ngha cc ch s trong a dng sinh hc

TS. Vin Ngc Nam

i hc Nng Lm Tp. H Ch Minh

 ngha
Nhiu ch s a dng khc nhau nh gi hin trng a dng sinh hc v quan trc bin ng qun x, so snh, i chiu tnh a dng theo thi gian v khng gian da trn cc mu thu ngu nhin t qun x. Cc ch s a dng ny ph thuc vo hai khuynh hng khc nhau:
Phn b thng k v mt tng i ca cc loi v s dng l thuyt thng tin phn tch t chc bc qun x. Nhng ch s thng c s dng l ch s a dng Fisher v ch s phong ph Margalef (thuc phn b thng k); Ch s Shannon-Weiner v ch s Simpson (thuc l thuyt thng tin).

Ch s a dng sinh hc (Biodiversity Index)

Nhiu ch s nn thng kh khn trong vic chn phng php v ch s no l tt nht tnh ton DSH Cch tt nht l phi th nghim vi nhng con s m chng ta o m Tt nht l chn nhng ch s no c cho l cn bn vi y chc nng tiu ch v kh nng no hiu bit gia cc ni, ph thuc vo kch c mu, thnh phn no trong DDSH c o m, ch s no c s dng rng ri v hiu r.

Cc tnh cht ca qun x

Lm th no so snh cc qun x? Chng ta so snh bng cch lit k cc tnh cht ph bin Nh th nhng tnh cht no ca qun x c c? Cc tnh cht no ni bt? Chng ta mun vi tnh cht tm thy trong cc qun x. Thnh phn ca qun x
Chng ta khng th ch ln danh sch cc loi. Bi v sau chng ta ch c th so snh cc qun x vi vi loi ph bin. Tuy vy, tt c cc qun x s c cc loi, mc du s lng v mc phong ph th bin ng. a dng loi l o m s lng (richness) v phong ph (vi ngha s lng c th/loi) ca loi trong mt qun x tng ng

Cc ng thi ca qun x

a dng ca qun x thay i nh th no qua thi gian? Vi qun x c a dng ln, vi qun x n nh (t thay i) Qun x n nh l o mc thay i trong qun x phn ng li vi vi xo trn

o m s a dng
Alpha diversity (-diversity) l a dng sinh hc trong mt vng no , qun x hay h sinh thi, o m s taxa trong mt h sinh thi thng l loi. Beta diversity a dng loi gia cc h sinh thi, so snh s taxa m n c o i vi tng h sinh thi Gamma diversity a dng v mt phn loi ca mt vng vi vi h sinh thi Global diversity DSH trn tri t.

Ch s giu c ca loi
(Species richness)
Ch s giu c (S) ca loi l s loi c trong mt h sinh thi. Ch s ny khng s dng phong ph tng i.
giu c (Richness) l o m s loi sinh vt khc nhau m hin din trong vng no
K hiu S (Species)

Ch s a dng sinh hc ca Fisher

Mt c im rt c trng ca qun x l chng c tng i t loi ph bin nhng li gm mt s lng kh ln cc loi him. Trn c s phn tch mt khi lng ln cc s liu v s lng loi v s lng c th cc qun x khc nhau, Fisher cho thy rng cc s liu loi ny ph hp tt nht bi chui logarit Trong : S : Tng s loi trong mu. N N : Tng s lng c th trong mu S = ln(1 + ) : Ch s a dng loi trong qun x
thp khi a dng loi thp v ngc li; ch s khng ph thuc vo kch thc mu. Cc nh sinh thi hc cho rng, c th s dng ch s so snh s a dng cc khu vc v thi gian khc nhau. Ch s ch ph thuc vo s loi v s lng c th c trong mu.

 tng ng (Evenness)
tng ng (Evenness) so snh s ging nhau ca kch thc qun th ca loi hin din, l o m phong ph tng i ca cc loi khc nhau to nn giu c ca mt vng E bin ng 0 E 1, khi E = 1 ng u cao nht Mt qun x m c 1 hoc 2 loi u th th c xem nh l km a dng hn mt qun x khc m vi loi c phong ph ging nhau

Species richness & Evenness

S c th Loi hoa Daisy Dandelion Buttercup Tng Mu 1 300 335 365 1000
S= 3 N = 1.000

Mu 2 20 49 931 1000

Khi giu c ca loi v tng ng cao th mc a dng tng

QX/ Loi

a 91 10

b 1 10

c 1 10

d 1 10

e 1 10

f 1 10

g 1 10

h 1 10

i 1 10

j 1 10

A B

Trng hp (a) mc bnh qun l ti thiu, tnh u th l ti a, c loi u th, Trng hp (b) mc bnh qun l ti a, khng c loi

u th.

S bin ng ca cc loi trong qun th cng t th E cng cao Cc ch s u th, hu ht cc loi thng thng c ng gp ln v khi thm vi loi him s khng tng gi tr cc ch s

Ch s Margalef
Ch s ny c s dng xc nh tnh a dng hay phong ph v loi. s hay d = s 1 d=
N

lg N

Trong :

d : ch s a dng Margalef S : tng s loi trong mu N : tng s lng c th trong mu.

Ch s Simpson (Simpson Index)

Cho bit kh nng ca hai c th bt k mt cch ngu nhin trong mt qun x ln v hn thuc cc loi khc nhau. Ch s Simpson D (Simpson Index) vi 0 D 1, D cng nh th a dng sinh hc cng cao. hay Ch s a dng Simpson (Simpson Biodiversity Index) thng c th hin l 1 - D, vi 0 D 1 D ln th DSH ln

Ch s a dng Simpson nghch o hay 1/D Gi tr ti a chnh l s loi c trong mu Ch s Simpson s dng thng tin tng loi, khng ging ch s Berger Parker v nh th n chnh xc hn nhng rt kh thay i khi thm vi vi loi him trong mu.

Ch s Simpson (Simpson Index)

Loi Cc Xoi i Na Kh Tng (N) S c th (n) 2 8 1 1 3 15 n(n-1) 2 56 0 0 6 64

Simpson's Index D= 64/15(14) = 64/210 = 0.3 Simpson's Index of Diversity 1 - D = 0.7 Simpson's Reciprocal Index 1 / D = 3.3

Ch s Simpson (Simpson Index)

Cc ch s Simpson th hin mc loi phong ph nht trong mu, trong khi th t nhy cm vi giu c ca loi. Khi s loi gia tng trn 10 th ch n nhng loi c phn b phong ph v loi th c gi tr trong vic xc nh ch s c gi tr cao hoc thp D i din cho loi u th c s dng trong vic theo di nghin cu mi trng, khi D tng th a dng gim v th n c hiu qu trong vic nh gi tc ng mi trng Simpson's Diversity Index l ch s o v mc a dng m xem xt c giu c v ng u

Ch s Shannon
Ch s ny thun li l xem xt s loi v mc ng u ca cc loi. Ch s ny tng khi c nhiu loi c o hay c giu c ca loi (S) ln. ni s c th c trong mi loi; mc phong ph ca mi loi. S S loi. c gi l giu c ca loi. N Tng s cc c th

pi =

Mc phong ph tng i ca mi loi,

tc l tng s c th ca mt loi no trn tng s c th ca cc loi trong qun x

V d

Ch s D Simpson bin i khi s loi him tng v s c th thay i. Ch s Berger-Parker tng khng ng k khi loi him tng

 Ch s D Shannon bin i khi s loi him tng

 ng u EH
Cc ch s a dng cung cp thng tin v loi him, loi ph bin trong mt qun x. Kh nng nh lng a dng theo cch ny l mt cng c quan trng cho cc nh sinh hc c gng hiu bit cu trc ca qun x. Ch s ng u Shannon's (EH) 0 EH 1, khi EH = 1 l ng u cao nht.
(EH = H /Hmax, with Hmax = lnS)

(ED = D /Dmax, with Dmax = S) (EH = H /Hmax, with Hmax = lnS)

Ch s Berger-Parker
Ch s Berger-Parker index c tnh ton d dng khi c t l loi ln nht ca tt c cc loi trong mt qun x. y l ch s m nh hng mnh nht b s ng u ca cc ch s c cp trn (Ch s Shannon c khuynh hng thin v giu c). Ch s nghch o 1/d l 1 ch s ca a dng. Ch s Simpson c gi tr cao nht khi s lng loi ging nhau l S
N= Tng s c th ca cc loi Nmax: S c th ca loi ph bin nht

Accumulation curves (ng cong tch ly)

so snh t nhng nghin cu khc nhau, ng cong tch ly loi c tnh ton cc kt qu c th so snh kt qu vi kch thc mu

Abundance plot

ng cong k- dominance

T l % mc phong ph tch ly ca mu vi log xp hng ca

loi. ng cng thp a dng cng cao. ng cong k-dominance o mc a dng bn trong.

ng cong K-dominance
100 90 % cumulative abundance 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 species rank Series1 Series2

a dng sinh hc cao nht

Series3 Series4

Abundance plot: Rank

Mc phong ph ca vi log xp hng ca loi, h thng th so snh a dng

Rnyi diversity series

c tnh t t l phong ph Ch s bin ng t 0 n v cc, thng th hin gi tr 0, 1, 2 v thng ging nhau theo th loi giu c nh ch s Shannon, 1/D Simpson (theo t l ln) v 1/Berger-Parker (theo t l ln). Qun x c a dng ln nht s hon ton nm trn ng cong ca qun x vi mc a dng thp nht. Qun x phn b hon ton nm ngang. Trong trng hp cc ng cong giao nhau c ngha l hai qun x khng th xp th t a dng t thp n cao. Hnh di cho thy 2 QX trn c phn tch cho thy mt QX th rt giu nhng phn b khng u. th cho thy ch s Shannon ca 2 QX bng nhau nhng khng thng tin quyt nh tht cc QX ny c a dng ging nhau.

Kch thc mu ph thuc vo nhiu ch s DSH

Soetaert et al 1990

SHE analysis
Xc nh cc mi quan h gia giu c ca loi S (species richness), ch s Shannon H (information) v ch s tng ng E (eveness) trong cc mu. iu ny c li cho vic kim tra nu s liu ging vi hm lognormal, chui log (log-series) hay broken stick. iu ny chc chn cho phng php thc hnh hiu qu nht kim tra s ph hp 'goodness-of-fit' to ca cc m hnh. N thng c dng tm kim cc vng chuyn tip (ecotones).

Rarefaction
Thut ng rarefaction trong sinh thi hc cp nh l mt k thut, cch tiu chun ho v so snh giu c ca loi (S) c tnh t cc mu c kch thc khc nhau. Nh rng N = Tng kch c mu S = S loi n = Kch thc mu tiu chun c dng so snh Ni = S c th trong loi th i Thng th tng s Ni phi bng N

Rarefaction
Chnh li xu hng trong s loi do kch thc mu bng tiu chun ho n s loi c mong i trong mt mu. Nu chng c cng tng kch thc khi mu nh nht Ex: C 2 mu, mu A c 100 c th v 100 c th xut hin trong 9 loi. Mu B c 25 c th trong 4 loi. Rarefaction tr li cu hi Bao nhiu loi c mong i trong mu A nu ti ch ly 25 c th thay v 100 c th ? N = Tng s c th trong mu ring bit (100 c th trong mu A) Ni = S c th trong loi th I n = Kch thc ca mu nh hn (25 c th trong mu B). Chng ta tnh E(S), s loi c mong i trong mu NU MU C KCH THC NH HN (n).

Rarefaction curves

ng cong ny l phn b s loi nh l mt hm s ca s c th ly t mu

cong bng phng th mt s c th va phi v ly mu thm s cn thit ch mt s nh loi thm vo

Nu ng cong dc th a dng loi cng cao, nu mt phn ca dng

Ch s Jaccard

c K= a+b+c

so snh mc khc nhau ca hai qun x, ngi ta thng s dng ch s Jaccard, tnh theo cng thc:
Khu A Khu B Loi xut hin Loi khng xut hin Loi xut hin Loi khng xut hin

c a

b d

Ch s Brillouin
Dng khi nghi ng ly mu ba bi Ging nh H', nhng trn c s s lng thay v t l. Ch s Brillouin s gia tng khi tng s c th trong mu tng, ngay c s loi

Ch s Brillouin tng khi tng s c th trong mu tng, ngay c khi s loi tng

Abundance model: Broken Stick model

Gi thuyt khng trn c s khng c mi quan h gia cc loi Trc ngun (cc que) c chia gia cc loi mt cch ngu nhin v ng thi

Abundance model: log series a

Trc x l phong ph ca mt loi Trc ny c th l chia s c th thnh cc lp phong ph Trc y l s loi trong mi lp (cp) Khi s lng ln cc yu t nh hng n s lng loi hin c th dng ng cong s nh ln v cao gia, thng th ng cong khng c ri st trc x. Khi ng cong ri st trc x c ngha l ch c loi him tm thy Khi dung lng mu cng ln th ng cong s hng v pha bn mt Hnh dng th ging ng cong chun m gi l log chun "log-normal"

log series a

Cch tnh cng tng t ch s Margalef v Menhinick Cng phong ph th loi phn b cng khng ng u Trc Y l s loi trong mi cp Trc X l chia s c th thnh nhiu cp phong ph

Bng tng hp

Ch s Stress
Ch s stress ch cho thy cc mi quan h v kch thc trong cc mu c i din th t trong 2D

Stress < 0.05 cho thy i din rt tt, nhng khi stress < 0.01 s lp li chm dt tr s ny. Stress <0.1 tng ng vi s sp xp tt Stress <0.2 vn cho thy tim nng s dng hnh nh 2 D Stress > 0.3 cho thy cc im gn nhau mt cch ty tin trong 2 D. Thc t cho thy v tr ngu nhin c dng khi bt u cu hnh cho s lp li thng th ch s strees 0.350.45. Gi tr stress 0.20.3 thng th h nghi v b phn no pha na trn ca chui, c bit cho mt s t im (khong < 50)

Coastal management Sourcebooks 3 Part 3 Habitat Classification and Mapping, UNESCO-CSI

a dng sinh hc theo

Thnh phn loi thc vt theo dng sng
Thc vt thn g (G ln v g nh) Thc vt cy bi, tiu mc Thc vt thm ti, cay c Thc vt ngoi tng (Day leo, k sinh, ph sinh) Khuyt thc vt

Thnh phn loi theo ngnh thc vt Thnh phn loi theo cc h thc vt Thnh phn loi hoc chi thc vt

Xem xt bo tn loi
Nhng loi thc vt trong sch ca VN v ca IUCN. Nhng loi thc vt qu him v c hu, loi thc vt qu him theo Ngh nh 18/HBT ngy 17-1-1992 ca Hi ng B Trng v Ngh nh 48/2002/N-CP ngy 24-4-2002 ca Chnh ph Thc vt c hu c hiu l nhng loi ch phn b trong phm vi khng gian ca mt a phng, ca mt vng hay mt min no , ngoi ra khng gp bt k ni no khc

Chn la bo tn
i din sinh hc c o v sinh hc T nhin c hu C ngha cho cc vng c gi tr DSH cao

Loi c gi tr hay quan trng Tim nng c gi tr DSH cao H tr chc nng cho cc lp a v cho cc loi Gi tr kinh t x hi Gi tr tim nng ca khu ni c tim nng v DSH nhng gi tr DSH cha c nghin cu Gi tr kh thi bo tn
Hin trng bo tn Mc e do Nng lc qun l Kch thc v thng tn sinh thi

Nhp lng thng xuyn: Cha nc C ngha theo chu k: lm t, vng t tr ng, dng chn trn ng di tr Nhp vo theo thi k: Ni tr ng khi lt

Ti liu tham kho

http://www.tnstate.edu/ganter/B412%20Extra%20Diversity.html http://www.tnstate.edu/ganter/B412%20Ch%2015&16%20CommM etric.html#BIO412Ch15Anchor02 K. R. Clarke & R. M. Warwick, 2001. Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation, 2nd Edition