Trng i hc Ty Nguyn

Khoa Khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh

B mn Ton

L Ngc Sn

Khng gian phn th v

Mt vi tnh cht

Ngnh: S phm Ton

BMT - 2011

Trng i hc Ty Nguyn
Khoa Khoa hc t nhin v cng ngh
B mn Ton

L Ngc Sn

Kha lun tt nghip

Khng gian phn th v

Mt vi tnh cht

GVDH: Ts. Ng nh Quc

BMT - 2011

Li cm n
hon thnh lun vn tt nghip ny, ti nhn c rt nhiu s
quan tm t thy c, gia nh cng nh bn b.

Vi tnh cm chn thnh v lng bit n su sc ti xin cm n TS. Ng

nh Quc, ngi dnh rt nhiu thi gian qu bu v tm huyt gip
ti trong qu trnh lm lun vn.

Ti xin cm n ton th thy c gio trng i hc Ty Nguyn - nhng

ngi bn ng trn hnh trnh i tm tri thc, nhng ngi nhit tnh
dy d v truyn t cho ti nhng kin thc qu bu trong sut qu trnh
hc tp ti trng.

Xin cm n tp th lp S phm Ton K2007 to mi iu kin tt

nht cho ti trong qu trnh hc tp v hon thnh lun vn ny.

Cui cng ti xin cm n b m v cc em ti lun ng vin, gip

ti trong nhng nm thng hc i hc cng nh trong qu trnh ti thc
hin lun vn ny.

Tc gi

Mc lc
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trang ph ba
Li cm n
Mc lc

Danh sch hnh

M u

0.1

Tnh cp thit, mc tiu ca ti

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.1.1

Tnh cp thit

0.1.2

Mc tiu ca ti

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.2

Tng quan ti liu nghin cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.3

Cch tip cn, phng php nghin cu, phm vi nghin

cu, ni dung nghin cu

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.3.1

Cc tip cn, phng php nghin cu . . . . . . .

0.3.2

Phm vi v ni dung nghin cu . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 1 :
1.1

Kin thc chun b

Khng gian tp v

T2

khng gian

. . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

nh x lin tc trn khng gian tp

. . . . . . . . . . . .

10

1.3

L thuyt phm tr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

1.4

a tp kh vi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.5

CW-phc

18

Chng 2 :

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

Khng gian phn th v mt vi tnh cht

2.1

Khi nim khng gian phn th (phn th) v mt s v d

20

2.2

Nht ct ca phn th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

2.3

Cu x ca phn th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

2.4

Tch phn th v th tch

26

2.5

S hn ch (thu hp) ca phn th, phn th cm sinh

. .

29

2.6

Tnh cht a phng ca phn th . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35

2.7

S m rng ca nht ct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

38

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kt lun

39

Ti liu tham kho

40

Danh sch hnh

1.1

Hnh 1: Bn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

1.2

Hnh 2: Elip

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

1.3

Hnh 3: Bn ph hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

1.4

Hnh 4: Elip

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16

2.1

Hnh 5: Phn th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

2.2

Hnh 6: Di Mobius

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

2.3

Hnh 7: Phn th tip xc, phn th chun tc . . . . . . .

22

2.4

Hnh 8: Nht ct phn th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

M u
0.1 Tnh cp thit, mc tiu ca ti
0.1.1

Tnh cp thit

Phn th vect l cng c quan trng trong nghin cu hnh hc-tp.

bc vo nghin cu Hnh hc th bt buc nh nghin cu phi nm
vng nhng khi nim v tnh cht ca khng gian phn th v phn th
vect. Khi nim khng gian phn th ln u tin xut hin khong nhng
nm 1922 - 1925 trong cc cng trnh ca E.Cartan v l thuyt lin thng
[2]. Nhng nh ngha v kt qu u tin v phn th c H.Whitney,
H.Hopf v E.Stiefel nghin cu trong cc cng trnh ca mnh trong khong
1935 - 1940 [2].

K t l thuyt khng gian phn th tr thnh mt

trong nhng i tng nghin cu quan trng ca tp i s, v l mt

cng c quan trng trong nghin cu hnh hc vi phn.
tp nghin cu v b sung cc kin thc ban u v chuyn ngnh
hnh hc ti chn nghin cu ti:

tnh cht.
0.1.2
+

Khng gian phn th v mt vi

Mc tiu ca ti

ti trnh by cc khi nim ban u v khng gian phn th, nu

mt s v d v khng gian phn th.

Trnh by cch chng minh mt s tnh cht ca khng gian phn th.

0.2 Tng quan ti liu nghin cu

Khi nim khng gian phn th ln u tin xut hin khong nhng
nm 1922 - 1925 trong cc cng trnh ca E.Cartan v l thuyt lin thng
[2]. Nhng nh ngha v kt qu u tin v phn th c H.Whitney,

H.Hopf v E.Stiefel nghin cu trong cc cng trnh ca mnh trong khong

1935 - 1940 [2]. K t l thuyt khng gian phn th tr thnh mt trong
nhng i tng nghin cu quan trng ca tp i s, v l mt cng c
quan trng trong nghin cu hnh hc vi phn. Nm 1950, Steenrod h
thng li cc nghin cu v phn th trong giai on [4]. Nm 1955,
Milnor a ra cu trc chung ca phn th cho mt nhm tp bt k [4].
T 1950-1955, Hirzebruch lm sng t khi nim lp c trng ca phn
th v s dng n chng minh nh l Riemann-Roch cho i s a tp
[4]. Vn c xut bn trong cun Ergebnisse Monograph ca
ng ta. Nhng nm u thp k 1960 Grothendieck, Atiyah v Hirzebruch
pht trin K -l thuyt, mt l thuyt i ng iu tng qut c xc
nh bi cc lp n nh ca phn th vect.

nh l tun hon Bott

c chng minh nh mt nh l trong K - l thuyt v Adams gii

quyt vn trng vect trn qu cu bng cch s dng K -l thuyt [4].

0.3 Cch tip cn, phng php nghin cu, phm vi nghin

cu, ni dung nghin cu

0.3.1
+

Cc tip cn, phng php nghin cu

Su tm ti liu trong v ngoi nc c lin quan n ti cc th

vin, mua sch bo cc nh xut bn, cc tp ch trn internet...

Nghin cu ti liu, tm cch trnh by cc chng minh khc cc tnh

cht c hoc cha thy chng minh u.

S dng cc phng php nghin cu ton hc, phng php nghin

cu l thuyt.

0.3.2
+

Phm vi v ni dung nghin cu

Trnh by cc khi nim ca khng gian phn th ( ti ch xt phn

th tng qut) v mt s tnh cht ca khng gian phn th.

Trnh by chng minh khc cc tnh cht ca khng gian phn th.

Chng 1

Kin thc chun b

1.1

Khng gian tp v

nh ngha

T2

khng gian

X.

cc tp con ca

c gi l mt khng gian tp. Cc tp hp thuc

1.1. ([1]-Tr.56) Cho tp hp

c gi l mt tp nu tha mn cc iu kin sau:

(T1 )

, X T

(T2 ) Nu

G T , I

th

G T

I
(T3 ) Nu

G1 , G2 T

Khi cp

(X, T )

th

G1 G2 T

c gi l cc tp m trong

V d

i vi tp

T,

hay

T -m.

1.1. ([1]-Tr.56,57)

1. Gi s

l mt tp ty ,

T = {X, }.

v n c gi l tp th trn

Khi

X , (X, T )

l mt tp trn

X,

c gi l khng gian tp

th.
2. Gi s

X = R.

K hiu

T =

(
[

)
(ai , bi )|ai , bi R, ai bi

iI
Khi

l mt tp trn

tp t nhin) trn
3. Cho

X ).

X,

v c gi l tp thng thng (hay

X.
T = P(X)(tp tt c cc tp con ca

l mt tp bt k. K hiu:

Khi

l mt tp trn

tp ri rc.

(X, T )

c gi l khng gian

con

ca khng gian tp

Tp

A nu trong

Ta hiu mt ln cn ca phn t

xX

{x}

ln cn ca tp con

1.3. ([1]-Tr.57) Tp con

l tp ng nu phn b ca

V d

c gi l mt ln cn ca tp

A.

c mt tp con m cha

nh ngha

(X, T ), A X .

1.2. ([1]-Tr.57) Cho khng gian tp

nh ngha

trong

A
X

ca khng gian tp

c gi

l tp m.

1.2. ([1]-Tr.57,58)

1. Xt khng gian tp th

X.

Khi ta c tp

ng thi va l

tp ng, va l tp m.
2. Xt

vi tp t nhin th mi khong

mt tp m, mi on

nh ngha

Khi h

(a, b) = {x : a < x < b}

[a, b] = {x : a x b}

1.4. ([1]-Tr.98) Cho

(X, T )

c gi l tp cm sinh bi tp

trn

l mt tp trn

Y.

gi l khng gian con ca khng khng gian tp

nh ngha

1.5. ([1]-Tr.91) Khng gian tp

gian (hay khng gian Hausdorff) nu vi mi

cc ln cn

V d

Ux

ca

Vy

ca

l mt tp ng.

l mt khng gian tp,

U = {U Y : U = Y V, V T }

sao cho

Khng gian

Y X.

Y.

Tp

(Y, U)

(X, T ).

c gi l

x, y X

T2 khng

x 6= y

tn ti

Ux Vy = .

1.3.

1. Mi khng gian metric u l khng gian Hausdorff.

Tht vy, gi s
Khi ta c

l mt khng gian metric bt k v

d(a, b) =  > 0.

Xt cc hnh cu m

G H = .
d(b, p) <


3.

a, b X, a 6= b.

G = S(a, 3 ), H = S(b, 3 ).

Tht vy, nu tn ti

pGH

Ta cn chng minh

th ta c

d(a, p) <


3 v

10

Mt khc ta c

d(a, b) d(a, p) + d(b, p)

Suy ra

2
 
+ =
3 3
3


Vy

V l

l khng gian Hausdorff.

2. ([1]-Tr.92) Khng gian tp ri rc l khng gian Hausdorff.

nh x lin tc trn khng gian tp

1.2

nh ngha

Mt nh x

f 1 (W )

th

Chng minh.

xX

lin tc ti

X, Y

f (V ) W ,

Khi do

suy ra

ca

x0

sao cho

nu

f (V ) W .

c gi l lin tc trn X.
l hai khng gian tp,

xX

f : X Y .

khi v ch khi vi mi ln cn

ca

x.

l ln cn ca

f (x).

th

([1]-Tr.80) Gi s

mt ln cn ca
sao cho

f (x0 ) tn ti ln cn V

1.1. ([1]-Tr.80) Cho

Khi nh x

f (x)

ca

lin tc vi mi

nh l

l hai khng gian tp.

f : (X, T ) (Y, U) c gi l lin tc ti im x0 X

vi mi ln cn
Nu

(X, T ), (Y, U)

1.6. ([1]-Tr.79) Cho

f : X Y

lin tc ti

V f 1 (W ),

lin tc ti

xX

x nn tn ti ln cn V

do

f 1 (W )

ca

l mt ln cn ca

x.
Ngc li, gi s
mt ln cn ca
t

nh l

f (x).

Theo gi thit

f 1 (W )

Khi

l mt ln cn ca

f (V ) W

nn

x.

1.2. ([1]-Tr.80) Cho

f : X Y .

(a)

l mt ln cn ca

x.

V = f 1 (W ).

lin tc ti

(X, T ), (Y, U)

l hai khng gian tp v nh

Khi cc mnh sau l tng ng:

l nh x lin tc;

11

(b) Nghch nh ca mi tp m l tp m;
(c) Nghch nh ca mi tp ng l tp ng;
(d)

A X f (A) f (A);

(e)

B Y f 1 (B 0 ) (f 1 (B))0 .

Chng minh.

(a) (b)
ta c

([1]-Tr.81)

Gi s

l mt tp m trong

f (x) G,

do

lin tc nn tn ti ln cn

G x V f 1 (G),

do

f 1 (G)

ln cn ca mi im thuc n nn

(b) (c)
c

f (A) f (A)

(d) (e)

A X,

Vi mi

nn

Vi mi

(c)

B Y,

Y.

ta c

A f 1 (f (A)).
theo

(d)

ca

x f 1 (G)

sao cho

f (V )

x f 1 (G)

(b)

ta

l tp m.

Ta c

l tp m. Do

theo

Vi mi

l mt ln cn ca

f 1 (G)

l mt tp ng trong

f 1 (Y \F ) = X\f 1 (F )

(c) (d)
do

Xt

Y , G 6= .

Y \F

f 1 (F )

f 1 (f (A))

Do

l tp m, theo
l tp ng.

l tp ng. Mt khc

f (A) f (A).

ta c

f (f 1 (B)) f (f 1 (B)) B
Suy ra

f 1 (B) f 1 (B).

Do

B Y

ta c:

X\f 1 (B) = f 1 (Y \B) f 1 (Y \B)

Suy ra

f 1 (B 0 ) = X\f 1 (Y \B) X\X\f 1 (B) = (f 1 (B))0

(e) (a)

Vi mi

x X,

gi

l ln cn m ca

f (x).

c:

x f 1 (W ) = f 1 (W 0 ) (f 1 (W ))0

Theo gi thit ta

12

V = (f 1 (W ))0 ,

lin tc tai

nh l

suy ra

l mt ln cn ca

lin tc trn

1.3. ([1]-Tr.82) Cho

f (V ) W .

Do

X.

(X, TX ), (Y, TY ), (Z, TZ )

f : X Y, g : Y Z

tp,

x,

ta c

l cc khng gian

l cc nh x lin tc. Khi

g f : X

l nh x lin tc.

Do

lin tc nn

nh ngha

f : X Y
lin tc v

G TZ .

([1]-Tr.82) Vi mi

Chng minh.

f 1 (g 1 (G)) TX .

1.7. ([1]-Tr.83) Cho

Do

Cho nn

X, Y

lin tc nn

g f

lin tc.

l hai khng gian tp.

c gi l mt php ng phi nu

f 1

g 1 (G) TY .

nh

l mt song nh,

lin tc.

Khi hai khng gian

c gi l ng phi vi nhau hay l

tng ng tp.

nh ngha

Y.

Khi ,

trong

1.3

th

X, Y

1.8. ([1]-Tr.82) Cho

l hai khng gian tp,

f : X

m (ng)

c gi l nh x m (ng) nu vi mi tp

f (A)

m (ng) trong

Y.

L thuyt phm tr

nh ngha

1.9. ([5]-Tr.8,9) Mt phm tr

(I) Mt lp cc i tng ca
l mt vt ca
(II) Hai vt

k hiu

c cho bi:

Ob(C).

Mi phn t ca

Ob(C)

C.

A, B Ob(C)

lun xc nh c mt tp hp

c gi l cc cu x t
cc cp vt ca

vo

tha mn: nu

(A, B) 6= (C, D)

th:

M orC (A, B) M orC (C, D) =

M orC (A, B)

(A, B), (C, D)

13

(III) Vi mi b ba

(A, B, C) Ob(C)

lun xc nh c mt nh x:

M orC (B, C) M orC (A, B) M orC (A, C)

(, ) 7
c gi l php nhn cu x, tha mn cc tnh cht sau:
(i)

M orC (A, B), M orC (B, C), M orC (C, D)

ta c:

() = ()
(ii)

A Ob(C), IdA M orC (A, A)

g M orC (C, A)

sao cho

f M orC (A, B),

ta c:

(f )IdA = f, IdA (g) = g

Ta k hiu

M or(C) =

M orC (A, B)

A,BOb(C)
V d

1.4. ([5]-Tr.9,10)

1. Phm tr tp hp, k hiu

Set, bao gm:

mi vt l mt tp hp, mi

cu x l mt nh x, php nhn cc cu x l php hp thnh cc nh

x.
2. Phm tr khng gian tp, k hiu

Top bao gm: mi vt l mt khng

gian tp, mi cu x l mt nh x lin tc, php nhn cc cu x l

php hp thnh cc nh x.
3. Phm tr khng gian Vect, k hiu

Vect bao gm: mi vt l mt khng

gian vect, mi cu x l mt nh x tuyn tnh, php nhn cc cu x

l php hp thnh cc nh x.
4. Phm tr tp hp vi im c s bao gm: mi vt l mt cp

(A, x0 ), x0

A, mt cu x gia hai vt (A, x0 ) v (B, y0 ) l mt nh x f : A B

14

tha mn

f (x0 ) = y0 ,

php nhn cc cu x l php hp thnh cc nh

x.

1.4

a tp kh vi

nh ngha

1.10. ([7]-Tr.6)(a tp tp) Mt khng gian tp

c gi l mt a tp tp

chiu nu

l Hausdorff, tha mn tin

m c th hai v ng phi a phng vi

nh ngha

1.11. ([7]-Tr.7) Cho

Rn .

l mt a tp tp

a phng (hoc h ta a phng) ca

l mt tp m khc rng trong

(U )

trong

M,

chiu. Mt bn

l mt cp

l mt ng phi t

Rn .

Hnh

1.1: Bn

x2 y 2
V d 1.5. Xt elip (E) :
+
= 1 (a > b > 0)
a2 b 2
t U = {A(x, y) (E)|y > 0}, U = (a, a). Xt

nh x:

: U U
A(x, y) 7 x
Khi ta c

(U, )

l mt bn ca

(E).

(X, T )

Tht vy, ta c

(U, )

vi

ti tp m

15

Hnh
(+) R rng
(+)

m trong

(E)

l ng phi

l n nh: Vi mi

1.2: Elip

m trong

A(x1 , y1 ), B(x2 , y2 ) U

(A) = (B),

ta

b
x1 = x2 y1 =
a

l ton nh: Vi mi

q
q
b
2
a2 x1 =
a2 x22 = y2 A B
a
t U,

xt

bp 2
A(t,
a t2 ) U .
a

Ta c

(A) = t
, 1

lin tc: Ta c

tc. Ngoi ra
Vy

(U, )

nh ngha

hp,
v

l php chiu ln thnh phn th nht nn lin

bp 2
: t 7 (t,
a t2 ) lin tc.
a

l mt bn ca

(E).

1.12. ([7]-Tr.7) Hai bn

(U, ), (V, ) c gi l C k ph

k (N\{0}){}, nu U V = hoc 1 := (U V ) Rn

1 := (U V ) Rn

thuc lp

Ck.

16

Hnh
V d

1.6. Xt elip

1.3: Bn ph hp

x2 y 2
(E) : 2 + 2 = 1 (a > b > 0)
a
b

Hnh
t

1.4: Elip

U1 = {A(x, y) (E)|y > 0}, U 1 = (a, a).

1 : U1 U 1
A(x, y) 7 x

Xt nh x

17

U2 = {A(x, y) (E)|x > 0}, U 2 = (b, b).

Xt nh x

2 : U2 U 2
A(x, y) 7 y
Chng minh tng t v d 1.5 ta c

(U1 , 1 )

(U2 , 2 )

l cc bn ca

(E).
t

W = U1 U2 = {A(x, y)|x > 0, y > 0}, W1 = 1 (W ) = (0, a), W2 =

2 (W ) = (0, b).

Xt nh x:

f : W1 W2
bp 2
a x2
x 7 f (x) = 2 1 (x) =
a
R rng

l vi phi. Do ta c

nh ngha

tp

A = {(Ui , i )}iI

l mt ph ca

M,

(ii) Hai bn bt k ca

nh ngha

kh vi cp

(U2 , 2 )

ph hp.

1.13. ([7]-Tr.7) (Atlas trn mt a tp) Cho

chiu. Mt Atlas kh vi cp

cc bn
(i)

(U1 , 1 )

trn

l mt a tp

l mt lp

tha mn cc iu kin sau:

M=

tc l

k (N\{0}) {}

C k ph

1.14. ([7]-Tr.7) Cho

k (N\{0}) {}

trn

iI

Ui .

hp.

l mt a tp

l mt Atlas cc i trn

Mt a tp tp c trang b mt cu trc kh vi cp
c gi l mt a tp kh vi cp

chiu, mt cu trc

M.

k (N\{0}) {}

k.

x2 y 2
+
= 1 (a > b > 0) l mt a tp kh vi.
V d 1.7. Ta c (E) :
a2 b 2
vy, t:

Tht

18

(1)

U1 = {(x, y) (E)|y > 0}, U 1 = (a, a).

1 : U1 U 1
(x, y) 7 x

(2)

U2 = {(x, y) (E)|x > 0}, U 2 = (b, b).

2 : U2 U 2
(x, y) 7 y

(3)

U3 = {(x, y) (E)|y < 0}, U 3 = (a, a).

3 : U3 U 3
(x, y) 7 x

(4)

U4 = {(x, y) (E)|x < 0}, U 4 = (b, b).

4 : U4 U 4
(x, y) 7 y

Khi ta c

{U , }4=1

l mt cu trc kh vi ca

(E).

Do

(E)

l mt

a tp kh vi.

1.5

CW-phc

nh ngha

1.15. ([3]-Tr.113) Mt khoang phc

Hausdorff, l hp cc khng gian con ri nhau

l mt khng gian

e ( A) (c gi l cc

khoang) v tha mn:

(a) Vi mi khoang lun c mt s nguyn
Nu

c chiu

c cc khoang

ek

ta k hiu l

vi

kn

en .

n 0

Ta k hiu

c gi l

gi l chiu ca n.

Xn

nsn.

l tp hp ca tt

19

(b) Nu

en

nkhoang,

th tn ti mt nh x c trng:

: (B n , S n1 ) (X, X n1 )
tha mn

nh ngha

mt

CW

|B n \S n1

l mt ng phi t

en .

1.16. ([3]-Tr.115) Cho X l mt khoang phc. X c gi l

phc nu tha mn:

(i) (Tnh ng hu hn) Vi mi khoang

hu hn. Trong

K(en )

compact vi mi khoang

nh ngha

F X, F

gian con ri nhau

th

K(en )

l tp ng nu

(X, A)

kin trong nh ngha 1.15 .

en .

F en

c gi l mt quan h

l mt khng gian Hausdorff v

e ( A)

l mt phc con

en .

1.17. ([3]-Tr.115) Mt cp

nu

en

l giao tt c cc phc con cha

(ii) (Tp yu) Vi mi tp con

CW phc

B n \S n1

X\A

l hp cc khng

(c gi l cc khoang) tha mn cc iu

Chng 2

Khng gian phn th v mt vi tnh

cht
2.1 Khi nim khng gian phn th (phn th) v mt

s v d

nh ngha

2.1. ([6]- Tr.3) Mt phn th bao gm:

(i) Mt khng gian tp

gi l khng gian ton phn

(ii) Mt khng gian tp

gi l khng gian c s

(iii) Mt nh x lin tc
(iv) Mt khng gian

p : E B

gi l php chiu phn th

gi l th

Tha mn cc iu kin sau:

(1)

p1 (b)

ng phi vi

(2) Vi mi

bB

vi mi

bB

tn ti mt ln cn

: Ub F p1 (Ub )

sao cho

Hnh

Ub

ca

b,

v mt php ng phi

p((b0 , x)) = b0 .

2.1: Phn th

20

21

Ta thng k hiu phn th bi

= (E, p, B),. . . Khi

(B)

V d

bB

khng gian

2.1. ([4]- Tr.11) Vi

p(b, x) = b.

mi

(E)

c gi l khng gian ton phn ca

c gi l khng gian c s ca

Vi mi

tch.

= (E, p, B), = (E, p, B),

Khi ta c

Tht vy, do

bB

chn

p1 (b)

c gi l th trn

E = BF

(E, p, B)

b.

p : E B

xc nh bi

l mt phn th v c gi l

phn th

l php chiu ln thnh phn th nht nn lin tc. Vi

Ub = B

v nh x

= Id : B F B F
(b, x) 7 (b, x)
Ta c

V d

l php ng phi v

p((b, x)) = p(b, x) = b.

Di Mobius) Mt v d n gin ca khng gian phn th l di

2.2. (

Mobius. N c xy dng bng cch xon mt u ca 1 mnh giy sau

dn 2 u li vi nhau. Khi ta mt khng gian phn th vi cc th
l cc on thng, khng gian c s ca cc on thng l mt ng trn.
Php chiu phn th

bin tt c cc im trn mt th thnh mt im trn

ng trn

Hnh

2.2: Di Mobius

22

V d

2.3. (

Phn th tip xc) Cho B l a tp nchiu.

Vi mi

bB

t:

Tb (B) = {
y Rn |
y
v

X=

tip xc vi

ti b

{Tb (B)|b B}

Xt nh x:

p : X B
Tb (B) 7 b
Khi ta c

(X, p, B)

Hnh
V d

ta xem

2.4. (

l mt phn th (gi l phn th tip xc ca

B ).

2.3: Phn th tip xc, phn th chun tc

Phn th chun tc) Xt hnh cu n v S n, vi mi y Rn+1

y Oy .

Vi mi

b S n,

t:

Mb = {x Rn+1 |x = kb, k R}
t

M=

{Mb |b S n }.

Xt nh x:

q : M S n
Mb 7 b
Khi

S n ).

(M, q, S n )

l mt phn th trn

Sn

(gi l phn th chun tc ca

23

2.2. ([4]- Tr.11)

nh ngha

(E, p, B)

nu

E0

(E 0 , p0 , B 0 ) c gi l mt phn th con ca

l khng gian con ca

E, B0

l khng gian con ca

p0 = p|E 0 : E 0 B 0
2.2 Nht ct ca phn th

nh ngha

2.3. ([4]- Tr.12) Cho

= (E, p, B) l mt phn th, s : B

l mt nh x lin tc tha mn

ct ca phn th
tha mn

p s = 1B .

vi mi

Hnh

Mnh

dng
bi

s.

s : B E

b B.

2.4: Nht ct phn th

T nh ngha nht ct ta thy nu

l mt nht ct ca

nu v ch nu

s c gi l mt nht

Ni cch khc mt nht ct l mt nh x

s(b) p1 (b)

(E, p, B), s

Khi

(E 0 , p0 , B 0 )

(E, p, B)

th

l phn th con ca

l nht ct ca

(E 0 , p0 , B 0 )

s(b) E 0 , b B 0 .

2.1. ([4]- Tr.12) Mi nht ct ca phn th tch

s(b) = (b, f (b))

vi

f : B F

(B F, p, B) c

l nh x duy nht c xc nh

24

Chng minh.

([4]- Tr.12) Do

l nht ct ca

nn ta c:

p s(b) = b p(u, f ) = b u b, b B
Ta c

l nh ca

qua mt nh x

g : B F

nn

f = g(b).

2.3 Cu x ca phn th

nh ngha

(E, p, B) v (E 0 , p0 , B 0 ) l hai phn th.

2.4. ([4]- Tr.14) Cho

Mt cu x ca hai phn th

(E, p, B)

(E 0 , p0 , B 0 ),

k hiu

(u, f ) : (E, p, B) (E 0 , p0 , B 0 ),

l mt cp nh x lin tc

f : B B 0

hay tha mn s sau giao hon:

tha mn

p0 u = f p,

E0
p0

p


B
T nh ngha ta c

(E 0 , p0 , B 0 )
th trn

th

f (b).

(u, f )

B0

l mt cu x ca hai phn th

u(p1 (b)) (p0 )1 (f (b)).

Khi

u : E E 0 ,

l ton nh th

qua

tr thnh

hon ton xc nh bi

u.

Vy cu

Do th trn

(E, p, B)

x phn th c th ni l mt nh x bo ton th.

nh ngha

trn

B.

2.5. ([4]- Tr.14) Cho

(E, p, B)

Mt cu x phn th trn

(E 0 , p0 , B)

l mt nh x lin tc

(hay

B -cu

u : E E 0

sau giao hon:

E22

22
22
2
p 22
22
22


(E 0 , p0 , B)

/ 0
E
~
~
~
~
~~
~
~~
~~ p0
~
~~
~~ ~

x)

l hai phn th

u : (E, p, B)

tha mn

p = p0 u,

hay s

25

V d

2.5. ([4]- Tr.15)

1. Cho

(E 0 , p0 , B 0 )

l mt phn th con ca phn th

u : E 0 E , f : B 0 B

3. Cp nh x
4. Cho

(E, p, B)

l mt

l mt cu x phn th.

B -cu

s : (B, 1, B) (E, p, B).

(1E , 1B ) : (E, p, B) (E, p, B)

(u, f ) : (E, p, B) (E 0 , p0 , B 0 )

l mt

l mt cu x phn th v

c gi l s hp thnh ca hai cu x phn th

u
/

E0

B
nh ngha

u0
/

(u, f )

(u0 , f 0 ).

E 00
p00

p0

x.

l hai cu x phn th. Khi

(u0 u, f 0 f ) : (E, p, B) (E 00 , p00 , B 00 )

B -cu

(u0 , f 0 ) : (E 0 , p0 , B 0 ) (E 00 , p00 , B 00 )
ta c

l cc php nhng, khi

(u, f ) : (E 0 , p0 , B 0 ) (E, p, B)
2. Nht ct ca

(E, p, B)

f0

B 00

2.6. ([4]- Tr.15) Mt cu x phn th

(u, f ) : (E, p, B)

(E 0 , p0 , B 0 ) c gi l mt ng cu phn th nu v ch nu tn ti mt cu
x phn th

(u0 , f 0 ) : (E 0 , p0 , B 0 ) (E, p, B)

sao cho

uu0 = 1E 0 , u0 u =

1E ,
f f 0 = 1B 0 , f 0 f = 1B .
nh ngha

Hay ni cch khc

u, f

l cc php ng phi.

2.7. ([4]- Tr.15) Mt phn th

(E, p, B)

c gi l tm

cu vi phn th tch

(B

2.8. ([4]- Tr.15) Phm tr ca cc phn th , k hiu

Bun,

thng vi th

nu

(E, p, B)

B -ng

F, q, B).
nh ngha

bao gm: mi vt l mt phn th, mi cu x l mt cu x ca phn th,

php nhn cc cu x l php hp thnh cc cu x phn th .

26

Vi mi khng gian

v cc

Bcu

B,

ta k hiu

BunB

l phm tr cc phn th trn

x.

2.4 Tch phn th v th tch

nh ngha

2.9. ([4]- Tr.15) Tch ca hai phn th

l mt phn th

(E, p, B) v (E 0 , p0 , B 0 )

(E E 0 , p p0 , B B 0 ).

T nh ngha trn chng ta c th d dng m t php ton tch hai

phn th nh l mt hm t

nh ngha

Bun Bun Bun.

2.10. ([4]- Tr.16) Th tch ca hai phn th

2 = (E2 , p2 , B)

trn

B,

k hiu

1 2 ,

l phn th

1 = (E1 , p1 , B)

(E1 E2 , q, B)

vi

E1 E2 l khng gian con ca E1 E2 gm tt c cc cp (x, x0 ) E1 E2

tha mn

p1 (x) = p2 (x0 )

q(x, x0 ) = p1 (x) = p2 (x0 ).

Th tch cn c gi l tng Whitney. Th

trn

bB

Mnh

q 1 (b)

ca

(E1 E2 , q, B)

1
p1
1 (b) p2 (b) E1 E2 .

2.2. ([4]- Tr.16) Gi s

u2 : (E2 , p2 , B) (E20 , p02 , B)

u1 : (E1 , p1 , B) (E10 , p01 , B)

l hai

Bcu

x. Khi ta c:

u1 u2 : (E1 E2 , q, B) (E10 E2 , q 0 , B)
xc nh bi

(u1 u2 )(x1 , x2 ) = (u1 (x1 ), u2 (x2 ))

Chng minh.

u1

lin tc v

Do

u1 : (E1 , p1 , B) (E10 , p01 , B)

p01 u1 (x1 ) = p1 (x1 ), x1 E1

E1 @

u1

@@
@@
p1 @@@

B
Do

l mt

u2 : (E2 , p2 , B) (E20 , p02 , B)

Bcu

cu x.
x nn ta c

hay s sau giao hon:

/ E0
1
~~
~
~~ 0
~~ ~ p1

Bcu

x nn ta c

u2

lin tc v

27

p02 u2 (x2 ) = p2 (x2 ), x2 E2

hay s sau giao hon:

u2

E2 @

@@
@@
p2 @@@

B
t

v = u1 u2 ,

do

u1 , u2

/ E0
2
~~
~
~~ 0
~~ ~ p2

lin tc nn

lin tc. Ta cn chng minh s

sau giao hon:

E1 EI 2

II
II
I
q IIII
$

Tht vy

(x1 , x2 ) E1 E2 .

/ E0
1
uu
u
u
uu
uu 0
zuu q

E20

Ta c:

q(x1 , x2 ) = p1 (x1 ) = p2 (x2 )

Mt khc ta c:

q 0 (v(x1 , x2 )) = q 0 (u1 (x1 ), u2 (x2 )) = p01 u1 (x1 ) = p02 u2 (x2 )

Theo gi thit ta c:

p01 u1 (x1 ) = p1 (x1 )

p02 u2 (x2 ) = p2 (x2 )
Do ta c

H qu

q0v = q.

2.1. Nu

u1

u2

l cc

Bng

cu th

u1 u2

l mt

Bng

cu.

Chng minh.

Ta c do

u1 , u2

l cc php ng phi nn

u1 u2

l php

ng phi, kt hp vi Mnh 2.2 ta c pcm.

Mnh

2.3. ([4]- Tr.16) Nu

(E1 , p1 , B)

l phn th tm thng vi th

F1 , (E2 , p2 , B) l phn th tm thng vi th F2 th (E1 , p1 , B)(E2 , p2 , B)

28

F1 F2 .

l phn th tm thng vi th

Chng minh.

Do

(E1 , p1 , B)

tn ti php ng phi

l mt phn th tm thng vi th

u1 : E1 B F1
u1

E1 A

AA
AA
p1 AAA

B
Vi

F1

nn

tha mn s sau giao hon:

B F1

v
vv
vvq
v
v 1
vz v

q1 : (b1 , x) 7 b1

Ta c

x1 E1 u1 (x1 ) = (p1 (x1 ), f1 (x1 ))

x xc nh duy nht bi

u1 .

Do

u1

vi

f1 : E1 F1

l php ng phi nn ta c

p1 , f1

l nh
l cc

php ng phi.
Tng t ta c tn ti php ng phi

u2 : E2 B F2

tha mn s

sau giao hon:

u2

E2 A

AA
AA
p2 AAA

B
Vi

B F2

vv
vv
v
vv q2
vz v

q2 : (b2 , x) 7 b2

Ta c

x2 E2 u2 (x2 ) = (p2 (x2 ), f2 (x2 ))

x xc nh duy nht bi

u2 .

Do

u2

vi

f2 : E2 F2

l php ng phi nn ta c

p2 , f2

l nh
l cc

php ng phi.
Ta cn chng minh tn ti php ng phi

v : E1 E2 B F1 F2

tha mn s sau giao hon:

E1 EI 2

II
II
I
q IIII
$

Ta c:
Xt

B F1 F2

qq
qqq
q
q
qq q 0
qx qq

(x1 , x2 ) E1 E2 q(x1 , x2 ) = p1 (x1 ) = p2 (x2 )

xc nh nh sau:(x1 , x2 )

E1 E2 :

v(x1 , x2 ) = (p1 (x1 ), f1 (x1 ), f2 (x2 )) = (p2 (x2 ), f1 (x1 ), f2 (x2 ))

29

Khi ta c

l php ng phi. Mt khc ta c:

q 0 v(x1 , x2 ) = p1 (x1 ) = p2 (x2 ) = q(x1 , x2 )

Do Mnh c chng minh.

Mnh

dng

(E1 E2 , q, B)

2.4. ([4]- Tr.16) Nht ct ca th tch

s(b) = (s1 (b), s2 (b))

(E2 , p2 , B)

mt nht ct ca

Chng minh.

s1

vi

l mt nht ct ca

xc nh duy nht bi

([4]- Tr.16) Gi s

s(b) = (s1 (b), s2 (b)).

Do

s1 , s2

s2

s.

s : B E1 E2

l mt nht ct , v

l tit din ngang nn ta c

b B

b = qs(b) = p1 s1 (b) = p2 s2 (b),

Do

(E1 , p1 , B)

lun c

l cc nht ct xc nh duy nht bi

s.

2.5 S hn ch (thu hp) ca phn th, phn th cm

sinh
2.11. ([4]- Tr.17) Cho phn th

nh ngha

gian con ca

(E 0 , p0 , A)
V d

B.

Khi s hn ch ca

trong

E 0 = p1 (A)

2.6. ([4]- Tr.17,18) Cho

vi th

th tch trn

vi th

= (E, p, B), A l mt khng

trn

A,

|A,

B.

Khi

l mt phn th tch trn

|A = (A F, p, A)

l mt phn th trn B, th ta c

Nu

u :

l mt

F.

S thu hp ca phn th tha mn tnh cht bc cu. Nu

v

l phn th

p|E 0 = p0 .

= (B F, p, B)

l mt tp con ca

k hiu

Bcu

x v

|A1 = (|A)|A1

A B.

Khi :

uA = u|(E(|A)) : |A |A

A1 A B

|B = .

30

l mt

Acu

(vu)A = vA uA

x.
v

Nu

v :

(1 )A = 1|A .

c xc nh nh cc hm t

B1 ,

qua nh x

V d

f,

k hiu

khng gian tng

mt khng gian con ca khng gian bao gm cc cp

v php chiu

u 7 uA

= (E, p, B), f : B1 B

l mt phn th c khng gian c s l

f (b1 ) = p(x),

BunB BunA .

l mt nh x lin tc. Phn th cm sinh ca

f (),

x th hai, ta c

7 |A

Do , cc hm

2.12. ([4]- Tr.18) Cho phn th

nh ngha

Bcu

l mt

E1

(b1 , x) B1 E

vi

vi

p1 : (b1 , x) 7 b1 .

2.7.

1. Cho

l mt phn th trn

php nhng

j : A B .

(E(j ()), p0 , A)

Ang

Khi

l mt khng gian con ca

|A = (E(|A), p, A)

j () =

cu. Tht vy ta xt

u : E(|A) E(j ())

x 7 u(x) = (p(x), x)
Ta c

p0 u(x) = p0 (p(x), x) = p(x) u

Acu

Mt khc xt:

u0 : E(j ()) E(|A)

(p(x), x) 7 u0 (p(x), x)) = x
Ta c

u0

Acu

Do

Ang

2. Cho

f ()

uu0 = 1E(j ()) , u0 u = 1E(|A)

cu. Hay

|A

l phn th cm sinh ca

f : B1 B ,
Khi

x, v

Ang

= (E, p, B)

f : E(f ()) E()

cng vi

c gi l

j ()

cu.

di nh x

xc nh bi

xc nh mt cu x

f (b1 , x) = x.

(f , f ) : f () ,

cu x chun tc ca phn th cm sinh.

31

Tht vy

E(f ())

p1
/

B1


/B

(b1 , x) E(f ()) pf (b1 , x) = p(x) = f (b1 ) = f p1 (b1 , x)

Mnh

2.5. ([4]- Tr.18) Cho

cu x chun tc ca phn th
mi

b1 B1

th hn ch

phi. Hn na nu

f : B1 B .

di nh x

1
f : p1
1 (b1 ) p (f (b1 ))

l mt phn th bt k trn

mt cu x phn th bt k, khi tn ti mt
tha mn

f w = v .

Chng minh.

Vi mi
cc cp

Cu x

th

(b1 , x) b1 E

vi

1
f : p1
1 (b1 ) p (f (b1 ))

(v, f ) :

w : f ()

trong

E1

l tp

f (b1 ) = p(x), p1 : (b1 , x) 7 b1 .

p1
1 (b1 ) b1 E
vi

B1 cu

Khi vi

l mt php ng

f () = (E1 , p1 , B1 ),

(b1 , x) B1 E

b1 B1

B1 ,

l duy nht theo mi quan h trn.

([4]- Tr.18) Gi s

hp tt c cc cp

(f , f ) : f ()

= (E, p, B),

l khng gian con bao gm tt c

p(x) = f (b1 ) x p1 (f (b1 )).

c vit li nh sau:

f : b1 p1 (f (b1 )) p1 (f (b1 ))
(b1 , x) 7 x
y r rng l php ng phi.
By gi xt
bt k, suy ra

= (E2 , p2 , B1 ),

pv = f p2 .

(v, f ) :

l mt cu x phn th

32

Xt nh x

xc nh nh sau:

w : E2 E1
y 7 w(y) = (p2 (y), v(y))
Khi ta c

p1 w(y) = p2 (y)

nn

l mt

f w(y) = f (p2 (y), v(y)) = v(y) f w = v ,

c

B1 cu

x.

Mt khc ta c

v theo cch nh ngha

ta

l duy nht theo tnh cht trn.

u :

nh ngha

2.13. ([4]- Tr.18) Cho

l mt

f : B1 B

l mt nh x lin tc, khi nh ngha

Bcu

B1 cu

x v

f (u)

nh sau:

f (u) : f () f ()
(b1 , x) 7 (b1 , u(x))
T nh ngha trn ta c

Bcu

x th 2 th

f (1 ) = 1f ()

v nu

v :

l mt

f (uv)(b1 , x) = (b1 , vu(x)) = f (v)f (u)(b1 , x).

Do

ta c mnh sau:

Mnh

2.6. ([4]- Tr.19) Vi mi nh x

f : BunB BunB1
u :

l mt hm t.

th s sau giao hon.

f : B1 B ,

h cc hm

Hn na, vi mi

Bcu

33

Chng minh.

Ta ch cn chng minh

Tht vy,(b1 , x)

E(f ()),

uf = f f (u).

ta c:

uf (b1 , x) = u(x) = f (b1 , u(x)) = f f (u)(b1 , x)

Do ta c:

Mnh

uf = f f (u)

2.7. ([4]- Tr.19) Cho

x lin tc, v
cu,

g (f ())

Chng minh.

p0

g : B2 B1
B.

l mt phn th trn

(f g) ()

Ta c

B2 ng

Khi

f : B1 B

l 2 nh

1 ()

Bng

cu.

1 () = (E 0 , p0 , B), trong E 0 = {(p(x), x) BE}

l php chiu ln thnh phn th nht.

Xt nh x:

u : E E 0
x 7 (p(x), x)
Ta c:

x E : p0 (u(x)) = p0 (p(x), x) = p(x) p0 u = p.

php ng phi nn

1 ()

By gi ta chng minh
+)

f () = (E1 , p1 , B1 )

Bng

g (f ())

Mt khc

cu.

(f g) ()

B2 ng

cu. Ta c:

trong :

(b1 , x) E1 B1 E f (b1 ) = p(x)

v
+)

p1

l php chiu ln phn t u tin.

g (f ()) = (E2 , p2 , B2 )

trong :

(b2 , b1 , x) E2 B2 B1 E g(b2 ) = p1 (b1 , x) = b1

v

p2

l php chiu ln phn t u tin.

34

+)

(f g) () = (E3 , p3 , B2 )

trong :

(b2 , x) E3 B2 E f g(b2 ) = p(x)

p3

l php chiu ln phn t u tin.

Xt nh x:

v : E3 E2
(b2 , x) 7 (b2 , (g(b2 ), x))
Khi

l php ng phi. Mt khc

(b2 , x) E3

ta c:

p2 (v(b2 , x)) = p2 (b2 , g(b2 ), x) = b2 = p3 (b2 , x) p2 v = p3

Do ta c

H qu

g (f ())

(f g) ()

2.2. ([4]- Tr.19) Cho

g = f |A1 : A1 A,
g (|A)

f ()|A1

Chng minh.

B2 ng

f : (B1 , A1 ) (B, A)
= (E, p, B)

A1 ng

Mnh

([4]- Tr.19) Ta c Mnh hin nhin ng v

p1

l mt nh x, v

Chng

l mt phn th trn

tha mn

f () = (E1 , p1 , B1 )

l nh x m th

minh.

p1

Khi

g (|A) =

(a1 , x) A1 K

= (E, p, B), f : B1 B

l phn th cm sinh ca

di

f.

l nh x m.

([4]- Tr.19,20) Cho

E1 , E1 B1 E .

B.

l php chiu ln phn t u tin.

2.8. ([4]- Tr.19)([4]) Cho phn th

Khi nu

l mt nh x cp,

cu.

f ()|A1 = (A1 K, p1 , A1 ) trong K E

f (a1 ) = p(x),

cu.

l mt ln cn m ca

Ta cn tm mt ln cn m

ca

(b1 , x)

b1 = p1 (b1 , x)

vi

V1

ca

V p1 (W ).
T nh ngha ca tp ca

b1 B1

v ln cn m

E1

ca

(tp tch) th tn ti mt ln cn m

xE

sao cho

(V1 U ) W .

35

V = V1 f 1 (p(U )) V

m do

mi

b1 V

p(x) = f (b1 ),

tn ti

b1 = p1 (b1 , x) V .
Mnh

x U

Cho nn

vi

2.9. ([4]- Tr.20) Cho

l mt nht ct ca

(b1 ) = (b1 , sf (b1 ))

= (E, p, B)

psf (b1 ).

Do

lin tc.

do ,

Khi vi

(b1 , x) W

l mt phn th, v nh x

l cu x chun tc ca

th ta c

: B1 E(f ())

l mt nht ct tha mn

([4]- Tr.20) Ta c

Chng minh.

m v

V p1 (W ).

f : B1 B , (f , f ) : f ()
Nu

xc nh bi

f = sf .

p1 s(b1 ) = p1 (b1 , sf (b1 )) = b1

l mt nht ct ca

f ().

f (b1 ) =

Mt khc ta c:

f (b1 ) = f (b1 , sf (b1 )) = sf (b1 )

2.6 Tnh cht a phng ca phn th

nh ngha

2.14. ([4]- Tr.20) Hai phn th

a phng nu vi mi

|U

|U

U ng

bB

trn

th tn ti mt ln cn m

l ng cu

ca

sao cho

cu.

T nh ngha trn ta thy hai phn th trn B ng cu vi nhau th

ng cu a phng.
nh ngha

2.15. ([4]- Tr.20) Mt phn th

phng vi th

nu

trn

l tm thng a

l ng cu a phng vi phn th tch

(B

F, p, B).
Mnh

2.10. ([4]- Tr.20) Quan h ng cu a phng l quan h tng

ng trn lp cc phn th trn

Chng minh.

Cho

, ,

B.

l cc phn th trn B. Ta ch cn chng minh

tnh cht bc cu. Tht vy, gi s

l hai ln cn m ca

bB

sao

36

cho

|U

|U

U ng

cu v

|V

|V

V ng

cu.

Xt cc php nhng:

j1 : U V U
j2 : U V V
Theo V d 2.7 ta c cc

(U V )ng

cu sau:

|(U V )
= j1 (|U )
|(U V )
= j1 (|U )
|(U V )
= j2 (|V )
|(U V )
= j2 (|V )
|U

Mt khc do

|U

U ng

cu nn tn ti

U ng

cu

u : |U |U
Xt nh x:

u0 : E(j1 (|U )) E(j1 (|U ))

(x, x0 ) 7 (x, u(x0 ))
Khi ta c

u0

(U V )ng

l mt

(U V )ng

H qu

j1 (|U )

j1 (|U )

cu.

Tng t ta chng minh c

Do ta c

cu. Do

j2 (|V )

j2 (|V )

|(U V ), |(U V ), |(U V )

2.3. ([4]- Tr.20) Nu

tm thng a phng th

(U V )ng

(U V )ng

cu.

cu.

l ng cu a phng vi mt phn th

l tm thng a phng.

Tnh cht a phng ca phn th l mt tnh cht bt bin gia cc

phn th ng cu a phng.

37

Mnh

2.11. ([4]- Tr.20) Cho

B1 B

l mt nh x lin tc. Nu

f ()

f ()

l hai phn th trn

v

l ng cu a phng trn

vi mi tp m

U B.

f ()|f 1 (U )

H qu

trn

Chng minh.

f 1 (U )ng

2.4. ([4]- Tr.21) Cho

B, A B.

j ()

j ()

Khi

|A

|U

f (|U )
= f ()|f 1 (U )

U ng cu ta c f ()|f 1 (U )

cu.

|A

Xt nh x nhng

f :

B1 .

([4]- Tr.21) Theo Mnh 2.2 ta c

|U

l ng cu a phng th

Chng minh.

Nu

B,

l hai phn th ng cu a phng

l ng cu a phng.

j : A B .

ng cu a phng trn

A.

Theo Mnh 2.11 ta c

Mt khc theo V d 2.7 ta c:

j ()
= |A
j ()
= |A
Do ra c

H qu

|A

|A

l ng cu a phng

2.5. ([4]- Tr.21) Cho

F , f : B1 B

l mt phn th tm thng a phng

trn

|A

l tm thng a phng vi th

vi th

Chng minh.

Gi s

l mt nh x,

= (E, p, B).

A B.

Khi

f ()

F.

= (B F, q, B), = (B1 F, q1 , B1 )
l cc phn th tch. Theo gi thit ta c
theo Mnh 2.11 ta c
Mt khc ta c

E(f ())

f ()

f ()

ng cu a phng. Do

l ng cu a phng.

f () = (B1 B F, q 0 , B1 ),

u c dng

(b1 , f (b1 ), x).

trong mi phn t ca

38

Xt nh x:

u : E(f ()) B1 F
(b1 , (f (b1 ), x)) 7 (b1 , x)
Ta c
Suy ra

u l php ng phi v do q1 u = q 0

f ()

tm thng a phng. Do

By gi ta s chng minh

|A

vy theo H qu 2.4 ta c
ta c

|A = (A F, q, A),

(A F, q, A).

Cho nn

|A

|A

nn

f () v

f ()

B1 ng cu.

tm thng a phng.

l tm thng a phng vi th

|A

l ng cu a phng.

|A

suy ra

F.

Tht

Mt khc

ng cu a phng vi th tch

l tm thng a phng vi th

F.

2.7 S m rng ca nht ct

nh l

vi th
ct

2.1. ([4]- Tr.21) Cho

F,

ca

(B, A)

|A

= (E, p, B)

l mt quan h

CW

l mt phn th tm thng
phc. Khi tt c cc nht

c th ko di (thc trin) n mt nht ct

ca

theo

mt trong cc gi thit sau:

(H1 ) Khng gian

(m 1)

(H2 ) C mt quan h

A = (X I) (Y )),
Chng minh.

CW

vi

lin thng vi mi

phc

(Y, X)

tha mn

dimB < n.

Vi

n 6= 0, t gi thit quy np ta c mt nht ct s0

ta c

Gi s

c th chia
tm thng.

In

trn

A=B

n=0

uc ()

([4]- Tr.21,22) Trc tin ta chng minh nh l vi gi thit

Nu

Phn th

B = Y I

I = [0, 1].

(H1 ). Gi s nh l ng vi mi

s0 |A = s.

m dimB .

l mt

In

nn nh l hin nhin ng.

khoang ca

|Bn1

vi nh x gn

l tm thng a phng.Do

thnh cc hnh khi

ca

c di

1/k

Theo Mnh 2.9 ta c t nht ct

s0

In

tha mn

uc : I n B .

l compact, nn ta

tha mn

uc ()|K

ta xc nh c mt

39

nht ct

gi s rng

ca

p dng cc gi thit quy np vi 0, ta c th

uc ()|I n .

c xc nh trn

(n 1)

c xc nh trn

cho bi mt nh x

uc

trn

uc

t nhin

theo yu cu

I n,

nht ct

K F .

by gi

S dng ng cu

v theo Mnh 2.9 ta c mt nht ct

|(C Bn1 ) = s0 |(C Bn1 ).

sn ca

s |Bn1 = s0

Do ta xc nh c mt nht ct

s |C = sc ,

sc

ca

ca

v theo tnh cht ca tp yu th

lin tc.
Nu

dimB = ,

dng cc nht ct

sn

th
ca

l mt

|Bn

nlin

tha mn

ta xc nh c mt nht ct ca

thng vi mi

Sn |Bn1 = Sn1

tha mn

n,
v

khi ta xy

s1 = s,

s |Bn = sn .

Trng hp chng minh nh l vi gi thit (H2 ) ta lm tng t

kt lun
Lun vn trnh by vn tt mt s khi nim c s pht biu v
chng minh cc ni dung chnh l:
1. Trnh by khi nim khng gian tp, nh x lin tc trn khng gian
tp, v ch ra mt s v d c gii thch tng minh.
2. Trnh by vn tt khi nim phm tr, CW-phc.
3. Trnh by nh ngha a tp kh vi ch ra mt s v d c th minh
ha.
4. Ni dung chnh ca lun vn trnh by khi nim khng gian phn th,
v cc tnh cht ca n. Ti trnh by c th mt s v d nh V
d 2.3, V d 2.4. Ngoi ra, ti cn trnh by chi tit chng minh cc
tnh cht nh: Mnh 2.2, Mnh 2.3, Mnh 2.6, Mnh 2.7,
Mnh 2.10, H qu 2.4, H qu 2.5.
Hng tip tc chng ti s trnh by cc tnh cht ca khng gian phn
th ca hnh cu trn khng gian x nh.

V thi gian v nng lc bn thn c hn nn mc d rt c gng

nhng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st rt mong nhn c s gp
ca qu thy c v cc bn.

40

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nng Quc Chinh. (2003), Tp i cng, NXB H S phm H Ni.
[2] Khu Quc Anh, Nguyn Don Tun. (2011), L thuyt lin thng v hnh
hc Riemann, NXB H S phm.
[3] Brayton Gray. (1975), An Introduction to Algebraic Topolopy, Academic
Press.
[4] Dale Husemoller. (1993), Fibre Bundles (Third Edition), Springer Verlag.
[5] Joseph J. Rotman.(2009), An Introduction to Homological Algebra (Second Edition), Springer Verlag.
[6] Norman Steenrod.(1951), The topology of fibre bundles, Princeion University.
[7] Valter Moretti.(2003), Notes on Tensor Analysis in Differentiable Manifolds with applications to Relativistic Theories, University of Trento.

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