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H THNG TON B KIN THC SINH HC PH THNG ********************* A. C S VT CHT V C CH DI TRUYN CP PHN T (ADN ARN PRTIN ) PHN I .

I . CU TRC ADN I . Tnh s nucltit ca ADN hoc ca gen 1. i vi mi mch ca gen : - Trong ADN , 2 mch b sung nhau , nn s nu v chiu di ca 2 mch bng nhau . N A1 + T1 + G1 + X1 = T2 + A2 + X2 + G2 = 2 - Trong cng mt mch , A v T cng nh G v X , khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi bng nhau . S b sung ch c gia 2 mch : A ca mch ny b sung vi T ca mch kia , G ca mch ny b sung vi X ca mch kia . V vy , s nu mi loi mch 1 bng s nu loi b sung mch 2 . A1 = T2 ; T1 = A2 ; G1 = X2 ; X1 = G2 2. i vi c 2 mch : - S nu mi loi ca ADN l s nu loi c 2 mch : A =T = A1 + A2 = T1 + T2 = A1 + T1 = A2 + T2 G =X = G1 + G2 = X1 + X2 = G1 + X1 = G2 + X2 Ch :khi tnh t l % % A1 + % A2 %T 1 + %T 2 = %A = % T = = .. 2 2 %G = % X =
%G1 + %G 2 % X 1 + % X 2 = =. 2 2

Ghi nh : Tng 2 loi nu khc nhm b sung lun lun bng na s nu ca ADN hoc bng 50% s nu ca ADN : Ngc li nu bit : + Tng 2 loi nu = N / 2 hoc bng 50% th 2 loi nu phi khc nhm b sung + Tng 2 loi nu khc N/ 2 hoc khc 50% th 2 loi nu phi cng nhm b sung 3. Tng s nu ca ADN (N) Tng s nu ca ADN l tng s ca 4 loi nu A + T + G+ X . Nhng theo nguyn tc b sung (NTBS) A= T , G=X . V vy , tng s nu ca ADN c tnh l : N = 2A + 2G = 2T + 2X hay N = 2( A+ G) N Do A + G = hoc %A + %G = 50% 2 4. Tnh s chu k xon ( C ) Mt chu k xon gm 10 cp nu = 20 nu . khi bit tng s nu ( N) ca ADN : N = C x 20 => C=
N 20

5. Tnh khi lng phn t ADN (M ) : Mt nu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc . khi bit tng s nu suy ra M = N x 300 vc 6. Tnh chiu di ca phn t ADN ( L ) : Phn t ADN l 1 chui gm 2 mch n chy song song v xon u n quanh 1 trc . v vy chiu di ca ADN l chiu di ca 1 mch v bng chiu di trc ca n . Mi mch c 1 nu l 3,4 A0 L=
N . 3,4A0 2 N nucltit, di ca 2

n v thng dng : 1 micrmet = 10 4 angstron ( A0 ) 1 micrmet = 103 nanmet ( nm) 1 mm = 103 micrmet = 106 nm = 107 A0 II. Tnh s lin kt Hir v lin kt Ha Tr P 1. S lin kt Hir ( H ) + A ca mch ny ni vi T mch kia bng 2 lin kt hir + G ca mch ny ni vi X mch kia bng 3 lin kt hir Vy s lin kt hir ca gen l : H = 2A + 3 G hoc H = 2T + 3X 2. S lin kt ho tr ( HT )

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

a) S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 1 mch gen :

N -1 2
N 2

Trong mi mch n ca gen , 2 nu ni vi nhau bng 1 lk ho tr , 3 nu ni nhau bng 2 lk ho tr nu ni nhau bng


N -1 2
N -1) 2

b) S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 2 mch gen : 2(

Do s lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trn 2 mch ca ADN : 2( c) S lin kt ho tr ng photpht trong gen ( HT-P)

N -1) 2

Ngoi cc lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trong gen th trong mi nu c 1 lk ho tr gn thnh phn ca H3PO4 vo thnh phn ng . Do s lin kt ho tr P trong c ADN l :
N - 1 ) + N = 2 (N 1) 2 PHN II. C CH T NHN I CADN I . TNH S NUCLTIT T DO CN DNG 1.Qua 1 ln t nhn i ( t sao , ti sinh , ti bn ) + Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton 2 mch u lin kt cc nu t do theo NTBS : AADN ni vi TT do v ngc li ; GADN ni vi X T do v ngc li . V vy s nu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu m loi n b sung Atd =Ttd = A = T ; Gtd = Xtd = G = X + S nu t do cn dng bng s nu ca ADN Ntd = N 2. Qua nhiu t t nhn i ( x t ) + Tnh s ADN con - 1 ADN m qua 1 t t nhn i to 2 = 21 ADN con - 1 ADN m qua 2 t t nhn i to 4 = 22 ADN con - 1 ADN m qua3 t t nhn i to 8 = 23 ADN con - 1 ADN m qua x t t nhn i to 2x ADN con Vy : Tng s ADN con = 2x - D t t nhn i no , trong s ADN con to ra t 1 ADN ban u , vn c 2 ADN con m mi ADN con ny c cha 1 mch c ca ADN m . V vy s ADN con cn li l c c 2 mch cu thnh hon ton t nu mi ca mi trng ni bo . S ADN con c 2 mch u mi = 2x 2 + Tnh s nu t do cn dng : - S nu t do cn dng th ADN tri qua x t t nhn i bng tng s nu sau cng coup trong cc ADN con tr s nu ban u ca ADN m Tng s nu sau cng trong trong cc ADN con : N.2x S nu ban u ca ADN m :N N V vy tng s nu t do cn dng cho 1 ADN qua x t t nhn i : td = N .2x N = N( 2X -1) - S nu t do mi loi cn dng l: A T G X td = td = A( 2X -1) td = td = G( 2X -1) + Nu tnh s nu t do ca ADN con m c 2 mch hon tan mi : N A T td hon ton mi = N( 2X - 2) td hon ton mi = td = A( 2X -2) G X td hon ton mi = td = G( 2X- 2) II .TNH S LIN KT HIR ; HO TR - P C HNH THNH HOC B PH V 1. Qua 1 t t nhn i a. Tnh s lin kt hirb ph v v s lin kt hir c hnh thnh Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton : - 2 mch ADN tch ra , cc lin kt hir gia 2 mch u b ph v nn s lin kt hir b ph v bng s lin kt hir ca ADN : H b t = H ADN - Mi mch ADN u ni cc nu t do theo NTBS bng cc lin kt hir nn s lin kt hir c hnh thnh l tng s lin kt hir ca 2 ADN con : H hnh thnh = 2 . HADN b. S lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh :

HT-P = 2(

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

Trong qu trnh t nhn i ca ADN , lin kt ho tr P ni cc nu trong mi mch ca ADN khng b ph v . Nhng cc nu t do n b sung th dc ni vi nhau bng lin kt ho tr hnh thnh 2 mch mi V vy s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh bng s lin kt ho tr ni cc nu vi nhau trong 2 mch ca ADN HT c hnh thnh = 2 (
N - 1 ) = N- 2 2

2 .Qua nhiu t t nhn i ( x t ) a. Tnh tng s lin kt hidr b ph v v tng s lin kt hidr hnh thnh : -Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v : H b ph v = H (2x 1) - Tng s lin kt hidr c hnh thnh : H hnh thnh = H 2x b. Tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh : Lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh l nhng lin kt ho tr ni cc nu t do li thnh chui mch polinucltit mi

S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trong mi mch n :

N -1 2

Trong tng s mch n ca cc ADN con cn c 2 mch c ca ADN m c gi li Do s mch mi trong cc ADN con l 2.2x - 2 , v vy tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh l : N HT hnh thnh = ( 2 - 1) (2.2x 2) = (N-2) (2x 1) III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M C th quan nim s lin kt cc nu t do vo 2 mch ca ADN l ng thi , khi mch ny tip nhn v ng gp dc bao nhiu nu th mch kia cng lin kt c bay nhiu nu Tc t sao : S nu dc tip nhn v lin kt trong 1 giy 1.Tnh thi gian t nhn i (t sao ) Thi gian 2 mch ca ADN tip nhn v kin kt nu t do - Khi bit thi gian tip nhn v l in kt trong 1 nu l dt , thi gian t sao dc tnh l : N TG t sao = dt . 2 - Khi bit tc t sao (mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu nu )th thi gian t nhn i ca ADN l : TG t sao = N : tc t sao PHN III . CU TRC ARN I.TNH S RIBNUCLTIT CA ARN : - ARN thng gm 4 loi ribnu : A ,U , G , X v c tng hp t 1 mch ADN theo NTBS . V v s ribnu ca ARN bng s nu 1 mch ca ADN N rN = rA + rU + rG + rX = 2 - Trong ARN A v U cng nh G v X khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi bng nhau . S b sung ch c gia A, U , G, X ca ARN ln lt vi T, A , X , G ca mch gc ADN . V vy s ribnu mi loi ca ARN bng s nu b sung mch gc ADN . rA = T gc ; rU = A gc rG = X gc ; rX = Ggc * Ch : Ngc li , s lng v t l % tng loi nu ca ADN c tnh nh sau : + S lng : A = T = rA + rU G = X = rR + rX + T l % : % A = %T =
%rA + %rU 2

%G = % X =

%rG + %rX 2

II. TNH KHI LNG PHN T ARN (MARN) Mt ribnu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc , nn: MARN = rN . 300vc =
N . 300 vc 2

III. TNH CHIU DI V S LIN KT HO TR P CA ARN 1 Tnh chiu di : - ARN gm c mch rN ribnu vi di 1 nu l 3,4 A 0 . V vy chiu di ARN bng chiu di ADN tng hp nn ARN

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

- V vy LADN = LARN = rN . 3,4A0 =

N . 3,4 A0 2

2 . Tnh s lin kt ho tr P: + Trong chui mch ARN : 2 ribnu ni nhau bng 1 lin kt ho tr , 3 ribnu ni nhau bng 2 lin kt ho tr Do s lin kt ho tr ni cc ribnu trong mch ARN l rN 1 + Trong mi ribnu c 1 lin kt ho tr gn thnh phn axit H3PO4 vo thnh phn ng . Do s lin kt ha tr loi ny c trong rN ribnu l rN Vy s lin kt ho tr P ca ARN : HT ARN = rN 1 + rN = 2 .rN -1 PHN IV . C CH TNG HP ARN I . TNH S RIBNUCLOTIT T DO CN DNG 1 . Qua 1 ln sao m : Khi tng hp ARN , ch mch gc ca ADN lm khun mu lin cc ribnu t do theo NTBS : AADN ni U ARN ; TADN ni A ARN GADN ni X ARN ; XADN ni G ARN V vy : + S ribnu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu loi m n b sung trn mch gc ca ADN rAtd = Tgc ; rUtd = Agc rGtd = Xgc ; rXtd = Ggc N + S ribnu t do cc loi cn dng bng s nu ca 1 mch ADN : rNtd = 2 2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( k ln ) Mi ln sao m to nn 1 phn t ARN nn s phn t ARN sinh ra t 1 gen bng s ln sao m ca gen . S phn t ARN = S ln sao m = K + S ribnu t do cn dng l s ribnu cu thnh cc phn t ARN . V vy qua K ln sao m to thnh cc phn t ARN th tng s ribnu t do cn dng l: rNtd = K . rN + Suy lun tng t , s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng l : rAtd = K. rA = K . Tgc ; rUtd = K. rU = K . Agc rGtd = K. rG = K . Xgc ; rXtd = K. rX = K . Ggc * Ch : Khi bit s ribnu t do cn dng ca 1 loi : + Mun xc nh mch khun mu v s ln sao m th chia s ribnu cho s nu loi b sung mch 1 v mch 2 ca ADN => S ln sao m phi l c s gia s ribbnu v s nu loi b sung mch khun mu . + Trong trng hp cn c vo 1 loi ribnu t do cn dng m cha xc nh mch gc , cn c s ribnu t do loi khc th s ln sao m phi l c s chung gia s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng vi s nu loi b sung ca mch gc II. TNH S LIN KT HIR V LIN KT HO TR P : 1 . Qua 1 ln sao m : a. S lin kt hidro : H t = H ADN H hnh thnh = H ADN => H t = H hnh thnh = H ADN b. S lin kt ho tr : HT hnh thnh = rN 1 2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) : a. Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v: H ph v = K . H b. Tng s lin kt ho tr hnh thnh : HT hnh thnh = K ( rN 1) III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M : * Tc sao m : S ribnu c tip nhn v lin kt nhau trong 1 giy . *Thi gian sao m : - i vi mi ln sao m : l thi gian mch gc ca gen tip nhn v lin kt cc ribnu t do thnh cc phn t ARN + Khi bit thi gian tip nhn 1 ribnu l dt th thi gian sao m l : TG sao m = dt . rN + Khi bit tc sao m ( mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu ribnu ) th thi gian sao m l : TG sao m = r N : tc sao m - i vi nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) : + Nu thi gian chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m m khng ng k thi thi gian sao m nhiu ln l : TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln

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+ Nu TG chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m lin tip ng k l t thi gian sao m nhiu ln l : TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln + (K-1) t PHN V . CU TRC PRTIN I . TNH S B BA MT M - S AXIT AMIN + C 3 nu k tip nhau trn mch gc ca gen hp thnh 1 b ba m gc , 3 ribnu k tip ca mch ARN thng tin ( mARN) hp thnh 1 b ba m sao . V s ribnu ca mARN bng vi s nu ca mch gc , nn s b ba m gc trong gen bng s b ba m sao trong mARN . N rN S b ba mt m = = 2.3 3 + Trong mch gc ca gen cng nh trong s m sao ca mARN th c 1 b ba m kt thc khng m ho a amin . Cc b ba cn li co m ho a.amin S b ba c m ho a amin (a.amin chui polipeptit)=
N rN -1 = -1 2 .3 3

+ Ngoi m kt thc khng m ha a amin , m m u tuy c m ha a amin , nhng a amin ny b ct b khng tham gia vo cu trc prtin N rN S a amin ca phn t prtin (a.amin pr hon chnh )= -2 = -2 2.3 3 II. TNH S LIN KT PEPTIT - S lin kt peptit hnh thnh = s phn t H2O to ra - Hai a amin ni nhau bng 1 lin kt pptit , 3 a amin c 2 lin kt peptit ..chui polipeptit c m l a amin th s lin kt peptit l : S lin kt peptit = m -1 III. TNH S CCH M HA CA ARN V S CCH SP T A AMIN TRONG CHUI POLIPEPTIT Cc loi a amin v cc b ba m ho: C 20 loi a amin thng gp trong cc phn t prtin nh sau : 1) Glixrin : Gly 2) Alanin : Ala 3) Valin : Val 4 ) Lxin : Leu 5) Izolxin : Ile 6 ) Xerin : Ser 7 ) Treonin : Thr 8 ) Xistein : Cys 9) Metionin : Met 10) A. aspartic : Asp 11)Asparagin : Asn 12) A glutamic : Glu 13) Glutamin :Gln 14) Arginin : Arg 15) Lizin : Lys 16) Phenilalanin :Phe 17) Tirozin: Tyr 18) Histidin : His 19) Triptofan : Trp 20) Prlin : pro U UUU UUX UUA UUG XUU XUX XUA XUG Bng b ba mt m X A UXU UAU Tyr UXX UAX U X A Ser U A A ** UXG U A G ** XXU XAU His XXX Pro XAX XXA XAA XXG XAG Gln AXU AXX AXA AXG GXU GXX GXA GXG Thr AAU AAX AAA AAG GAU GAX GAA GAG Asn Lys Asp Glu G UGU UGX Cys U G A ** U G G Trp XGU XGX XGA Arg XGG AGU AGX AGA AGG GGU GGX GGA GGG Ser Arg Gli

phe Leu Leu

U X A G U X A G U X A G U X A G

AUA AUX He AUA A U G * Met GUU GUX Val GUA G U G * Val

Ala

K hiu : * m m u

; ** m kt thc

PHN VI . C CH TNG HP PRTIN I .TNH S AXIT AMIN T DO CN DNG : Trong qu tnh gii m , tng hp prtein, ch b ba no ca mARN c m ho a amin th mi c ARN mang a amin n gii m . -5GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

1 ) Gii m to thnh 1 phn t prtein: * Khi ribxm chuyn dch t u ny n u n ca mARN hnh thnh chui polipeptit th s a amin t do cn dng c ARN vn chuyn mang n l gii m m u v cc m k tip , m cui cng khng c gii . V vy s a amin t do cn dngh cho mi ln tng hp chui polipeptit l : N rN S a amin t do cn dng : S aatd = -1 = -1 2.3 3 * Khi ri khi ribxm , trong chui polipeptit khng cn a amin tng ng vi m m u .Do , s a amin t do cn dng cu thnh phn t prtin ( tham gia vo cu trc prtin thc hin chc nng sinh hc ) l : S a amin t do cn dng cu thnh prtin hon chnh : S aap =
N rN -2 = -2 2 .3 3

2 ) Gii m to thnh nhiu phn t prtin : * Trong qu trnh gii m , tng hp prtin , mi lt chuyn dch ca ribxm trn mARN s to thnh 1 chui polipeptit . C n riboxomchuyn dch qua mARN v khng tr li l c n lt trt ca ribxm . Do s phn t prtin ( gm 1 chui polipeptit ) = s lt trt ca ribxm . Mt gen sao m nhiu ln, to nhiu phn t mARN cng loi . Mi mARN u c n lt ribxm trt qua th qu trnh gi m bi K phn t mARN s to ra s phn t prtin :

s P = tng s lt trt RB = K .n

*Tng s axit amin t do thu c hay huy ng va tham gia vo cu trc cc phn t protein va tham gia m m u. V vy : -Tng s axit amin t do c dng cho qu trnh gii m l s axit amin tham gia vo cu trc phn t protein v s axit amin thjam gia vo vic gii m m u (c dng 1 ln m m thi ).

aatd = S P . (

rN rN - 1) = Kn ( - 1) 3 3

- Tng s a amin tham gia cu trc prtin thc hin chc nng sinh hc ( khng k a amin m u ) :

aaP = S P . (

rN -2) 3

II . TNH S PHN T NC V S LIN KT PEPTIT Trong qu trnh gii mkhi chui polipeptit ang hnh thnh th c 2 axit amin k tip ni nhau bng lin kt peptit th ng thi gii phng 1 phn t nc, 3 axit amin ni nhau bng 2 lin kt paptit, ng thi gii phng 2 phn t nc V vy : * S phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh gii mto 1 chui polipeptit l rN S phn t H2O gii phng = -2 3 * Tng s phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh tng hp nhiu phn t protein (mi phn t protein l 1 chui polipeptit ) .

H2O gii phng = s phn t prtin .

rN -2 3 rN -3 = s aaP -1 . 3

* Khi chui polipeptit ri khi riboxom tham gia chc nng sinh hc th axit amin m u tch ra 1 mi lin kt peptit vi axit amin khng cn s lin kt peptit thc s to lp c l v vy tng s lin kt peptit thc s hnh thnh trong cc phn t protein l :

peptit = Tng s phn t protein . (

rN - 3 ) = S P(s aaP - 1 ) 3

III. TNH S ARN VN CHUYN ( tARN)

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Trong qu trnh tng hp protein, tARN nang axit amin n gii m. Mi lt gii n, tARN cung cp 1 axit amin mt phn t ARN gii m bao nhiu lt th cung cp bay nhiu axit amin . S gii m ca tARN c th khng ging nhau : c loi gii m 3 ln, c loi 2 ln, 1 ln . - Nu c x phn t gii m 3 ln s aado chng cung cp l 3x. y phn t gii m 2 ln l 2 y . z phn t gii m 1 ln l z -Vy tng s axit amin cn dng l do cc phn t tARN vn chuyn 3 loi cung cp phng trnh. 3x + 2y + z = aa t do cn dng IV. S DCH CHUYN CA RIBOXOM TRN ARN THNG TIN 1.Vn tc trt ca riboxom trn mARN - L di mARN m riboxom chuyn dch c tron 1 giy. - C th tnh vn tc trt bng cch cia chiu di mARN cho thi gian riboxom trt t u n n u kia. (trt ht Marn ) l v= (A0/s ) t * Tc gii m ca RB : - L s axit amin ca chui polipeptit ko di trong 1 giy (s b ba c gii trong 1 giy) = S b ba m RB trt trong 1 giy . - C th tnh bng cch chia s b ba ca mARN cho thi gian RB trt ht mARN. Tc gii m = s b ca mARN : t 2. Thi gian tng hp 1 phn t protein (phn t protein gm 1 chui polipeptit ) - Khi riboxom trt qua m kt thc, ri khi mARN th s tng hp phn t protein ca riboxom c xem l hon tt. V vy thi gian hnh thnh 1 phn t protein cng l thi gian riboxom trt ht chiu di mARN ( t u nn u kia ) . l t = t 3. Thi gian mi riboxom trt qua ht mARN ( k t lc ribxm 1 bt u trt ) Gi t : khong thi gian ribxm sau trt chm hn ribxm trc - i vi RB 1 : t - i vi RB 2 : t + t - i vi RB 3 : t + 2 t - Tng t i vi cc RB cn li VI. TNH S A AMIN T DO CN DNG I VI CC RIBXM CN TIP XC VI mARN Tng s a amin t do cn dng i vi cc riboxom c tip xc vi 1 mARN l tng ca cc dy polipepti m mi riboxom gii m c : aatd = a1 + a2 + + ax Trong : x = s ribxm ; a1 , a2 = s a amin ca chui polipeptit ca RB1 , RB2 . * Nu trong cc riboxom cch u nhau th s a amin trong chui polipeptit ca mi riboxom ln lt hn nhau l 1 hng s : s a amin ca tng riboxom hp thnh 1 dy cp s cng : - S hng u a1 = s 1 a amin ca RB1 - Cng sai d = s a amin RB sau km hn s a amin trc . - S hng ca dy x = s riboxom c tip xc mARN ( ang trt trn mARN ) Tng s a amin t do cn dng l tng ca dy cp s cng : x Sx = [2a1 + (x 1 ) d ] 2 B .C S VT CHT V C CH DI TRUYN CP T BO (NST) PHN I . NHIM SC TH V C CH NGUYN PHN I. TNH S T BO CON TO THNH T bo sinh sn bng cch phn i tr thnh 2 t bo con s t bo th h sau gp i s t bo th h trc * T 1 t bo ban u : + Qua 1 t phn bo to 21 t bo con + Qua 2 t phn bo to 22 t bo con => S t bo con to thnh t 1 t bo ban u qua x t phn bo A= 2x * T nhiu t bo ban u : + a1 t bo qua x1 t phn bo t bo con a1.2x1

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+ a2 t bo qua x2 t phn bo t bo con a2.2x2 => Tng s t bo con sinh ra A = a1 .2x1 + a2 . 2x2 + .. II . TNH S NHIM SC TH TNG NG VI NGUYN LIU C CUNG CP TRONG QU TRNH T NHN I CA NHIM SC TH Khi t nhn i, mi na ca nhim sc th ban u to thm na mi t nguyn liu ca mi trng ni bo tr thnh 2 nhim sc th ging ht n. (Do c th quan nim l mt nhim sc th c to thm mt nhim sc th mi ). Mi t nguyn phn c 1 dt t nhn i ca cc nhim sc thtrong t bo m s t t nhn i ca nhim sc th = s t nguyn phn ca t bo . * S NST tng ng vi nguyn liu c mi trng ni bo cung cp bng tng s NST sau cng trong tt c t bo con tr s NST ban u t bo m - Tng s NST sau cng trong tt c t bo con : 2n .2x - S NST ban u trong t bo m : 2n Vy tng s NST tng ng vi nguyn liu c cung cp khi 1 t bo 2n phi qua x t nguyn phn l : NST = 2n . 2x - 2n = 2n (2x 1) * S NST cha hon ton nguyn liu mi D t nguyn phn no , trong s NST ca t bo con cng c 2 NST mang 1/2 NST c ca 1 NST ban u s NST c cha 1/ 2 NST c = 2 ln s NST ban u . V vy , s NST trong t bo con m mi NST ny u c cu thnh t nguyn liu mi do mi trng ni bo cung cp l : NST mi = 2n . 2x - 2. 2n = 2n (2x 2 ) III. TNH THI GIAN NGUYN PHN 1. Thi gian ca 1 chu k nguyn phn : L thi gian ca 5 giai an , c th c tnh t u k trc n ht k trung gian hoc t u k trung gian n ht k cui 2. Thi gian qua cc t nguyn phn L tng thi gian ca cc t nguyn phn lin tip * Tc nguyn phn khng thay i : Khi thi gian ca t nguyn phn sau lun lun bng thi gian ca t nguyn phn trc . TG = thi gian mi t x s t nguyn phn * Tc nguyn phn thay i Nhanh dn u : khi thi gian ca t phn bo sau t hn thi gian ca t phn bo trc l 1 hng s ( ngc li , thi gian ca nguyn phn gim dn u ) V d : Thi gian ca t nguyn phn 1 : 30 pht 30 pht Thi gian ca t nguyn phn 2 : 28 pht 32 pht Thi gian ca t nguyn phn 3 : 36 pht 34 pht Nhanh dn u chm dn u Vy : Thi gian qua cc t phn bo lin tip l tng ca dy cp s cng m mi s hng l thi gian ca 1 t nguyn phn

TG =

x x ( a1 + ax ) = [ 2a1 + ( x 1 ) d ] 2 2

PHN 2 . C CH GIM PHN V TH TINH I. TNH S GIAO T HNH THNH V S HP T TO RA 1.To giao t ( Kiu NST gii tnh : c XY ; ci XX) * vng chn , mi t bo sinh dc s khai ( t bo sinh tinh ) qua gim phn cho 4 tinh trng v gm 2 loi X v Y c t l bng nhau . - S tinh trng hnh thnh = S t bo sinh tinh x 4 - S tinh trng X hnh thnh = S t bo Y hnh thnh * vng chn , mi t bo sinh dc s khai ( t bo sinh trng ) qua gim phn ch cho 1 t bo trng gm 1 loi X , 3 t bo kia l th nh hng ( v sau b tiu bin ) - S trng hnh thnh = S t bo trng x 1 - S th nh hng = S t bo sinh trng x 3 2 .To hp t * Mt tinh trng loi X kt hp vi trng to thnh 1 hp t XX, cn tinh trng loi Y kt hp vi trng to thnh 1 hp t XY - Tinh trng X x Trng X Hp t XX ( ci ) - Tinh trng Y x Trng X Hp t XY (c )

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

* Mi t bo trng ch kt hp vi mt tinh trng to thnh 1 hp t . S hp t to thnh = S tinh trng th tinh = S trng th tinh 3 T l th tinh ( hiu sut th tinh ) : * T l th tinh ca tinh trng = S tinh trng th tinh : Tng s tinh trng hnh thnh * T l th tinh cua trng = S trng th tinh : Tng s trng hnh thnh III. TNH S LOI GIAO T V HP T KHC NHAU V NGUN GC V CU TRC NST 1. S phn li v t hp ca NST trong qu trnh gim phn a) phn bo I : - T k sau n k cui , mi NST kp trong cp tng ng phn li v 1 t bo , c kh nng tng hp t do vi cc NST kp ca cc cp khc theo nhiu kiu . - Nu c trao i on trong cp NST th ch thay i dng trong s kiu , ch khng lm tng s kiu t hp + S kiu t hp : 2n ( n s cp NST tng ng ) + Cc dng t hp : dng s d phn nhnh hoc cch nhn i s b) phn bo II - T k sau n k cui , mi NST n trong NST kp phn li v 1 giao t v c kh nng t hp t do vi cc NST n ca nhng cp khc to thnh nhiu kiu t hp , do pht sinh nhiu loi giao t - Nu c trao i an xy ra ti 1 im trong cp NST th c mi cp c trao i on s lm s loi giao t tng gp i + S kiu giao t : 2 n + m ( m : s cp NST c trao i on ) + Dng t hp : dng s phn nhnh hoc cch nhn i s C . CC QUY LUT DI TRUYN PHN I . CC NH LUT CA MENDEN A. TM TT L THUYT I .MT S KHI NIM V THUT NG 1. Alen : l cc trng thi khc nhau ca cng mt gen . Cc alen c v tr tng ng trn 1 cp NST tng ng (lcut) . VD: gen quy nh mu ht c 2 alen : A -> ht vng ; a -> ht xanh . 2. Cp alen : l 2 alen ging nhau hay khc nhau thuc cng mt gen nm trn 1 cp NST tng ng v tr tng ng trong t bo lng bi . DV : AA , Aa , aa - Nu 2 alen c cu trc ging nhau -> Cp gen ng hp . VD : AA, aa - Nu 2 alen c cu trc khc nhau -> Cp gen d hp . VD di5Aa , Bb 3 .Th ng hp : l c th mang 2 alen ging nhau thuc cng 1 gen . VD : aa , AA , BB, bb 4 Th d hp : l c th mang 2 alen khc nhau thuc cng 1 gen . VD : Aa , Bb , AaBb 5 . Tnh trng tng phn : l 2 trng thi khc nhau ca cng mt tnh trng nhng biu hin tri ngc nhau VD : thn cao v thn thp l 2 trng thi ca tnh trng chiu cao thn , thnh cp tnh trng tng phn 6 . Kiu gen : l t hp ton b cc gen trong t bo ca c th sinh vt Bv AB BV VD : Aa , Bb , , , Ab bv bV 7 . Kiu hnh : L t hp ton b cc tnh trng v c tnh c th Vd : rui dm c kiu hnh thn xm cnh di hoc thn en cnh ngn II CC NH LUT CA MEN DEN A. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU DI TRUYN CA MENDEN : c 2 phng php 1 . Phng php phn tch c th lai : a. Chn dng thun : trng ring v t th phn , nu i con hon ton ging b m th th u thun chng v tnh trng nghin cu . b. Lai cc cp b m thun chng khc nhau v mt hoc vi cp tnh trng tng phn . VD : Pt/c : vng x xanh c . S dng thng k ton hc trn s lng ln c th lai phn tch quy lut di truyn t P-> F 2. Lai phn tch : l php lai gia c th mang tnh trang tri vi c th mang tnh trng ln kim tra kiu gen ca c th mang tnh trng tri l ng hp hay d hp - Nu th h lai sinh ra ng tnh th c th c kiu hnh tri c kiu gen ng hp - Nu th h lai sinh ra phn tnh th c th c kiu hnh tri c kiu gen d hp VD : Lai phn tch u ht vng (c KG AA hoc Aa ) vi u ht xanh (KG : aa ) + Nu Fa ng tnh ht vng th cy u ht vng mun tm KG c KG ng hp tri (AA ) + Nu Fa phn tnh ( 1 vng : 1 xanh ) th cy u ht vng mun tm KG c KG d hp tri (Aa )

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

B . LAI MT CP TNH TRNG 1 . Khi nim : php lai trong cp b m thun chng khc nhau v 1 cp tnh trng tng phn em lai 2 .Th nghim : Lai 2 th u H Lan thun chng khc nhau v 1 cp tn h trng tng phn l ht vng vi ht lc , thu c F1 ng lot ht vng . Cho F1 t th , F2 thu c ht vng ; ht xanh 3. Ni dung nh lut : a. nh lut ng tnh : Khi lai b m khc nhau v 1 cp tnh trng tng phn , th F1 c kiu hnh ng nht biu hin tnh trng 1 bn ca b hoc m . Tnh trng biu hin F 1 l tnh trng tri , tnh trng khng biu hin F1 l tnh trng ln b. nh lut phn tnh : Khi cho cc c th lai F1 t th phn hoc giao phn th F2 c s phn li kiu hnh theo t l xp x 3 tri : 1 ln 4 . Gii thch nh lut : a. Theo Menden : th h lai F1 khng sinh giao t lai m ch sinh ra giao t thun khit b. Theo thuyt NST ( c s t bo hc ca nh lut ng tnh v phn tnh ) 5 . iu kin nghim ng ca nh lut ng tnh v phn tnh : - B m phi thun chng v khc nhau 1 cp tnh trng tng phn em lai - Tnh trng tri phi tri hon ton - S c th phn tch phi ln 6. ngha : - nh lut ng tnh: lai cc ging thun chng to u th lai F 1 do cc cp gen d hp quy nh - nh lut phn tnh : khng dng F1 lm ging v F2 xut hin tnh trng ln khng c li - ng dng nh lut ng tnh v phn tnh trong php lai phn tch : cho php lai xc nh c kiu gen ca c th mang tnh trng tri l th ng hp hay d hp C . LAI HAI V NHIU CP TNH TRNG 1. Khi nim : L php lai trong cp b m thun chng em lai phn bit nhau v 2 hay nhiu cp tnh trng tng phn . VD : Lai gia u H Lan ht vng, trn vi ht xanh, nhn 2 Th nghim ca Menden a. th nghim v kt qu : - Lai gia 2 th u thun chng khc nhau 2 cp tnh trng tng phn : ht vng v trn vi ht xanh v nhn , thu c F1 ng lot ht vng trn . - Cho cc cy F1 vng trn t th phn hoc giao phn vi nhau , F2 thu c t l xp x : 9 vng , trn ; 3 vng ,nhn ; 3 xanh trn ; 1 xanh , nhn . b. Nhn xt : - F2 xut hin 2 loi kiu hnh mi khc b m l vng nhn v xanh trn c gi l bin d t hp - Mi tnh trng xt ring tun theo nh lut ng tnh F1 v phn tnh F2 + Xt ring : * F1 :100% ht vng F2 :ht vng / ht xanh = 9+ 3 /3+1 = 3 / 1 * F1 : 100% ht trn F2 : ht trn / ht nhn = 9+3 / 3+1 = 3 /1 + Xt chung 2 tnh trng : F2 = (3V :1X) ( 3T : 1N) = ( 9 V-T : 3V N : 3 X-T : 1 X-N ) Vy mi cp tnh trng di truyn khng ph thuc vo nhau 3. Ni dung nh lut phn li c lp : Khi lai 2 b m thun chng, khc nhau v 2 hay nhiu cp tnh trng tng phn th s di truyn ca cp tnh trng ny khng ph thuc vo s di truyn ca cp tnh trng kia , do F2 xut hin nhng t hp tnh trng khc b m gi l bin d t hp 4 . Gii thch nh lut phn li c lp ca Menden theo thuyt NST ( c s TB hc ) -Gen tri A : ht vng ; gen ln a : ht xanh . Gen tri B : ht trn ; gen ln b : ht nhn - Mi cp gen qui nh 1 cp tnh trng v nm trn 1 cp NST tng ng ring - P t/c : vng trn x xanh nhn F1 : 100% vng trn . F1 x F1 -> F 2 gm : + 9 kiu gen : 1AABB: 2 AaBB : 2 AABb : 4 AaBb : 1AAbb : 2 Aabb: 1aaBB :2aaBb: 1aabb. + 4 kiu hnh : 9 vng trn : 3 vng nhn : 3 xanh trn : 1 xanh nhn 5 . iu kin nghim ng : - B m phi thun chng v khc nhau v cc cp tnh trng tng phn em lai - Tnh trng tri phi tri hon ton . - S c th phn tch phi ln . - Cc cp gen xc nh cc cp tnh trng tng phn nm trn cc cp NST tng ng khc nhau . - Cc cp gen phi tc ng ring r ln s hnh thnh tnh trng 6 . ngha : : S phn li c lp v t hp t do ca NST v gen trong gim phn , th tinh lm tng bin d t hp l ngun nguyn liu cho chn ging v tin ho , gii thch s a dng ca sinh vt D. DI TRUYN TNH TRNG TRUNG GIAN ( tri khng hon ton )

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

1 . Th nghim : Lai 2 th hoa D Lan thun chng : hoa d : AA vi hoa trng aa , c cc cy F 1 u c hoa mu hng (Aa) . Cho cc cy F1 t th phn ( hoc giao phn ), F2 phn li theo t l : 1 : 2 hng : 1 trng * Nhn xt : Th ng hp v d hp c kiu hnh khc nhau 2 . Ni dung nh lut : Khi lai 2 c th b m khc nhau v 1 cp tnh trng, ,th F1 ng lot mang tnh trng trung gian gi b v m . 3 . Gii thch : - Tnh trng mu hoa do mt cp gen quy nh , AA : hoa ; aa : hoa trng ; Aa : hoa hng . S lai : P : AA ( hoa ) x aa ( hoa trng ) Gp : A a F1 : Aa ( 100% hoa hng ) F1 x F1 : Aa (hoa hng ) x Aa (hoa hng ) GF1 : A , a A,a F 2 : AA ( 1 ) : 2 Aa (2 hng ) : aa ( 1 trng ) B. PHNG PHP GII I . TNH S LOI V THNH PHN GEN GIAO T 1. S loi giao t : Khng tu thuc vo kiu gen trong KG m tu thuc vo s cp gen d hp trong : + Trong KG c 1 cp gen d hp 21 loi giao t + Trong KG c 2 cp gen d hp 22 loi giao t + Trong KG c 3 cp gen d hp 23 loi giao t + Trong KG c n cp gen d hp 2n loi giao t 2 . Thnh phn gen (KG) ca giao t : Trong t bo (2n) ca c th gen tn ti thnh tng cp tng ng , cn trong giao t (n) ch cn mang 1 gen trong cp + i vi cp gen ng hp AA ( hoc aa) : cho 1 loi giao t A ( hoc 1 loi giao t a ) + i vi cp gen d hp Aa:cho 2 loi giao t vi t l bng nhau giao t A v giao t a + Suy lun tng t i vi nhiu cp gen d hp name trn cc cp NST khc nhau , thnh phn kiu gen ca cc loi giao t c ghi theo s phn nhnh ( s Auerbac ) hoc bng cch nhn i s V d : Kiu gen :AaBbDd giao t : ABD, ABd , AbD, Abd aBD, aBd , abD , abd II . TNH S KIU T HP , KIU GEN , KIU HNH V CC T L PHN LI I CON 1. S kiu t hp : Mi loi giao t c t hp t do vi cc loi giao t ci to thnh nhiu kiu t hp trong cc hp t . V vy s kiu t hp gia cc loi giao t c v ci l : S kiu t hp = s loi giao t c x s loi giao t ci Ch : + Bit kiu t hp => bit s loi giao t c , giao t ci => bit c cp gen d hp trong kiu gen ca cha m + Kiu t hp khc nhau nhng c th a n kiu gen ging nhau => s KG < s kiu t hp . 2. S loi giao t v t l phn li v kiu gen(KG) , kiu hnh (KH): S di truyn ca cc gen l c lp vi nhau => s t hp t do gia cc cp gen cng nh gia cc cp tnh trng .V vy , kt qa v kiu gen cng nh v kiu hnh i con c tnh nh sau : + T l KG chung ca nhiu cp gen = cc t l KG ring r ca mi cp gen nhn vi nhau => S KG tnh chung = s KG ring ca mi cp gen nhn vi nhau + T l KH chung ca nhiu cp tnh trng = cc t l KH ring r ca mi cp tnh trng nhn vi nhau III. TM KIU GEN CA B M 1. Kiu gen ring ca tng loi tnh trng : Xt ring kt qu i con lai F1 ca tng loi tnh trng a) F1 ng tnh : + Nu b me (P) c KH khc nhau th F1 nghim ng L ng tnh ca Menden => tnh trng biu hin F1 l tnh trng tri v th h P u thun chng : AA x aa . + Nu P cng kiu hnh v F1 mang tnh trng tri th 1 trong 2P c KG ng hp tri AA, P cn li c th l AA hoc Aa + Nu P khng r KH v F1 mang tnh trng tri , th 1 trong 2 P l ng hp tri AA ,P cn li tu : AA , Aa hoc aa . b) F1 phn tnh nu c t l : * F1 phn tnh theo t l 3:1

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

F1 nghim ng nh lut phn tnh ca Menden => tnh trng

3 1 l tnh trng tri , l tnh trng ln 4 4

v P u d hp Aa xAa Ch : Trong trpng hp tri khng hon ton th t l F1 l 1:2: 1 . Trong trng hp c gen gy cheat trng thi ng hp th t l F1 l 2:1 . * F1 phn tnh theo t l 1 :1 F1 l kt qa c trng ca php lai phn tch th d hp => 1bn P c KG d hp Aa , P cn li ng hp aa * F1 phn tnh khng r t l Da vo c th mang tnh trng ln F1 l aa => P u cha gen ln a , phi hp vi KH ca P suy ra KG ca P 2. Kiu gen chung ca nhiu loi tnh trng a) Trong php lai khng phi l php lai phn tch. Kt hp kt qu v KG ring ca tng loi tnh trng vi nhau . V d : c chua A : qu ; a qu vng B : qu trn ; b qu bu dc Cho lai 2 cy cha r KG v KH vi nhau thu c F1 gm : 3 cy trn ;3 bu dc ;1 vng trn ; 1 vng bu dc . Cc cp gen nm trn cc cp NST khc nhau .Tm KG 2 cy thuc th h P - Xt ring tng cp tnh trng : + F1gm (3+3) : ( 1 + 1) vng = 3 : 1 vng ( theo L ng tnh ) =>P : Aa x Aa + F1gm (3 +1 ) trn : (3 + 1 ) bu dc = 1 trn : 1 bu dc ( lai phn tch d hp ) => P : Bb x bb - Xt chung : Kt hp kt qa v KG ring ca mi loi tnh trng trn => KG ca P l : AaBb x AaBb . b) Trong php lai phn tch . Khng xt ring tng loi tnh trng m phi da vo kt qu ca php lai xc nh t l v thnh phn gen ca mi loi giao t sinh ra => KG ca c th IV CCH NHN NH QUY LUT DI TRUYN 1 ) Cn c vo php lai khng phi l php lai phn tch : - Tm t l phn tnh v KH th h con i vi mi loi tnh trng - Nhn t l KH ring r ca loi tnh trng ny vi vi t l KH ring ca loi tnh trng kia . Nu thy kt qu tnh c ph hp vi kt qa php lai => 2 cp gen quy nh 2 loi tnh trng nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau , di truyn theo quy lut phn li c lp ca Menden ( tr t l 1:1 nhn vi nhau ) V d : Cho lai 2 th c chua : qu thn cao vi qu thn thp thu c 37,5% qu thn cao : 37,5% qu thn thp :12,5% qu vng thn cao , 12,5% qu vng thn thp . Bit rng mi tnh trng do 1 gen quy nh Gii + Xt ring tng tnh trng th h con - ( 37,5% + 37,5% ) : ( 12,5% + 12,5% ) vng = 3 : 1 vng - ( 37,5% + 12,5% ) cao : ( 37,5 % + 12,5% ) thp = 1 cao : 1 thp + Nhn 2 t l ny ( 3 : 1 vng ) ( 1 cao : 1 thp ) = 3 cao : 3 thp : 1 vng cao : 1 vng thp . ph hp vi php lai trong bi . Vy 2 cp gen quy nh 2 cp nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau 2) Cn c vo php lai phn tch : Khng xt ring tng loi tnh trng m da vo kt qu php lai xc nh t l v loi giao t sinh ra ca cc c th cn tm . Nu kt qu lai chng t c th d hp kp cho ra 4 loi giao t t l bng nhau => 2cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau . PHN II LIN KT GEN - HON V GEN A . TM TT L THUYT I . LIN KT GEN HON TON : 1. Th nghim ca Mocgan : a. i tng nghin cu : Rui gim c nhng im thun li trong nghin cu di truyn : d nui trong ng nghim , nhiu , vng i ngn ( 10 -14 ngy / th h ) , s lng NST t (2n = 8 ) , nhiu bin d d thy . b. Ni dung th nghim : - Lai 2 dng rui gim thun chng khc nhau v 2 cp tnh trng tng phn l rui thn xm , cnh di vi rui thn en cnh ngn . c F1 ng lot rui thn xm cnh di . Vy , theo nh lut ng tnh ca Menden : thn xm cnh di l tnh trng tri hon ton so vi thn en ., cnh ngn v F1 c kiu gen d hp 2 cp gen .

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

- Lai phn tch rui c F1 thn xm , cnh di vi rui ci thn en , cnh ngn . F 2 thu c 50% thn xm cnh di ; 50% thn en cnh ngn c. Nhn xt : - Nu 2 tnh trng do 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST khc nhau di truyn phn li c lp th kt qu lai phn tch thu c 4 loi kiu hnh vi t l bng nhau . - Kt qu th nghim ch thu c 2 loi kiu hnh ging b m . Rui ci l th ng hp v 2 cp gen ln ch cho 1 loi giao t , chng t rui ci F1 d hp 2 cp gen nhng ch cho 2 loi giao t vi t l bng nhau ch khng phi l 4 loi giao t ging nh phn li c lp ca Menden Nh vy , c s di truyn lin kt gia 2 tnh trng mu sc thn v hnh dng cnh . Tnh trng thn xm lun i km vi tnh trng cnh di ; tnh trng thn en lun i km vi tnh trng cnh ngn . 2 . Gii thch c s t bo hc ( v s phn li NST) - Quy c : B : thn xm , b : thn en ; V cnh di , v : cnh ngn - Kt qu th nghim trn ch c th gii thch c nu tha nhn cc gen B v V cng nm trn 1 NST ( k hiu BV ) , cc gen b v v cng nm trn 1 NST ( k hiu bv ) trong cp tng ng . - S lai : (HS t vit ) 3 . Ni dung nh lut lin kt gen hon ton : - Cc gen phn b trn NST ti nhng v tr xc nh gi l lcut . - Trong t bo , s lng gen ln hn s lng NST nhiu nn trn mi NST phi mang nhiu gen . - Cc gen nm trn 1 NST phn li cng nhau trong qu trnh phn bo v lm thnh 1 nhm gen ln kt - S nhm gen lin kt mi loi l tng ng vi s NST n bi (n) ca loi . - S nhm tnh trng di truyn lin kt tng ng vi nhm gen lin kt 4 . ngha ca di truyn lin kt : - lin kt gen lm hn ch s xut hin ca bin d t hp , bo ton nhng tnh trng ging b m - Lin kt gen m bo s di truyn bean vng tng nhm tnh trng qui nh bi cc gen trn 1 NST - Trong chn ging , tin hnh lai to ra ging mi c cc gen qu ( qui nh nhm tnh trng tt ) nm trong cng 1 nhm gen lin kt lun i km vi nhau II . LIN KT GEN KHNG HON TON : 1 .Th nghim : Khi cho lai rui ci F1 thn xm cnh di giao phi vi rui ci thn en cnh ngn . Thu c F2 : 41% thn xm cnh di ; 41% thn en cnh ngn ; 9% thn xm cnh ngn ; 9% thn en cnh di . * Nhn xt : - Nu ch c hin tng lin kt gen th F2 ch c 2 loi kiu hnh l xm, di v en, ngn . -Thc t F2 c 4 loi kiu hnh , trong c 2 loi kiu hnh mi l thn xm cnh ngn v thn en , cnh di vi t l thp l kt qu ca hin tng hon v gen gia 2 trong 4 crmatit ca cp NST kp 2 Gii thch bng c s t bo hc : ( v s phn li NST ) - Vit s lai ( HS t vit ) - Tn s hon v gen (P) = t l % cc loi giao t c gen hon v VD : th nghim trn th => tn s hon v = 9% Bv + 9%bV = 18 % B PHNG PHP GII I TNH S LOI V THNH PHN GIAO T 1) Cc gen lin kt hon ton : a) Trn 1 cp NST ( 1 nhm gen ) - Cc gen ng hp t 1 loi giao t Ab ABd V d : 1 loi giao t Aa ; ABd ABd Ab - Nu c 1 cp gen d hp tr ln 2 loi giao t t l tng ng V d :
AB AB = Ab ; Ab AB ab

AB = ab ;

ABD ABD = abd abd

b) Trn nhiu cp NST ( nhiu nhm gen ) nu mi nhm cen c t nht 1 cp gen d hp S loi giao t = 2n vi n = s nhm gen ( s cp NST ) * Tm thnh phn gen mi loi giao t : dng s phn nhnh hoc nhn i s l mi loi giao t ca mi nhm gen ny phi hp kiu vi cc loi giao t ca nhm gen kia
V d : C th c KG
AB D E . ab de

4 loi giao t : AB.DE : AB.de : ab .DE : ab.de

V s nhm gen l 2 s loi giao t 22 = 4 loi giao t 2) Cc gen lin kt khng hon ton . Mi nhm gen phi cha 2 cp gen d hp tr ln mi pht sinh giao t mang t hp gen cho ( giao t HVG) trong qu trnh gim phn

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

a) Trng hp 2 cp gen d hp : * S loi giao t : 22 = 4 loi t l khng bng nhau Thnh phn gen : + 2 loi giao t bnh thng mang gen lin kt t l mi loi giao t ny > 25% . + 2 loi giao t HVG mang t hp gen cho nhau do 2 gen tng ng i ch , t l mi loi giao t ny < 25% . AB V d : C th c KG lin kt khng hon ton to giao t : ab + 2 loi giao t bnh thng t l cao l : AB = ab > 25% . + 2 loi giao t HVG t l thp l: Ab = aB <25% b) Trng hp 3 cp gen d hp * C xy ra trao i cho 2 ch : VD : C th c KG
ABD abd

*S loi giao t to ra = 8 loi *Thnh phn KG cc loi giao t : + Giao t bnh thng : ABD =abd + Giao t TC 1 ch : Abd= aBD = X1 ; ABd = abD = X2 + Giao t TC 2 ch : AbD = X3 * Khng xy ra TC 2 ch : ABD VD : C th c KG abd *S loi giao t to ra = 6 loi giao t * Thnh phn KG cc loi giao t : + Giao t bnh thng : ABD =abd + Giao t TC 1 ch : Abd= aBD = X1 ; ABd = abD = X2 II . TN S TRAO I CHO V KHONG CCH TNG I GIA 2 GEN TRN 1 NST 1) Tn s TC (tn s HVG ) : p Tn s TC gia 2 gen trn cng NST bng tng t l 2 giao t HVG . 100% p 1 p Do : T l mi loi giao t bnh thng = = 2 2 T l mi loi giao t HVG =
p 2

* Tn s TC th hin lc lin kt gia cc gen . Thng cc gen c xu hng ch yu l lin kt tn s HVG < 50% . Trong trng hp c bit , cc t bo sinh dc s khai u xy ra TC ging nhau tn s HVG p = 50% . Do , c th d hp t kp cho 4 loi giao t t l tng ng ging vi trng hp phn li c lp . 2) Khong cch tng i gia cc gen trn cng 1 NST +Tn s HVG th hin khong cch tng i gia 2 gen : 2 gen cng nm xa nhau th tn s HVG cng ln v ngc li cc gen cng nm xa nhau th tn s HVG cng nh . + Da vo tn s HVG => khong cch gia cc gen => v tr tng i (locut) trong nhm gen lin kt . Qui c : 1 cM ( centimorgan) = 1% HVG III. TNH TN S HON V GEN 1) Trong php lai phn tch : Tn s HVG p = (S c th hnh thnh do TC : Tng s c th nghin cu ) x100% V d : Lai phn tch rui ci thn xm cnh di thuc KG i ngn : 375 con en di : 124 con xm di : 125 con en ngn Gii Xm di v en ngn l 2 KH do TC to ra : => Tn s HVG =
124 + 125 . 100 = 25% 376 + 375 + 124 + 125 p 2 1 p t l giao t BT l 2 A b aB

c th h lai gm 376 con xm

2) Trong cc php lai khc . gii bng i s + t P : Tn s HVG => t l giao t HVG l

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

+ Davo loi KH m bi cho bit lp t l : T l cc KG lm nn KH theo n s p = S c th thu c KH bit c : Tng s c th thu c V d : Cho cy thn cao ht di c KG thp trn Gii + t p = Tn s HVG => t l giao t HVG l + F1 thu c cy thp trn (
p 2
Ab t th phn F1 thu c 4000 cy , trong c 260 cy aB

ab 160 4 ) c t l = ab 4000 100 p 2 ab T l KG lm nn cy thp trn l ( ) . 2 ab p 2 4 => phng trnh ( ) = c p = 40% 2 100

IV . CCH NHN NH QUY LUT DI TRUYN 1) Da vo php lai khng phi l php lai phn tch + Tm t l phn tnh v KH th h lai i vi mi loi tnh trng . + Nhn 2 t l KH ring ca 2 loi tnh trng vi nhau . Nu kt qu khng ph hp bi => 2 cp gen quy nh 2 cp tnh trng nm trn cng 1 cp NST 2) Da vo php lai phn tch Nu kt qu lai chng t c th d hp kp cho 2 loi giao t hoc 4 loi giao t c t l khng bng nhau => 2 cp gen nm trn cng 1 cp NST PHN III. TNG TC GEN A . TM TT L THUYT I. TNH TRNG A GEN ( tng tc gen / Nhiu gen chi phi mt tnh trng ) 1 . TC NG B TR a. Khi nim : Tc ng b tr l kiu tc ng qua li ca 2 hay nhiu cp gen thuc nhng lcut khc nhau ( khng alen ) lm xut hin 1 tnh trng mi b. Ni dung nh lut : + Hai hoc nhiu gen khng alen c th tc ng ln s hnh thnh tnh trng + Cc dng tc ng khc nhau cho t l kiu hnh F2 l bin dng ca ( 9: 3: 3: 1 ) c. Cc dng tc ng b tr : Cc t l : 9: 3: 3: 1 ; 9: 6: 1 : 9:7 . ta ch xt 1 dng t l : 9: 6: 1. c 1 . Th nghim 1 : khi lai 2 th b qu trn thun chng vi nhau , F2 thu c 3 loi kiu hnh vi t l : 9 dt : 6 trn : 1 di c 2 Gii thch : F2 c t l kiu hnh 9: 6:1 = 16 t hp = 4 loi giao t (?F1) x 4loi giao t (?F1) . Ngha l F1 mi bn cho 4 loi giao t vi t l bng nhau .Vy F 1 mi bn u phi d hp t nht 2 cp gen , nhng ch quy nh 1 tnh trng . Vy tnh trng dng qu do 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST tng ng khc nhau tc ng tc ng qua li cng qui nh - Qui c gen : gi s 2 cp gen tng tc l Aa v Bb : + Cc kiu gen c 2 gen tri (A-B-) tc ng b tr hnh thnh b quDE5T. + Cc kiu gen ch c 1 gen tri : A-bb hoc aaB- qui nh b qu trn + Kiu gen c 2 cp gen ln (aabb) tc ng b tr hnh thnh b qu di - S lai : + PTC : AAbb( qu trn ) x aaBB( qu trn ) +GP : Ab aB + F1 AaBb ( 100% qu di ) + F1 x F1: AaBb (qu di ) x AaBb ( qu di ) +GF1 : AB , Ab , aB , ab ; AB , Ab , aB , ab F2 : 9 ( A- B- ) : 3 (A- bb) : 3( aaB- ) : 1 aabb 9 qu dt 6 qu trn 1 qu di 2. TC NG T CH : a. Khi nim : l trng hp mt gen ny kim hm hot ng ca mt gen khc , khng cng lcut. b. Cc dng tng tc t ch : t ch gen tri ( 12:3:1; 13: 3 ) v t ch do gen ln ( 9: 4: 3: ) . Ta ch xt 1 dng t l 12 :3 :1 b1. Th nghim : Cho lai nga lng xm thun chng vi nga lng hung thun chng , dc F1 ton lng xm . Cho cc con nga F 1 giao phi vi nhau , F2 c s phn li kiu hnh theo t l : 12xam : 3 en : 1 hung b2 . Gii thch : ( tng t tc ng b tr) - 15 GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

* Trng hp A t ch : -Cc kiu gen c mt gen tri A ( A-B- ; A- bb ) t ch hot ng cp gen B, b qui nh lng xm . - Cc kiu gen (aaB- ) c gen tri B khng b t ch qui nh mu en - Kiu gen c 2 cp gen ln aabb qui nh lng hung - S lai : + PTC : AABB( xm ) x aabb( hung ) +GP : Ab aB + F1 AaBb ( 100% xm ) + F1 x F1: AaBb (xm ) x AaBb ( xm ) +GF1 : AB , Ab , aB , ab ; AB , Ab , aB , ab F2 : 9 ( A- B- ) : 3 (A- bb) : 3( aaB- ) : 1 aabb 12 xm 3 en 1 hung * Trng hp B t ch : -Cc kiu gen c mt gen tri B ( A-B- ; aaB- ) t ch hot ng cp gen B,b qui nh lng xm . - Cc kiu gen (A-bb ) c gen tri A khng b t ch qui nh mu en - Kiu gen c 2 cp gen ln aabb qui nh lng hung - S lai : + PTC : AABB( xm ) x aabb( hung ) +GP : Ab aB + F1 AaBb ( 100% xm ) + F1 x F1: AaBb (xm ) x AaBb ( xm ) +GF1 : AB , Ab , aB , ab ; AB , Ab , aB , ab F2 : 9 ( A- B- ) : 3 (aaB-) : 3( A-bb ) : 1 aabb 12 xm 3 en 1 hung

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

3 TC NG CNG GP : a. Khi nim : Tc ng cng gp l kiu tc ng c nhiu gen , trong d mi mgen ng gp 1 phn nh nhau vo s phyt trin ca cng 1 tnh trng . b. Th nghim : Lai ging luau m ht thun chng(TC) vi ging ht trng TC , F 1 thu dc ton ht d n F2 c s phn li kiu hnh : 15 : 1 trng .Mu d c m nht khc nhau , t thm n nht c. Gii thch : Mu sc ht luau m F2 c t l phn li kiu hnh l 15 :1 gm 16 t hp , nn mu sc phi do 2 cp gen nm trn 2 cp NSt khc nhau tng tc qui nh . - Qui c : Gi s 2 cp gen tng tc l Aa, Bb + Cc kiu gen c mt gen tri ( A-B- : A-bb: aaB-) u qui nh ht mu . S lng gen tri trong kiu gen cng nhiu th mu cng m. + Kiu gen khng c mt gen tri no c (aabb) qui nh ht trng - S lai : + PTC : AABB( ) x aabb( trng ) +GP : Ab aB + F1 AaBb ( 100% ) + F1 x F1: AaBb ( ) x AaBb ( ) +GF1 : AB , Ab , aB , ab ; AB , Ab , aB , ab F2 : 9 ( A- B- ) : 3 (A- bb) : 3( aaB- ) : 1 aabb 15 ( m nht ) 1 trng II . GEN A HIU ( mt gen chi phi nhiu tnh trng ) 1 . V d - u H Lan : Th hoa tm th ht nu , nch l c chm en ; th hoa trng th ht nht nch l khng chm nu . - rui Gim :Cc gen qui nh cnh ngn th t thn ngn , lng cng , hnh dng c quan sin h dc thay i , d trng t , tui th gim u trng suy yu . Cn gen quy nh cnh di th thn t di , lng mm trng nhiu , tui th cao , u trng mnh 2. Gii thch :Mi nhm tnh trng trn du do 1 gen qui nh . B PHNG PHP GII I . CC KIU TNG TC Mi kiu tng tc c 1 t l KH tiu biu da theo bin dng ca (3:1)2 nh sau : 1 Kiu h tr c 3 t l KH : 9: 3:3:1 ; 9:6: 1 ; 9: 7 . a) H tr gen tri hnh thnh 4 KH : 9:3:3:1 A-B- A-bb aaB- aabb thuc t l : 9:3:3:1 b) H tr gen tri hnh thnh 3 KH : 9:6: 1 A-B- ( A-bb = aaB- ) aabb thuc t l : 9:6: 1 c) H tr gen tri hnh thnh 2 KH : 9:7 A-B- ( A-bb = aaB- = aabb ) thuc t l : 9:7 2. Kiu t ch c 3 t l KG : 12:3:1 ; 13:3 ; 9:4:3 a) t ch gen tri hnh thnh 3 KH : 12:3:1 (A-B- = A-bb) aaB- aabb thuc t l : 12:3:1 b) t ch gen tri hnh thnh 2 KH : 13: 3 (A-B- = A-bb = aabb ) aaB- thuc t l : 13:3 c) t ch gen ln hnh thnh 3 KH : 9:4:3 A-B- ( A-bb = aabb ) aaB- thuc t l : 9:4:3 3. Tc ng cng gp ( tch lu) hnh thnh 2 KH : 15 :1 A-B- ( A-bb = aabb ) aaBTng qut n cp gen tc ng cng gp => t l KH theo h s mi s hng trong trin khai ca nh thc Newton ( A+a)n II. XC NH S CP GEN TNG TC ( nhn nh quy lut di truyn) * Thng da vo kt qu phn tnh th h lai => s kiu t hp giao t => s loi giao t ca b m => s cp gen tng tc . * T l kiu phn tnh c th thuc 16 kiu t hp nh : 9:6:1 ; 9:7 hoc 8 kiu t hp nh 4:3:1 ; 6: 1:1 . Hoc 4 kiu t hp nh : 3: 1 ; 1:2:1 ( xem bng ghi cc kiu tng tc tng ng ) III . D ON KIU TNG TC

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

* Sau khi xc nh kiu tng tc , ng thi xc nh kiu gen b m => vit s lai c th c ca php lai thy t l KG theo dng no , i chiu vi t l KH ca bi => d on kiu tng tc PHN IV DI TRUYN LIN KT VI GII TNH I . XC NH KIU NST GII TNH 1. Trong thin nhin , gp 1 s kiu NST gii tnh nh sau : XX, XY , XO ( XX l ng giao t , XY hoc XO l d giao t ) - c XY , ci XX : ngi , ng vt c v , rui gim - c XX , ci XY : cc loi chim , bm tm , ch nhi , b st . - c XO ; ci XX : b xt , chu chu , rp - c XX ; ci XO : b nhy . 2. Nu c th c cp trong bi khng nu loi no => kiu NST gii tnh c th xc nh theo 2 cch : - Da vo c th mang tnh trng ln th h c t l phn tnh 3:1 . V tnh trng ny d xut hin c th XY => gii tnh ca c th thuc NST gii tnh XY - Dng cch loi suy , ln lt th tng kiu NST gii tnh => kiu no cho kt qu ph hp vi bi th nhn V d : cho 1 c th mang 1 cp gen d hp quy nh cnh thng giao phi vi c th khc c F 1 gm 256 con cnh thng : 85 con cnh cong ( ch ton con c ) => - Cp gen d hp quy nh cnh thng => cnh thng l tnh trng tri , cnh cong l tnh trng ln . - F1 c t l 3 cnh thng : 1 cnh cong . Nhng tnh trng ln cnh cong ch biu hin con c => NST gii tnh ca con c l XY , con ci XX . II . DI TRUYN LIN KT VI GII TNH A. Khi nim : l hin tng di tuyn cc tnh trng m c gen xc nh chng nm trn cc NST gii tnh B. Gen trn NST X ( Qui lut di truyn cho ) 1 .Th nghim : Moocgan lai rui gim mt vi mt trng -Lai thun : + P : (mt ) x ( mt trng ) + F1 : 100% mt + F2 : 3 mt : 1 mt trng ( ton con c) -Lai nghch : + P : (mt trng ) x ( mt ) + F1 : 1 mt : 1 mt trng + F2 : 1 mt : 1 mt trng : 1 mt : 1 mt trng

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GV: Nguyn Cnh Hiu

2 . Gii thch : - F1 ng lot mt , theo nh lut ng tnh th mt tri hon ton so vi mt trng . Qui c : W : mt ; w : mt trng . - Nu gen nm trn NST thng th F2 ( trong php lai thun ) mt trng phn b c gii c v ci . Thc t F2 mu mt trng ch c con c , V vy gen qui nh mu mt rui phi nm trn NST gii tnh X , khng c alen trn Y . - S lai : + Php lai thun : P : XWXW ( mt ) x XwY( mt trng ) G : XW , XW ; Xw , Y W w W F1 : X X , X Y ( 100% mt ) F1x F1 : XWXw x XWY G: XW , Xw ; XW , Y W W W w W F2 : X X : X X :X Y : XwY 3 mt : 1 mt trng + Php lai nghch: P : XwXw ( mt trng ) x XWY( mt ) G: Xw ; Xw , Y W w F1 : X X (50% mt ) , XwY ( mt trng) F1x F1 : XWXw x XwY W w w G :: X ,X ; X ,Y W w w w W F2 : X X : X X : X Y : XwY 1 mt : 1 mt trng : 1 mt : mt trng Vy, php lai thun gen ln trn X do b truyn cho con gi v biu hin chu trai 3 . Ni dung nh lut : - Di truyn cho : tnh trng ca b truyn cho con ci (gi) , tnh trng ca m truyn cho con c . - Hai php lai thun nghch cho: kt qu khc nhau . C . GEN TRN NST Y :( quy lut di truyn thng ) -NST Y a s loi hu nh khng mang gen , nn hu nh gen trn NST X him c gen tng ng trn Y . Tuy nhin , 1 s loi ng vt , NST Y cng mang gen . - NST Y ngi c on mang gen tng ng vi gen trn X , nhng cng c on gen trn Y m khng c gen tng ng trn X V d : ngi tt dnh ngn tay s 2 v s 3 do gen ln (a) trn NST Y gy ra v ch biu hin nam gii P : XX x XYa G: X ; X , Ya F1 : XX ( 50% gi BT ) : XYa ( 50% trai dnh ngn ) - Ni dung di truyn thng : tnh trng qui nh bi gen nm trn NST Y di truyn 100% cc cp NST gii tnh XY ( 100% con trai ) D. ngha : hin tng di truyn lin kt vi gii tnh c ng dng phn bit gii c hoc gii ci giai on sm pht trin ca c th lc hnh thi gii tnh cha th hin ra kiu hnh , nh c th chn lc tng nng sut . V d : ga ngi ta s dng gen tri A trn NST gii tnh X xc nh lng vn , phn bit trng , mi khi mi n . G trng con XA XA c lng vn u r hn so vi con mi XA Y . II CCH NHN NH QUY LUT DI TRUYN : 1. Da vo kt qu ca php lai thun nghch - Nu kt qu lai thun nghch khc nhau th gen quy nh tnh trng c xt nm trn NST gii tnh . - Nu tnh trng cho thy xut hin ch gii c qua cc th h ( di truyn thng ) = > gen nm trn NST Y . Ngc li th gen nm trn NST X 2. Da vo s di truyn cho hoc tnh trng biu hin khng ng u trn gii c v ci : a. Di truyn cho : tnh trng ca con c ging tnh trng ca m v tnh trng ca ci con ging b l c s di truyn cho => gen nm trn NST gii tnh X b . Tnh trng khng biu hin ng u 2 gii : Cng 1 th h nhng tnh trng no ch xut hin gii c , cn gii ci th khng hoc ngc li => gen nm trn NST gii tnh

Ch : thc t gen nm trn NST gii tnh cng c nhng trng hp tc ng vi gen nm trn NST thng hnh thnh 1 tnh trng . Cng c cc gen nm trn cng 1 NST gii tnh X tc ng ring r hoc tng tc qua li vi nhau . *** CH CCH NHN NH CC QUY LUT DI TRUYN 1. Cc quy lut Menden : (phn li c lp ) - Hai hay nhiu cp gen nm trn 2 hay nhiu cp NST tng ng - Hai hay nhiu cp gen quy nh 2 hay nhiu cp tnh trng 2. Cc quy lut ca Moocgan : - Hai hay nhiu cp gen cng nm trn 1 cp NST - Hai hay nhiu cp gen cng quy nh 2 hay nhiu tnh trng 3. Cc qui lut tng tc gen : - Hai hay nhiu cp gen nm trn 2 hay nhiu cp NST - Hai hay nhiu cp gen cng qui nh 1 cp tnh trng PHN V . T BIN A. T BIN GEN (BG) I . Cc dng t bin gen v s bin i trong cu trc ca gen : - t bin gen l nhng bin i trong cu trc gen 1 hoc 1 s cp Nu . - cu trc ca gen b bin i v s lng hoc thnh phn hoc trnh t cc Nu trong gen a) So snh gen bnh thng v gen t bin nhn thy : Hai gen c s Nu khng thay i -> gen t bin c th bin i v thnh phn v trnh t cc Nu : - t bin thay th kiu ng hon hoc d hon . + Thay th kiu ng hon : thay th 1 cp A-T bng 1 cp G-X hoc thay th 1 cp G-X bng 1 cp A-T + Thay th kiu d hon : thay th 1 cp A-T bng 1 cp T-A hoc thay th 1 cp G-X bng 1 cp X-G - t bin gen dng o v tr . b) So snh gen bnh thng v gen t bin nhn thy : Hai gen c s lng tng loi Nu ging nhau -> ( khng thay i v thnh phn v s lng Nu ) -> Gen B c bin i v trnh t Nu : - BG dng thay th kiu d hon . - BG dng o v tr c) So snh gen bnh thng v gen t bin nhn thy : Hai gen c s lng Nu ging nhau , hai gen khc nhau v thnh phn tng loi Nu => BG dng thay th kiu ng hon d)So snh gen bnh thng v gen t bin nhn thy : Hai gen c s lng Nu chnh lch nhau 1 cp Nu : - BG dng thm 1 cp Nu - BG dng mt 1 cp Nu II. T l gen t bin : - Gen tin B : gen c bin i cu trc 1 mch . Gen tin B c th c enzim sa cha thnh gen bnh thng . - Gen B : gen c bin i 1 cp Nu trn 2 mch n . + Gen < nhn i > gen tin B nhn i > gen B x=1 x=1 + T l gen t bin = ( S gen B : Tng s gen to ra ) . 100 B. T BIN NHIM SC TH ( BNST ) I. t bin th d bi NST : - L B xy ra ti 1 hay 1 s cp ca NST .C cc dng : th 3 nhim (2n+1 ) ; th 1 nhm ( 2n- 1) ; th khuyt nhim (2n -2) ; th a nhim - C ch : c th 2n gam phn 1 s t bo sinh dc s khai c 1 ho 1 s cp no ca NST khng phn li to ra giao t B ( n+1) hoc (n-1) hoc (n-2 ) P: 2n x 2n Gp : (n+1) (n-1) n N F (hp t ) : 2n+1 P th 3 nhim NP F (hp t ) : 2n-1 th 1 nhim II .Th a bi ( 3n hoc 4n )

- Th a bi l nhng bin i tronng ton b cu trc NST , ln hn bi s 2n nh : 3n , 4n , 5n , 6n -C ch : + T bo sma 2n hoc t bo tin phi 2n , trong nguyn phn cc NST khng ph li to ra t bo 4n , cc t bo 4n nguyn phn bnh thng cho ra cc t bo con 4n NP B N * TB sma 2n (D) TB sma 4n P M , c quan 4n NP(D B) N * TB tin phi 2n TB tin phi 4n P c th 4n + T bo sinh dc 2n gim phn , s khng phn li cc NST trong 1 ln phn bo to ra giao t t bin 2n . * Nu giao t 2n kt hp giao t 2n hp t 4n P : 2n x 2n Gp 2n 2n F ( hp t) 4n N =>F (hp t ) 4n P c th 4n * Nu giao t 2n kt hp giao t n hp t 3n P : 2n x 2n Gp 2n n F ( hp t) 3n NP => F (hp t ) : 3n c th 3n

PHN VI . Gi i ton vi nh lut Haci -Vanbec *CCH TNH TN S TNG I CA CC ALEN: 1) Nu bi cho bit r t l kiu gen (lc ny ta khng cn ch l qun th c cn bng hay khng ) xAA : yAa : zaa -Tn s tng i ca alen A = x+ - Tn s tng i ca alen a = z + * V d : cho qun th vi cc t l kiu gen nh sau 40% AA : 20% Aa : 40%aa suy ra tn s tng i ca cc alen nh sau -Tn s tng i ca alen A=0.4 + =0.5

-Tn s tng i ca alen a=0.4 + =0.5 2) bi cho bit t l kiu hnh ln (lc ny qun th phi cn bng mi c th gii c). Qun th cn bng ta c t l kiu gen nh sau AA : 2(pq)Aa : aa v p + q =1 -Bit t l kiu hnh ln suy ra q - Suy ra p=1 - q - Vy tn s tng i ca alen A = p tn s tng i ca alen a = q * V d : qun th cn bng c tt c 400 cy trong cy qu chua l 100 cy .Bit tnh trng qu chua l ln so vi tnh trng qu ngt hy tm tn s tng i ca mi alen. A : quy nh tnh trng qu ngt a : chua Cy qu chua c kiu gen ng hp ln aa chim 25% =0.25 Suy ra tn s tng i ca alen a=0.5 tn s tng i ca alen A=1-0.5=0.5 TM T L KIU GEN V T L KIU HNH CA QUN TH T TH (QUA NHIU TH H T TH PHN) i vi dng bi tp ny ta ch cn tm t l kiu gen sau s nhanh chng suy ra t l kiu hnh (da vo t l kiu gen) v vy chng ta ch tm hiu phng php tm t l kiu gen . 1) Nu bi ch yu cu kiu gen d hp (qun th ban u ch c kiu gen d hp )-y l trng hp n gin nht.

Qun th ban u c kiu gen Aa t th phn qua n th h ta c t l kiu gen d hp Aa th h th n l T l ca AA =aa = *V d :tm t l kiu gen Aa trong qun th qua 3 th h t th phn Lc t l kiu gen Aa= =12.5% 2)Nu qun th ban u c kiu gen pht tp hn v bi yu cu tm t l ca cc kiu gen sau n th h t th: Qun th ban u c t l nh sau xAA : yAa : zaa Nu cho t th phn qua n th h ta s c t l nh sau - T l ca Aa = y - T l ca AA = x + (1)

- T l ca aa = z + (1) *V d : trong qun th c t l cc kiu gen l 0.6 AA : 0.3 Aa : 0.1aa hy tm t l kiu gen qua 3 ln t th phn -t l kiu gen Aa = 0.3 x =3.75% -t l kiu gen aa = 0.1+ 0.15 x (1)=23.125% -t l kiu gen AA=0.6 + 0.15 x ( 1) =73.125% Tn s alen qun th Tc gi: Chippi91 a ln lc: 09:24:50 Ngy 01-02-2008 Vi mt qun th bt k vi thnh phn kiu gen: AA ; Aa ; aa. Tng s c th ca qun th l n. Khi , gi f(A), f(a) ln lt l tn s alen A,a; f(AA), f(Aa), f(aa) ln lt l tn s kiu gen AA, Aa, aa tnh theo cng thc: Tn s kiu gen bng t l mt kiu gen trn tng s kiu gen c th c trong qun th. Ta c: f(A) = = + = f(AA) + f(Aa) = p(A)

Tng t, f(a) = f(aa) + f(Aa) = q(a) * Khi bi cho mt qun th v hi qun th c cn bng khng, th vic ca bn khng phi l xem p+q c bng 1 hay khng, m sau khi tnh c p(A) v q(a) th bn phi xem f(AA) c bng hay khng; f(Aa) c bng 2pq hay khng v f(aa) c bng hay khng. Nu bng th qun th cn bng v ngc li. * Trng thi cn bng di truyn ca qun th: - Nu 1 qun th khng cn bng th sau mt th h giao phi ngu nhin, qun th s c thnh phn kiu gen: (AA) + 2pq(Aa) + (aa) - Nu qun th tip tc giao phi ngu nhin th cc th h k tip khng nhng tn s alen khng i m tn s cc kiu gen cng c duy tr n nh. c gi l trng thi cn bng ca qun th. - Quy lut Hacdi-Vanberg cng p dng cho gen trn NST gii tnh. Tuy nhin khc vi gen trn NST thng, trng thi cn bng di truyn ca qun th khng c thit lp ngay sau mt th h. V NST Y khng mang gen, ta c: f( Y) = p(A); f( Y) = q(a) Tn s cc kiu gen phn cc c th ci: (AA) + 2pq(Aa) + (aa) --------------0O0------------Chc cc em thnh cng

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