
-2
( - 1) ( 1)
-2
k k
k k C n n C
n
n
=
Bi 9: CMR:
-1
(0 )
-1 -1
k k k
C C C k n
n
n n
= < <
Bi 10: CMR:
2
. ( ) 0 )(1)
2 2 2 -
n n n
C C C k n
n n k n k
_ _ _

Bi 11: CMR:
1
1 1
k k k
A A kA
n
n n
=

Bi 12: CMR:
1 2 3 1
2 3 ... 1
n n
P P P nP P
=
Bi 13: CMR:
1 2 3 2 3
2 5 4
2 3
k k k k k k
C C C C C C
n n n n
m m

=

Bi 14: CMR:
1 2
2 (2 , )
2
k k k k
C C C C k n
n n n
n

= _ _

Bi 15: CMR: . . . ( , ; , , )
r k k n k
a C C C C r n k r n r k Z
n r n
r k
= _ _

1
. ( )
1
1 2 1
. ( )
1 2 1
n
r
r r
b C C r n
n
r
r r r r
c C C C C r n
n
n n r
=
=
<

<

+ +...+

Bi 16: CMR:

2)
3)
4)
0 1 1 2 2 5 5
1) . . . ... .
5 5 5 5 5
1 2 1
....
1 2 1
1 2 3 4
4. 6. 4.
4
3 1 2
3. 3
3
k k k k k
C C C C C C C C C
n n n n
n
r r r r
C C C C
n
n n r
k k k k k k
C C C C C C
n n n n n
n
k k k k k
C C C C C
n n n n
n

=

=

=

1 1
2
1
5)
2
m m m
n n n
m
C C C C
n

3 1 2
3 3
3
1 2 3 2 3
5. 4.
2 3
k k k k k
C C C C C
n n n n
n
k k k k k k
C C C C C C
n n n n
n n
=
=

6)
7)2

Bi 17: CMR:
1000
2001 2001 2001 2001
1 1001 k k
C C C C _ _ _
(0 k 2000) ( HQGHN A 99- 00 )

Bi 18: CMR:
100 100
2 2
50
10 2 10 2
100
C < <

- 10 -

Dng 3: Phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s t hp
nh ngha:
Phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s t hp l phng trnh, bt phng trnh c
cha n di cc k hiu: n ! ,
n
P ,
k
n
A ,
k
n
C .
Cch gii:
Bc 1: t iu kin ca n. Ch rng:
n ! c ngha = n N
n
P c ngha = n N
*

k
n
A c ngha= , k n N; 1 k n _ _
k
n
C c ngha = , k n N; 0 k n _ _
Bc 2: Chuyn phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s t hp sang phng trnh, bt
phng trnh i s thng thng nh cc cng thc t hp:
n = ! 1.2.3...n vi mi , 1 n N n _ (nh: 0! = 1)
!
n
P n = vi mi n N
*

!
( 1)( 2)....( 1)
( ) !
k
n
n
A n n n n k
n k
= =
vi mi
,
0
k n N
k n
'
1
1
!
1 _ _
1
+

!
!( - ) !
k
n
n
C
k n k
=

vi mi , k n N; 0 k n _ _
k n k
n n
C C

= ( , k n N; 0 k n _ _ )
Bc 3: Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh i s thng thng tm n.
Bc 4: i chiu vi tp xc nh, kt lun.
Mt s v d
V d 1: Gii phng trnh sau:
1
1
1
.
72
y
x x y
x
A P
P
=
Li gii
+ iu kin ca x; y: , ; x y N _ _ x 2; y x-1 (*)
+ Bin i phng trnh v dng:

- 11 -

2
( 1) !
( ) !
( ) !
72 ( 1) 72
( 1) !
8
72 0
9
x
x y
x y
x x
x
x
x x
x
= = =
= = =

i chiu vi iu kin ( * ) suy ra nghim ca phng trnh l 8 x = . 1 7 y _ _ .
V d 2: ( HBK 2000- 2001 ): Gii bt phng trnh sau:

2 2 3
2
1 6
10
2
x x x
A A C
x
_
Li gii
+ iu kin ca x: 3 x N _
+ Bin i bt phng trnh v dng:

1 (2 ) ! ! 6 !
10
2 (2 2) ! ( 2) ! 3!( 3) !
1 6 ( 2)( 1)
(2 1)2 ( 1) 10
2 3!
(2 1) ( 1) ( 2)( 1) 10 3 12 0 4
x x x
x x x x
x x x
x x x x
x
x x x x x x x x
_

= _
= _ = _ = _

+ Kt hp vi iu kin (*) 3; 4 x x = = =
+ Vy nghim ca bt phng trnh l 3; 4 x x = =
V d 3: ( HVBCVT- 98- + TNTHPT 02- 03): Gii h:
1 1
1
: : 6 : 5 : 2
y
y y
x x
x
C C
C

=
Gii
+ iu kin ca x, y
;
;
0 1
1
0 1
1
0 1
x y N
x y N
y x
y
y x
x y
y x
'
1
1 '
1
1
1
1
1 _ _
1
1 1
= _
! !
1 1 _ _
1 1
_ 1 1
1 1
+
_ _
1
1+

+ Ta c:
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
6 5
: : 6 : 5 : 2
6 5 2
5 2
y y
x x
y y y
y y y x x x
y y x x x
x x
C C
C C C
C C C
C C

'
1
1
1 =
1
1
= = = = =
!
1
1
= 1
1
1+


- 12 -

1 ( 1) ! 1 ( ) !
6 !( 1 ) ! 5 ( 1) !( 1) !
1 ( ) ! 1 ( ) !
5 ( 1)!( 1) ! 2 ( 1) !( 1) !
x x
y x y y x y
x x
y x y y x y
'
1
1
=
1
1

1
=
!
1
1
=
1
1

1+
5( 1)( 1) 6( )( 1)
2( )( 1) 5 ( 1)
x y x y x y
x y x y y y
'
1 =
1
=
!
1 =
1
+
5( 1)( 1) 3.5 ( 1)
2( )( 1) 5 ( 1)
x y y y
x y x y y y
'
1 =
1
=
!
1 =
1
+
1 3
2( )( 1) 5 ( 1)
x y
x y x y y y
'
1 =
1
=
!
1 =
1
+
3 1
2(3 1 )(3 1 1) 5 ( 1)
x y
y y y y y y
'
1 =
1
=
!
1 =
1
+
2
3 1
3 9
x y
y y
'
1 =
1
1
=
!
1 =
1
1+
3 1 8
3 3
x y x
y y
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
= =
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +

Vy nghim ca h l x = 8; y = 3
Bi tp tng t:
Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh sau:
1.
1 2
79
o x x
x x x
C C C

= 6.
3 2
14
x
x x
A C x
= (TNTHPT - 98 - 99)
2.
3 3
8 6
5
x
x x
C A

=

7.
1 2 3 2
6 6 9 14
x x x
C C C x x = (HNN - 99- 00)
3.
1 2 3
7
2
x x x
x
C C C =

8.
3 2
5 21
x x
A A x _ (HQGHN - 98- 99)
4.
2 2 3
2
1 6
10
2
x x x
A A C
x
_

9.
3
1
4
3 1
1
14
n
n
n
C
P A
< ( HHH 1999 )

5.
1 2 1
1 4
1 1 7
6
x x x
C C C

= 10.
4
1
3
1
14
n
n n
n
A
P
C
<
15.
2 5
3
60
( ) !
k n
n
P
A
n k

16.
1 2
2 2
5
2
n n
n n n
C C A

(TNTHPT 04 05 )
Bi 2:Tm cc s m trong dy s
1 2 3
; ; ,...,
n
x x x x vi
4
4
2
143
4
n
n
n n
A
x
P P
= , n = 1,2,3,,n.
Bi 3: Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a.
2 1
1
5 3
y y
x x
y y
x x
C C
C C

'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+
b.
2 5 90
5 2 80
y y
x x
y y
x x
A C
A C
'
1
=
1
1
!
1
=
1
1+

c.
1 1 1
1 1
( ) : : 10 : 2 : 1
y y y y
x x x x
A yA A C

=


- 13 -

Bi 4: Cho khai trin nh thc:
1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3
(2 2 ) (2 ) (2 ) (2 ) ... (2 )(2 ) (2 )
x x x x x x x x
n n n n n n n
n n n n
C C C C

=
( n l s nguyn dng ). Bit trong khai trin
3 1
5
n n
C C = v s hng th t bng 20n,
tm n v x.
( HC -A- 2002 )
Bi 5: Tm s nguyn dng n sao cho:
1 2 2 3 3 4 2 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2.2 3.2 4.2 ... (2 1)2 2005
n n
n n n n n
C C C C n C

=
( HC -A- 2005 )
Bi 6: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
4 3
1
3
( 1) !
n n
A A
M
n
bit rng
2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4
2 2 149
n n n n
C C C C

=
( HC -D- 2005 )

Dng 4: Bi ton m s phng n
i vi loi ton m s phng n, ta cn ch
- c k u bi, phn tch cu vn cn k, nm chc bn cht ca hnh ng, i
tng thy c cc kh nng c th.
- S dng php m hnh ho cng cc quy tc m c bn.
- Trong mt s bi ton, c th ta phi s dng n phn b.
Nguyn l b tr: Khi hai cng vic c th c lm ng thi, chng ta khng th dng
quy tc cng tnh s cch thc hin nhim v gm c hai vic. Cng s cch lm mi
vic s dn n s trng lp, v nhng cch lm c 2 vic s c tnh 2 ln. tnh ng
s cch thc hin nhim v ny ta cng s cch lm mi mt trong 2 vic ri tr i s cch
lm ng thi c 2 vic. l nguyn l b tr.
S dng qui tc nhn thc hin bi ton m s phng n:
Thc hin cc bc:
Bc 1: Phn tch cng vic H thnh k cng vic nh lin tip:

- 14 -

1 2
, ,...,
k
H H H
Bc 2: Nu ta c:
-
1
n cch khc nhau thc hin
1
H .
- ng vi mi cch thc hin xong
1
H ,ta c
2
n cch thc hin
2
H

- ng vi mi cch thc hin xong
1 2 1
, ,...,
k
H H H
, ta c
k
n cch thc hin
k
H
Bc 3: Khi ta c tt c
1 2
. ....
k
n n n cch thc hin hnh ng H
S dng quy tc cng thc hin bi ton m s phng n:
Ta thc hin theo cc bc:
Bc 1: Phn tch cc phng n thnh k nhm c lp vi nhau:

1 2
, ,...,
k
H H H
Bc 2: Nu ta c:
-
1
1
H .
-
2
2
H

-
k
k
H
Bc 3: Khi ta c tt c n
1
+ n
2
+ ... + n
k
cch thc hin hnh ng H
S dng hon v thc hin bi ton m:
nhn dng mt bi ton m c s dng hon v ca n phn t, chng ta thng
da trn du hiu c trng sau:
Tt c n phn t u c mt.
Mi phn t ch xut hin mt ln.
C s phn bit th t gia cc phn t.
Gi P
n
l s hon v ca n phn t, ta c P
n
= n!
S dng chnh hp gii bi ton m:
nhn dng bi ton m c s dng chnh hp chp k ca n phn t, chng ta
thng da trn cc du hiu c trng sau:
a) Phi chn k phn t t n phn t cho trc

- 15 -

b) C s phn bit th t gia k phn t c chn
c) Gi A
n
k
l s phn t chp k ca n phn t, ta c ( 1)...( 1)
k
n
A n n n k = .
S dng t hp gii bi ton m:
nhn dng 1 bi ton m c s dng t hp chp k ca n phn t, chng ta
thng da trn du hiu c trng sau:
Phi chn k phn t t n phn t cho trc
Khng phn bit th t gia k phn t c chn

Bi tp: (Ba bi ton chn c bn)
A/ Bi ton m s phng n lin quan n kin thc thc t
B/ Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n hnh hc.
C/ Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n s t nhin.

A-Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n thc t.
Bi 1: T 5 bng hng vng, 3 bng hng trng v 4 bng hng ( cc bng hoa xem
nh i mt khc nhau ), ta chn ra mt b gm 7 bng.
a. C bao nhiu cch chn ra b hoa trong c ng mt bng hng ?
b. C bao nhiu cch chn ra b hoa trong c t nht 3 bng hng vng v 3 bng
hng ?
Bi 2: ( HVKTQS 2000 ): Mt lp c 20 em h/s trong c 14 nam v 6 n. Hi c
bao nhiu cch lp mt i gm 4 h/s trong :
a. S nam n bng nhau.
b. C t nht 1 n.
Bi 3: (HYHN - 2000): C 5 nh ton hc nam, 3 nh ton hc n v 4 nh vt l
nam. Lp mt on cng tc 3 ngi cn c c nam v n, cn c c nh ton hc v nh
vt l. Hi c bao nhiu cch?
Bi 4: (HN - 2000): Mt t c 5 h/s nam v 5 h/s n xp thnh mt hng dc
a. C bao nhiu cch xp khc nhau ?
b. C bao nhiu cch xp sao cho khng c h/s cng gii ng cnh nhau ?
Bi 5: (HHu - 2000): Mt lp c 30 h/s nam v 15 h/s n. C 6 h/s c chn ra
lp mt tp ca. Hi c bao nhiu cch lp khc nhau :

- 16 -

a. Nu phi c t nht 1 n ?
b. Nu chn tu ?
Bi 6: (HThi Nguyn 2000 ): Mt i vn ngh c 20 ngi, trong c 10 nam v
10 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn 5 ngi sao cho:
a. C ng 2 nam trong 5 ngi .
b. C t nht 2 nam v t nht 1n trong 5 ngi .
Bi 7: (HVKTQS - 2000) Mt n cnh st khu vc c 9 ngi. Trong ngy cn c 3
ngi lm nhim v a im A, 2 ngi lm nhim v a im B, 4 ngi li trc
n. Hi c bao nhiu cch phn cng?
Bi 8: (HGTVT 2000): Mt lp hc c 20 hc sinh, trong c 2 cn b lp. Hi c
bao nhiu cch c 3 ngi i d hi ngh sinh vin ca trng sao cho trong3 ngi c t
nht mt cn b lp?
Bi 9: (HVCTQGHCM 01 - 02): Mt i vn ngh c 10 ngi trong c 6 n v 4
nam.
a. C bao nhiu cch chia i vn ngh thnh 2 nhm c s ngi bng nhau v mi
nhm c s n nh nhau ?
b. C bao nhiu cch chn ra 5 ngi m trong c khng qu 1 nam ?
Bi 10: (HCn Th - 01 - 02): Mt nhm gm 10 h/s trong c 7 nam v 3 n. Hi
c bao nhiu cch xp 10 h/s trn thnh mt hng dc sao cho 7 h/s nam phi ng lin
nhau ?
a. C bao nhiu cch xp khc nhau ?
b. C bao nhiu cch xp sao cho khng c h/s cng gii ng cnh nhau ?
Bi 11: (HHHHCM 99- 2000): C bao nhiu cch xp 5 h/s A, B, C, D, E vo mt ci
gh di sao cho:
a. Bn C ngi chnh gia ?
b. Hai bn A, E ngi 2 u gh ?
Bi 12: (HHu 99- 2000): Mt hp ng 4 vin bi , 5 vin bi trng v 6 vin bi
vng. Ngi ta chn ra 4 vin bi t hp . Hi c bao nhiu cch chn trong s bi ly ra
khng c 3 mu ?
Bi 13: (HVQY 99- 2000): Xp 3 bi c bn knh khc nhau v 3 bi xanh ging nhau
vo mt dy 7 trng.
a. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp khc nhau?

- 17 -

b. Hi c bao nhiu cch sp xp khc nhau sao cho 3 bi xp cnh nhau v 3 bi xanh
xp cnh nhau?
Bi 14: (HCn Th D - 99 - 00): Mt nhm h/s gm 10 nam v 5 n. Hi c bao nhiu
cch chn trong mi trng hp sau:
a. C 3 h/s trong nhm ?
b. C 3 h/s trong nhm trong c 2 nam v 1 n ?
Bi 15: (HCn Th A - 99 - 00): Trong mt phng c 2 bn di, mi bn c 5 gh.
Ngi ta mun xp ch ngi cho 10 h/s gm 5 nam v 5 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch xp
nu:
a. Cc h/s ngi tu ?
b. Cc h/s nam ngi 1 bn v cc h/s n ngi 1 bn ?
Bi 16: (Hlut HN - 99 - 00): Mt on tu c 3 toa ch khch: toa I, toa II, toa III.
Trn sn ga c 4 hnh khch chun b i tu. Bit mi toa c t nht 4 ch trng. Hi:
a. C bao nhiu cch sp xp cho 4 hnh khch ln 3 toa tu ?
b. C bao nhiu cch sp xp cho 4 hnh khch ln tu c 1 toa c 3 trong 4 hnh
khch trn ?
Bi 17: (HSPHN 2 B- 99 - 00): Mt trng tiu hc c 50 h/s t danh hiu chu
ngoan Bc H, trong c 4 cp anh em sinh i. Cn chn 1 nhm 3 h/s trong s 50 h/s
trn i d i hi chu ngoan Bc H sao cho trong nhm khng c cp anh em sinh i
no. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ?
Bi 18: (HSPV G- 99 - 00):Mt t sinh vin c 20 em trong c 8 em ch bit ting
Anh, 7 em ch bit ting Php, v 5 em ch bit ting c. Cn lp 1 nhm i thc t gm 3
em bit ting Anh, 4 em bit ting Php, 2 em bit ting c. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ?
Bi 19: (HKT- 98 - 99): Mt i xy dng gm 10 cng nhn, 3 k s. lp mt t
cng tc cn chn 1 k s lm t trng, 1 cng nhn lm t ph v 5 cng nhn lm t
vin. Hi c bao nhiu cch thnh lp t cng tc ?
Bi 20: lp h s thi tuyn vo i hc, mi th sinh cn thc hin 2 vic:
- Chn trng thi c tt c 33 trng
- Chn khi thi, mi trng c 4 khi thi l A, B, C, D.
Hi c bao nhiu cch lp h s ?
Bi 21: C 5 con ng ni 2 thnh ph X v Y, c 4 con ng ni 2 thnh
ph Y v Z. Mun i t X n Z phi qua Y.

- 18 -

a. Hi c bao nhiu cch chn ng i t X n Z ?
b. C bao nhiu cch chn ng i v v t X n Z ri v li X bng nhng con
ng khc nhau?
Bi 22: Vit Nam, mi hc sinh tt nghip THPT u c quyn d thi vo mt
trng i hc( c 35 trng ) hoc mt trng cao ng ( c 25 trng) hoc mt trng
trung hc chuyn nghip ( c21 trng ). Hi mi hc sinh tt nghip THPT c bao nhiu
cch chn trng thi ?
Bi 23: Mi ngi s dng h thng my tnh u c mt khu di t 6 n 8 k t,
trong mi k t l mt ch hoa hay ch s. Mi mt khu phi cha t nht mt ch s.
Hi mi ngi c th c bao nhiu mt khu? Bit rng c 26 ch in hoa, 10 ch s.
Bi 24: Xp 3 quyn sch ton, 4 quyn sch L, 2 quyn sch Ho v 5 quyn sch Sinh
vo mt k sch theo tng mn. Tt c cc quyn sch u khc nhau. Hi c bao nhiu
cch sp xp?
Bi 25: C bao nhiu cch chn bn cu th khc nhau trong mi cu th ca i
bng qun vt chi bn trn u n, cc trn u l c th t ?
Bi 26: (HQG TPHCM KA - 2000) Mt thy gio c 12 cun sch i mt khc
nhau trong c 5 cun sch vn hc, 4 cun sch m nhc v 3 cun sch hi ha. ng
mun ly ra 6 cun v em tng 6 em hc sinh A, B, C, D, E, F mi em mt cun.
a. Gi s thy gio ch mun tng cho cc em hc sinh trn nhng cun sch thuc 2
th loi vn hc v m nhc. Hi tt c c bao nhiu cch chn sch tng?
b. Gi s thy gio mun rng sau khi tng sch xong, mi mt trong 3 loi vn hc,
m nhc, hi ho u cn li t nht mt cun. Hi tt c c bao nhiu cch chn?
Bi 27: Mt lp hc c 40 h/s gm 25 nam v 15 n. C bao nhiu cch lp ban cn s
lp gm:
a. 3 hc sinh
b. 3 hc sinh gm 1 nam v 2 n
c. 3 hc sinh trong c t nht 1 nam.
Bi 28: (H, C 2005): Mt i thanh nin tnh nguyn c 15 ngi, gm 12 nam v 3
n. Hi c bao nhiu cch phn cng i thanh nin tnh nguyn v gip 3 tnh min
ni, sao cho mi tnh c 4 nam v 1 n ?


- 19 -

Bi 29: ( thi C 2005 Khi D)
Mt b hng gm 10 bng hng bch v 10 bng hng nhung. Bn Hoa mun chn ra 5
bng cm bnh, trong phi c t nht 2 bng hng bch v 2 bng hng nhung. Hi c
bao nhiu cch chn?
Bi 6: (H 2004 KB) Trong mt mn hc, thy gio c 30 cu hi khc nhau gm 5
cu hi kh, 10 cu hi trung bnh, 15 cu hi d. T 30 cu hi c th lp c bao
nhiu kim tra, mi gm 5 cu hi khc nhau, sao cho trong mi nht thit phi c
3 loi cu hi (kh, trung bnh, d) v s cu hi d khng t hn 2 ?

Li gii
< 20 > Ta thy c 33 cch lp trng thi v ng vi mi cch chn trng , c 4
cch chn khi thi.
Do , c tt c: 33. 4 =132 cch lp h s.
< 21 > a. Ta c: 5 cch chn ng i t X n Y, ng vi mi cch chn ng c 4
cch chn ng i t Y n Z.
Do , c tt c: 5. 4 = 20 cch chn ng i t X n Z qua Y
b. Theo a) c 20 cch chn ng i t X n Z qua Y
Khi tr v ng vi mi cch chn ng , t Z n Y c3 con ng chn, do c 3
cch.
ng vi mi cch chn ng , t Y v X ch cn li 4 cch chn.
Do , c tt c 3. 4 = 12 cch chn ng i v t Z n X qua Y. Vy c tt c: 20. 12 =
240 cch chn ng i v trn tuyn X Z qua thnh ph Y bng nhng con ng
khc nhau
< 22 > Ta thy:
- c 35 cch chn trng i hc
- C 25 cch chn trng cao ng
- C 21 cch chn trng trung hc chuyn nghip
Khi chn thi trng i hc th khng chn trng thi l cao ng v chuyn nghip,
tng t vi cao ng v trung hc chuyn nghip, do c tt c:
35 + 25 + 21 = 81 cch chn trng thi.

- 20 -

Nhn xt: Nhiu bi ton m phc tp khng th gii c nu ch s dng hoc quy
tc nhn hoc quy tc cng. Nhng chng ta c th gii c nu s dng c 2 quy tc
ny.
< 23 > Gi P l tng s mt khu c th v
6 7 8
, , P P P tng ng l s mt khu di 6, 7, 8 k
t. Theo quy tc cng ta c:
6 7 8
P P P P =
Ta s tnh
6 7 8
, , P P P :
- Tnh
6
P :
S xu di 6 k t l ch in hoa hoc ch s l:
6
36 . V mi v tr c 36 cch chn.
S xu di 6 k t l ch in hoa v khng cha ch s no l:
6
26 .Vy:
6 6
6
36 26 P =
- Tng t:
7 7
7
36 26 P =

8 8
8
36 26 P =
Vy, ta c:
6 7 8
P P P P = = 2684483063360
< 24 > C 4 loi sch, do c 4! Cch sp xp theo mn.
mi loi sch c: 3! Cch sp xp sch ton.
4! Cch sp xp sch l
2! Cch sp xp sch ho
5! Cch sp xp sch sinh
Vy c tt c: 4!. 3!. 4!. 2!. 5! = 829440 cch sp xp.

< 25 > Mi cch chn bn cu th ca i bng l chnh hp chp 4 ca 10 phn t.
Ta c:
4
10
5040 A = cch chn
< 26 > S cch tng sch l s cch chn 6 cun sch t 9 cun c k th t. Vy s cch
tng l:
6
9
60480 A =
1. Ta nhn xt rng: khng th chn sao cho cng ht 2 loi sch.
+ S cch chn 6 sch t 12 sch l:
6
12
665280 A =
+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch vn:
5 1
6 7
. 5040 A A =
+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch nhc:
4 2
6 8
. 20160 A A =
+ S cch chn sao cho khng cn sch hi ho:
3 3
6 9
. 60480 A A =

- 21 -

+ S cch chn cn tm l: 665280 85680 = 579600
< 27 > Ban cn s lp gm 3 ngi trong lp khng c s sp xp
a. Mi mt ban cn s 3 ngi l mt tp con 3 phn t ca tp hp 40 hc sinh ca
lp. Vy c:
3
40
9880 C = cch lp ban cn s lp 3 ngi.
b. C
1
25
C cch chn 1 hc sinh nam v
2
15
C cch chn 2 hc sinh nam.
Do c
1 2
25 15
. 2625 C C = cch lp mt ban cn s lp gm 1 nam v 2 n
c. C
3
15
455 C = cch chn 3 n sinh nn c 455 cch lp ban cn s lp 3 ngi ton
n. D c: 9880 455 = 9425 cch lp ban cn s 3 ngi ma
trong c t nht mt nam
< 28 > Nhn xt: Vic phn cng vo 1 tnh khng c s sp xp
C
1 4
3 12
. C C cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th nht. Vi mi cch
phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th nht th c
1 4
2 8
. C C cch phn cng cc
thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th 2. Vi mi cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v
tnh th 1 v tnh th 2 th c
1 4
1 4
. C C cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v tnh th
3.
S cch phn cng cc thanh nin tnh nguyn v 3 tnh tho mn yu cu bi ton l:
1 4 1 4 1 4
3 12 2 8 1 4
. . . . . 207900 C C C C C C =
< 29 > Bn Hoa c 2 cch chn bng cm bnh nh sau:
Cch 1: Chn 2 bng hng bch v 3 bng hng nhung
+ S cch chn 2 bng hng bch trong 10 bng:
2
10
C
+ Vi mi cch chn 2 bng hng bch li c
3
10
C cch chn 3 bng hng nhung
trong 10 bng.
Vy cch 1 c
2
10
C .
3
10
C cch chn bng.
Cch 2: Chn 3 bng hng bch v 2 bng hng nhung. Lp lun tng t nh trn,
ta cng c
2
10
C .
3
10
C cch chn bng.
Vy bn Hoa c s cch chn bng l:
3 2
10 10
2 10800 C C = cch chn
< 30 > Nhn xt: Ni dung khng ph thuc vo vic sp xp th t cu hi.
Mi kim tra phi c s cu d l 2 hoc 3, nn c cc trng hp sau:

- 22 -

- c 2 cu d, 2 cu trung bnh, 1 cu kh, th s cch chn l:
2 2 1
15 10 5
. . 23625 C C C =
2 1 2
15 10 5
. . 10500 C C C =
3 1 1
15 10 5
. . 22750 C C C =
V cc cch chn trn i mt khc nhau, nn s kim tra c th lp c l:
23625 + 10500 + 22750 = 56875

B-Bi ton m s phng n c lin quan n hnh hc.
Bi 1: Cho 7 im trn mt phng sao cho khng c 3 im no thng hng
a. C bao nhiu ng thng m mi ng thng i qua 2 trong 7 im ni trn?
b. C bao nhiu tam gic vi cc nh l 3 trong 7 im ni trn ?
Bi 2: Tm s giao im ti a ca :
a. 10 ng thng phn bit?
b. 6 ng trn phn bit?
c. 10 ng thng v 6 ng trn trn?
Bi 3:
a. C bao nhiu ng cho trong mt a gic li n cnh?
b. C bao nhiu tam gic c nh l nh ca a gic n cnh? Trong c bao nhiu
tam gic c cnh khng phi l cnh ca a gic n cnh ?
Bi 4: (H, C Khi B 2003)
Cho a gic u
1 2 2
... ( 2, )
n
AA A n n Z _ ni tip ng trn (O). Bit rng s tam gic c
nh l 3 trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A nhiu gp 20 ln s hnh ch nht c cc nh l 4
trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A , tm n.
Bi 5: (HCSND - 1999 - 2000):Cho tam gic ABC, xt tp hp 4 ng thng song
song vi AB, 5 ng thng song song vi BC v 6 ng thng song song vi AC. Hi
cc ng thng ny to c:
a. Bao nhiu tam gic ?
b. Bao nhiu hnh thang ( Khng k hnh bnh hnh ) ?
c. Bao nhiu hnh bnh hnh ?
Bi 6: ( CSP -A- d b - 02 02 ): Cho a gic li n cnh. Xc nh n a gic c s
ng cho gp i s cnh ?

- 23 -

Bi 7: ( HNT- 01 02 ):Trong mt phng cho thp gic li
1 2 10
... AA A . Xt tt c cc
tam gic m 3 nh ca n l nh ca thp gic. Hi trong s cc tam gic c bao nhiu
tam gic m 3 cnh ca n u khng phi l cnh ca thp gic ?
Bi 8: ( HVNH- D- 2000 ):Trong mt phng cho a gic u (H) c 20 cnh. Xt cc tam
gic m 3 nh ca n ly t cc nh ca (H).
1. C tt c bao nhiu tam gic nh vy ? C bao nhiu tam gic c ng 2 cnh l
cnh ca (H) ?
2. C bao nhiu tam gic c ng 1 cnh l cnh ca (H) ?
3. C bao nhiu tam gic khng c cnh no l cnh ca (H) ?
Bi 9: Cho 2 ng thng song song.Trn ng th nht c 10 im. Trn ng th
hai c 20 im. C bao nhiu tam gic to bi cc im cho ?
Bi 10: (HC - B - 2002):Cho a gic u
1 2 2
...
n
AA A ( 2 n _ , n nguyn ) ni tip
ng trn ( 0). Bit rng s tam gic c cc nh l 3 trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A nhiu gp
20 ln s hnh ch nht c cc nh l 4 trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A , tm n.

Li gii:
< 1 > a. Mi cp im khng k th t, trong 7 im cho xc nh mt ng thng v
ngc li. Vy, s ng thng i qua 2 trong 7 im ni trn bng:

( )
2
7
7! 6.7
21
1.2 2! 7 2 !
c = = =
ng thng.
b. Mi b 3 im khng k th t, trong 7 im cho xc nh mt tam gic v
ngc li. Vy s tam gic c nh l 3 trong 7 im ni trn bng:
< 2 > a. Hai ng thng phn bit c ti a 1 giao im. S giao im ti a ca 10 ng
thng phn bit l s t hp chp 2 ca 10, do bng:
( )
2
10
10!
45
2! 10 2 !
C = =
im
b. Hai ng trn phn bit c ti a 2 giao im. S giao im ti a ca 6 ng
trn phn bit gp 2 ln s t hp chp 2 ca 6, do bng:
2
6
2. 2.15 30 C = = im.

- 24 -

c. Mt ng thng ct mt ng trn ti a ti 2 im. Do s giao im ti a
ca 10 ng thng phn bit vi 6 ng trn phn bit bng:
10.6.2=120 im
Khi , s cc giao im bng: 45 + 30 +120 = 195 im
< 3 > a. Ta c: * Mi a gic li n cnh th c n nh.
*Mi on thng ni 2 nh bt k, khng k th t, th hoc l 1 cnh,
hoc l mt ng cho ca a gic .
Vy s ng cho ca a gic n cnh bng:
2
n
C n
b. S tam gic c nh l nh ca a gic n cnh l s t hp n chp 3:
( )
3
! ( 1)( 2)
6 3! 3 !
n
n n n n
C
n

= =

S tam gic c t nht 1 cnh l cnh ca a gic gm 2 loi:
* S tam gic ch c 1 cnh bng
1
4 n
C

* S tam gic 2 cnh bng
1
n
C
Suy ra, s tam gic c 1 hoc 2 cnh ca a gic l:

1 1 1 1 1 1
4 3 3
. ( 4) ( 3) . .
n n n n n n
C C C n n n n n nC C C

= = = =
Vy, s tam gic c cnh khng phi l a gic l:

2
3 1 1
3
( 2)( 1) ( 2)( 1) 6 ( 3) ( 9 20)
. ( 3)
6 6 6
n n n
n n n n n n n n n n n
C C C n n

= = =

< 4 > S tam gic c cc nh l 3 trong 2n m
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A l
3
2n
C
Gi ng cho ca a gic u
1 2 2
... ( 2, )
n
AA A n n Z _ i qua tm ng trn (O)
l ng cho ln th a gic cho c n ng cho ln.
Mi hnh ch nht c cc nh l 4 trong 2n im
1 2 2
, ,...,
n
A A A c cc ng cho l
2 ng cho ln. Ngc li, vi mi cp ng cho ln ta c cc u mt ca chng l 4
nh ca 1 hnh ch nht. Vy s hnh ch nht ni trn bng s cp ng cho ln ca a
gic
1 2 2
...
n
AA A , tc
2
n
C .
Theo gi thit th:

- 25 -

( ) ( )
3 2
2
(2 ) ! ! 2 (2 1)(2 2) ( 1)
20 20 20
6 2 3! 2 3 ! 2! 2 !
n n
n n n n n n n
C C
n n

= = = = = =

2 1 15 8 n n = = = = .

C-Bi ton m s phng n lin quan n s t nhin
Ghi nh:
Khi gii bi ton m lin quan n s t nhin ta cn lu :
Nm vng qui tc cng nhn.
Ta thng gi s t nhin cn tm l
1 2 3
...
n
n aa a a = sau cn c vo u bi
i chn tng ch s mt.S no yu cu cao th chn trc.
Khi chn cc ch s cn phn tch cu vn u bi cn k, nm chc bn cht
ca tng i tng t tm tp xc nh v cc kh nng c th.
Cn thn khi c s 0.
Phi lun lun ngh ti phn b, nu phn b n gin hn ta tm phn b trc.
Bi tp:
Bi 1: ( HQG HCM - 99) Vi cc s 1,2,5,7,8 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 3
ch s phn bit tho mn iu kin:
a. L 1 s chn.
b. L 1 s nh hn hoc bng 278.
c. L 1 s chn v nh hn hoc bng 278.
Bi 2: Xt mt dy s gm 7 ch s ( Mi ch s c chn t cc s 0, 1 ,2, 3, 4,9 )
tho mn tnh cht:
- Ch s v tr th 3 chn.
- Ch s v tr cui cng chia ht cho 5.
- Cc ch s v tr th 4, 5, 6 i mt khc nhau. Hi c tt c bao nhiu dy s nh
vy ?
Bi 3: ( HCSND 99- 99):vi 10 ch s t 1-->9 c th lp c thnh bao nhiu ch
s gm 5 ch s khc nhau?
Bi 4: (HSPV28-99-00): Cho 8 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. T 8 ch s trn c th
lp c bao nhiu s, mi s gm 4 ch s, i mt khc nhau v chia ht cho 10.

- 26 -

Bi 5: (HSPV - B - 99- 00): C 5 s t nhin 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 . Hi c bao nhiu s c 3
ch s i mt khc nhau to thnh t 5 s cho?
Bi 6: ( HYHN 99 00)
C th lp c bao nhiu s chn c nm ch s khc nhau ly t cc s 0, 2, 3, 6, 9,
Bi 7: ( CSPHN - 36)
C 5 ming ba, trn mi ming c ghi 1 trong 5 ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Ly 3 ming t 5
ming ba ny t ln lt cnh nhau t tri qua phi c cc s gm 3 ch s. Hi lp -
c bao nhiu s c ngi gm 3 ch s v trong c bao nhiu s chn.
Ch : cc ch s i mt khc nhau do mi s ch ch c mt ming ba.
Bi 8: (HQGHCM - 3 00 01)
1. C bao nhiu s chn gm 6 ch s khc nhau i mt trong ch s u tin l
ch s l?
2. C bao nhiu s gm 6 ch s khc nhau i mt trong c ng 3 ch s l v
3 ch s chn.
Bi 9: HSPHN2 - 8):
C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 8 ch s t ctrong cc ch s 1 v 6 u c mt 2 ln
cc ch s khc c mt mt ln.
Bi 10: Vi cc s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ,5 ta c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 8 ch s trong
s 1 c mt 3 ln mi s khc c mt 1 ln
Bi 11: ( HHu 00 01 - 26) Cho cc ch s 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 t cc ch s cho lp
c:
1. Bao nhiu ch s chn c 4 ch s v 4 ch s khc nhau i mt?
2. Bao nhiu ch s chia ht cho 5, c 3 ch s v 3 ch s khc nhau i mt.
3. Bao nhiu ch s chia ht cho 9, c 3 ch s v 3 ch s khc nhau i mt.
Bi 12: Ngi ta vit cc s c 6 ch s bng cc ch s 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 nh sau: Trong mi s
c vit c mt ch s xut hin 2 ln cn cc ch s cn li xut hin 1 ln. Hi c bao
nhiu s nh vy.
Bi 13: C bao nhiu s t nhin c 7 ch s c vit bi duy nht 3 ch s 1, 2, 3, trong
ch s 2 xut hin 2 ln.


- 27 -

T luyn
Bi 14: C bao nhiu s t nhin c 3 ch s ?
Bi 15: Cho A = {1,3,5,6,8}.C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 4 ch s ly t cc ch s
trong tp A ?
Bi 16: Cho A = {0,1,2,3,5,7,9}.T tp A c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 4 ch s i 1
khc nhau.
Bi 17: Vi tp E = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s phn bit
v:
a. Trong c ch s 7.
b. Trong c ch s 7 v ch s hng ngn lun l ch s 1.
Bi 18: Vi 5 ch s 1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s i 1 khc
nhau:
a. Khng bt u t ch s 1
b. Khng bt u t 123.
Bi 19: Cho E = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}. C th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s i 1
khc nhau ly t E trong mi trng hp sau:
a. L s chn.
b. Mt trong 3 s u tin bng 1.
Bi 20: T cc s 0,1,2,...,9 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 6 ch s khc nhau sao
Cho trong cc s c mt ch s 0 v 1.
Bi 21: Vi cc ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5 ta c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s khc
nhau sao cho trong cc s phi c mt ch s 5.
Bi 22: Cho cc ch s 0,2,4,5,6,8,9. Hi c th lp c bao nhiu s:
a. C 3 ch s m trong mi s cc ch s khc nhau.
b. C 4 ch s khc nhau v c ch s 5.
Bi 23: Vi 5 ch s 1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s phn bit v
tho mn:
a. Mi s nh hn 40000.
b. Mi s nh hn 45000.
Bi 24: Cho cc s 0,1,2,...,9 c bao nhiu s l gm 6 ch s khc nhau nh hn
60000 xy dng t 10 ch s .


- 28 -

Bi 25: T cc s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 c th lp c :
a. Bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
b. Bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
Bi 26: C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 3 ch s khc nhau c th lp c t cc ch s
0,2,4,6,8.
Bi 27: T cc s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 c th lp c :
a. Bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s 6,7.
b.Tm cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s ly t 7 s trn sao cho:
1. Ch s u tin l 3.
2. Cc ch s u khc nhau.
3. Khng tn cng bng ch s 4.
Bi 28: Vi cc ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5 ta c th thnh lp c bao nhiu s chn mi s
gm 5 ch s khc nhau.
Bi 29: Cho tp A = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}. T tp A:
a. C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin l gm 3 ch s.
b. C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 3 ch s l.
c. C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin chn gm 4 ch s i 1 khc nhau.
d. C bao nhiu s t nhin gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau v chia ht cho 5
e. C th lp c bao nhiu s t nhin gm 6 ch s i 1 khc nhau sao cho ch
s ng cui chia ht cho 4.
Bi 30: Vi 4 ch s 1,2,3,4 c th lp c bao nhiu s c cc ch s phn bit.
Bi 31: Vi 5 ch s 1,2,3,4 ,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 5 ch s phn bit v l
a. S l.
b. S chn.
Bi 32: (HAN - 97 )T 7 ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5,6 c th lp c bao nhiu s chn c 5
ch s khc nhau.
Bi 33: T 6 ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 4 ch s khc nhau
trong c bao nhiu s chia ht cho 5.
Bi 34: T 8 ch s 0,1,2,3,4,5,7,8 c th lp c bao nhiu s gm 4 ch s khc
nhau v khng chia ht cho 5.


- 29 -

Li gii
<1> Cch 1: t E = {1,2,5,7,8 }.
Gi s t nhin gm 3 ch s l n =
1 2 3
a a a (
1
0 a = )
a. Do n chn nn a
3
{2,8} = a
3
c 2 cch chn
a
1
E \ {a
3
} = a
1
c 4 cch chn
a
2
E \ {a
1
,a
3
} = a
2
c 3 cch chn
Vy: c 2.3.4 = 24 cch chn hay c 24 s.
Cch 2: a. Do n chn nn a
3
{2,8} =a
3
c 2 cch chn
a
1
, a
2
l 1 b phn bit th t c chen t E\{a
3
} do n l mt chnh hp chp 2
=
2
4
A cch chn.
Theo qui tc nhn, s cc s chn gm 3 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t tp E bng 2.
2
4
A = 24 (s).
b. Do n nh hn 278 nn a
1
{1;2}.
Trng hp 1: Nu a
1
= 1 th a
2
E\{a
1
}= a
2
c 4 cch chn
a
3
E \ {a
1
,a
2
} = a
3
c 3 cch chn
= c 1.4.3 = 12 cch chn .
Trng hp 2: nu a
1
= 2 th a
2
E\{2,8} = a
2
c 3 cch chn
a
3
E \ {a
1
,a
2
} = a
3
c 3 cch chn
= c 1.3.3 = 9 cch chn .
Vy: c 12 + 9 = 21 cch chn s c 3 ch s phn bit v nh hn 278. Tc l c 21
s tho mn ycbt.
c. Do n chn nn a
3
{2,8} v s cn tm nh hn 278 nn a
1
_ 2.
Trng hp 1: nu a
1
= 2 = a
1
c 1 cch chn
a
3
{2,8} =a
3
c 2 cch chn
a
2
E \ {a
1
,a
3
} = a
2
c 3 cch chn
= c 1.2.3 = 6 cch chn .
Trng hp 2: nu a
1
= 2 = a
1
c 1 cch chn
a
3
{2,8}\{a
1
} =a
3
c 1 cch chn
a
2
E \ {a
1
,a
3
} = a
2
c 3 cch chn
= c 1.1.3 = 3 cch chn .

- 30 -

Vy: c 6 + 3 = 9 cch chn s t nhin chn gm cc ch s khc nhau v nh hn hoc
bng 278. Tc l c 9 s tho mn ycbt.
< 15 > Cc s t nhin l: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.
Gi s t nhin c 3 ch s cn tm l :
1 2 3
a a a (
1
0 a = )
Do a
1
{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} nn a
1
c 9 cch chn.
Do a
2
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} nn a
2
c 10 cch chn.
Do a
3
{0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9} nn a
3
c 10 cch chn.
Vy: c 9.10.10 = 900 cch chn hay c 900 s tho mn ycbt.
< 16 > Gi s t nhin c 4 ch s cn tm l
1 2 3 4
a a a a (
1
0 a = )
Ta thy: a
1
c 5 cch chn.
a
2
c 5 cch chn.
a
3
c 5 cch chn.
a
4
c 5 cch chn.
Do theo qui tc nhn c: 5.5.5.5 = 625 cch chn hay c 625 s tho mn.
< 17 > Gi s t nhin gm 4 ch s i 1 khc nhau l:
1 2 3 4
a a a a (
1
0 a = )
Do a
1
khc 0 nn a
1
c 6 cch chn.
Sau khi chn a
1
cn 6 s t nhin nn a
2
c 6 cch chn.
Tng t, a
3
c 5 cch chn.
a
4
c 4 cch chn.
Vy: c 6.6.5.4 = 720 cch chn hay c 720 s tho mn ycbt.
<18> Gi s cn tm l
1 2 3 4 5
a a a a a (
1
0 a = )
Gi s a
1
= 7 khi s cn tm c dng:
2 3 4 5
7a a a a ....
V a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
l 1 b phn phn bit th t c chn t E\{7}
nn c
4
6
6!
360
21
A = =

s.
Do s 7 v tr bt k nn ta c th i ch ca cc v tr a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
, a
5
.
Vy c
4
6
5.A
= 1800 cch chn hay c 1800 s tho mn ycbt.
b. Gi s cn tm l
1 2 3 4 5
a a a a a (
1
0 a = )
Do ch s hng nghn bng 1 nn a
2
= 1

- 31 -

Chn 1 v tr trong 4 v tr cn li l ch s 7 nn c 4 cch chn.
Ba v tr cn li l b phn phn bit th t c chn t E \ {1,7}
nn c
3
5
A
cch chn.
Vy: s cc s gm 5 ch s phn bit hnh thnh t tp E trong c ch s 7 v ch s
hng ngn lun l ch s 1 bng 1.4.
3
5
A
= 240 s
< 19 > t E = {1,2,3,4,5}
a. * Gi s t nhin gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau l:
1 2 3 4 5
a a a a a (
1
0 a = )
a
1
c 5 cch chn.
a
2
c 4 cch chn.
a
3
c 3 cch chn.
a
4
c 2 cch chn.
a
5
c 1 cch chn.
Vy c : 5.4.3.2.1 = 120 s.
* Gi s t nhin gm 5 ch s i 1 khc nhau, bt u bng ch s 1 l: 1abcd th
: a c 4 cch chn ( v a E \ {1})
b c 3 cch chn ( v b E \ {1, a})
c c 2 cch chn ( v c E \ {1, a, b})
d c 1 cch chn ( v d E \ {1, a, b, c})
suy ra c: 4.3.2.1 s bt u t ch s 1 .
Vy: s cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau, khng bt u bng ch s 1 l:
120 - 24 = 96 s.
b. Gi s t nhin gm 5 ch s bt u bng ch s 123 l: 123xy gm 5 ch s
khc nhau.
x c 2 cch chn ( v x E \ {1,2,3})
y c 1 cch chn ( v y E \ {1,2,3,x})
= c 2.1 = 2 s.
Vy: cc s t nhin gm 5 ch s khc nhau, khng bt u bng ch s123 gm c 120 -
2 = 118 s.

Đại số tổ hợp

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Đại số tổ hợp

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ST: L Ngc Sn_SP Ton K07_H Ty Nguyn Chuyn : i S T Hp

< < (1)

(0 k 2000) ( HQGHN A 99- 00 )

< ( HHH 1999 )

You might also like