M HO TING NI V NG DNG TRONG LIN LC DI NG

Nguyn Thnh Ti I. GII THIU Ting ni l phng tin ch yu m con ngi s dng lin lc v giao tip hng ngy. Ngy nay khi cc phng tin truyn thng pht trin v s ngi s dng cc phng tin lin lc tng ln th m ho ting ni c nghin cu v ng dng rng ri trong cc cuc gi in thoi truyn thng, gi qua mng di dng, qua mng Internet, qua v tinh, v.v... Mc d vi s pht trin ca cng ngh truyn thng qua cp quang lm cho bng thng khng cn l vn ln trong gi thnh ca cc cuc gi truyn thng. Tuy nhin, bng thng trong cc cuc gi ng di, cc cuc gi quc t, cc cuc gi qua v tinh hay cc cuc gi di ng th cn phi duy tr bng thng mt mc nht nh. V vy vic m ho ting ni l rt cn thit, gip gim thiu s lng tn hiu cn truyn i trn ng truyn nhng vn m bo cht lng ca cuc gi. II. CC VN C BN TRONG M HO TING NI 1. M hnh ho qu trnh to ting ni Khi khng kh b p t phi ln i qua cc dy thanh m dao ng (theo s iu khin ca no b) v i dc theo c quan pht m s to ra ting ni. S dao ng ca cc dy thanh m to ra s ng m tng t nh mt cnh ca (thanh mn). S ng m ny s lm cho lung khng kh t phi i ln b ngt qung khc nhau, lm cho ting ni to ra cng khc nhau. Ngoi s tc ng ca cc dy thanh m, ting ni to ra cn ph thuc vo s thay i ca c quan pht m gm: vm hng, li, ming, khoang mi v mi. Hnh 1 biu din m hnh c hc ca c quan pht m.
Lc tc ng t cc c p lc phi Khoang mi Vm hng Li Phi Cung phi Cc dy thanh m

Mi Ming

C quan pht m

Hnh 1. M hnh c hc c quan pht m ngi

Vi m hnh c hc nh trn, c th biu din c quan pht m bng mt m hnh gn ng gm cc hnh tr c di bng nhau nhng c ng knh khc nhau nh trong Hnh 2. Chnh hnh dng ny to ra s cng hng m thanh v cc tn s cng hng ny gi l cc tn s formant. Cc tn s ny to ra cc m v khc nhau tu theo hnh dng c quan pht m. M hnh ny c th c biu din mt cch chnh xc bng mt tp hp cc phng trnh ton hc [5]. Trong qu trnh pht m ngi ta thy rng hnh dng c quan pht m thay i rt chm , do trong mt khong thi gian ngn (trong mt m v) c th xem nh s thay i l khng ng k. V vy ta c th biu din c quan pht m bng mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian; c ngha l sut trong mt m v, cc tham s ca h thng

A1

A2

A3

A4

A5

Hnh 2. M hnh dng ng ca c quan pht m ngi

ny s gn nh khng i nhng chng s thay i rt ln t m v ny sang m v khc. Ngoi m hnh ho c quan pht m th m hnh ho s kch thch ca lung khng kh t phi i qua thanh mn ln c quan pht m cng rt quan trng. Tu theo loi m thanh m c cch m hnh ho thch hp ting ni sau khi ti to t c cht lng theo yu cu. 2. Cc tnh cht c bn ca ting ni ngi Trong k thut m ho ting ni, da vo s dao ng ca cc dy thanh m ngi ta chia ting ni ra thnh hai loi m chnh sau y: + m hu thanh (voiced sound): m hu thanh c to ra khi cc dy thanh m dao ng ng m lm ngt qung lung khng kh v s ngt qung ny c xem gn nh l tun hon tc ng ln c quan pht m. Theo thc nghim chu k tun hon ny khong t 2 20ms. Do vi m hu thanh, tn hiu kch thch c m hnh ho l cc xung tun hon. + m v thanh (unvoiced sound): m v thanh c to ra khi lung khng kh i qua thanh mn tc ng ln c quan pht m khng theo mt qui lut no c (khng tun hon). Do vi m v thanh, tn hiu kch thch c m hnh ho tng t nh mt nhiu. Nhn chung, cc m ca ting ni l mt trong hai loi m trn hoc l s kt hp ca chng. Theo thng k, ngi ta xc nh c hu ht cc m l hu thanh. 3. Cc phng php m ho ting ni M ho ting ni c chia ra thnh ba loi chnh l m ho dng sng, m ho ngun v m ho lai. Tc bit v cht lng ting ni sau khi tng hp li ca cc b m ho ny c biu din Hnh 3.
Rt tt Tt Trung bnh Xu Km
1 2 4 8 16 32 64

Cht lng ting ni M ho lai M ho ngun M ho dng sng

Tc bit (kbits/s)

Hnh 3. Cht lng ting ni so vi tc bit ca cc b m ho a. M ho dng sng: ngi ta chia m ho dng sng ra lm hai loi chnh Trong min thi gian: m ho iu bin xung m (PCM), iu bin xung m sai lch (DPCM) v iu bin xung m sai lch thch nghi (ADPCM). Trong min tn s: m ho bng con SBC (subband coding) v m ho bin i thch nghi ATC (Adaptive Transform Coding). b. M ho ngun: M ho ngun s dng m hnh qu trnh to ra ngun tn hiu v khai thc cc thng s ca m hnh ny m ho tn hiu. Nhng thng s ca m hnh s c truyn n b gii m. i vi ting ni, cc b m ho ngun c gi l vocoder hot ng da trn m hnh c quan pht m nh ni trn v c kch thch vi mt ngun nhiu trng i vi cc on ting ni v thanh hoc c kch thch bng mt dy xung c chu k bng chu k pitch i vi on ting ni hu thanh. Do thng tin c gi n b gii m l cc thng s k

thut ca b lc, mt thng tin ch nh on ting ni l hu thanh hay v thanh, s thay i cn thit ca tn hiu kch thch v chu k pitch nu l on ting ni hu thanh. C nhiu k thut m ho ngun nh: m ho knh, m ho formant, m ho tham s v m ho ng hnh. Tuy nhin, hin nay ch yu tp trung vo nghin cu v pht trin cc b m ho tham s nh m ho d on tuyn tnh kch thch bng hai trng thi (m ho LPC), m ho d on tuyn tnh c s kch thch kt hp MELP v m ho d on tuyn tnh kch thch bng tn hiu sau d on RELP. Cc b m ho tham s ny thng dng cho in thoi qua v tinh v trong qun i. c. M ho lai M ha lai c nhiu phng php nhng phng php ph bin nht l m ho phn tch bng cch tng hp AbS (Analysis-by-Synthesis). B m ho ny cng s dng m hnh c quan pht m ca ngi ging nh m ho ngun. Tuy nhin, thay v s dng cc m hnh tn hiu kch thch n gin nh m ho ngun th y tn hiu kch thch c chn sao cho c gng t c dng sng ting ni ti to cng ging vi dng sng ting ni ban u cng tt. y chnh l c tnh phn bit s khc nhau gia cc b m ho kiu AbS. Thut ton tm ra dng sng kch thch ny quyt nh ti phc tp ca b m ho. III. M HO TING NI TRONG LIN LC DI NG Hu ht cc tiu chun m ho ting ni trong lin lc di ng u s dng phng php m ho lai AbS. V vy trong phn ny, xin gii thiu chi tit v m ho lai AbS. 1. S chung ca mt b m ho ting ni dng phng php m ho lai AbS ) s[n ] s[n] + x[n] u[n] +
Chn la/ to tn hiu kch thch

+ AL(z) B lc tng hp thi gian di Gim t iu h sa s i

li A(z) B lc tng hp thi gian ngn W(z)

e[n]
u[n]

Pha pht
Tn hiu kch thch B lc c quan pht m

) s[n ]

Ting ni tng hp

Pha thu

Hnh 4. S khi ca mt b m ho lai in hnh 2. Trong cc b m ho lai, cc thng s ca h thng s c xc nh bng k thut d on tuyn tnh nh trong m ho tham s ( phng php m ho ngun) v tn hiu kch thch c xc nh bng mt vng kn (phn tch bng cch tng hp). Hnh 4 l mt b m ho lai in hnh. H thng ny bao gm mt b lc d on thi gian ngn (STP) A(z), mt b lc d on thi gian di (LTP) AL(z), mt b lc nhn cm nhn W(z), mt b gim thiu sai s cung cp thng tin cn thit cho b to tn hiu kch thch. Trong , b to tn hiu kch thch l quan trng nht v n to ra hay chn tn hiu kch thch sao cho sai s bnh phng trung bnh i qua W(z) l nh nht. Tu theo mi loi m ho m b to tn hiu kch thch ny khc nhau. Mc d s trn l chung cho cc b m ho lai nhng mt s loi khng s dng b lc LTP hoc v tr STP v LTP thay i.

3. D on tuyn tnh (LP) da trn m hnh pht m D on tuyn tnh l mt cng c rt quan trng trong x l s tn hiu. N cung cp cho chng ta mt k thut rt mnh c lng cc thng s ca mt on ting ni nh pitch, tn s formant, ph, ... vi chnh xc cao v tc tnh ton nhanh.
Tn hiu kch thch

+ +
A(Z)

Ting ni tng hp

Hnh 5. S rt gn ca qu trnh to ting ni Da trn hm truyn t biu din m hnh c quan pht m v b qua cc yu t khc tc ng n qu trnh pht m nh mi, khoang mi th m hnh pht m c th c biu din mt cch gn ng nh trong Hnh 5. Trong Hnh 6 biu din hai qu trnh tng hp v phn tch ting ni. Gi s tn hiu kch thch u[n] l nhiu trng th tn hiu e[n] cng phi l nhiu trng nu H(z) l mt hm truyn t ton cc, khng c im khng.
U[N] Tng hp H(Z) S[N] Phn tch 1/H(Z) E[N]

Hnh 6. Qu trnh tng hp v phn tch trong m ho ting ni 4. D on thi gian ngn (STP) v d on thi gian di (LTP) B d on thi gian ngn thc cht l b lc tng hp ting ni. B lc ny s thc hin vic tng hp ting ni khi c tn hiu kch thch a n ng vo ca n. Cc h s ca b lc ny s c xc nh bng phng php d on tuyn tnh nh cp trn. Cc on ting ni hu thanh c dng sng tun hon v s tun hon ny c th c khai thc tr gip cho qu trnh d on ting ni. T iu ny ngi ta a ra khi nim v d on thi gian di hay d on pitch. Cng ging nh cc b STP, cc b LTP cng l cc b d on tuyn tnh nhng trong khi STP thc hin vic d on da trn cc mu k nhau th LTP da trn cc mu t mt hay nhiu chu k pitch trc . y l l do gi n l d on thi gian di. 5. B lc nhn cm nhn Ngoi vic khai thc cc tnh cht ting ni m ho, ngi ta cn khai thc s cm nhn m thanh ca tai ngi (tai ngi khng cm nhn c nhng m thanh b che i bi cc m thanh khc c nng lng ln hn mt mc nht nh) trong m ho ting ni bng khi nim b lc nhn cm nhn.
60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

Bi n [d B]

p ng tn s ca b lc LPC ph ca nhiu p ng tn s ca W(z) ph ca nhiu i qua W(z)

T s [Hz n ]

Hnh 8. Biu din hiu ng ca W(z)

S tc ng ca b lc ny c biu din trong Hnh 8. Ta thy ph ca nhiu c hai vng nm pha trn ca p ng tn s ca b lc LPC do cc tn s nm trong vng ny s b nhiu che i. B lc nhn cm nhn W(z) s nng bin ca nhiu trong vng tn s formant (vng nh ca p ng tn s b lc LPC) v nn bin ca nhiu trong cc vng trng ca p ng tn s. Ph ca nhiu sau khi i qua W(z) s c dng l ng lin nt mnh (c hnh dng ph tng t nh ph ca b lc LPC) v nhiu s d dng b cc tn s formant che i (nng lng cc tn s formant che nng lng nhiu). Tm li, W(z) s nh dng nhiu hay cc sai s sao cho chng b che i bi cc tn s formant nng lng cao. 6. Mt s loi m ho lai dng trong lin lc di ng Tu theo cch to ra tn hiu kch thch m ngi ta a ra cc loi m ho lai khc nhau nh m ho a xung MPE, m ho xung u RPE, m ho kch thch bng m CELP, m ho kch thch vect tng VSELP. Trong cc tiu chun dng cho lin lc di ng c ba loi sau y thng c s dng l: RPE-LTP, ACELP v VSELP. a. M ho kch thch bng xung u RPE-LTP [1]: y l loi m ho s dng tn hiu kch thch kt hp gia xung u v tn hiu sau d on t chu k pitch trc (c xc nh bng mt b d on thi gian di LTP tnh chu k pitch v li pitch cho tn hiu kch thch). b. M ho kch thch bng m CELP v ACELP: M ho kch thch bng m hay bng vect CELP [1] m ho ting ni tc bit thp hn m ho RPE-LTP nhng ting ni tng hp vn c cht lng cao tng ng vi cc b m ho dng sng c tc bit trung bnh tuy nhin phc tp ca b m ho CELP s cao hn. Trong thut ton CELP, ngi ta a ra khi nim codebook. y l ni cha cc vect (hay t m) kch thch v mi vect c di c nh. Cc vect ny c to thnh t cc dy nhiu Gauss. Tn hiu kch thch cho mi on ting ni s c tm kim trong codebook. Do , mi vect kch thch trong codebook s c s phn t bng vi s mu trong mt on ting ni. Ngoi codebook cha cc vect tn hiu kch thch thng c gi l stochastic codebook, cn c mt codebook khc lin quan n b d on LTP gi l codebook thch nghi (adaptive codebook). Codebook thch nghi cha cc gi tr tr t (c gi tr t 20 147). Vic tm gi tr t v li pitch b cho b lc LTP l qu trnh tm mt gi tr thch hp sao cho tn hiu kch thch tng hp a vo b lc STP l tt nht, tc l lm cho sai s d on l nh nht. M ho kch thch bng m i s ACELP [1] (Algebraic CELP) cng l mt dng m ho CELP. Tuy nhin, cc vect trong stochastic codebook ACELP c to thnh t cc gi tr nh phn (ch gm hai gi tr) hoc tam phn (ch gm ba gi tr). c. M ho kch thch bng tng vect VSELP: Thut ton VSELP [1] c Gerson v Jasiuk xut ra ng dng trong truyn thng di ng. Thut ton ny s dng cc codebook c cu trc tt gim thiu phc tp trong tnh ton. Tn hiu kch thch trong VSELP l s kt hp ca cc vect t ba codebook gm codebook thch nghi v hai stochastic codebook c cu trc tt. IV. MT S CHUN M HO TING NI THNG DNG

ng dng in thoi thng thng Hi ngh qua in thoi in thoi di ng s

Cc ng dng c tc bit thay i Lin lc cn bo mt in thoi qua v tinh

Tc bit Bng thng T chc t (kbps) (kHz) ra chun 64 3,2 Itu 32 3,2 Itu 48-64 7 Itu 16 3,2 Itu 13 3.2 Gsm 12,2 3.2 Gsm 8,0 3.2 Tia 6,5 3.2 Gsm 8,0 3.2 Itu 16-40 3,2 Itu 5,3-6,3 3,2 Itu 4,75-12,2 3,2 Gsm 1-8 3,2 Cdma 2,4 3,2 Ddvpc 2,4 3,2 Ddvpc 4,8 3,2 Ddvpc 4,15 3,2 Inmarsat 3,6 3,2 Inmarsat

K hiu chun g.711 g.726 g.722 g.728 Full-rate Efr IS-54 Half-rate g.729 g.727 g.723.1 Amr IS-96 Fs1015 Melp Fs1016 M Mini-m

Thut ton dng cho chun m-law hoc A-law PCM adpcm Subband-adpcm Low delay Celp Rpe-ltp Acelp Vselp Vselp Acelp Adpcm Mplpc, celp Acelp Qcelp Lpc-10 Melp Celp Imbe Ambe

Ti liu tham kho [1]. ANDREAS SPANIAS, Speech coding: A tutorial review, Arizona State University, USA - 1994. [2]. THOMAS P. BARNWELL III, KARMBIZ NAYEBI & CRAIG H. RICHARDSON, Speech Coding: A computer Laboratory Textbook, John Wiley & Sons. Inc 1996. [3]. JOHN G. PROAKIS, DIMITRIS G. MONOLAKIS, Introduction to digital signal processing, Macmillan Publishing Company 1989. [4]. N. JAYANT, Signal Compression: Coding of Speech, Audio, Text, Image and Video, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. 1997. [5]. B.S. ATAL and SUZANNE L. HANAUER, Speech Analysis and Synthesis by Linear Prediction of the Speech Wave, The journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol 50, pp. 637 655 1971. [6]. Shivali Srivastava, Fundamental of Linear Prediction, Mississipi State University, USA 1999. [7]. MARK HASEGAWA-JOHNSON (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) & ABEER ALWAN (University of California at Los Angeles), Speech coding: Fundamentals and Applications, 1999.