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SU DJNG PHAN MEM PRAAT VO VIJC NGHIN CUU


NG M HC THJC NGHIJM TRN CU LIJU TIENG VIJT

PHAN HONG LIN
NGUYEN VIJT HA
CHU THJ PHONG LAN
Bo mn Ngn ng & Vn ha Vit Nam
PHAM XUN TH
Bo mn L thuyt ting
Khoa Ngn ng & Vn ha cc nuoc ni ting Anh

1. Mo du
Trong mt vi thp ky gn dy, su pht trin vuot bc v nhung thnh tuu ky diu
m khoa hoc my tnh dem lai thuc su l mt diu dng tu ho cua loi nguoi. My
tnh khng chi l mt cng cu huu hiu gip con nguoi khm ph th gioi, m n cn
gip chng ta don gian ha rt nhiu nhung diu phuc tap. Nhn thuc r vai tr cua
nghin cuu ngu m thuc nghim trong cc truong dai hoc ngoai ngu, chng ti hiu
rng, vic su dung tt cc phn mm my tnh phu tro trong nghin cuu ngn ngu
dang tro thnh mt ki nng cn thit di voi cc giang vin ni chung cung nhu cc
ban sinh vin ni ring. Vn dung thnh thao cc ki nng ny gip chng ta hnh dung
mt cch cu th hon nhung kin thuc v ngu m hoc vn kh truu tuong v kh khan
ny.
Hin nay, trn th gioi c nhung phn mm phn tch ngu m mang tnh cht
thuong mai duoc xy dung v pht trin nhu CoolEdit, Speech Analysis hay ca
nhung phn mm min ph nhu WinPitch, WinSnoori, Speech Filling System,
PraatTrong d, Praat l mt trong nhung phn mm nghin cuu v phn tch ngu m
ph bin v d su dung nht. Praat (ting H Lan nghia l ni chuyn) l mt phn
mm min ph cho vic phn tch cc bi pht biu trong ngu m. Phn mm ny duoc
hai tc gia Paul Boersma v David Weenink, Dai hoc Amsterdam, H Lan thit k v
tip tuc pht trin. Praat c th chay trn nhiu h diu hnh, bao gm ca cc phin ban
khc nhau nhu Unix, Mac v Microsoft Windows (95, 98, NT4, ME, 2000, XP, Vista).
N dp ung tt nhung yu cu cua vic phn tch ting ni, h tro nhung nguoi nghin
cuu kha nng quan st truc tip cc tham s nhu tn s co ban F0, cuong d, truong
d, formantstrn tn hiu ni, dng thoi cung cp cc chuc nng cho php trch chon
tham s d phuc vu cho cc nghin cuu khc nhau. Bn canh d, Praat cn c kha
nng gip nguoi su dung xy dung, lp trnh cc chuong trnh tnh ton, biu din cc
tham s mt cch tu dng bng cch cung cp chuc nng vit script rt linh hoat. Praat
l mt chuong trnh khng cn ci dt, v chng ta c th d dng tai v tu dia chi
www. praat.org
Voi muc dch gioi thiu Praat nhu mt cng cu h tro cho vic tin hnh nhung
thuc nghim ngu m o truong dai hoc ngoai ngu, chng ti khng dt nhiu tham vong
v vic trnh by bi vit ny duoi gc d cua mt nh ngn ngu hoc thuc thu, cung
khng duoi gc d cua mt nguoi chuyn v tin hoc, m dy chi l nhung trao di
buoc du d gip cc thy c gio cung nhu cc ban sinh vin c th tu vn dung phn
mm ny vo vic giai quyt nhung cng vic nghin cuu cu th lin quan dn ngu m
hoc, trong khi chua c nhiu diu kin d tip cn voi nhung phng lab thuc nghim
P
ngu m hin dai. V nhiu l do khc nhau, chng ti xin php chi trnh by nhung hiu
bit cua mnh v Praat trn cc cu liu ngu m duoc ly trong ting Vit.
2. Mt vi nt v phn mm Praat
2.1. Gii thiu tng quan
Praat l mt phn mm tuong di d su dung. Tuy nhin, truoc khi bt du tip
xc voi Praat, chng ti thy cn phai thit lp mt s khi nim co ban lin quan,
nhm gip chng ta c mt cch hiu thng nht. D l:
- Thi gian tn ti (Duration): L khoang thoi gian tu khi m thanh duoc ghi cho
dn lc kt thc. Praat c th dua ra khoang thoi gian chnh xc toi 1/1000 s trong vic
trch tron mt khc doan m thanh cn quan st. Chi cn bi den doan m thanh cn
nghin cuu, Praat lp tuc cho bit khoang thoi gian tn tai cua khc doan m thanh
ny.
- Bin d dao dng cua m thanh (Amplitude): d rng cua m thanh.
- Cung d (Intensity): d manh cua m thanh, do bin d dao dng cua vt th
quyt dinh. Nu dy thanh chn dng manh so voi tu th nghi ngoi cua n th m
pht ra cng lon v nguoc lai. Don vi do cuong d l Decibel (dB).
- Tn s co ban (Fundamental Frequency): S ln dy thanh m chn dng trong
mt giy. Tn s cng lon th m pht ra cng lon.
- Foocmng (Formants): - l dai tn s duoc tng cuong do hin tuong cng huong,
dc trung cho m sc cua mi nguyn m. Khi phn tch m thanh trong Praat, chng
ta cn luu v 3 loai formants: (f1), (f2) v (f3), boi chng dua ra rt nhiu thng tin
v m thanh trong d cu th l v cht liu nguyn m v mt s phu m.
- D cao thp (Pitch): Cao d, do tn s dao dng cua vt th quyt dinh. Dy
thanh chn dng nhanh cho ta nhung m cao, chn dng chm cho nhung m thp.
Don vi d do cao d l Hertz (Hz)
- Pulse: mt chn dng cua dy thanh
D tip cn voi cc ung dung trong vic phn tch ngu m cua phn mm Praat,
truoc tin, chng ti mun trnh by cc thao tc co ban voi Praat, nhung thao tc m
hu ht nhung nguoi tm hiu, tip xc v su dung n du goi bng mt khi nim kh
th vi: Tr choi voi nhung m thanh.
Truoc tin, ban mo Praat v s thy trn mn hnh my tnh hin ln hai cua s:
Praat Objects v Praat Picture. Cua s Praat Objects dua ra nhung lua chon v ghi
m mt m thanh moi,
luu lai duoi cc dang
file m thanh khc
nhau hay doc mt m
thanh d c snCua
s cn lai, Praat
Picture cho bit nhung
thng tin, hnh anh cu
th v m thanh vua
duoc ghi. Tuy nhin,
cua s Praat Picture t
duoc su dung hon khi
tin hnh phn tch ngu
m.
S
D thu m thanh ting ni lm du liu cho nhung buoc phn tch tip, chng ta su
dung cua s Praat Objects. Vic ghi m v luu du liu s tin hnh nhu sau: o cua s
Praat Object, chon New Record mono Sound v chon mu tn s ghi m o
22050Hz (Sampling frequency) dy duoc coi l ty l ghi m thch hop cho nhung
nghin cuu v ngu m hoc. N cho php bo qua nhung tap m khng cn thit, m chi
giu lai nhung nt chnh cua m cn ghi. Nu chon o dai tn s cao hon, m thanh c
th s bi p, nn, dng thoi d bi vuot qu gioi han cua dai m mc dinh.












Sau d, nhn vo Record. Kt thc qu trnh ghi, nhn Stop, dt tn cho soundfile
moi v nhn Save to list. Lc ny, chng ta d c mt soundfile moi, nhung d chi l
soundfile duoc luu tam thoi trong Praat. Chng ta c th luu n vo my tnh duoi
dang mt Wave file bng cch chon Write > Write to Wave file. Gio dy, ban c th
d dng doc cc WAV file ny bng cc chuong trnh choi nhac c trong my tnh.
Trong qu trnh ghi m, chng ta khng nn d ngun pht ra m thanh qu gn micro
thu m. Diu ny s dn dn m thanh cn ghi vuot qu khoang dai tn m chng ta
thit lp (muc d ghi m hin thi mu do hoc qu nhiu mu vng o cua s ghi) v
anh ph - spectrogram (phn duoi cua cua s phn tch ngu m mt m thanh thu
duoc) khng doc duoc ty my cc thng tin ngu m. Tt nht l nn d d to, nho ghi
m dao dng tu mu xanh dn bt du mu vng.









Sau khi hon thnh cng vic ghi m, chng ta s tin hnh phn tch ngu m. D
mo cua s phn tch, click chut vo soundfile mun phn tch, chon Edit. Cua s
phn tch co ban cua phn mm Praat c 2 phn : phn trn Waveform (trnh din m
thanh trn tiu ch v cuong d tnh theo thoi gian), phn duoi Spectrogram (anh
ph, th hin bng d dm nhat cua mu ghi (greyscale) trong biu d).
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(Phn tch m tit L trong ting Vit)
C th ni, voi phn mm Praat, chng ta c th d dng tip cn v phn tch cc
thng s co ban cua cc hin tuong ngu m nhu Intensity, formant, pulse, pitch Cc
thao tc nhu ct, dn, sao chp mt doan m thanh cung tuong tu cc thao tc trong
phn mm soan thao vn ban Winword. Trong pham vi bi vit ny, chng ti s gioi
thiu mt vi thao tc co ban khi su dung Praat, dng thoi nu ra mt vi ung dung
thuc t trong qu trnh giang day v nghin cuu ngu m d gip chng ta c buoc tip
cn su hon v nhung chuc nng m Praat dem lai.
2.2. Mt vi ng dng cua phn mm Praat.
2.2.1. Phn tch Pulse (dao dong cua m thanh)
Pulse l mt dao dng cua dy m thanh. N cho bit cc thng s cu th cua 1
chn dng m thanh. N duoc th hin ra bng nhung duong thng mu xanh trn
Wave form. Tuy nhin, trong hu ht cc phn tch ngu m, Pulse khng thuc su cn
thit. Mun hin thi Pulse, chng ta tin hnh cc buoc nhu sau: Chon File m thanh
d duoc ghi > Edit. O cua s phn tch, chon Pulse > Show Pulse.









Waveform cung cp cho chng ta hnh anh v m tit duoc biu din trn truc thoi
gian. N cung l mt cn cu d chung minh cho hin tuong ni m trong cc ngn ngu
da m tit nhu ting Anh hay don m tit nhu ting Vit. Trong ting Anh, v mt l
Phn tch m tit
mua trong ting Vit
Pulse
Wavefor
m
Spectrogram
S
thuyt, Come in c ranh gioi m tit o vi tr giua come v in. Nhung trn thuc
t, ranh gioi m tit cua n phai l truoc /m/. Dua come in v Praat d phn tch, r
rng, khi kim chung lai, chng ta du nhn thy su bt du cng co cua b my pht
m ngay khi chua pht m ht come d chuyn tip sang in. Trong ting Vit, p
luc don tit v p luc phai chua dung nghia cua m tit l rt lon, nn khng c nhung
hin tuong nhu ni m, nut m hay dng ha xay ra.
2.2.2. Phn tch Intensity (cuong do)
O cua s phn tch, chon Intensity > Show Intensity. O phn anh ph
spectrogram, chng ta s thy nhung vng mu ghi dm nhat khc nhau. Nu vng
quan tm l mu ghi nhat, cuong d m thanh yu v nguoc lai, nu vng quan tm l
mu ghi dm, cuong d m thanh manh. Duong mu vng s cho bit su bin di v
cuong d cua m thanh trn truc thoi gian.




Nu mun tnh ton tri s Intensity o mt dim chnh xc no d, chng ta c th
lm nhu sau: Click chut vo dim cn kim tra, chng ta s thy mt duong mu do
xut hin. Chon Intensity > Get Intensity. Tai vi tr cua con tro (duong mu do),
Praat s cho ta bit cc thng s v d manh cua m thanh duoc ghi.
Cuong d yu
Duong biu din
cuong d
Cuong d manh
Phn tch m tit
Mua trong ting Vit
Phn tch come in
trong ting Anh
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2.2.3. Phn tch Pitch
Pitch l cao d, do tn s dao dng cua vt th quyt dinh. Dy thanh chn dng
nhanh cho ta nhung m cao, chn dng chm cho nhung m thp. Don vi d do cao d
l Hertz (Hz)

Trong anh trn, Pitch duoc th hin bng duong mu xanh, l tp hop gm mt s
dim. Trong so d hnh sin th hin m tit ting Vit, dinh m tit lun l nguyn m.
Chng ta c th kim nghim diu d bng cch bi den mt doan xung quanh vi tr
dinh m tit vua ghi m v nghe lai. O truong hop trn, nguyn m di / ua / chnh l
doan nm giua hai duong thng mu do. Hay voi mt m tit c m dm nhu
thuyn, vi tr nm giua m du v m chnh, c chuc nng trm ha m sc cua m
dm /-w-/ cung c th duoc kim nghim d dng.
Ngoi ra, Pitch cung cho bit nhung thng s v thanh diu. Voi mt ngn ngu c
thanh diu nhu ting Vit, vic nghin cuu nhung vn d lin quan l kh quan trong.
Trong anh duoi, duong Pitch mu xanh th hin su bin di v cao d. Dy cung chnh
l mt cn cu quan trong d v nhung biu d v thanh diu nhu trong ting Vit.





Phn tch m tit
Mua trong ting Vit
Thng tin v Intensity
Phn tch m tit
Mua trong ting
Vit
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O ty chon phn tch Pitch, chng ta cung c th tin hnh cc buoc tuong tu d
tm hiu cc thng s cu th cua Pitch bng cch chon Pitch > Get Pitch.
Ngoi ra, trong khi phn tch Pitch, cn mt chuc nng nua kh th vi l Pitch
Manipulation, c nghia l chng ta c th tu thay di Pitch ty thuc vo muc dch
nghin cuu cua chng ta. V du, mun nghin cuu v thanh diu ting Vit trong mt
m tit, chng ta c th lm nhu sau: chon file m thanh m ban mun ghi > To
Manipulation > Ok. Tu File Manipulation moi duoc tao trn cua s Object, chon
Edit.














Trn cua s phn tch Manipulation, chng ta s thy cc dim xanh ni tip nhau.
Nhung dim d cho php v duoc mt duong biu din thanh diu. Trn hnh anh
minh hoa, m tit mua c thanh diu l thanh ngang, nn duong nt cua tp hop dim
trn l tuong di bng phng. Hon nua, chng ta c th don gian ha thanh diu trong
m tit bng cch click chut vo Pitch trn cua s Manipulation > Stylize pitch.
Thao tc ny cho php giam thiu nhung dim khng tht su cn tit trn duong biu
din thanh diu. Nhu vy, n s gip chng ta nghin cuu v cht liu thuc su tao nn
thanh diu.
Pitch
Phn tch m tit bn trong ting Vit
Phn tch m
tit Mua
trong ting Vit
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Chng ta c th thay di vi tr
cc dim mu xanh d kim nghim
su thay di v cht liu m thanh di
voi mt thanh diu. Dy cung l mt
thao tc co ban khi nghin cuu ngu
m cua mt ngn ngu


2.2.4. Phn tch Formants
Formants l khi nim thuong xuyn duoc nhc dn trong nghin cuu ngu m hoc
thuc nghim. Formants l dai tn s duoc tng cuong do hin tuong cng huong, dc
trung cho m sc cua mi nguyn m. Praat mc dinh hin thi 5 formants voi cc tn
goi f0, f1,f2,f3, f4, nhung chng ta c th ty chon s luong formants. Mi
Formants tuong ung voi mt d cao khc nhau, chi ra cc thng s duoc quy uoc
truoc voi nhau. V du, voi nguyn m / u / trong ting Vit, cc formants s chi ra cc
thng s v d trong mi, vi tr cua nguyn m trong khoang ming v d mo cua
ming khi pht m nguyn m ny. Vic xc dinh mt formants cu th l cao hay thp
dua vo mt chun tuong di giua cc m voi nhau. Mun quan st cc formants, chon
Formants > show formants.











F4
F3
F2
F1
Phn tch
nguyn m / e /
trong ting Vit
Phn tch m tit
Mua trong
ting Vit
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Vic nhn thy cc formants phu thuc vo vic chon vng anh ph v s luong
ph chng ta tu chon. V du, trn l thuyt, khi ghi m giong nam v giong nu, nu
mun quan st tt tt ca cc thng s anh ph cua giong nu, ta phai chon vng ph cao
hon so voi giong nam.
Voi v du v nguyn m e trong ting Vit nhu trn, c th chi ra mt s thng tin
nhu sau:
- f1 (height) cho bit d mo cua ming. Nu f1 cao, d mo cua ming hep. Nu f1
thp, d mo cua ming rng
- f2 (Backness) cho bit vi tr cua lui. Nu f2 cao, vi tr nguyn m cng gn pha
truoc. Nu f2 cng thp, vi tr nguyn m cng gn pha sau.
- f3 (Roundness) cho bit d trn cua mi. Nu f3 thp, nguyn m c d trong cao
v nguoc lai.
Cc formants thuong c vi tr nhu sau: thp nht lun l f1, sau d dn f2 v cui
cng l f3. Vi tr cua cc formants c th thay di, ty thuc vo phm cht nguyn m
cua cc m duoc ghi. Dy l co so d dua ra nhung cch miu ta nguyn m, nhu su
dung hnh thang nguyn m quc t.



















Trn thuc t, chng ta c th cho trnh din dng thoi tt cc cc thng tin v
Pulse, Pitch, Intensity, formants, spectrumCc ty chon ny phu thuc vo muc dch
cu th cua nguoi nghin cuu
2.2.5.Ve hnh trong Praat
Thng thuong, chng ta c th lua chon hin thi dng thoi cc thng s Pulse,
Pitch, Intensity, hay Formants trn Spectrogram. Tuy nhin, Praat cung cho php v
ring cc loai biu d waveform ny trn cua s Praat Picture. Chng ta c th tin
hnh cc buoc nhu sau: Tu cua s Praat Object > Edit > Intensity ( Pitch / Pulse /
Formants) > Draw visible Intensity Contour ( Pitch / Pulse /Formants ) > Ok. Ty
chon ny cho php chng ta tch bit hnh anh d phn tch mt cch d dng hon.

IPA v hnh thang nguyn m quoc t
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3. Kt lun
Trn dy chi l nhung gioi thiu ht suc co ban v ung dung cua Praat vo cng
vic nghin cuu ngu m hoc thuc nghim. Vit Nam l mt dt nuoc da dn tc v da
ngn ngu, v chng ti thit nghi, dy l mt cng cu rt huu hiu phuc vu cho vic
tm hiu v phn tch ngu m di voi cc thy c cung nhu cc ban sinh vin. Bi
nghin cuu ny l nhung tm ti chua chuyn su v ki lung cua cc tc gia trong qu
trnh nghin cuu v giang day mn Dn lun ngn ngu tai Truong Dai hoc Ngoai ngu,
DHQG HN. Chng ti rt mong thy c v cc ban dng gp nhung kin qu bu d
bi vit hon thin hon.
Ti liu tham khao
1. Mai Ngoc Chu, Vu Duc Nghiu, Hong Trong Phin. Co so Ngn ng hoc v
ting Vit, NXB DH & GD Chuyn nghip, HN 1999
2. Nguyn Thin Gip (Chu bin) Dan luan ngn ng hoc. NXB GD, H Ni, 2003.
3. D B Lc. Dan luan ngn ng hoc. Nghin cuu v doi moi. NXB DHQG, HN
2005.
4. Phan Hng Lin. hiu v su dung dng thanh diu ting Vit. Ni san Ngoai
ngu, s 3/ 2002.
5. John Phan Duong, Khoa Dng hoc, Dai hoc Cornell, Hoa Ky. Praat v vic
phn tch ng m ngn ng cc dn toc thiu so tai Vit Nam. Ti liu thuyt trnh
tai Khoa Ngn ngu hoc, Dai hoc Khoa hoc X hi v Nhn Vn, DHQG HN:
6. www.praat.org


11
SU DJNG PHAN MEM PRAAT VO VIJC NGHIN CUU
NG M HC THJC NGHIJM TRN CU LIJU TIENG VIJT

PHAN HONG LIN
NGUYEN VIJT HA
CHU THJ PHONG LAN
Bo mn Ngn ng & Vn ha Vit Nam
PHAM XUN TH
Bo mn L thuyt ting
Khoa Ngn ng & Vn ha cc nuoc ni ting Anh

Trong ngn ngu hoc, ngu m l mt trong nhung phn mn lun gy kh khn cho
hoc vin boi tnh truu tuong cua n. Tip cn ngu m hoc dua trn co so thuc nghim
ngy cng tro nn c nghia khng chi voi cc nh khoa hoc m cn ca voi cc giang
vin v sinh vin thuc cc truong ngoai ngu. Vn dung thnh thao cc k nng di
voi nhung phn mm ngu m hoc thuc nghim s gip chng ta hnh dung mt cch
cu th v sinh dng hon di voi nhung kin thuc ngu m vn kh khan v truu tuong
ny. Mong mun cua chng ti trong bi vit nho ny l gioi thiu phn mm Praat -
mt phn mm phn tch ngu m kh ph bin, d su dung v mt vi ung dung co
ban trn cu liu ting Vit.
Qua phn mm Praat chng ta s thy duoc mt cch tuong di nhung thng s
ngu m d phn bit cc truong hop d nhm ln trong ting Vit nhu su di lp ngn
- di cua nguyn m, su khc bit giua m du v m cui trong m tit hay thanh diu
ting Vit.

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