H PHNG TRNH MAXWELL

1.1 i cng v Trng in t:

1) nh ngha:

c c s vng chc, trn ta xy dng ton b ni dung v phng phplun
ca mn hc, ngay t u phi c mt khi nim c bn v mt m hnh ng v Trng
in t c hiu lc trong lnh vc k thut in (KT). Ni cch khc, gii p cu hi
bao trm c mn hc l:
Trng in t l g? Trong lnh vc k thut in phi quan nim TT theo m
hnh no?
y l cu hi ln; v vy cn tch thnh nhng cu hi nh hn l:
Trng in t c phi l mt dng vt cht,mt thc th vt l?
Trng in t tng tc vi nhng dng vt cht no trong cng mt h thng?
Nhng thng s no c trng cho tng tc y?
Lut v nhng phng trnh tng tc c quan nim v m t ra sao?...
nh ngha sau y s tr li nhng cu hi trn:
Trng in t l mt dng vt cht c bn, chuyn ng vi vn tc nh sng
trong mi h quy chiu qun tnh trong chn khng; n th hin s tn ti v vn ng
qua nhng tng tc vi mt dng vt cht khc l nhng ht hay nhng mi trng
cht mang in.
nh ngha nu mt cch tm tt bn cht ca TT (l mt dng vt cht) v
nhng m hnh ca n ( theo cc h thng tng tc TT-MTC). nh ngha cng da
trn cc khi nim: dng vt cht c bn,tng tc,ht,mi trng: trong , c bn nht
v lun i km theo nhau l dng vt cht c bn v tng tc.
2)H thng tng tc Trng- Mi trng cht lin tc ha:
hiu r c ch tung tc ca mt thc th vt l c bn ch c cch kho st n
tong tc vi cc thc th khc. Thc t cho thy TT tng tc c vi nhiu dng vt
cht khc nhau nh cc vt th, mi trng, ht mang in, trong h thng trng-ht
lng t v h thng Trng-Mi trng cht lin tc l hai h thng c bn v n gm
nhng dng vt cht c bn. H thng nhng thc th tham gia tng tc vi TT c
coi l h thng vt l hoc h thng tng tc. y ch quan tm n h thng tng
tc theo m hnh h tng tc Trng-Mi trng cht lin tc ha.
Ta bit, mi trng cht thc t l tp hp ht lin kt li theo nhng lut nht
nh, cu trc nguyn t, phn t, tinh thV vy, cu trc cht thc t rt gin on,
tp trung ht sc ln ln cn cc ht v trit tiu xung quanh. Km theo th trng
cng phn b theo kiu bin ng: tp trung rt mnh vng ln cn cc ht v yu dn
vng gia cc ht. Nhng, iu cha c ng dng g trong TT trong gii tn VT
tr li v cc dng c o cng ch o theo nhng gi tr trung bnh ca Trng v Mi
trng trong nhng vng ln so vi kch thc ht. Do vy, ta s s dng m hnh
lin tuc ha, tc l chp nhn quam nim lin tc ha mi trng cht v trng in t
trong khng gian v thi gian. Tng tc ca h, do cng lin tc ha v khng gian,
thi gian cng lin tc ha theo. V vy, c th m t tng tc ca h di dng nhng
phng trnh o hm ring lin h nhng bin trng thi lin tc ha.
3)Phng thc tng tc ca trng in t v mi trng cht mang in. Hai
mt in v t ca trng in t.
T nhng quan nim nu trn y v TT v MTC, mt cch t nhin dn
n quan nim v phng thc tng tc tip cn ca chng.
Xut pht t quan nim cho rng: Khi mt thc th trao hoc nhn nng lng,
ng lng ca mi trng bn ngoi th ln cn n phi c phn b nng lng, ng
lng v khi ai thc th tng tc vi nhau, chng phi tip cn nhau. Do dn n mt
s khi nim v phng thc tng tc ca h Trng-Mi trng.
Theo th c tng tc ht-ht, trng-trng v Trng-MTC. Hai tng tc
u khng ng k nn b qua m ch quan tm n tng tc th ba tc l tng tc
trng-mi trng cht.
Do TT lan truyn vi vn tc hu hn, nn mi thi im, khng phi ton b
TT tng tc vi mi min ca MTC m ch mt phn ca trng lan truyn ti
tng tc m thi. l quan nim v phng thc tng tc tip cn hoc t gn
n xa: khng c s tng tc gin on hay tc thi vi vn tc v cng ln.
Phng thc tng tc tip cn cn nu r: TT c nng lng, ng lng phn
b v chy trong khng gian cng vi trng hnh thnh nhng dng nng lng, ng
lng.
Cng t quan nim phng thc tng tc tip cn m s c c bin php pht
hin trng in t v mi trng in t.
Phn tch s tng tc TT-MTC dn ra cc thng s ng lc hc.
qq
q
q
e
E
F
E
F
M
eB
V
q
a)
b)
Hnh 1-1
Nhn thy rng: trong mt h qui chiu qun tnh, TT c hai(hoc hai lut)
tng tc lc vi ht hoc vt nh mang in, ty thuc vo cch chuyn ng ca vt
trong h. C mt th lc c gi l lc in (F
E
) ch ph thuc vo v tr ca vt m
khng ph thuc vo vn tc ca vt (H.1-1.a). Mt th lc khc c gi l lc t (k
hiu F
a
hoc F
M
), ch tc ng khi vt chuyn ng. Lc F
M
hng theo chiu va vung
gc vi vn tc v va vung gc vi chiu e
B
no ty thuc vo tng im trong h
qui chiu.
l lc Lorentz ca TT tc dng ln nhng vt mang in:
F=F
E
+ F
M
(1-1)
T cho php ngh rng: thc th vt l TT c hai mt th hin l in trng
( hoc mt in) v t trng (hoc mt t) ca TT. Hai mt ny lp thnh mt nhm
nhng th hin ng lc hc, ng vi nhm nhng chuyn ng ca vt mang in
ch gm: ng yn v chuyn ng thng u trong h qui chiu.
Qui c rng: gi lc F
E
v nng lng trng in t gn vi lc l lc v
nng lng in trng; cn lc F
M
v nng lng TT gn vi lc l lc v nng
lng t trng.
Vy in trng, t trng cng cc lc Lorentz v nng lng ca chng l
nhng khi nim tng i. l v s chuyn ng ca vt mang in ch l tng i
v ch xc nh trong mt h qui chiu c th. iu cho thy rng: nu trong mt h
qui chiu c th hin v thc s pht huy tc dng ng lc hc v in v v t c th
ca mt TT th sang mt h khc, nhng th hin ni chung s khc i, tc dng
ng lc hc ca chng s khc i mc d vn tn ti thc s.
4)Cc thng s c bn v trng thi ng lc hc ca trng in
t v mi trng mang in .
Xy dng m hnh ca h Trng-Mi trng cht th trc ht cn phi xc nh
nhng thng s qua biu din v m t h.
i vi mt h c hai loi thng s, l thng s bin trng thi v thng s
hnh vi.
Thng s trng thi: l nhng bin c dung trc tip hoc gin tip o,
biu din trng thi v qu trnh ng lc hc kho st ca h ( v d: trng thi nng
lng, ng lng ca h), hoc o, biu din nng lc tng tc ca cc thnh vin ca
h ( v d: mt nng lng ca trng, mi trng; cc vect cng o nng lc
tng tc ca trng, hoc vect phn cc o trng thi b kch thch ca mi trng,
hoc in tch ca mi trng o nng lc tng tc vi trng).
Nhng bin trng thi nh vy thng l nhng s,hm hoc vect quan nim
lin tc ha trong khng gian v thi gian.
Thng s hnh vi: c dng biu din tnh qui lut ca cc hoat ng, hnh
vi ca mt thc th trong qu trnh tng tc vi mt thc th khc. V d: cc h s
phn cc biu din v o phn ng phn cc ca in mi di tc dng ca lc in
trng tnh. Trong trng hp tnh, cc thng s hnh vi thng l nhng h s hoc hm
s, nhng trong tng tc ng,nhng h s khng miu t hnh vi phc tp ca thc
th, m ni chung thng l nhng ton t ( c hiu l nhng php lm ng mt bin
ny vi mt bin khc).
Cc bin trng thi c bn v ng lc hc:
a).Bin trng thi ng lc hc c bn ca vt mang in l in tch q.
l mt bin trng thi do nng lc tng tc lc ca vt vi TT, l mt thuc
tnh ca vt mang in in tch l mt s thc.
n v ca in tch q l Coulomb (C) c in tch mt in t l e= -1,6.10
-19
[C].
b).Cc bin trng thi c bn ca trng in t.
Do trng in t c hai lut tc ng lc vi cc vt mang in ng vi hai mt
in v t ca trng, nn s biu din v o hai mt th hin y bng hai bin trng thi
c bn c gi l vect cng in trng E v vect cng t cm B.
Th nguyn ca E l [V/m], cn ca B l [Vs/m
2
]. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam th
T
m
Vs

2
(gi l Tesla)
1[T]=10
4
[G] (G = Gauss)
5) Nhng thng s khc v trng thi v hnh vi ca Trng v Mi trng.
Cc bin trng thi ca trng in t E v B, ca vt hoc mi trng mang in
q va nu trn nhiu khi cha tin li v cha biu din cc qu trnh in t.
V vic m t mi trng, thng s in tch cng nhng dng phn b khng
gian ca n cha tin phn bit biu din v o ba trng thi kch thch c bn ca mi
trng ng vi ba loi mi trng c bn: in mi, t mi v vt dn.
Bit rng: di kch thch ca TT, mi trng c th c ba hin tng hng
ng: phn cc v in ca in mi, phn cc v t ca t mi v hin tng tiu tn
trong vt dn. V vy, s a thm vo nhng bin vect P, M v J o ba trng thi y;
ng thi, cn nu thm nhng thng s hnh vi biu din phn ng ca mi trng
v ba mt y.
bit rng: cc vect trng thi ca trng E,B v trng thi phn cc ca mi
trng P,M lin quan vi mi phn b in tch t do v rng buc v iu khng n
gin. V vy, s a thm hai trng thi hn hp D v H. Bi v mt mt D,H lin h vi
cc vect trng thi TT mt cch n gin, mt khc D,H ch lin h trc tip vi
nhng dng phn b in tch v dng in t do khin cho vic m t tng tc Trng-
Cht c gin tin hn nhiu.
cho n gin, cc thng s hnh vi ca mi trng, cng nh cc quan h
Trng-Cht, y s ch nu cho m hnh trng tnh ( hoc bin thin chm coi
l trng tnh).
a).Thng s trng thi v hnh vi phn cc in.
Trong nhiu cht in mi ( mi trng ch c nhng ht mang in rng buc)
di tc dng ca lc in trng E, cc in t rng buc tip nhn nng lng in
trng dch chuyn ra khi v tr cn bng: tm qu o in t b ko ra xa nhng nt c
in tch dng mt on l no ly theo chiu tm qu o n nt hnh thnh nhng
lng cc in. l hin tng phn cc ca in mi. Cc lng cc in cng c
mt in trng ring.
Vi mt trng tnh, trong mt mi trng ng nht, ng hng vi cng
in trng E ( c trng ngoi ln trng ca cc lng cc) cha qu ln ( di vi
mi KV/cm) th c th coi dch chuyn l t l v cng chiu vi E, tc coi mi trng l
tuyn tnh.
Thy rng, trng thi phn cc ca mt lng cc in c c trng bi in
tch q v dch chuyn l. Vy, c th o trng thi y bng vect p v gi l moment in
ca lng cc, vi:
p = q.l (1-2)
Nu ln cn mi im, s lng cc tnh trung bnh cho mt n v th tch l N
(ph thuc tnh cht in mi c th) th o trng thi phn cc mi im bng moment
in tng ca chng v gi l vect phn cc in P vi:
P = N.ql hoc
V
P
P

(1-3)
Theo nh m hnh lin tc ha li c th vit:
V
P
P

(1-3b)
Vect P o trng thi phn cc in ca mi trng ln cn mi im v do
mt cch gin tip nu ln trng thi th nng n hi lin quan n s dch chuyn vi
cc qu o in t.
V trong mi trng tuyn tnh,l t l vi E v N ph thuc in mi c th, nn
t (1-3) suy ra P t l vi E mi im vi mt h s ty in mi c th. Thng thng
vit:
E k P
p
. .
0


E
P
k
p
0

(1-4)
y k
p
l h s phn cc in mi, l mt thng s ring ca mi trng. N o
nng lc phn cc di tc dng ca in trng tnh( hoc bin thin chm), l thng s
hnh vi ca in mi v mt phn cc in.
V hnh thc ton hc, k
p
din t mt cch n gin trng thi P kh phc tp
thng qua trng thi E ca trng, trnh c vic kho st phn b ca lng cc in.
tn dng u im , ngi ta a thm mt bin trng thi gi l vect dch
chuyn in D. l mt t hp ca trng thi trng E v trng thi phn cc ca mi
trng P nh sau:
P E D +
0

(1-5)
Vect D hm mt ngha l: i vi trng tnh, thng lng ca D chy ra khi
mt kn S va bng in tch t do q
td
bao trong mt ( lut Gauss tnh in).

td
q Dds
hoc td
divD
(1-6)
T (1-5) cn suy ra thm: nu ton khng gian bi ton cha mt mi trng in
mi ng nht v ng hng th in trng E s gm hai thnh phn ngc chiu E
q
v
E
p
ng vi in tch t do v in tch phn cc:
0 0

P D
E E E
p q

Vi trng tnh in, c th biu din D ny thng qua E nh sau:
E E E k D
r p
+
0 0
) 1 (
Trong , r

0 l h s in mi tnh ( tuyt i v tng i) ca mi trng v
ch ph thuc vo mi trng, l mt loi thng s hnh vi ca in mi:
r
E
D

0

vi p r
k + 1
(1-8)
Cc thng s hnh vi va nu trn y cho php din t cc trng thi mi trng
phn cc P v hn hp D qua trng thi trng E.
n v ca cc lng mi P, D,

v k
p
trong h SI nh sau:

1
] [
] [
] [ ] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [ ] [
2
2 3
o
k
m
F
Vm
C
m
V
m
C
E
D
m
C
m
Cm
V
pl
V
P
P D

(1-9)
Theo (1-4) th k
p
>0 nn t (1-8) suy ra
1 >
r

Mt vi s liu ca
r

:
10 l
r

cc in mi thng thng;
1 001 . 1
r

khng kh
4 3
10 10
r
mt s mui senhet
b) Cc thng s trng thi v hnh vi phn cc t
Trong nhiu cht t mi ( l mi trng c cc dng phn t rng buc) di tc
dng ca t trng c t cm B. Cc spin v dng phn t Amper ging nh nhng
thanh nam chm thng xoay chiu li theo chiu ca t cm B. Hnh thnh nhng cc
t nh thng thun chiu vi trng B. l hin tng phn cc. Tng t nh hin
tng phn cc in. Duy c iu ngc li l trong cht thun t th nh th, cc cc t
ph tr lm tng t trng B, tc l lm tng nng lng t trng thun t gim th
nng trong t trng ( mt s cht nghch t c hin tng ngc li).
Nh bit, thng s c trng mt cc t c dng I chay theo
mt vng c b mt S l tch iS, vi chiu ca vect S ly ph hp vi
dng i theo quy tc vn nt chai thun. Tch c gi l moment t ca
cc t, k hiu l m. th:
m=iS (1-10)
Vi trng hp khi m=const, v nu ln cn mi im, trung
bnh trong mt n v th tch c N cc t xoay chiu li (N ph thuc t
mi v ln B), th bin trng thi phn cc t mi l moment tng ca
N cc t l cng phn cc t ca t mi, k hiu l M vi:
M=Nm hoc
V
m
M

hoc
V
m
M

(1-11)

Vect phn cc M biu din v do trng thi phn cc mi trng mi im, v
do mt cch gin tip n lin quan vi trng thi mi trng trao (thun t) hoc nhn
(nghch t) nng lng i vi t trng.
Vy, t trng B lin quan vi phn b dng t do ngoi cng nh cc dng phn
t hoc spin, nn kh phc tp. tin kho st, ngi ta xy dng thm mt i lng
vt l mi: l mt bin trng thi hn hp, l t hp ca trng thi trng B v trng
thi phn cc t mi M. Gi l cng t trng. K hiu H:
M

B
H
0

hoc
.M .H B
0 0
+
(1-12)
Trong :
0
- h s t thm trong chn khng
n v ca
0
l
m
s
v quy c gi l Henry/m vit tc H/m
Theo vt l th vect H hm ngha l: trong mt trng dng, lu s ca vect
H theo mt vng kn va bng nhng dng in t do i
td
chy xuyn qua vng vi
chiu ly theo quy tc vn nt trai thun ( y l lut dng in ton phn tnh):

td
i Hdl
hoc
td
J rotH
(1-13)
T (1-12) v (1-13) suy ra: nu ton khng gian bi ton cha mt mi trng
ng nht, ng hng th trng B mi im c th coi gm hai thnh phn B
II
v B
m
ng vi cc dng t do v dng phn t. i vi mi trng thun t, hai thnh phn ny
thun chiu vi nhau, hp thnh B.
Ging nh vi phn cc in, thng s hnh vi v phn ng phn cc ca t mi
trng thi tnh (hoc bin thin chm) gi l h s phn cc t v:
H
M
k
M

hoc H k M
M
(1-14)
Trong mt trng tnh (bin thin chm), i vi t mi tuyn tnh th k
m
= cost,
thc.
Khi thay (1-14) vo (1-12) s c quan h n gin gia B v H nh sau:
B=
0
(H+M)=
0
(1+k
m
).H=
0
.
r
.H=.H. (1-15)
Trong : - h s t thm ca mi trng, cng l mt s hnh vi, v
( )
M 0 r 0
k 1 .
H
B
+
(1-16)
y, thng s hnh vi miu t nng lc phn cc t mi di tc dng kch
thch ca dng in t do, hoc mt cch gin tip trng thi H. ng thi cho php
din t cc trng thi B, M, H qua mt dng trong nhng trng thi y.

r
1 i vi cc mi trng thng trng. Ring vi mt s nguyn t Fe, Ni,
Co v nhng hp kim, hp cht ca chng (gi chung l vt liu st t) c ch s
1
=
10
3
110
4
.
n v ca cc lng mi ny nh sau:
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

m
H

H
B

m
A
m
Am
V
is
V
m
H M
0
r
0
3
2
(1-17)
Ch :
1
]
1

m
H
4.1
7
0
b) Cc thng s trng thi v hnh vi v dng in trong vt.
Trn y kho st nhng bin trng thi phn cc m t s dch chuyn ca
cc in tch v dng in r rng buc quanh v tr cn bng.
iu gn trc tip vi s tng tr nng lng TT trong khng gian, tc l
gn vi s phn b, chuyn ng ca TT trong khng gian.
Sau y s kho st thm nhng bin trng thi ca hin tng do dng in dn
chy trong vt dn. V ng vi dng dn th c hin tng tiu tn, nn nhng bin
lin quan vi qu trnh TT v nng lng trng. V vy, n b sung m t y ht
nhm cc hin tng ng lc hc c bn ca h Trng-Cht
Khi c nhng ngun no cung cp nng lng in t mt cch lin tc c th
duy tr c in trng E trong vt dn, c hiu theo ngha:TT tc dng lc v tip
nng lng cho cc in tch t do khin cho chng chuyn ng thnh dng. Khi dng
in va chm vi mng li tinh th ca vt dn, truyn ng nng cho mng li chuyn
ho thnh nhit nng tiu tn i m khng hon li nng lng in na. i vi vt dn
th hin tng tiu tn TT l ch yu, nn cho n gin, thng chp nhn m hnh
vt dn thun tu, b qua hin tng tng tr v phn b nng lng in trng, tc l
b qua h s in mi chn khng. iu ny khng gy ra sai s ng k trong gii tn
kh rng (10
12
. Hz). M hnh va nu dn n hai h qu sau:
Km vi dng in t chy, trong vt dn c hin tng tiu tn v khng c s
tng tr nng lng in trng trong in mi v chn khng.
Do c tiu tn, nn di tc dng ca in trng khng i E, dng in t
khng tng ng nng mt cch v hn c m xc lp mt vn tc v no tu
thuc vo cng E, tc tu thuc vo lc Lorent=qE v tnh cht ca mi trng dn.
Ngi ta o trng thi c dng chy trong vt dn bng vect mt dng in J
d
.
mi im, qui c J
d
c chiu ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca cc in t t do v c
ln bng lng in tch chy trong mt giy (thi gian) qua mt mt qui v lm
2
t
vung gc vi chiu dng chy.
Nu s in t t do tham gia vo dng chy ly trong mt n v th tch l N,
in tch in t l:
e= - e<0, vn tc chuyn ng qua mt S ngang vi dng chy l v, th dng
in chay ngang qua mt S s l:
S.V Ne
t
q
i
Nev
S
i
J
d

(1-18)
i vi mt trng khng i th trong mt mi trng ng nht, tuyn tnh v
ng hng, s c mt t l:

E k v

(1-19)
Do , mi quan h J
d
v E l:

E E .k e N. E Nek J
d

(1-20)
Trong : - dn in ca mi trng dn, v:

k e N
(1-21)
H s tu thuc vo tnh cht ring ca vt dn, n nu ln hin tng mi
trng dn c dng in chy i tc dng ca trng E. Vy, l mt thng s hnh vi
v tnh cht dn in ca mi trng dn ch dng; cho php din t mt cch n
gin trng thi J
d
ca vt dn thng qua trng thi E ca trng
n v ca J
d
v nh sau:
[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]

m
S
m m V
m A
E
J
m
A
m s
C
s t
q
1
/
/
. .
J
2
2
2 2

(1-22)
y:

1
S
l Siemens, n v in dn trong h SI.
Tm li, ta tm cch m t cc qu trnh c bn ca tng tc ng lc hc
gia TT v MTC bng 5 bin trong trng thi E, B ca trng D, H, J ca h Trng
Mi trng v ba thng s hnh vi ca mi trng , , .
Vy, theo m hnh lin tc ho, v nguyn tc, c th m t qui lut tng tc bi
nhng phng trnh o hm ring theo khng gian v thi gian, lin h nhng thng s
hnh vi y.
1.2 H phng trnh Maxwell.
n y, s nu nhng h phng trnh m t ton hc quy lut tng tc ca h
Trng Cht lin tc ho. Theo m hnh ny, trong mt h quy chiu, qui lut tng tc
ca h c m t mt cch c bn v ph bin bi h phng trnh Maxwell, lin h
nhng vect cng E, B, D, H, J.
Ngoi ra, cng nu r c th m t tng tc ca h bng nhng phng trnh c
bn khc vit cho nhng hm th v hng v vectA ly lm bin trng thi ca
trng. Trong nhiu trng hp, phng trnh ny gn v n gin hn h phng trnh
Maxwell.
1.2.1 H phng trnh Maxwell v bi ton b c s kin ca h.
Nh bit l c th o trng thi ca TT bng hai bin trng thi E, B lin h
vi cc trng thi khc ca h l D, H, J thng qua cc thng s hnh vi (trng hp n
gin nht l cc h s , , ).
Theo m hnh th cc cng E, B lp thnh nhng vect trong khng gian
v thi gian. V vy, vn t ra l tm h phng trnh c bn ca h di dng cha
nhng php tnh c bn i vi trng vect l cc php rot, div trong khng gian v
php
t

trong thi gian.

Vo nm 1873, nh khoa hc Maxwell tm c hai phng trnh cha php
rot i vi
H v E v hai phuong trnh cha php div i vi B v D. Nhng phng trnh y va
ko theo c php i vi B v D. l cc phng trnh:
t
D
J rotH
d

+
(1-23)
t
B
rotE

(1-24)
0 divB (1-25)
td
divD
(1-26)
Cc bin trng thi ny lin h vi nhau qua cc phng trnh trng thi m t
hnh vi ca mi trng. Trong trng hp n gin nht l:
B=H; D=E; J
d
= E (1-27)
Mi hin tng trong cc thit b in u c th hin s vn ng ca TT, cho
nn v nguyn tc, vic phn tch, tnh ton cc hin tng u c th da trn h
phng trnh Maxwell. l h phng trnh c bn nht, phn nh nhng qui lut ca
TT theo m hnh lin tc ho thng dng trong k thut in.
V h phng trnh TT l mt h phng trnh o hm ring theo khng gian
v thi gian, tc l s phn b, lan truyn nghim bi ton trong khng gian v thi gian
tu thuc vo gi tr ca nghim trn b ca min xc nh bi ton v gc thi gian.
C th gii thch iu va trn nhu sau: cc nghim E, B, D, H lin quan vi nhau
trong mt h phng trnh o hm ring trong khng gian, thi gian v mt mi
trng cht c th. V vy, gi tr nghim mi im (M, t) phi tu thuc vo gi tr ln
cn quanh M, ti mt ln cn thi gian trc t v tu thuc vo phn ng a phng ca
mi trng cht xung quanh M.
Cng nh vy suy ra nghim trong min V bao bi b S v mt thi im t phi
tu thuc vo hnh dng b, s phn b nghim trn b nhng thi im trc t k cho
n thi im t
0
v tu thuc vo s phn b mi trng cht trong min kho st.
Nhng quan h y (ln cn quanh M, ln cn trc t, iu kin trn b S, iu
kin ban u t
0
, v phn ng ca mi trng , , ) qui li phn nh mi quan h
gia trng v s phn b mi trng cht trong V v trong khong thi gian t
0
n t ca
bi ton. l mi quan h nhn qu trong khng gian (ln cn M, b S) v thi gian
(trc t k t thi im t
0
) ca mt bi ton b c s kin.
Nghim tng qut ca bi ton b c s kin thng cha nhng hm v hng s
tu . Trong , phi chn ra nhng hm v hng nht nh sao cho nghim cc o hm
c nhng gi tr cho trn b v khi im bi ton.
1.2.2 Dn ra h phng trnh Maxwell:
dn ra h phng trnh TT, mt mt, Maxwell da trn vic tng kt su
sc cc lut thc nghim c bn v in t ca Biot-Savant v Lenx-Faraday. Mt khc
da trn vic a ra mt cch sng to v ti tnh khi nim v dng in chuyn dch.
l tin ni ting ca Maxwell: gi thit coi lut Gauss ng c vi trng bin
thin v do gi thit tn ti dng in chuyn dch trong in mi vi mt :
t
D
J
cd

(1-28)
Di y s dn ra cc phng trnh Maxwell xut pht t nhng lut vt l
c nghim chng di dng tch phn.
1) Phng trnh Maxwell 2.
Phng trnh ny c dn ra t lut cm ng in t Lenx-Faraday: khi t dng
in thng qua xuyn qua mt vng kn L, ng yn trong khng gian th trong vng
L, s cm ng mt sc in ng:

l
t

- Edl e
(1-29)
Trong :E- cng in trng cm ng.
(V phi ca (1-290) ch vit ring cho t, v vng kn L, ng yn trong khng
gian).
Theo nh l Green-Stokes: lu s E theo vng kn L, bng thng lng vect
rotE chy qua mt S bao bi ng kn L. Mt khc, t thng bng thng lng ca t
cm B chy qua mt S cho nn (1-29) c vit:
ds
t
B
Bds
t
rotEds
S S S

(1-30)
Vi mt S ly nh th (1-30) suy ra c:
t
B
rotE

y l phng trnh Maxwell 2 dng (1-24)
a) Phng trnh Maxwell 1.
Phng trnh (1-23) c dn ra t lut dng in ton phn km theo vic
Maxwell xut khi nim dng in chuyn dch.
Nh bit trong vt l, t lut Biot-Savart-Ampre lin h t cm B vi dng
in dn i
d
, dn ra c lut dng in ton phn nu r: lu s cng t trng dng
theo mt dng kn I, bng tng cc dng in dn chy xuyn qua vng kn :
ds J i Hdl
S
d
L
d


(1-31)
Trong , i
d
c thay bng thng lng vect mt dng dn J
d
qua mt S bao
bi vng kn I. p dng nh l Green-Stokes cho v tri ca (1-31), s c:
ds J rotH.ds
S
d
S


(1-31b)
Vi dng I, nh, so snh hai v dn ra c mt phng trnh vi phn lin h
H v J
d
l
d
J rotH
(1-32)
Nhng thc t chng t rng, phng trnh ny ch ng cho TT khng bin
thin m khng ng cho TT bin thin. Thc vy, khi ly o hm theo php div cho
hai v ca (1-32) v lu n hng ng thc divrot A=0, nu (1-32) m ng th l ra
phi c:
0 divJ
d

hoc
0 ds J
S
d

(1-33)
Tc l dng in dn l ra phi chy lin tc, c ngha l (1-33) v do (1-32)
khng ng.
Vy, cn tm xem divJ
d
bng bao nhiu v da vo dn ra phng trnh
Maxwell.
Theo nh ngha v dng in dn th thng lng dng in dn chy ra khi mt
S phi bng tc gim in tch t do bao trong mt y tc l:

V
td
V
td
td
S
d
t

dV
t t
q
- ds J
(1-34)
Trong : V- l th tch c bao bi mt S;
P
td
- mt in tch t do trong V.
(v mt S v min V khng bin dng theo thi gian nn ch ly o hm ring ca p
id
theo thi gian).
p dng nh l Ostrogradsky-Gauss cho v tri s c:
dV
t

dV divJ
V
td
V
d

(1-35)
Vi th tch V nh t (1-35) suy ra cho trng dng bin thin:
t

divJ
td
d

hoc 0
t

divJ
td
d

+ (1-36)
Vn dng (1-36) chnh (1-32). Mun vy, v mt ton hc phi t gi thit
rng v phi ca (1-32) ngoi J
d
cn phi thm mt lng no m Maxwell gi l
mt dng in chuyn dch J
cd
sao cho J

=J
d
+J
cd
tho mn iu kin chy lin tc v
do tho mn phng trnh (1-32) tc l t:

+ J J J rotH
cd d (1-37)
Vi
0 +
cd d
divJ divJ divJ
(1-38)
So snh (1-38) vi (1-36) thy rng, lng mi J
cd
phi lin quan vi in tch t
do.

t
divJ
td
cd

(1-39)
Tip tc, hy biu din J
cd
trc tip thng qua trng thi E,D ca trng. Mun
vy, Maxwell phi m rng lut Gauss ( i vi trng tnh): gi thit rng n vn ng
vi trng bin thin. l tin v dng in chuyn dch:


V
td
S V
dv dv divD ds D . . .
hoc
td
divD
(1-40)
Thay (1-40) vo (1=39) ta s c:
t
D
div divD
t t
divJ
td
cd

Hoc
t
D
J
cd

(1-41)
T , Maxwell b sung vo phng trnh (1-32) mt lng
t
D

v gi n l
mt dng in chuyn dch v quyt on rng mt dng in ton phn.
cd d
J J J
(1-42)
Tha mn phng trnh (1-32). Vy phng trnh Maxwell I c dng:

t
D
J J rotH
cd

+

(1-23)
b). Phng trnh Maxwell 3:
T phng trnh Maxwell 2, khi xt n kha cnh vt l ca trng in t, s
dn n phng trnh Maxwell 3.
Thc vy khi p dng php o hm div vo hai v ca phng trnh Maxwell 2
c ch n hng ng thc divrotA = 0 s c :
0 .

divB
t
divrotE
Tch phn theo thi gian t, theo ton hc c divB l mt hm ring ca khng
gian, n khng ty thuc vo thi gian:
) , , ( z y x f divB
V quy lut ny phi ng cho c khi trng cha thnh lp trong h quy chiu
kho st, tc l khi B = 0 v divB = 0. Vy, suy ra hm khng gian phi trit tiu v
phng trnh Maxwell 3 s l:
0 divB (1-25)
c). Phng trnh Maxwell 4:
Theo cch lp lun dn ra phng trnh Maxwell 1, ngha l chp nhn
phng trnh Maxwell 4, tc tin Maxwell v chuyn dch in; cng c ngha l
phng trnh Maxwell 4 phi cng vi phng trnh Maxwell 1 lm thnh h thng.
Nhng ch rng: ni nh vy khng c ngha l phng trnh Maxwell 1 bao hm
phng trnh Maxwell 4 nh l mt h qu, m phng trnh Maxwell 4 ch c th dn ra
t phng trnh Maxwell 1 khi xt n kha cnh vt l ca TT, ngh l chng c lp
nhau.
Thc vy, khi ly o hm theo div vo hai v ca phng trnh Maxwell 1, s
c:
0

+
t
div divJ divrotH
d

Kt hp vi (1-36) c th vit:
0

divD
t t
td

hoc
) , , ( z y x f divD
td
+
(1-43)
Cng lp lun nh phng trnh Maxwell 3, v quy lut ny phi ng c cho khi
trong h quy chiu cha thnh lp trng v khng c phn b in tch:
0
td

v
0 divD , suy ra hm f(x,y,z) phi trit tiu v c phng trnh Maxwell 4:
td
divD
(1-26)
1.3- ngha ca h phng trnh Maxwell:
H phng trnh Maxwell c mt ngha c bn v quan trng nht trong l
thuyt trng in t. N bao gm nhng php tnh c bn ln tp vect E,B m t
hai mt tc ng ca trng in t ln cc mi trng cht, n c mt phn rt ra
t thc nghim v c thc t kim nghim. Vy, n l h nhng phng trnh c
bn m t tng tc Trng-Cht theo m hnh lin tc ha.
C th, n m t y quan h gia cc bin E, B, D, H, J ca h, dng hnh hc
TT v quan h gia trng v mi trng cht trong mt h quy chiu mi ch
tnh, dng v bin thin.
1). Hai phng trnh Maxwell 1 v 2 m t mi quan h gia hai
mt th hin in v t ca trng in t bin thin.
Cc mi quan h y c bit gn b khng kht vi TT bin thin v lng lo
hn khi trng bin thin chm hoc khng i.
Thc vy, i vi TT bin thin, phng trnh (1-23) nu r nhng vng c in
trng bin thin, tc l c mt dng in
t
D
J
d

+
bin thin th c t trng
v t trng c tnh cht xoy ( v 0 rotH ). Mt khc, phng trnh (1-24) nu r
nhng vng c t trng bin thin (
0

t
B
) th c in trng v in trng c
tnh cht xoy v 0 rotE .
Vy, hai phng trnh nu r t trng v in trng bin thin lun gn b
km theo nhau v lun c tnh cht xoy.
i vi trng in t dng ( hiu theo ngha l c dng in khng i
0
d
J
v
0

t
, phng trnh (1-23) c v phi bng d
J
nu r t trng vn ph
thuc tng minh vo s phn b dng in dn
d
J
. Nhng phng trnh (1-24) c v
phi trit tiu, nu r s phn b in trng v dng in khng ph thuc t trng
na: mi quan h gia in v t bt mt thit. c bit v 0 rotE , nn in trng c
tnh cht th, khng c tnh cht xoy na. Nhng v d
J rotH
, t trng vn c tnh
cht xoy nhng vng c dng in v ch c tnh cht th nhng vng khng c
dng in.
i vi TT tnh, tc l c
0

t
, ng thi
0
d
J
nn cc phng trnh (1-
23) v (1-24) c dng:
0 rotH v 0 rotE
l trng ca nhng nam chm vnh cu v cc vt mang in tnh. Hai
phng trnh ny nu r: trong h quy chiu gn vi cc vt , in v t hon ton
khng ph thuc vo nhau, u khng c tnh cht xoy m ch c tnh cht th.
2). Hai phng trnh Maxwell 3 v Maxwell 4 m t hnh hc ca
hai mt th hin in trng v t trng.
Thc vy, phng trnh Maxwell 3 dng 0 divB hoc

0 Bds
nu r : dng
vect t cm B lun chy lin tc. Vi mi mt kn S th thng lng vect B chy ra v
chy vo lun bng nhau, khng c vng no l xut pht hay tn cng ca vect B.
l dng hnh hc ca trng vect t cm B.
Phng trnh Maxwell 4 vi: td
divD
hoc

td
q Bds
nu ln mt dng hnh
hc khc. Thng lng ca vect D chy qua mt mt kn S bng lng in tch t do
bao trong mt y. Vy i vi trng vect D c th c nhng vng xut pht l vng c
phn b
0 >
td

v nhng vng tn cng l nhng ni c phn b

0 <
td

. N c th
chy khng lin tc, khng khp kn cc ni nh vect B. l dng hnh hc ca
trng vect D.
3). Cc phng trnh Maxwell miu t quan h khng kht gia
Trng v Mi trng cht.
Phng trnh Maxwell nu r xoy ca t trng, rotH gn lin vi dng
in, c ngha l ng sc ca H xoy quanh nhng dng in (dng dn hoc dng
chuyn dch) l mt dng chuyn ng ca vt cht.
Phng trnh Maxwell 4 nu r s gn b gia in trng D v s phn b ca
ht mang in. ng sc D ta ra t nhng ht mang in td

ta nh nhng ht ny l
nhng ngun ca in trng ( ch rng phng trnh Maxwell 3 cho thy t trng
B khng c nhng ngun im thuc loi nh vy, thc t cng nghim thy rng
khng tn ti nhng t tch khi).
Nhn chung s gn b Trng-Cht th hin nhng h s ca phng trnh
, , ,
l nhng bin v thng s hnh vi ca trng. Vi nhng h s khc nhau, s
c nhng dng phng trnh khc nhau, v do d quy lut tng tc ca h cng khc
nhau.
V d 1.1:
C mt in trng bin thin c biu din bi phng trnh c dng:
) sin( z t E e E
m x

Hy tm t trng B gn vi n?
Gii:
V y E ch c thnh phn E
x
v ph thuc ring vo z tc l cc thnh phn
o hm
0

y x
, nn trong h ta Descartes, rotE c dng nh sau:
x y
x
z y x
E
z
e
E
z
e e e
rotE

0 0
0 0
T phng trnh Maxwell 2 ta c:
[ ] ) sin( z t E
z
e rotE
t
B
m y

)
2
sin(

+ z t E e
m y
Sau khi tch phn theo thi gian ta c:
) , , ( ) sin( z y x F z t E e B
m y
+

y F l mt vect ty , khng ph thuc vo thi gian, n ng vi mt

trng tnh no . Nu khng tn ti trng tnh y th c:
) sin( z t E e B
m y

V d 1.2:
Mt in trng c quy lut bin thin c biu din bi phng trnh c dng:
) . . ( .
2 2
y e x e
y x
e
E D
y x
+
+

Hy tm phn b in tch trong khng gian?
Gii:
tm phn b in tch trong khng gian, hy s dng phng trnh Maxwell 4:
[ ] 0 ) 2 ( ) 2 (
) (
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
+ + +
+

y y x x y x
y x
e
y
D
x
D
divD
y
x
td

Vy, c th c in tch trn trc 0 x ,

0 y
cn khp ni u khng c phn
b in tch.