Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

PHN I C S L THUYT CHNG I Tng quan v ng c in khng ng b ba pha 1. Nguyn l hot ng Nh bit trong vt l, khi cho dng in ba pha vo ba cun dy t lch nhau 120o trong khng gian th t trng tng m ba cun dy to ra trong l mt t trng quay. Nu trong t trng quay ny c t cc thanh dn in th t trng quay s qut qua cc thanh dn in v lm xut hin mt sc in ng cm ng trong cc thanh dn. Ni cc thanh dn vi nhau v lm mt trc quay th trong cc thanh dn s c dng in (ngn mch) c chiu xc nh theo quy tc ban tay phi. T trng quay li tc dng vo chnh dng in cm ng ny mt lc t c chiu xc nh theo quy tc ban tay tri v to ra momen lm quay roto theo chiu quay ca t trng quay. Tc quay ca roto lun nh hn tc quay ca t trng qua. Nu roto quay vi tc bng tc ca t trng quay th t trng s qut qua cc dy qun phn cm na nn sdd cm ng v dng in cm ng s khng cn, momen quay cng khng cn. Do momen cn roto s quay chm li sau t trng v cc dy dn roto li b t trng qut qua, dng in cm ng li xut hin v do li c momen quay lm roto tip tc quay theo t trng nhng vi tc lun nh hn tc t trng.

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

ng c lm vic theo nguyn l ny gi l ng c khng ng b (KDB) hay ng c xoay chiu.

Hnh 1-1: Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c khng ng b ba pha Nu gi tc t trng quay l o (rad/s) hay no (vng/pht) th tc quay ca roto l ( hay n ) lun nh hn ( < o ; n < no ). Sai lch tng ti gia hai tc gi l trt s:

s=

o o

(1-1)

T ta c: = o(1 s) hay n = no(1 s) (1-3) (1-2)

Trng HGTVT nghip

Vi:

n tt

2n 60

(1-4)

o =

2n o 2f1 = 60 p

(1-5)

f1 -

tn s in p t ln cun dy stato.

Tc o l tc ln nht m roto c th t c nu khng c lc cn no. Tc ny gi l tc khng ti l tng hay tc ng b. ch ng c, trt s c gi tr 0 s 1. Dng in cm ng trong cun dy phn ng roto cng l dng in xoay chiu vi tn s xc nh bi tc tng i ca roto i vi t trng quay:

f2 =

p(n o n ) = sf1 60

(1-6)

2. c tnh c ca ng c in khng ng b ba pha 2.1. Phng trnh c tnh c

Theo l thuyt my in, khi coi ng c v li in l l tng, ngha l ba pha ca ng c i xng, cc thng s dy qun nh in tr v in khng khng i, tng tr mch t ha khng i, b qua tn tht ma st v tn tht trong li thp v in p li hon ton i xng, th s thay th mt pha ca ng c nh hnh v 1-2

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Hnh 1-2: S thay th mt pha ng c khng ng b Trong : U1 tr s hiu dng ca in p pha stato (V) I, I1, I2 dng in t ha, dng in stato v dng in roto quy i v stato (A) X, X1, X2 in khng mch t ha, in khng stato v in khng roto quy i v stato () R, R1, R2 in tr tc dng mch t ha, mch stato v mch roto quy i v stato () Phng trnh c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b biu din mi quan h gia mmen quay v tc ca ng c c dng:
2 3U1 R '2 2 R '2 so R1 + + X nm s

M=

,[Nm]

(1-7)

Trong : Xnm in khng ngn mch, Xnm = X1 + X2 2.2. ng c tnh c

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Vi nhng gi tr khc nhau ca s (0 s 1), phng trnh cho nhng gi tr ca M. ng biu din M = f(s) trn trc ta sOM nh hnh v 1-4, l ng c tnh c ca ng c in xoay chiu khng ng b ba pha.

Hnh 1-3: ng c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b ba pha ng c tnh c c im cc tr gi l im ti hn K. Ti im :

dM =0 ds
Gii phng trnh ta c:

(1-8)

s th =

R '2 R +X
2 1 2 nm

(1-9)

Thay vo phng trnh c tnh c ta c:

Trng HGTVT nghip

M th =
2 3U1 2 2o (R1 R1 + X 2 ) nm

n tt

(1-10)

V ta ang xem xt trong gii hn 0 s 1 ( ch ng c ) nn gi tr sth v Mth ca c tnh c trn hnh ng vi du (+). c tnh c ca ng c in xoay chiu KDB l mt ng cong phc tp c hai on AK v BK, phn bi im ti hn K. on AK gn thng v cng. Trn on ny momen ng c tng khi tc gim v ngc li. Do vy ng c lm vic trn on ny s n nh. on BK cong vi dc dng. Trn on ny ng c lm vic khng n nh. Trn ng c tnh c t nhin, im B ng vi tc = 0 ( s = 1 ) v momen m my:
2 3U1 R '2 = o (R1 + R '2 ) 2 + X 2 nm

M mm

(1-11)

im A ng vi momen cn bng 0 ( Mc = 0 ) v tc ng b:

o =

2f1 p

(1-12)

3. nh hng ca tn s ngun f1 n c tnh c: Khi thay i f1 th theo (1-5) tc ng b o thay i, ng thi X1, X2 cng b thay i ( v X = 2fL ), ko theo s thay i ca c trt ti hn sth v momen ti hn Mth.

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Quan h trt ti hn theo tn s sth = f(f1) v momen ti hn theo tn s Mth = f(f1) l phc tp nhng v o v X1 ph thuc t l vi tn s f1 nn c th t cc biu thc ca sth v Mth rt ra:

1 s th f1 1 M th f12

(1-13)

Khi tn s f gim, trt ti hn sth v momen ti hn Mth u tng nhng Mth tng nhanh hn. Khi gim tn s f1 xung di tn s nh mc f1dm th tng tr ca cc cun dy gim nn nu gi nguyn in p cp cho ng c s dn n dng in ng c tng mnh. V vy khi gim tn s ngun xung di gi tr nh mc cn phi ng thi gim in p cp cho ng c theo quan h:

u1 = const f1

(1-14)

Nh vy Mth s gi khng i vng f1 < f1dm. vng f1 > f1dm th khng th tng in p ngun m gi U1 = U1dm nn vng ny Mth s gim t l nghch vi bnh phng tn s, ng thi phi iu chnh in p theo quy lut

U / f = const gi cho ng c khng b qu ti v cng sut.

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Hnh 1-4: H c tnh c khi thay i tn s ngun

Hnh 1-5: c tnh c ca ng c KDB khi thay i tn s ngun kt hp vi thay i in p 4. ng dng ca ng c khng ng b Ngy nay cc h thng truyn ng in c s dng rt rng ri trong cc thit b hoc dy truyn sn xut cng nghip, trong giao thng vn ti v trong cc thit b in dn dng c tnh c khong 50% in nng sn xut ra c tiu th bi cc h thng truyn ng in.

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

H thng in c th hot ng vi tc khng i hoc tc thay i c. Hin nay c khong 75 80% cc h truyn ng l loi hot ng vi tc khng i. Vi cc h thng ny, tc ca ng c hu nh khng cn iu khin tr cc qu trnh khi ng v hm. Phn cn li l cc h thng c th iu chnh c tc phi hp c tnh ng c vi c tnh ti theo yu cu. Vi s pht trin mnh m ca k thut bn dn cng sut ln v k thut vi x l, cc h thng iu tc s dng k thut in t ngy cng c s dng rng ri v cng c khng th thiu trong qu trnh t ng ha. ng c khng ng b c nhiu u im nh sau: kt cu n gin, lm vic chc chn, hiu sut cao, gi thnh h, c kh nng lm vic trong mi trng c hi hoc ni c kh nng chy n cao. V nhng u im ny nn ng c khng ng b c s dng rt rng ri trong cc ngnh kinh t quc dn vi cng sut t vi chc n hng nghn kW. Trong cng nghip, ng c khng ng b thng c dng lm ngun ng lc cho cc my cn thp loi va v nh, cho cc my cng c cc nh my cng nghip nh Trong nng nghip, c dng lm my bm hay my gia cng nng sn phm. Trong i sng hng ngy, ng c khng ng b ngy cng chim mt v tr quan trng vi nhiu ng dng nh: qut gi, ng c trong t lnh, trong my iu ha Tm li cng vi s pht trin ca nn sn xut in kh ha v t ng ha, phm vi ng dng ca ng c khng ng b ngy cng rng ri. Bn cnh th nhc im ca ng c khng ng b l so vi my in mt chiu, vic iu khin my in xoay chiu gp nhiu kh khn bi v cc thng s ca my in xoay chiu l cc thng s bin i theo thi gian cng nh bn cht phc tp v mt cu trc ca ng c in xoay chiu. c th iu khin c lp t thng v momen ca ng c in xoay chiu i hi mt h thng tnh ton cc nhanh v chnh xc trong vic quy i cc gi tr xoay chiu v cc bin n gin. V vy cho n gn y, phn ln ng c xoay

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

chiu lm vic vi cc ng dng c tc khng i do cc phng php iu khin trc y dng cho my in thng t v c hiu sut km. 5. Kh nng dng ng c xoay chiu thay th ng c in mt chiu Nhng kh khn trong vic ng dng ng c in xoay chiu chnh l lm th no c th d dng iu khin c tc ca n nh vic iu khin ng c mt chiu. V vy mt tng v vic bin i mt my in xoay chiu thnh mt my in mt chiu trn phng din iu khin ra i. y chnh l iu khin vector. iu khin vector s cho php iu khin t thng v momen hon ton c lp vi nhau thng qua iu khin gi tr tc thi ca dng (ng c tip dng) hoc gi tr tc thi ca p (ng c tip p). iu khin vecto cho php to ra nhng phn ng nhanh v chnh xc ca c t thng v momen trong c qu trnh qu cng nh qu trnh xc lp ca my in xoay chiu ging nh my in mt chiu. Cng vi s pht trin ca k thut bn dn v nhng b vi x l c tc nhanh v gi thnh h, vic ng dng ca iu khin vector ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong nhiu h truyn ng v tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip. Vi s pht trin nhanh chng, ngnh cng nghip t ng lun i hi s ci tin thng xuyn ca cc loi h truyn ng khc nhau. Nhng yu cu ci tin ct yu l tng tin cy, gim kh nng tiu th in nng, gim thiu chi ph bo dng, tng chnh xc v tng kh nng iu khin phc tp. V vy, nhng h truyn ng vi ng c in mt chiu ang dn b thay th bi nhng h truyn ng vi ng c xoay chiu s dng iu khin vector. L do chnh s dng rng ri ng c mt chiu trc kia l kh nng iu khin c lp t thng v momen cng nh cu trc h truyn ng kh n gin. Tuy nhin chi ph mua v bo tr ng c cao, c bit l khi s lng my in phi dng ln. Trong khi , cc ng dng thc t ca l thuyt iu khin vector c thc hin t nhng

10

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

nm 70 vi cc mch iu khin lin tc. Nhng cc mch lin tc khng th p ng c s i hi phi chuyn i tc thi ca h quy chiu quay do iu ny i hi mt khi lng tnh ton trong mt thi gian ngn. S pht trin ca nhng mch vi x l lm thay i vic ng dng ca l thuyt iu khin vector. Kh nng ti u trong iu khin qu ca iu khin vector l nn mng cho s pht trin rng ri ca cc h truyn ng xoay chiu ( v gi thnh ca ng c xoay chiu r hn so vi ng c mt chiu ). Ngoi nhng pht trin trong iu khin vector, mt s pht trin ng ch khc chnh l pht trin mng neural ( neural network ) v logic m ( fuzzy logic ) vo iu khin vector ang l nhng ti nghin cu mi trong nghin cu truyn ng. Hai k thut iu khin mi ny s to nn nhng ci tin vt bc cho h truyn ng xoay chiu trong mt tng lai gn. Trin vng ng dng rng ri ca hai k thut ny ph thuc vo s pht trin ca b vi x l bn dn ( Semiconductor Microprocessor ). Vi s pht trin mnh m ca cc b bin i in t cng sut, mt l thuyt iu khin my in xoay chiu khc hn vi iu khin vector ra i. l l thuyt iu khin trc tip momen lc ( Direct Torque Control hay vit tt l DTC ) do gio s Noguchi Takahashi a ra vo cui nm 80. Tuy nhin k thut DTC vn cha hon ho v cn c nghin cu thm.

CHNG 2 CC VN LIN QUAN N IU KHIN NG C IN KHNG NG B BA PHA 1. Cc yu cu t ra i vi vic iu khin ng c

11

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Nhng ng c trc y thng c ch to lm vic vi ti khng i trong sut qu trnh lm vic. iu ny lm cho hiu sut lm vic ca h thng thp, mt phn ng k cng sut u vo khng c s dng hiu qu. Hu ht thi gian momen ng c sinh ra u ln hn momen yu cu ca ti. Khi khi ng trc tip t li ngun, dng khi ng rt ln. iu ny lm tn tht cng sut ln trn ng truyn v trong roto, lm nng ng c, thm ch c th lm hng lp cch in. Dng khi ng ln c th lm st in p ngun, nh hng n cc thit b khc dng chung ngun vi ng c. Khi chy khng ti, dng in chy trong ng c ch yu l dng t ha, ti hu nh ch c tnh cm. Kt qu l h s cng sut ( PF: Power Factor ) rt thp, khong 0,1. Khi ti tng ln dng in lm vic bt u tng. Dng in t ha duy tr hu nh khng i trong sut qu trnh hot ng t khng ti n y ti. V vy khi ti tng h s cng sut cng ln. Khi ng c lm vic vi h s cng sut nh hn 1, dng in trong ng c khng hon ton sin. iu ny cng lm gim cht lng cng sut ngun, nh hng n cc thit b khc dng chung ngun vi ng c. Trong qu trnh lm vic, nhiu lc cn dng khn cp hoc o chiu ng c. chnh xc trong tc , kh nng dng chnh xc, o chiu tt lm tng nng sut lao ng cng nh cht lng sn phm. Trong cc ng dng trc y cc phng php hm c c s dng. Lc ma sat gia phn c v m phanh c tc dng hm. Tuy nhin vic hm ny rt km hiu qu v tn hao nhit ln. Trong nhiu ng dng, cng sut u vo l mt hm ph thuc vo tc nh qut, my bm. nhng ti loi ny, momen cn t l vi bnh phng tc , cng sut t l vi lp phng ca tc . Do vic iu chnh tc , iu ny ph thuc vo ti, c th tit kim in nng. Tnh ton cho thy vic gim 20% tc

12

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

ng c c th tit kim c 50% cng sut u vo. M iu ny l khng th thc hin c i vi nhng ng c s dng trc tip in p li. Khi li in cp cho ng c c h s cng sut nh hn n v, dng in trong ng c cha nhiu thnh phn iu ha bc cao. iu ny lm tng tn tht trong ng c dn n gim tui th ca ng c. Momen sinh ra bi ng c b gn sng. Cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao c th loi b khi hot ng tn s cao bi tnh cht cm ca ng c. Nhng tn s thp ng c chy s b rung, lm nh hng n cc vng ng ca roto. ng c lm vic li ngun khng n nh nu khng c bo v s lm gim tui th ca ng c. T nhng phn tch trn ta thy rng cn phi c mt h iu khin thng minh. S pht trin ca cc van cng sut, cng ngh sn xut IC tch hp cao cho ra i nhng b vi x l c tc x l ngy cng nhanh v s pht trin ca k thut tnh ton dn n vic iu khin ng c khng ng b c th t c cht lng cao. 2. Cc phng php iu chnh tc ng c khng ng b ba pha C nhiu phng php iu chnh tc ng c nh: iu chnh bng cch thay i in tr ph trong mch roto Rf iu chnh bng cch thay i in p stato iu chnh bng cch thay i s i cc t iu chnh bng cun khng bo ha iu chnh bng phng php ni tng iu chnh bng cch thay i tn s ngun f1

Trong cc phung php trn th phng php iu chnh bng cch thay i tn s cho php iu chnh c momen v tc vi cht lng cao nht, t n mc tng ng nh iu chnh ng c in mt chiu bng cch thay i in p

13

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

phn ng. Ngy nay cc h truyn ng s dng ng c khng ng b iu chnh tn s ang ngy cng pht trin. Sau y xin trnh by phng php iu chnh ng c khng ng b bng cch thay i tn s ngun f1. 3. iu chnh ng c khng ng b bng cch thay i tn s ngun Nh ta bit, tc ng b ca ng c ph thuc vo tn s ngun v s i cc t theo cng thc:

o =

2f1 p

(2-1)

M ta li c, tc ca roto ng c quan h vi tc ng b theo cng thc:

= o (1 s)

(2-2)

Do bng vic thay i tn s ngun f1 hoc thay i s i cc t c th iu chnh c tc ca ng c khng ng b. Khi ng c c ch to th s i cc t khng th thay i c do ch c th thay i tn s ngun f1. Bng cch thay i tn s ngun c th iu chnh c tc ca ng c. Nhng khi tn s gim, tr khng ca ng c gim theo ( X=2fL ). Kt qu l lm cho dng in v t thng ca ng c tng ln. Nu in p ngun cp khng gim s lm cho mch t b bo ha v ng c khng lm vic ch ti u, khng pht huy uc ht cng sut. V vy ngi ta t ra vn l khi thay i tn s cn c mt lut iu khin no sao cho t thng ca ng c khng i. T thng ny c th l t thng stato 1, t thng ca roto 2, hoc t thng tng ca mch t ha . V momen ng c t l vi t thng trong khe h t trng nn vic gi cho t thng khng i cng lm gi cho momen khng i. C th k ra cc lut iu khin nh sau: Lut U/f khng i: U/f = const Lut h s qu ti khng i: = Mth/Mc = const

14

Trng HGTVT nghip

Lut dng in khng ti khng i: Io = const

n tt

Lut iu khin dng stato theo hm s ca st tc: I1 = f()

4. Phng php iu chnh U/f = const Sdd ca cun dy stato E1 t l vi t thng 1 v tn s f1 theo biu thc:

& & & E1 = K1f1 = U1 &1Z1 I

T (2-3) nu b qua st p trn tng tr stato Z1, ta c E1 U1, do :

(2-3)

1 = K

U1 f1

(2-4)

Nh vy gi t thng khng i ta cn gi t s U1/f1 khng i. Trong phng php U/f = const th t s U1/f1 c gi khng i v bng t s ny nh mc. Cn lu khi momen ti tng, dng ng c tng lm tng st p trn in tr stato dn n E1 gim, ngha l t thng ng c gim. Do d ng c khng hon ton lm vic ch t thng khng i. Ta c cng thc tnh momen c ca ng c nh sau:
2 3U1 R '2 / s R' 0 [(R1 + 2 ) 2 + (X1 + X '2 ) 2 ] s

M=

(2-5)

V momen ti hn:
2 3U1 2 20 (R1 + R1 + (X1 + X '2 ))

M th =

(2-6)

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Trng HGTVT nghip

Khi hot ng nh mc:
2 3U1dm R '2 / s R' 0dm [(R 1 + 2 ) 2 + (X1dm + X '2dm ) 2 ] s

n tt

M dm =

(2-7)

M thdm =

2 3U1dm 2 20dm (R1 + R1 + (X1dm + X '2dm ) 2 )

(2-8)

Ta c cng thc sau:

a=

f1 f1dm

(2-9)

Vi f1 l tn s lm vic ca ng c, f1dm l tn s nh mc. Theo lut U/f= const :

U1 U1dm U f = 1 = 1 =a f1 f1dm U1dm f dm

Ta thu c:

(2-10)

U1 = aU1dm f1 = af1dm

(2-11)

Phn tch tng t, ta cng thu c o = aodm; X1 = aX1dm; X2 = aX2dm . Thay cc gi tr trn vo (2-5) v (2-6) ta thu c cng thc tnh momen v momen ti hn ca ng c tn s khc nh mc:

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Trng HGTVT nghip

R' 2 U1dm 2 3 a.s M= o R 1 R '2 2 ' 2 ( + ) + (X1 + X 2 ) a a.s
2 3 U1dm M th = 2 2o R R1 1 + + (X1 + X '2 )2 a a

n tt

(2-12)

(2-13)

Da theo cng thc trn ta thy, cc gi tr X1 v X2 ph thuc vo tn s trong khi R1 li l hng s. Nh vy khi hot ng tn s cao, gi tr (X1 + X2) >> R1/a, st p trn R1 rt nh nn gi tr E suy gim rt t dn n t thng c gi gn nh khng i. Momen cc i ca ng c gn nh khng i. Tuy nhin khi hot ng tn s thp th gi tr in tr R1/a s tng i ln so vi gi tr ca (X1 + X2) dn n st p nhiu trn in tr stato khi momen ti ln. iu ny lm cho E b gim, dn n suy gim t thng momen cc i. b li s suy gim t thng tn s thp, ta s cung cp thm cho ng c in mt in p Uo t thng ca ng c nh mc khi f = 0. T ta c quan h sau: U1 =Uo + Kf1 (2-14)

Vi K l mt hng s c chn sao cho gi tr U1 cp cho ng c U=Udm ti f = fdm . Khi a > 1 (f > fdm ), in p c gi khng i v bng nh mc. Khi ng c hot ng ch suy gim t thng. Sau y l th biu th mi quan h gia momen v in p theo tn s trong phng php iu khin U/f=const:

17

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Hnh 2-1: th biu th mi quan h gia momen v in p theo tn s theo lut iu khin U/f=const T (hnh 2-1) ta c nhn xt sau: Dng in khi ng yu cu thp hn Vng lm vic n nh ca ng c tng ln. Thay v ch lm vic tc

nh mc, ng c c th lm vic t 5% ca tc ng b n tc nh mc. Momen to ra bi ng c c th duy tr trong vng lm vic ny. Chng ta c th iu khin ng c tn s ln hn tn s nh mc bng cch tip tc tng tn s. Tuy nhin do in p t khng th tng trn in p nh mc. Do ch c th tng tn s dn n momen gim. vng trn vn tc c bn cc h s nh hng n momen tr nn phc tp. Vic tng tc gim tc c th c thc hin bng cch iu khin s thay i ca tn s theo thi gian.

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Trng HGTVT nghip

CHNG 3 BIN TN 1. Bin tn v tm quan trng ca bin tn trong cng nghip

n tt

Vi s pht trin nh v bo v chng loi v s lng ca cc b bin tn, ngy cng c nhiu thit b in in t s dng cc b bin tn, trong mt b phn ng k s dng bin tn phi k n chnh l b bin tn iu khin tc ng c in. Trong thc t c rt nhiu hot ng trong cng nghip c lin quan n tc ng c in. i lc c th xem s n nh ca tc ng c mang yu t sng cn ca cht lng sn phm, s n nh ca h thng V d: my p nha lm giy, cn thp, h thng t ng pha trn nguyn liu, my ly tm nh hnh khi c V th, vic iu khin v n nh tc ng c c xem nh vn chnh yu ca cc h thng iu khin trong cng nghip. iu chnh tc ng c l dng cc bin php nhn to thay i cc thng s ngun nh in p hay cc thng s mch nh in tr ph, thay i t thng T to ra cc c tnh c mi c nhng tc lm vic mi ph hp vi yu cu ca ph ti c. C hai phng php iu chnh tc ng c:

Bin i cc thng s ca b phn c kh tc l bin i t s truyn chuyn Bin i tc gc ca ng c in. Phng php ny lm gim tnh phc

tip t trc ng c n c cu my sn xut.

tp ca c cu v ci thin c c tnh iu chnh, c bit linh hot khi ng dng cc h thng iu khin bng in t. V vy, b bin tn c s dng iu khin tc ng c theo phng php ny. Kho st cho thy:

Chim 30% th trng bin tn l cc b iu khin moment.

19

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Trong cc b iu khin moment ng c chim 55% l cc ng dng qut

gi, trong phn ln l cc h thng HAVC (iu ha khng kh trung tm), chim 45% l cc ng dng bm, ch yu l trong cng nghip nng.

Nng cp ci to cc h thng bm v qut t h iu khin tc khng i

ln h tc c th iu chnh c trong cng nghip vi li nhun to ln thu v t vic tit gim nhin liu in nng tiu th. Tnh hu dng ca bin tn trong cc ng dng bm v qut

iu chnh lu lng tng ng vi iu chnh tc Bm v Qut. iu chnh p sut tng ng vi iu chnh gc m ca van. Gim ting n cng nghip. Nng lng s dng t l thun vi ly tha bc ba ca tc ng c. Gip tit kim in nng ti a.

Nh tn gi, b bin tn s dng trong h truyn ng, chc nng chnh l thay i tn s ngun cung cp cho ng c thay i tc ng c nhng nu ch thay i tn s ngun cung cp th c th thc hin vic bin i ny theo nhiu phng thc khc, khng dng mch in t. Trc kia, khi cng ngh ch to linh kin bn dn cha pht trin, ngi ta ch yu s dng cc nghch lu dng my bin p. u im chnh ca cc thit b dng ny l sng dng in p ng ra rt tt (t hi) v cng sut ln (so vi bin tn hai bc dng linh kin bn dn) nhng cn nhiu hn ch nh: Gi thnh cao do phi dng my bin p cng sut ln. Tn tht trn bin p chim n 50% tng tn tht trn h thng nghch lu. Chim din tch lp t ln, dn n kh khn trong vic lp t, duy tu, bo iu khin kh khn, khong iu khin khng rng v d b qu in p

tr cng nh thay mi. ng ra do c hin tng bo ho t ca li thp my bin p.

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Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Ngoi ra, cc h truyn ng cn nhiu thng s khc cn c thay i, gim st nh: in p, dng in, khi ng m (Ramp start hay Soft start), tnh cht ti m ch c b bin tn s dng cc thit b bn dn l thch hp nht trong trng hp ny.

2. Phn loi bin tn Bin tn thng c chia lm hai loi: Bin tn trc tip Bin tn gin tip Bin tn trc tip

2.1.

Bin tn trc tip l b bin i tn s trc tip t li in xoay chiu khng thng qua khu trung gian mt chiu. Tn s ra c iu chnh nhy cp v nh hn tn s li ( f1 < fli ). Loi bin tn ny hin nay t c s dng. 2.2. Bin tn gin tip

Cc b bin tn gin tip c cu trc nh sau:

Hnh 3-1: S cu trc ca bin tn gin tip

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Trng HGTVT nghip

c tn gi l bin tn gin tip. Chc nng ca cc khi nh sau:

n tt

Nh vy bin i tn s cn thng qua mt khu trung gian mt chiu v vy

a) Chnh lu: Chc nng ca khu chnh lu l bin i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu. Chnh lu c th l khng iu chnh hoc c iu chnh. Ngy nay a s chnh lu l khng iu chnh, v iu chnh in p mt chiu trong phm vi rng s lm tng kch thc ca b lc v lm gim hiu sut b bin i. Ni chung chc nng bin i in p v tn s c thc hin bi nghch lu thng qua lut iu khin. Trong cc b bin i cng sut ln, ngi ta thng dng chnh lu bn iu khin vi chc nng lm nhim v bo v cho ton h thng khi qu ti. Ty theo tng nghch lu yu cu ngun dng hay ngun p m b chnh lu s to ra dng in hay in p tng i n nh. b) Lc: B lc c nhim v san phng in p sau chnh lu. c) Nghch lu: Chc nng ca khu nghch lu l bin i dng mt chiu thnh dng xoay chiu c tn s c th thay i c v lm vic vi ph ti c lp Nghch lu c th l mt trong ba loi sau: Nghch lu ngun p: trong dng ny, dng in p ra ti c nh dng

trc (thng c dng xung ch nht) cn dng dng in ph thuc vo tnh cht ti. Ngun in p cung cp phi l ngun sc in ng c ni tr nh. Trong cc ng dng iu kin ng c, thng s dng nghch lu ngun p. Nghch lu ngun dng: Ngc vi dng trn, dng dng in ra ti c

nh hnh trc, cn dng in p ph thuc vo ti. Ngun cung cp phi l ngun dng m bo gi dng mt chiu n nh, v vy nu ngun l sc in ng th phi c in cm u vo ln hoc m bo iu kin trn theo nguyn tc iu khin n nh dng in.

22

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Nghch lu cng hng: Loi ny dng nguyn tc cng hng khi mch hot ng, do dng dng in (hoc in p) thng c dng hnh sin. C in p v dng in ra ti ph thuc vo tnh cht ti. 3. Cu trc c bn ca mt b bin tn Cu trc c bn ca mt b bin tn nh hnh ()

Tn hiu vo l in p xoay chiu mt pha hoc ba pha. B chnh lu c nhim bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu. B lc c nhim v san phng in p mt chiu sau chnh lu.

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Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Nghch lu c nhim v bin i in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu c tn s c th thay i c. in p mt chiu c bin thnh in p xoay chiu nh vic iu khin m hoc kha cc van cng sut theo mt quy lut nht nh. B iu khin c nhim v to tn hiu iu khin theo mt lut iu khin no a n cc van cng sut trong b nghch lu. Ngoi ra n cn c chc nng sau: Theo di s c lc vn hnh X l thng tin t ngi s dng Xc nh thi gian tng tc, gim tc hay hm Xc nh c tnh momen tc X l thng tin t cc mch thu thp d liu Kt ni vi my tnh.

Mch kch l b phn to tn hiu ph hp iu khin trc tip cc van cng sut trong mch nghch lu. Mch cch ly c nhim v cch ly gia mch cng sut vi mch iu khin bo v mch iu khin. Mn hnh hin th v iu khin c nhim v hin th thng tin h thng nh tn s, dng in, in p, v ngi s dng c th t li thng s cho h thng. Cc mch thu thp tn hiu nh dng in, in p nhit , bin i chng thnh tn hiu thch hp mch iu khin c th x l c. Ngi ra cn c cc mch lm nhim v bo v khc nh bo v chng qu p hay thp p u vo Cc mch iu khin, thu thp tn hiu u cn cp ngun, cc ngun ny thng l ngun in mt chiu 5, 12, 15VDC yu cu in p cp phi n nh. B ngun c nhim v to ra ngun in thch hp .

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Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

S ra i ca cc b vi x l c tc tnh ton nhanh c th thc hin cc thut ton phc tp thi gian thc, s pht trin ca cc l thuyt iu khin, cng ngh sn xut IC c mc tch hp ngy cng cao cng vi gi thnh ca cc linh kin ngy cng gim dn n s ra i ca cc b bin tn ngy cng thng minh c kh nng iu khin chnh xc, p ng nhanh v gi thnh r.

4. Phng thc iu khin 4.1. Phng php iu ch rng xung (PWM)

Ni dung ca phng php iu ch rng xung l to ra mt tn hiu sin chun c tn s bng tn s ra v bin t l vi bin in ra nghch lu. Tn hiu ny s c so snh vi mt tn hiu rng ca c tn s ln hn rt nhiu tn s ca tn hiu sin chun. Giao im ca hai tn hiu ny xc nh thi im ng m van cng sut. in p ra c dng xung vi rng thay i theo tng chu k.

Hnh 3-2: Dng sng u ra theo phng php iu ch rng xung (vo1 l thnh phn sin c bn, v il in mt chiu vo b nghch lu, vo l in p ra ) Trong qu trnh iu ch, ngi ta c th to xung hai cc hoc mt cc, iu bin theo rng xung n cc v iu bin theo rng xung lng cc. Trong ti ny em s dng phng iu ch rng xung n cc.

25

Trng HGTVT nghip

C hai phng php iu ch c bn l: iu ch theo phng php sin PWM (SPWM) iu ch vect

n tt

4.1.1. iu ch theo phng php SPWM to ra in p xoay chiu bng phng php SPWM, ta s dng mt tn hiu xung tam gic vtri (gi l sng mang) em so snh vi mt tn hiu sin chun vc (gi l tn hiu iu khin). Nu em xung iu khin ny cp cho b nghich lu mt pha, th ng ra s thu c dng xung in p m thnh phn iu ha c bn c tn s bng tn s tn hiu iu khin vc v bin ph thuc vo ngun in mt chiu cp cho b nghch lu v t s gia bin sng sin mu v bin sng mang. Tn s sng mang ln hn rt nhiu tn s tn hiu iu khin. Hnh 3-3 miu t nguyn l ca ca phng php iu ch SPWM mt pha:

Hnh 3-3: Nguyn l iu ch SPWM mt pha Khi:

26

Trng HGTVT nghip

vc > vtri , VA0 = Vdc/2 vc < ttri , VA0 = -Vdc/2

n tt

i vi nghch lu p ba pha c s nh hnh 3-4. to ra in p sin ba pha dng iu rng xung, ta cn ba tn hiu sin mu.

Hnh 3-4: Nghch lu p ba pha Nguyn l iu ch v dng sng nh sau:

27

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Hnh 3-5: Nguyn l iu ch SPWM ba pha H s iu ch bin ma c nh ngha l t s gia bin ca tn hiu iu khin vi bin ca sng mang:

ma =

Vc Vtri

(3-1)

ma Vc Vtri

h s iu bin bin sng iu khin bin sng mang

28

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Trong vng tuyn tnh (0 < ma < 1), bin ca thnh phn sin c bn VA01 (in p pha) trong dng sng u ra t l vi h s iu bin theo cng thc:
Vdc 2

VA01 = m a

(3-2)

i vi in p dy l:

VAB1 = ma

3Vdc 2

(3-3)

Nh vy trong phng php ny bin in p dy u ra b nghch lu ch c th t 86,67% in p mt chiu u vo trong vng tuyn tnh (0 < ma < 1). H s iu ch t s mf l t s gia tn s sng mang v tn s tn hiu iu khin:

mf =

f tri fc

(3-4)

mf ftri fc

h s iu ch t s tn s sng mang, bng tn s PWM tn s tn hiu iu khin

Gi tr ca mf c chn sao cho nn c gi tr dng v l. Nu mf l mt gi tr khng nguyn th trong dng sng u ra s c cc thnh phn iu ha ph (subharmonic). Nu mf khng phi l mt s l, trong dng sng u ra s tn ti thnh phn mt chiu v cc hi bc chn. Gi tr ca mf nn l bi s ca 3 i nghch lu p ba pha v trong in p dy u ra s trit tiu cc hi bc chn v hi l bi s ca ba.

29

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Nh vy, nu in p mt chiu u vo khng i, iu chnh bin v tn s ca in p u ra ta ch vic iu chnh bin v tn s ca tn hiu sin chun vc. c trng c bn ca phng php ny l thnh phn sng iu ha ca in p ra. Mun gim cc sng iu ha bc cao cn phi tng tn s sng mang hay tn s PWM. Tuy nhin cng tng tn s PWM th tn hao chuyn mch li tng ln. 4.1.2. Phng php iu ch vect khng gian (SVPWM) Phng php iu ch vect khng gian khc vi cc phng php iu ch rng xung khc. Vi phng php iu ch PWM khc, b nghch lu c xem nh ba b bin i y ko ring bit vi ba in p pha c lp nhau. i vi phng php iu ch vect khng gian, b nghch lu c xem nh mt khi duy nht vi 8 trng thi ng ngt t 0 n 7. 4.1.2.1. Thnh lp vect khng gian

i vi ngun p ba pha cn bng, ta lun c phng trnh sau:

u a (t) + u b (t) + u c ( t ) = 0

(3-5)

V bt k ba hm s no tha mn phng trnh trn u c th chuyn sang h ta hai chiu vung gc. Ta c th biu din phng trnh trn di dng ba vect gm [ua 0 0]T, trng vi trc x, vect [0 ub 0]T lch mt gc 120o v vect [0 0 ua]T lch mt gc 240o so vi trc x, nh hnh v sau:

30

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Hnh 3-6: biu din vect khng gian trong h ta x0y T ta xy dng c phng trnh ca vect khng gian trong h ta phc nh sau:
2 2 j j 2 u(t) = u a + u b .e 3 + u c .e 3 3

(3-6)

Trong 2/3 l h s bin hnh. Phn tch u(t) trong phng trnh trn thnh phn thc v phn o.
u t = u x + ju y

(3-7)

Ta xy dng c cng thc chuyn i h ta t ba pha abc sang h ta phc x-y bng cch cn bng phn thc v phn o trong phng trnh (3-6), ta c:

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Trng HGTVT nghip

u(t) =

n tt

2 u a + u b ( cos(2 / 3) + jsin(2 / 3) ) + u c ( cos(2 / 3) + jsin(2 / 3) ) 3 2 u x = 3 [ u a + u b cos(2 / 3) + u ccos(2 / 3) ] (3-8) u = 2 [ u sin(2 / 3) u sin(2 / 3)] c y 3 b 1 1 1 ua ux 2 2 2 ub = 3 3 uy 3 0 uc 2 2

Tip theo hnh thnh ta quay - bng cch cho h ta x-y quay vi vn tc gc t. Ta c cng thc chuyn i h ta nh sau:
cos(t) cos( + t) u x cos(t) sin(t) u x u 2 = = u sin(t) cos( + t) u y sin(t) cos(t) u y 2

(3-9)

Ngun p ba pha to ra l cn bng v sin nn ta c th vit li phng trnh in p pha nh sau:

u a = Vmsin(t) u b = Vmsin(t 2 / 3) u c = Vmsin(t + 2 / 3)

(3-10)

T phng trnh (3-9) ta xy dng c phng trnh sau:

u(t) = Vr e j = Vr e jt

(3-11)

Th hin vect khng gian c bin Vr quay vi vn tc gc t quanh gc ta 0. Phng trnh in p dy theo phng trnh (3-8) nh sau:

32

Trng HGTVT nghip

1 1 2 VL 2 3 V = VL 3 2 s 3 0 2 1 q1 2 q3 3 q5 2

n tt

(3-11)

Trong

2 chuyn t gi tr bin sang gi tr hiu dng,

3 chuyn

gi tr in p pha thnh in p dy. Vect in p dy s sm pha hn vect in p pha mt gc /6. Nu lng ghp cc trng thi c th c ca q1, q3 v q5 vo phng trnh (3-11) ta thu c phng trnh in p dy (tr bin ) theo cc trng thi ca cc kha.

Vn =

2. 2 j(2n 1) /6 2 (2n 1) (2n 1) = e + jsin cos 6 6 3 3

(3-12)

Vi n = 0,1,2,,6 ta thnh lp c 6 vect khng gian V1 V6 v hai vect 0 l V0 v V7 nh hnh sau:

Hnh 3-7: Cc vect khng gian t 1 n 6

33

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Hnh 3-8: Trng thi ng ngt ca cc van

Bng 3-1: Gi tr in p cc trng thi ng ngt v vect khng gian tng ng (Ghi ch: ln in p phi nhn vi Vdc) 4.1.2.2. Tnh ton thi gian ng ngt

Xt trng hp vect Vr nm trong vng 1 nh hnh sau:

34

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Hnh 3-9: Vect khng gian Vr trong vng 1

Gi s tn s bm xung fPWM cao trong sut chu k iu rng xung Ts, vect Vr khng thay i v tr. Nh ta c th phn tch Vr theo cc vect V1, V2 v vect V0 hoc V7 nh phng trnh sau:

Vr Ts = V1 T1 + V2 T2 + V07 T07 Ts = T1 + T2 + T07

Vi: Ts l chu k iu rng xung Tn l thi gian duy tr trng thi Vn

(3-13)

Chuyn sang h ta vung gc, ta c phng trnh sau suy ra t phng trnh (3-11) v (3-12):
cos 6 + cos 6 cos 2 2 2 = T1 Ts m + T1 + T07 .0 3 3 sin sin sin + 6 2 6

(3-14)

Cn bng phn thc v phn o, ta c:

35

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Ts mcos 6 + = T1 T m sin + = T 1 s 6

2 cos + T1 3 6 2 sin + T1 3 6

2 cos 3 2 2 sin 3 2

(3-15)

Gii phng trnh trn tm T1 v T2:

cos + cos + 3 6 =Tm 3 6 T1 = Ts m s 2 2 3 cos 6 2 T1 = Ts cos + = Ts cos = Ts sin 6 3 2 3 T2 = Ts m 3 sin + Ts mcos + sin 2 6 6 6

(3-16)

T2 = Ts m sin + cos cos + sin 6 6 6 6 T2 = Ts msin + = Ts msin() 6 6

Suy ra:
T1 = Ts msin( / 3 ) T2 = Ts msin() T = T T 1 T s 2 07

(3-17)

Trong : m t s iu bin

36

Trng HGTVT nghip

Ts chu k iu rng xung gc lch pha gia Vr v Vn

n tt

Ta nhn thy vic gii phng trnh (3-13) tm T1, T2 v Ts khng ph thuc vo hai vect gii hn vng :

Hnh 3-10:Vect khng gian Vr trong vng bt k

Da trn kt qu trn phng trnh (3-17), ta xy dng cng thc tng qut trong phng trnh (3-18) sau y:
TA = Ts msin( / 3 ) TB = Ts msin() T = T T T s A B 07

(3-18)

4.1.2.3.

Phn b cc trng thi ng ngt

Vn xt trng hp Va nm trong vng 1, vi kt qu t phng trnh (3-17):

37

Trng HGTVT nghip

T1 = Ts msin( / 3 ) T2 = Ts msin() T = T T T s 1 2 07

n tt

(3-18)

4.1.2.4.

K thut thc hin vect khng gian

Thng thng mt trong nhng tiu chun la chn gin ng kch linh kin l gim thiu ti a s ln chuyn mch ca linh kin, gim tn hao trong qu trnh ng ct ca chng. S ln chuyn mch s t nu ta trnh t iu khin sau:

Hnh 3-11: Gin ng ct linh kin 4.1.2.5. Gin ng ct cc kha to ra vect Vs trong tng sect:

Cc van cng sut trong tng nhnh ng ngt i nghch nhau. n gin ha s , ta ch v trng thi ca 3 van cng sut pha trn. Ba van cn li c trng thi i nghch vi ba van trn theo tng cp:

o S0 S1 o S2 - S3 o S4 S5

38

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Hnh 3-12: Vect Vs trong cc vng t 0-6

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Trng HGTVT nghip

Nhn xt: -

n tt

Dng in p u hoc dng in u ra ca phng php SVPWM t b mo Hiu sut s dng in p u vo ca phng php SVPWM cao hn so vi

hn do cha t cc thnh phn iu ha hn so vi phng php SPWM. phng php SPWM

4.2.

Phng php iu khin trc tip momen (DTC: Direct Torque

Moment)
S khc nhau gia phng php iu ch SVPWM v phng php DTC l phng php DTC khng s dng khun mu chuyn mch c nh (fixed switching pattern). Phng php ny chuyn mch b nghch lu theo yu cu ca ti. V khng s dng khun mu chuyn mch c nh, phng php ny p ng cc nhanh theo s bin ng ca ti. chnh xc vn tc ca phng php ny ln ti 0,5%, mc d khng cn phi s dng mt thit b phn hi no. Tri tim ca phng php ny l khu thch ng ng c. Khu thch ng ny da trn m hnh ton hc c bn ca ng c. Khu thch ng yu cu thng tin v rt nhiu thng s ng c, nh in tr stato, in cm tng h, h s bo ha,.. Thut ton ny ly cc thng tin ny v ng c lc khi ng m khng lm quay ng c. Nhng vic lm quay ng c trong vng vi giy s gip cho vic iu chnh ca khu thch ng. Hiu chnh cng tt, vic iu khin tc v momen cng c chnh xc cng cao. T in p mt chiu, dng in dy v v tr chuyn mch hin thi, khu thch ng ny tnh ton ra t thng v momen thc t ca ng c. Nhng gi tr ny c a ti b so snh hai lp t thng v momen tng ng. u ra ca cc b so snh ny l tn hiu tham chiu momen v t thng cho bng la chn chuyn mch ti u. V tr chuyn mch c la chn c a thng ti b nghch lu m khng cn iu ch do c p ng rt nhanh.

40

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Tn hiu tham chiu tc t t bn ngoi c gii m to ra t thng v momen tham chiu. V th, trong phng php iu khin trc tip momen, t thng v momen ng c l nhng bin c iu khin trc tip v th c tn l iu khin trc tip momen. u im ca phng php ny tc p ng rt nhanh, khng cn cc thit b phn hi, gim c s hng hc v c kh, hiu sut gn bng my in mt chiu m khng c phn hi. Nhc im ca phng php ny l s tr vn c ca b so snh dn n t thng v momen b nhp nh. V chuyn mch c thc hin tn s thp nn cc thnh phn iu ha bc thp tng ln

41

Trng HGTVT nghip

PHN II THIT K S B

n tt

T c s l thuyt trn, trong ti ny em la chn thit k b bin tn kiu gin tip, s dng chnh lu cu, b nghch lu c s nghch lu cu ba pha ngun p, iu khin theo lut U/f khng i bng phng php iu ch rng xung SPWM (Sinusoidal PWM). Cc thng s ca b bin tn nh sau: in p vo xoay chiu mt pha 220V/50Hz u ra in p xoay chiu ba pha 220V Tn s ra nhy cp c fmin = 10hz, fmax = 50Hz Chng qu nhit Chng qu dng Tng tc, gim tc iu khin ng c c thng s nh sau: tc nh mc 1410rpm, in p

nh mc (Y/) 380/220, tn s nh mc 50Hz, cng sut nh mc 0,75kW.

42

Trng HGTVT nghip

1. S CU TRC

n tt

Hnh (1-1):S cu trc a) Khu chnh lu: Khu chnh lu s dng s chnh lu cu mt pha khng
iu khin. Cc van cng sut trong s l cc diode cng sut. Chc nng ca khu chnh lu l bin i in p xoay chiu u vo thnh in p mt chiu.

b) Lc: Chc nng ca b lc l san phng in p sau chnh lu. c) Nghch lu: B nghch lu s dng nghch u p ba pha c nhim v bin i
in p u vo mt chiu thnh in p xoay chiu c tn s v bin c th thay i c cp cho ng c. Cc van cng sut s dng trong b nghch lu l IGBT.

d) Mch li: Mch li c nhim v nhn tn hiu iu khin t b iu khin to

ra cc tn hiu iu khin trc tip cc van cng sut trong b nghch lu. Trong

43

Trng HGTVT nghip

ca hng International Rectifier.

n tt

ti ny, em s dng module cng sut thng minh (IPM: intelligent power module)

Hnh (1-2): S bin tn iu khin ng c s dng b nghch lu ngun p ba pha e) B iu khin: B iu khin c thit k s dng vi iu khin PSoC. B
iu khin c nhim v to tn hiu PWM theo mt lut no iu khin cc van cng sut trong b nghch lu thng qua mch li. Lut iu khin em s dng trong ti ny l phng phap iu ch rng xung SPWM (Sinusoidal PWM). Ngoi ra, b iu khin cn c nhim v x l tn hiu t b theo di nhit v b phn hi dng. B iu khin nhn tn hiu iu khin t phm bm. Cc yu cu iu khin bao gm khi ng, dng, o chiu, t tc .

f) Mch theo di nhit : Mch theo di nhit cp tn hiu in p t l vi

nhit trong module cng sut m thc cht chnh l nhit ca van cng sut.

44

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

g) Mch phn hi dng: Mch phn hi dng c nhim v bin i in p trn

in tr shunt thnh tn hiu ph hp cp cho b iu khin. Khi c qu dng xy ra, b iu khin s to ra tn hiu kha module cng sut li, ct cng sut u ra.

Hnh (1-3): S mc in tr shunt theo di dng in h) Phm: Ngi s dng c th t lnh iu khin b bin tn thng qua phm
tc dng.

i) Ngun: Ngun c chc nng to ra cc mc in p thch hp (5VDC v

15VDC) c cng sut cho cc mch iu khin, mch li. B ngun ly in p sau b lc.

45

Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

2. S D TNH NNG

Hnh (1-4): S tnh nng b bin tn Gii thch s tnh nng:

Tn hiu iu khin t bn phm bao gm khi ng, dng, o chiu, v t vn tc thng qua vic t tn s iu khin. Khi iu chnh tc thng qua vic t tn s, cn phi c thi gian chuyn t tn s ny sang tn s mi trnh hin tng ng c b git mnh. Thi gian ng c chuyn t tn s iu khin ny sang tn s iu khin mi c x l trong khu xc nh tn s iu khin mi. Khi o chiu cng vy, phi a ng c v gi tr nh ri mi thc hin o chiu quay trnh moment xon tc ng ln ng c. Sau khi xc nh c tn s iu khin mi, bng sin mi c tnh li B PWM c nhim v to tn hiu PWM cp cho cc van cng sut. Cc sao gi cho t s U/f u ra khng i tn hiu ny c iu ch theo phng php SPWM.

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PHN III THIT K CHI TIT 1. Tnh ton cc thng s ca ng c

Cc thng s cho trn ng c: Pdm = 0,75kW ndm = 1410 vng/pht dm = 0,885 Tc gc nh mc ca ng c:
dm = 2n dm 2..1410 = = 147,65(rad / s) 60 60

fdm = 50Hz p=2

Udm(Y/)=380/220V cosdm = 0,88

(1-1)

Dng in nh mc :

I1dm =
Momen nh mc:

Pdm = 2,5A / 1,5A( / ) 3U1dm cos dm Pdm 750 = = 5,083(Nm) dm 147,67

(1-2)

M dm =

(1-3)

Cng sut tc dng ng c tiu th:

Pdtdm =
Tc ng b:

Pdm 750 = = 847.45(W) 0.885

(1-4)

0 =

2f 250 = = 157(rad / s) p 2

(1-5)

H s trt nh mc

s=

0 dm 157 147 = 0,064 0 157

(1-6)

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2. Thit k tng nghch lu v tng mch kch

Vi vic s dng module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A ca International Rectifier th vic thit k mch nghch lu cng nh mch kch tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu. S mch nguyn l nh hnh ():

Hnh (1-1): S nguyn l mch nghch lu v mch li s dng IRAMX16UP60A

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2.1. Gii thiu v module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A

n tt

Cc module cng sut tch hp iu khin ng c ang l mt xu th pht trin hin ti bi nhng u im m n mang li nh tit kim khng gian mch in v d dng lp rp. Tuy nhin vic s dng rng ri cc module ny b hn ch bi gi thnh cng nh l kh nng thiu mm do trong thit k. Mt seri module cng sut thng minh (IPM: intelligent power module) gi thnh thp mi c pht trin cho cc ng dng iu khin ng c, nhm gii quyt nhng yu t trn. c tnh ca cc module cng sut thng minh mi ny cho php tn tht cng sut chung thp hn so vi cc cng ngh cnh tranh hin ti. Mt s ci tin ng k na l kh nng gim nhiu in t (EMI) ca h thng mc d tn s chuyn mch c th rt cao nh vo cng ngh ng v c bit.

Module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A ca International Rectifier lm mt module cng sut tch hp c pht trin v ti u cho cc ng dng iu khin ng c nh my git, cc b truyn ng my nn iu chnh tc trong cc h thng iu ha khng kh trong nh v cc t lnh thng mi. Cng ngh PlugNDrive a ra mt b iu khin ng c xoay chiu hiu sut cao, kt cu siu gn trong mt v cch ly n cho mt thit k n gin. Cu hnh h emitter IGBT pha thp cho php d dng phn hi dng, theo di qu dng c th iu khin vi an ton v chnh xc cao.

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Chc nng bo v qu dng v theo di nhit dng sn, cng vi chc nng ngt khi thp p tch hp bn trong cho php hot ng an ton v bo v mc cao. Vic kt hp diode boostrap cho mch li pha cao v ch cn ngun cp n cc cho mch pha trong lm n gin ha vic s dng module v a ra s thun li cho vic gim gi thnh hn na. c tnh ca module IRAMX16UP60A: Tch hp mch kch v diode boostrap Chc nng theo di nhit Ct khi qu dng hoc qu nhit ng v n hon ton Cng ngh IGBT Non Punch Through, in p VCE (on ) thp Chc nng kha khi in p thp cho tt c cc knh Tr lan truyn nh nhau cho tt c cc knh Chn emiter ca IGBT pha thp h cho vic iu khin dng in u vo logic Schmit-triggered di/dt thp lm cho vic chng nhiu tt hn Gii cng sut 0,75kW~2kW/85~253Vac in p cch ly thp nht 2000Vrms

u im ca gii php s dng module cng sut tch hp IRAMX16UP60A

Bn cnh nhng u im nh nh gn hn, tin cy hn, n chp so vi vic s dng linh kin ri, module IPM cn gip cho cc k s thit k trnh khi nhng li thng gp khi thit k b nghch lu dng IGBT: t cm ca mch thp hn so vi linh kin ri lm gim xung in p Kt ni cng sut n gin, bao gm chn V+, Le1, Le2, Le3 v cc chn ni kim v kh nng hot ng tn s ng ct cao vi tn hao t hn. vi ng c gm U,V, W.

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boostrap c chn theo tn s ng ct.

n tt

Mch kch tch hp bn trong yu cu 6 u vo logic (c mc 3,3V) v 3 t Tr lan truyn thp cho c IGBT pha thp v pha cao c lm cho ph B iu khin deadtime bn trong ngn trng dn Ch an ton s c c bo m bi tnh nng t ngt dng sn khi qu C cc chn cho php theo di nhit v dng in pha.

hp vi vic ngn chn DC core flux tc ng vo ng c.

dng hoc qu nhit.

u im chnh khi s dng module IPM l d dng thit k mt h iu khin ng c ti u, tin cy. K s thit k c th c gii phng khi nhng vn kh khn sau: Lm sao c th to ra mt khong thi gian tr hp l (deadtime) trnh Lm sao thit k mch bo v qu dng cho cc van cng sut IGBT. Lm sao thit k mch kim tra qu nhit m thc t l theo di nhit Lm sao lm cho thi gian tr lan truyn ph hp trong mch kch Lm sao la chn thi gian chuyn mch ti u hn ch nhiu in t Lm sao gim kch thc cun lc gim qu in p kha IGBT. trng dn.

ca IGBT. ngn khng cho dng mt chiu chy vo cun dy ca stato ng c. t c hiu sut cao nht.

Cu trc ca module cng sut IRAMX16UP60A

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Hnh (1-2): S cu trc bn trong ca IRAMX16UP60A

Module IRAM 600V bao gm 6 kha IGBT cng vi mi in tr cc ca cho mi kha, ba diode lin lc cho mi pha, mch kch dch mc (level shifting), ba diode boostrap cng vi in tr hn ch dng v cp nhit in tr, in tr cho vic ct khi qu nhit . Mch ct khi qu dng p ng vi in p u c to ra t mt cm bin bn ngoi nh bin p dng hay nhit in tr. Chn u vo cho mch ct thc hin chc nng i sau: u vo cho tn hiu qu dng u ra analog cho module theo di di nhit .

V m bo hai chc nng trn nn phi c mt mch bn ngoi tng t nh s sau:

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n tt

Hnh (1-3): S mch ITRIP

iu quan trng l t lc gia chn Vcc v chn GND phi t gn module IRAM ngn nhiu truyn vo mch Itrip circuit gy ra vic ct sai. Transitor h collector, iu khin qu dng lun trng thi m v cm chc nng kha dng. Mch bo v qu nhit lun uc kch hot v c xp chng bi mch bo v qu dng.

Tn hiu vo
Mt h iu khin ng c vng h, y gm ngun to tn hiu iu khin, tng mch kch v tng cng sut. ng c ba pha y c th l ng c khng ng b hoc ng c ng b nam chm vnh cu. Module IRAM tch hp tng cng sut v tng mch kch. Nhng b no ca h thng phi to c tn hiu iu khin PWM hoc thng tin PFM hon chnh chc nng ca mt h iu khin. H thng iu khin mc logic 5V c s dng thng dng hn theo quan im chng nhiu nhng tn hiu iu khin cp cho module ny c th l 3,3V mc hoc bt k mc no t 3,3V ti Vcc (+15V). Tn hiu iu khin vo mch kch yu cu tch cc mc thp iu khin u ra. Tn hiu u vo Itrip l 4,3V v in p ngt khi xy ra thp p l 11V.

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Miu t chn IRAMS10UP60A

n tt

Hnh (1-4): Bng miu t chn IRAMX16UP60A 2.2. Tnh chn t boostrap

IGBT l phn t iu khin bng in p, ging nh MOSFET, nn yu cu in p phi c mt lin tc trn cc iu khin v emitter xc nh ch kha, m. i vi IGBT pha cao trong mt knh ca b nghch lu, in p ti chn emitter lun thay i thng l gia t v in p dng ca ngun mt chiu. Do cn phi to ra mt ngun in p tri cho mch li pha cao iu khin cc ca ca IGBT trong khi tn hiu iu khin t vi x l ch c mc in p +5V so vi t. C nhiu phng php thc hin iu ny mt trong nhng cch la s dng mch boostrap. Mch boostrap bao gm mt in tr v mt t in c ni theo

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nhng b hn ch bi yu cu x in tch trn t boostrap.

n tt

s nh hnh (1-5). Phng php ny c u im l gi thnh thp v d thc hin

Hnh (1-5): S mch boostrap

in p Vbs (in p gia chn Vb v Vs ca IC) cp ngun cho mch kch pha cao ca IC. in p ny i hi phi c gi trong khong t 10V n 20V m hon ton van cng sut. Mt s IC ca Interational Rectifier tch hp c mch d in p thp i vi Vbs m bo rng IC s khng xut tn hiu iu khin nu in p Vbs thp hn gi tr no (c quy nh trong datasheet). iu ny ngn khng cho van cng sut hot ng trong ch qu ti. Nguyn l hot ng nh sau: khi IGBT pha thp m, t Cbs np in qua diode Dbs, in tr Rbs v van S2 ti gn gi tr 15V, v in th chn Vs gn nh bng 0. T Cbs c chn sao cho gi c hu ht in tch khi IGBT pha thp kha li v Vs t n gn gi tr in p dy. Sau , Vbs xp x 15V, mch pha cao ca IC li c phn cc bi t Cbs. Vic la chn t, diode v in tr ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: in p Vbs phi c duy tr gi tr ln hn in p kha (under-voltage Cbs khng np n chnh xc 15V khi van pha di m do in p st rn Khi van pha trn m, t x in ch y bng nhng c ch sau: + in tch Qg cho vic m van pha trn. lockout) ca IC iu khin. diode Vbs (Vfbs) v in p Vceon ca S2.

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n tt

+ Dng in tnh (quiscient current) Iqbs cho mch pha trn ca IC. + in tch dch mc (level-shift) QLS yu cu bi mch dch mc (levelshifters) trong IC. + Dng in r (leakage current) Idl trn diode boostrap Dbs. + Dn in r trn t Icbs (b qua nu dng t nonelctrolytic) + in tch phc hi o diode boostrap Qrrbs. Gi tr t boostrap theo ti liu ca nh sn xut c tnh theo cng thc sau:

IQBS I + Q LS + DL fsw f sw C= 0,01( Vcc VFBS VCEON(S 2 ) ) Qg + Q RSBS + Trong : Qg IQBS QLS IDL fsw Vcc in tch cc ca cho vic m IGBT in tch phc hi o diode boostrap dng in tnh mch li pha cao ca IC in tch dch mc bi b dch mc trong IC dng in r trn diode tn s bm xung in p ngun cho mch kch pha cao in p ri trn diode in rp gia cc C v cc E khi IGBT pha thp dn QRRBS -

(1-7)

VFBS -

VCEON(S2) -

Cc thng s trn c th tra trong datasheet ca nh sn xut. Vi tn s bm xung fsw = 5,2kHZ, em chn gi tr t boostrap Cbs = 10F.

3. Thit k mch theo di dng in

Cc emitter ca cc IGBT pha thp trong module IRAMX16UP60A khng c ni vi nhau cho php vi iu khin hay DSP c th theo di nhit trong mi pha bng cc in tr c bin dng mc trn mi pha. Mc ch ca s lu

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s h thng.

n tt

ny l ch ra mt gii php ring cho vic cung cp phn hi dng cho b A/D trong Khi in tr shunt c mc vo mch ni gia cc emitter ca IGBT v cc m ca ngun mt chiu (V-), dng in c cm ng trn mi pha. Hnh sau ch ra mt s in hnh.

Hnh (1-6): S mc in tr shunt

Tn hiu in p c thao tc d dng hn so vi tn hiu dng in, do d in tr shunt lm vic ging nh mt b chuyn i dng in sang in p. Trong nhng ng dng iu khin ng c c trng, in p trn in tr shunt c th m hoc dng so vi im t (V-). B A/D li ch c php ly u vo tn hiu dng. y l mt hn ch ln v khng cho php ngi s dng c th s dng trc tip thng tin t in tr shunt. Tn hiu t in tr shunt phi tng thch vi u vo ng ca b A/D. N cn phi c lch i mt gi tr thch hp. Mt mch nh vy c th tham kho trong ti liu ca nh sn xut nh sau:

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Hnh (1-7): S mch phn hi dng

l mt b khuch i in p hai u vo. so th n gin ha biu thc lin h gia u ra v u vo, ta a ra s dng mt s gi thit, kt qu thu c cng thc sau:
Vout = Vd Rb R3 + Vr Ra R3 + R4

(1-8)

Trong , Vd l tn hiu u vo hay chnh l in p ri trn in tr shunt, Rb = R5 v Ra = R2 xc nh h s khuch i p, Vr v t s R3/(R3 + R4) thit lp lch u vo. Mch theo di dng in c s nh hnh sau ():

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Hnh (1-8): S nguyn l mch phn hi dng

Bin in p trn in tr shunt ph thuc vo gi tr in tr v dng in ln nht cho php. Theo datasheet ca IRAMX16UP60A, ta c dng in ln nht cho php l 16A. Theo khuyn co trong ti liu ca nh sn xut, ngi thit k phi cung cp mt mch ngoi cp tn hiu vo trn T/Itrip tt h thng nhanh nht c th khi gi tr dng in t gn n gi tr ln nht cho php. Vng bo v phi tt h thng nhanh hn 10s nu khng IGBT s b ph hy. T cng thc (1-8) ta tnh c:

R3 Ra 100k 2, 49k Vdmax = VoutM Vr = 5V 5V = 0,125V R3 + R4 Rb 100k + 100k 49,9k (1-9) R3 Ra 100k 2, 49k Vdmax = Voutm Vr = 0V 5V = 0,125V R3 + R4 Rb 100k + 100k 49,9k (1-10)

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sau:
R SHUNT = Vd 0,125V = = 10m I LEG 12,5A

n tt

Cho php dng in ln nht l 12,5A, ta tnh c gi tr ca in tr shunt nh

(1-11)

4. Thit k mch iu khin

Trong ti ny em x dng chp PSoC cho vic iu ch tn hiu sin PWM. PSoC l t vit tt ca cm t ting anh Programmable System on Chip, ngha l h thng kh trnh trn mt chp. Cc chp ch to theo cng ngh PSoC cho php thay i c cu hnh n gin bng cch gn chc nng cho cc khi ti nguyn c sn trn chp. Hn na n cn c th kt ni tng i mm do cc khi chc nng vi nhau hoc gia cc khi chc nng vi cc cng vo ra. Chnh v vy m PSoC c th thay th cho rt nhiu chc nng nn ca mt h thng c bn ch bng mt chp n. Thnh phn ca chip PSoC bao gm cc khi ngoi vi s v tng t c th cu hnh c, mt b x l 8 bit, b nh chng trnh (EEPROM) c th lp trnh c v b nh RAM kh ln. Vic cu hnh cho chip nh th no l ty thuc vo ngi lp trnh thng qua mt s th vin chun. Ngi lp trnh thip lp cu hnh trn chp ch n gin bng cch mun chip c nhng chc nng g th ko chc nng v th vo khi ti nguyn s hoc tng t, hoc c hai ty theo tng chc nng (phng php lp trnh ko th). Vic thit lp ngt trn chn no, loi ngt l g, cc chn vo ra c hot ng ch nh th no u ty thuc vo vic thit lp ca ngi lp trnh khi thit k v lp trnh cho PSoC. Vi kh nng t cu hnh mnh m ny, mt thit b iu khin, o lng c th gi gn trn mt chp duy nht. Chnh v l do , hng Cypress MicroSystems khng gi sn phm ca mnh l vi iu khin (C) nh truyn thng, m gi l thit b PSoC (PSoC device), v h hy vng rng vi kh nng t cu hnh mnh m, ngi s dng s c c nhng thit b iu khin, thit b o c gi r, kch thc

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x l hoc vi iu khin c t trc n nay. Chp PSoC (CY8C29Xxxx) cung cp: B vi x l cu trc Harvard
o Tc vi x l ln n 24MHz o Lnh nhn 8 bit 8 bit, thanh ghi tch ly l 32 bit o Hot ng tc cao m nng lng tiu hao t o Di in p hot ng t 3.0 n 5.25V

n tt

nh gn v sn phm PSoC ca ho s thay th c hu ht cc thit b da trn vi

o in p hot ng c th gim xung 1.0V s dng ch kch in

p
o Hot ng trong di nhit -40oC n 85oC

Cc khi ngoi vi c th c s dng c lp hoc kt hp

o 12 khi ngoi vi tng t c th c thit lp lm cc nhim v

sau: Cc b ADC ln n 14 bit Cc b DAC ln n 9 bit Cc b khuch i c th lp trnh h s khuc i Cc b lc v cc b so snh c th lp trnh c
o 8 khi ngoi vi s c th c thit lp lm cc nhim v:

Cc b nh thi a chc nng, m s kin, ng h thi gian thc, b iu ch rng xung c v khng c di an ton (deadband) Cc module kim tra li (CRC module) Hai b truyn thng ni tip khng ng b hai chiu Cc b truyn thng SPI Master hoc Slave c th cu hnh c C th kt ni vi tt c cc chn vo ra B nh linh hot trn chip
o Khng gian b nh chng trnh Flash t 4K n 16K, ph thuc vo

tng loi chp vi chu k ghi xa cho b nh Flash l 50.000 ln

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o Khng gian b nh RAM l 256 k t

n tt

o Chp c th lp trnh thng qua chun ni tip (ISSP) o B nh Flash c th c nng cp tng phn o Ch bo mt a nng, tin cy o C th to c khng gian b nh Flash trn chip ln ti 2,034 byte

C th lp trnh c cu hnh cho tng chn ca chip

o Cc chn vo ra ba trng thi s dng Trigger Schmitt o u ra logic c th cung cp dng 25mA vi in tr treo cao hoc

thp bn trong
o Thay i c ngt trn tng chn o ng ra tng t c th cung cp dng ti 40mA o ng ra a chc nng c t 6 n 44 chn ty thuc vo tng chip

Xung nhp ca chip c th lp trnh c

o B to dao ng 24/48MHz bn trong ( chnh xc l 2,5%, khng

cn thit b ngoi)
o C th la chn b dao ng ngoi ln ti 24MHz o B to dong ng thch anh 32,768kHz bn trong o B to dao ng tc thp bn trong s dng cho Watchdog v

Sleep Ngoi vi c thit lp sn

o B nh thi Watchdog v Sleep phc v ch an ton v ch

ngh
o Module truyn thng I2C Master v I2C Slave tc ti 400kHz o Module pht hin in p thp c cu hnh bi ngi s dng

Cng c pht trin

o Phm mm pht trin min ph (PSoCMTM Designer) o B lp trnh v b m phng vi y chc nng o M phng tc cao

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Hnh (1-9): S khi bn trong ca chip PSoC

5. Thit k b ngun

xc nh yu cu v cng sut ca b ngun chung ta phi nh gi cc ngun tiu hao cng sut. Cc ngun l: Tn hao iu khin cc van cng sut

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Yu cu cng sut cho vic to tn hiu iu khin Tn tht tnh ca IC li v tn tht dch mc Tn tht trn diode boostrap Cc tn tht ph khc nh cho led bo,

n tt

V c 6 van IGBT nn tn tht iu khin cho cc van ny Ps c xc nh bi cng thc sau: Ps = 6 Qg Vge f (25) Trong Qg l in tch cn m v kha mt IGBT trong mt chu k. Vge l bin in p gia cc G v cc E v f l tn s bm xung. Trong trng hp xu nht, gi tr ca Qg c th ly bng 80nC trong h module ny, gi tr in p ln nht cho php ca in p cc G l 20V v tn s trong nhng ng dng iu khin ng c in ln nht l 20kHz. T gi tr ln nht c th ca Ps l: Ps = 6 80 10-9 20 20 103 103 200(mW) Tn tht khi dn trong diode boostrap c cho bi cng thc: Pd = 3 Qd Vd f Trong Qd l in tch chuyn qua diode np co t boostrap. Vd l in p ri trn diode v f l tn s PWM. Nhng diode ny cha trong module v th tt c cc thng s u c cho trong datasheet ca nh sn xut. Qd c gi tr l 100nC, in p ln nht ri trn diode khi phn cc thn l 1V v tn s bm xung vn l 20kHz. Thay vo cng thc trn ta c: Pd 6(mW) Nh vy cng sut tng tiu hao trn IC li l: Pt = Ps + Pd + Pic = 200mW + 6mW + 100mW = 306 (mW) Nhn gi tr trn vi h s d tr bng 2 cng vi cc cng sut ph khc la cn mt cng sut xp x 1W vi ngun 15V. i vi mch iu khin v mch o dng in phn hi, mch theo di nhit , cng sut yu cu ly xp x 1,5W. Cc mch ny u s dng ngun 5V. Nh vy yu cu v ngun nh sau: Hai mc in p u ra l 5VDC v 15VDC

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2,5W. Cng sut i vi ngun s5VDC l 1,5W

n tt

Cng sut vi ngun 15VDC l 1W. Nh vy cng sut ngun yu cu l

T phn tch trn, em chn phng n s dng IC n p 7805 v 7815. S nguyn l:

Hnh (1-10): S nguyn l ngun cung cp

S nguyn l ca mch:

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n tt

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CHNG 2 Gii thut v lu thut ton

n tt

1. Phn tch kho st phng php iu ch rng xung SPWM

to ra in p xoay chiu bng phng php SPWM, ta s dng mt tn hiu xung tam gic vtri (gi l sng mang) em so snh vi mt tn hiu sin chun vc (gi l tn hiu iu khin). Nu em xung iu khin ny cp cho b nghich lu mt pha, th ng ra s thu c dng xung in p m thnh phn iu ha c bn c tn s bng tn s tn hiu iu khin vc v bin ph thuc vo ngun in mt chiu cp cho b nghch lu v t s gia bin sng sin mu v bin sng mang. Tn s sng mang ln hn rt nhiu tn s tn hiu iu khin. Hnh 3-3 miu t nguyn l ca ca phng php iu ch SPWM mt pha:

Hnh 2-1: Nguyn l iu ch SPWM mt pha

Khi:
vc > vtri , VA0 = Vdc/2

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vc < ttri , VA0 = -Vdc/2

n tt

i vi nghch lu p ba pha c s nh hnh 3-4. to ra in p sin ba pha dng iu rng xung, ta cn ba tn hiu sin mu.

Hnh 2-2: Nghch lu p ba pha

Nguyn l iu ch v dng sng nh sau:

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n tt

Hnh 2-3: Nguyn l iu ch SPWM ba pha

H s iu ch bin ma c nh ngha l t s gia bin ca tn hiu iu khin vi bin ca sng mang:

Vc Vtri

ma =

(2-1)

ma Vc Vtri

h s iu bin bin sng iu khin bin sng mang

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n tt

Trong vng tuyn tnh (0 < ma < 1), bin ca thnh phn sin c bn VA01 (in p pha) trong dng sng u ra t l vi h s iu bin theo cng thc:
Vdc 2

VA01 = m a

(2-2)

i vi in p dy l:

VAB1 = m a

3Vdc 2

(2-3)

Nh vy trong phng php ny bin in p dy u ra b nghch lu ch c th t 86,67% in p mt chiu u vo trong vng tuyn tnh (0 < ma < 1). H s iu ch t s mf l t s gia tn s sng mang v tn s tn hiu iu khin:
f tri fc

mf =

(2-4)

mf ftri fc

h s iu ch t s tn s sng mang, bng tn s PWM tn s tn hiu iu khin

Gi tr ca mf c chn sao cho nn c gi tr dng v l. Nu mf l mt gi tr khng nguyn th trong dng sng u ra s c cc thnh phn iu ha ph (subharmonic). Nu mf khng phi l mt s l, trong dng sng u ra s tn ti thnh phn mt chiu v cc hi bc chn. Gi tr ca mf nn l bi s ca 3 i nghch lu p ba pha v trong in p dy u ra s trit tiu cc hi bc chn v hi l bi s ca ba.

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Trng HGTVT nghip

n tt

Nh vy, nu in p mt chiu u vo khng i, iu chnh bin v tn s ca in p u ra ta ch vic iu chnh bin v tn s ca tn hiu sin chun

vc. c trng c bn ca phng php ny l thnh phn sng iu ha ca in p

ra. Mun gim cc sng iu ha bc cao cn phi tng tn s sng mang hay tn s PWM. Tuy nhin cng tng tn s PWM th tn hao chuyn mch li tng ln.

2. Phng php iu ch tn hiu Sin PWM ba pha theo lut U/f=const s dng PSoC
to tn hiu sin PWM ba pha, em s dng ba b PWMDB 8 bit kt hp vi mt b Timer 16 bit c trong PSoC. PWMDB l mt module bao gm mt b iu ch rng xung PWM 8 hoc 16 bit kt hp vi mt b DB 8bit c chc nng to di an ton. B PWM to xung c bin v chu k c th lp trnh c. Xung ny sau c a n b DB. Chc nng to di an ton s to ra trn c hai u ra chnh v u ra ph ca khi. Chc nng ny sinh ra xung nhp khng gi ln nhau. Hai pha xung nhp khng bao gi mc cao trong cng mt thi im v khong thi gian gia hai pha gi l di an ton. rng ca di an ton c xc nh bi gi tr t trc ca thanh ghi. Trong trng hp ny, ngun xung nhp cp cho b to gii an ton DB l mt PWM, hai u ra ca b DB Phase1 v Phase2 l hai PWM m bo khng gi ln nhau. Mt tn hiu tch cc trn u vo Kill s kha c hai u ra ny ngay lp tc. Module PWM c cu hnh s dng mt hay hai khi s to ra mt b PWM 8 bit hay PWM 16 bit. y em s dng ba b PWMDB 8 bit. Vic s dng PWMDB 16 bit cng tng t. Mi b PWMDB 8 bit c hai u ra phase1 v

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nghch lu p ba pha.

n tt

phase2, hai u ra ny l hai tn hiu cp cho hai van trong cng mt knh ca b

Cch hot ng ca module PWMDB 8, 16 bit cng nh b Timer 16 bit c th tham kho trong datasheet ca cc module ny trong phn ph lc. y, em ch trnh by cc chc nng chnh phc v cho vic iu ch sin PWM ba pha. B PWM 8 c ba thanh ghi chnh sau: Thanh ghi m (Counter Register), gi tr ca n c k hiu l c(i) Thanh ghi chu k (Period Register), gi tr ca n k hiu l p(i) Thanh ghi so snh (Compare Register), hay cn gi l thanh ghi rng

xung (PulseWidth Register), gi tr ca n c k hi l w(i) Trong I k hiu cho chu k PWM th i. Nu ch vit c,p,w th c ngha l ang n chu k bt k. Gi tr trong thanh ghi m gim dn t gi tr trong thanh ghi chu k mi khi c sn ln ca xung nhp u vo. Khi t gi tr ti hn, gi tr ca thanh ghi m c np li gi tr trong thanh ghi chu k. Qu trnh c lp i lp li lin tc (khi c tn hiu cho php v bt u chy ca b m). Gi tr trong thanh ghi chu k gi l gi tr chu k (PeriodeValue), gi tr ny c th lp trnh thay i c. Trong mi chu k, gi tr trong thanh ghi m c so snh vi gi tr trong thanh ghi so snh. Khi gi tr trong thanh ghi m nh hn (less than) hoc nh hn hoc bng (less than or equal) gi tr trong thanh ghi so snh, u ra c t ln cao, ngc li u ra s c mc thp. u ra ca b PWM s lun gi mc cao (HIGH) nu thit lp gi tr thanh ghi so snh ln hn gi tr thanh ghi chu k (w

> p), v lun gi mc thp nu gi tr thanh ghi so snh bng 0 (w = 0).

Trong thit k ny, ta s dng php so snh nh hn (less than) do cng thc tnh rng xung PWM u ra nh sau:

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d= w P +1

n tt

(2-5)

d w P -

rng xung (duty cylce) gi tr trong thanh ghi so snh gi tr trong thanh thi chu k

Tn s bm xung c xc nh nh sau:
f pwm = f clk P +1

(2-6)

fpwm fclk

tn s bm xung tn s xung nhp u vo

Tn s xung nhp u vo c s dng cho c b PWM v DB cng nh cho c ba b PWMDB. Hnh () minh ha mt xung PWM vi cc thng s c thit lp nh sau: P=3 W = 0,1,2,3,4 fclk = 100kHz

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snh

n tt

Hnh 2-4: Gin miu t hot ng ca b PWM khi thay i gi tr thanh ghi so
Vic chn tn s bm xung l s la chn dung ha gia nhiu yu t. Tn s bm xung ln ngha l tn s chuyn mch ca cc van cng sut (hay cc kha in t) trong b nghch lu ln dn n tng tn hao do chuyn mch nhng li lm gim cc iu ha bc cao trong dng sng dng in do lm gim tn hao chung trong ng c. Mch t ca ng c, ng vi tn s ca in p, c cc tn hao t ln v gy ting n. Vic chuyn mch nhanh ca cc linh kin cng gy ting n ln. Ngoi ra tc bm xung cng ph thuc vo kh nng p ng ca cc khu cch ly, khu mch kch v kh nng ng ct ca van. Trong chng trnh ny, em cu hnh nh sau, fclk = 4/3MHz, P = 255, do tn s bm xung l:

f pwm

4 / 3.103 kHz = = 5, 2kHz 255 + 1

(2-7)

Mt im cn lu l khi mt gi tr mi c ghi vo thanh ghi chu k, n s c tc dng sau khi thanh ghi m m v 0 v s np li gi tr mi t thanh ghi chu k. Trong khi , vic ghi vo thanh ghi so snh, s c tc dng ngay lp tc. Xung PWM t b PWM a n b to di an ton DB. u ra Phase1 v Phase2 to ra hai tn hiu PWM iu khin hai van cng sut trn cng mt knh qua tng cch ly v tng mch kch. Do cc van trong b nghch lu l cac IGBT (cc van ny yu cu thi gian ng lu hn thi gian m) nn trnh trng dn phi to ra mt khong tr gia thi im m kha ny v ng kha kia. Thi gian tr ny c tnh theo gi tr trong thanh ghi tr DeadTime (DeadTime Register) nh sau: Ttr = (Gi tr trong thanh ghi tr +1)*Tclk Ttr Tclk thi gian tr chu k xung nhp u vo (2-8)

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0,75s, gi tr thanh ghi tr l 2, v do Ttr = 3.0,75 = 2,25s.

n tt

Trong chng trnh ny, em cu hnh nh sau: fclk = 4/3MHz nn Tclk = 1/fclk =

Hot ng ca b PWMDB c th c gii thch qua gin thi gian sau:

Hnh 2-5: Gin thi gian miu t hot ng b PWMDB8

to ra tn hiu sin, gi tr rng xung (PulseWitdhValue) c iu ch theo mt hm sin. gii quyt bi ton ny, em s dng mt b Timer16 v mt bng sin. Bng sin ny cha cc gi tr t 0 n 2. Mt cu hi t ra y l bao nhiu gi tr trong bng sin l hp l. Khng c mt cu tr li chnh xc cho cu hi ny. Qu t git tr s lm cho dng dng in trong u ra b nghch lu c dng bc thang, lm tn hao trong ng c tng ln. Nu qu nhiu im s lm tn b nh ca MCU. Ta c th p dng lut sau xc nh s gi tr trong bng sin:

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N= f pwm(max ) f modulation (max )

n tt

(2-9)

N -

s gi tr trong bng sin tn s bm xung ln nht tn s iu ch ln nht mong mun

fpwm(max) fmodulation(max) -

Tn s bm xung em chn l 5,2kHz, tn s u ra ln nht l 50Hz. p dng cng thc trn, N = 100. y em chn N = 255. Bng sin ny c th to ra bng cch s dng chng trnh Exel trong gi Microsoft Office. Mt bin con tr c s dng ch n mt gi tr trong bng sin. Cc gi tr trong bng sin c c ra theo mi chu k ngt c xc nh bi Timer16. Cc gi tr ny c bin i ph hp vi tn s u ra nhm m bo lut U/f=const, sau c ghi vo thanh ghi so snh ca b PWM. i ht mt bng sin cn 255 chu k ngt Timer. Nh vy chu k v do d, tn s u ra s ph thuc vo khong thi gian gia hai ln ngt. C th tnh tn s u ra theo cng thc sau:
1 (N + 1)Tngat

f out =

(2-10)

fout N Tngat

tn s sng sin u ra s gi tr trong bng sin chu k ngt ca Timer

Chu k ngt c xc nh theo gi tr trong thanh ghi chu k (Period Register) ca b Timer theo cng thc sau:

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Tngat = Tclk .(PeriodValue + 1)

n tt
(2-11)

PeriodValue Tclk vo b Timer16.

gi tr thanh ghi chu k ca b Timer16

chu k xung nhp u vo, Tclk = 1/fclk vi fclk l tn s xung nhp u

iu chnh tn s u ra, ta iu chnh gi tr ca thanh ghi chu k ca b Timer16 theo cng thc sau:
PeriodValue = f clk 1 (N + 1)f out

(2-12)

Vi cu hnh chn: fclk = 4/3MHz, N=255 ta c cng thc tnh gi tr thanh ghi chu k ca b Timer16 theo tn s iu khin fcontrol (fcontrol fout) nh sau:
5208 1 f control

PeriodValue =

(2-12)

gi cho t thng v momen cc i trn trc ng c khng i khi iu chnh tc ng c theo tn s ta phi m bo t s U1/f1 l khng i. M bin ca sng sin u ra t l vi rng xung. rng xung t gi tr ln nht ti nh ca hnh sin. Khi chy tn s nh mc (50Hz), in p u ra t gi tr nh mc l 220V (gi tr hiu dng), gi tr nh s l 310V, tc l bng gi tr dng ca in p mt chiu. Khi ma = 1, rng xung ln nht l 100% ti nh ca hnh sin. thay i bin ca in p u ra, ta s thay i rng xung ti mi chu k PWM sao t s U/f l khng i bng gi tr ny nh mc (U1dm/f1dm = 220/50 4,4). C th, sau khi c c gi tr tn s iu khin, ta tnh c chu k ngt xc nh gi tr thanh ghi chu k ca b timer. Mt hm udateU_f nm trong vng lp chnh c s dng tnh li cc gi tr trong bng sin sao cho bin u ra tng ng vi tn s iu khin. Trong mi chu k ngt, gi tr thanh ghi so snh trong b PWM s c truy xut t bng sin ( c tnh li theo gi tr ca tn s iu khin) bi bin con tr, sau bin con tr c tng ln ch n gi tr mi trong bng sin. Khi bin con tr ny t n gi tr ti hn, s c np li gi tr ban u.

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Trng HGTVT nghip

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to ra tn hiu ba pha ta cn ba bin con tr lch nhau 120o, ta s dng ba bin con tr tng ng vi ba b PWMDB. Gi tr ca ba bin con tr ny lc nhau 120o. Lu thut ton: Chng trnh chnh

Vng lp chnh
Khi to h thng bao gm, khi to 3 b PWMDB8, khi to Timer16, khi to ngt.

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Hm udateU_f:

n tt

Chng trnh con updateU_f

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n tt

Chng trnh con tinhsin()

Chng trnh ngt Timer16

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PH LC Code chng trnh iu khin Chng trnh chnh main.c //---------------------------------------------------------------------------// C main line //---------------------------------------------------------------------------#include <m8c.h> #include "ports.h" #include "dieuche.h" //#define PULSEWIDTH 127 //#define MAXPWM PULSEWIDTH-7 unsigned int nhay; int Fset=60; // Tan so dat unsigned char ku=150; // part specific constants and macros

n tt

#include "PSoCAPI.h" // PSoC API definitions for all User Modules

unsigned char overload=0, overcurrent=0; unsigned char state=0; void lock() { Port0_4(1); } void unlock() // Qua tai // Qua dong

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{ Port0_4(0); } #pragma interrupt_handler overcurrent_ISR

n tt

void overcurrent_ISR() // qua dong 75%: Cat cong suat hoan toan. { lock(); } #pragma interrupt_handler overload_ISR void overload_ISR() // qua dong 50%: Giam cong suat. { lock(); } void nhayled() { unsigned char led; if(++nhay>100) nhay=0; led=(nhay>50); Port2_0(led); }

void main() { PRT0DR=0xFF; M8C_EnableGInt; // enable all interrups, nescessery M8C_EnableIntMask(INT_MSK0 , INT_MSK0_ACOLUMN_0); M8C_EnableIntMask(INT_MSK0 , INT_MSK0_ACOLUMN_2);

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PWMDB8_1_WritePeriod(255); PWMDB8_1_WritePulseWidth(0); PWMDB8_1_WriteDeadTime(2); PWMDB8_2_WritePeriod(255); PWMDB8_2_WritePulseWidth(0); PWMDB8_2_WriteDeadTime(2); PWMDB8_3_WritePeriod(255); PWMDB8_3_WritePulseWidth(0); PWMDB8_3_WriteDeadTime(2); Timer16_1_EnableInt(); Timer16_1_WritePeriod(500); Timer16_1_Start(); PWMDB8_1_Start(); PWMDB8_2_Start(); PWMDB8_3_Start(); unlock(); while(1) { nhayled(); updateU_F(Fset); if ((PRT0DR & 0x02)==0) Fset=70; // start timer

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else Fset=6; } } Chng trnh dieuche.c #include "sintable.h"

n tt

#include "PSoCAPI.h" // PSoC API definitions for all User Modules #define MS 100 unsigned char u_f=100; unsigned char Fmin=5; unsigned char sinU[LEN]; unsigned char sinA=0, sinB=0, sinC=0; unsigned int TimeA=0, TimeB=LEN/3, TimeC=2*LEN/3; #pragma interrupt_handler Timer16_1_ISR int Fcontrol=20; // Tan so dieu khien void Timer16_1_ISR() { PWMDB8_1_WritePulseWidth(sinA); PWMDB8_2_WritePulseWidth(sinB); PWMDB8_3_WritePulseWidth(sinC); if (++TimeA>=LEN) TimeA=0; if (++TimeB>=LEN)

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TimeB=0; if (++TimeC>=LEN) TimeC=0; sinA=sinU[TimeA]; sinB=sinU[TimeB]; sinC=sinU[TimeC]; } . void tinhsin(unsigned char kU) { unsigned int i; if (kU>MS) kU=MS; for (i=0;i<LEN;i++) { int u=tablesin[i]; u*=kU; u/=MS; if (u>254) sinU[i]=254; else sinU[i]=u; } } int time=25000; void updateU_F(unsigned char f)

n tt

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{ unsigned int t=u_f; // Luat tang toc - giam toc if (++time>500) { time=0; if (f!=Fcontrol) { if (f>Fcontrol) { if ((Fcontrol<Fmin)&&(f>Fmin)) Fcontrol=Fmin; else Fcontrol++; } else if (f<Fcontrol) Fcontrol--; t*=Fcontrol; t/=50; tinhsin(t); // tinh lai chu ky ngat timer Timer16_1_WritePeriod(5000/(Fcontrol)); } } }

n tt

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Trng HGTVT nghip

Bng sin nm trong sintable.c #include "sintable.h" const unsigned char tablesin[LEN]={ 250 204 156 109 ,246 ,243 ,239 ,235 ,231 ,228 ,224 ,200 ,196 ,192 ,188 ,184 ,180 ,176 ,152 ,148 ,144 ,140 ,136 ,132 ,128

n tt

,220 ,216 ,212 ,208 , ,172 ,168 ,164 ,160 , ,124 ,120 ,116 ,112 ,

,105 ,101 ,97 ,94 ,90 ,87 ,83 ,80 ,76 ,73 ,70 ,67 ,63 ,60 ,57 ,54 ,52 ,49 ,46 ,43 ,

41 ,38 ,36 ,34 ,31 ,29 ,27 ,25 ,23 ,21 ,20 ,18 ,17 ,15 ,14 ,12 ,11 ,10 ,9 ,8 ,8 ,7 ,6 ,6 , 6 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,5 ,6 ,6 ,7 ,7 ,8 ,9 ,10 ,11 ,12 ,13 ,14 ,16 ,17 ,19 ,21 ,22 ,24 , 26 ,28 ,30 ,32 ,35 ,37 ,40 ,42 ,45 ,47 ,50 ,53 ,56 ,59 ,62 ,65 ,68 ,71 ,75 ,78 ,81 ,85 ,88 ,92 , 96 ,99 ,103 ,107 ,110 ,114 ,118 ,122 ,126 ,130 ,134 ,138 ,142 , 146 194 241 255 255 255 255 255 255 255 ,150 ,154 ,158 ,162 ,166 ,170 ,174 ,198 ,202 ,206 ,210 ,214 ,218 ,222 ,244 ,248 ,252 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,}; ,178 ,182 ,186 ,190 , ,226 ,230 ,233 ,237 , ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 , ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 , ,255 ,255 ,255 255 , ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 , ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 , ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 , ,255 ,255 ,255 ,255 ,

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Trng HGTVT nghip

TI LIU THAM KHO

n tt

[1] Nguyn Vn Nh. Gio trnh in t cng sut tp 1. Nh xut bn i hc Quc Gia TP. H Ch Minh , 2005. [2] L Vn Doanh, Nguyn Th Cng v Trn Vn Thnh. in t cng sut. Nh sut bn khoa hc v k thut. [3] V Minh Chnh, Phm Quc Hi v Trn Trng Minh. in t cng sut. Nh sut bn khoa hc v k thut, 2007. [4] Cyril W.Lander. in t cng sut v iu khin ng c in. Nh sut bn khoa hc v k thut, 1997. [5] Bi Quc Khnh, Nguyn Vn Lin, Phm Quc Hi v Dng Vn Nghi.

iu chnh t ng truyn ng in. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut, 2008.

[6] Prof. Ali Keyhani. Lecture 25, Pulse - width modulation (PWM) technique. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University. [7] Dr. Zainal Salam. Power Electronics and Drivers (Version 2). 2002 [8] Muhammad H.Rashid. Power Electronics Handbooks. [9] Bimal K.Bose. Model Power Electronics and AC Drivers. Pentice Hall, Inc, 2002.

Cc trang web: http://www.dientuvietnam.net http://www.picvietnam.com http://www.cypress.com http://www.psocdeveloper.com http://www.microchip.com

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