Khng bit ai l tc gi ti ch sa li ch thi - mi ngi thng cm Khng bit ai l tc gi ti ch sa li ch thi - ti c bn ku fons li (tc gi thng cm nh)

Cc cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton t chy hp cht hu c. CHON +

x y z t

+
2

O
2

xCO + H O +
2 2 2

Dng 1. Bi cho s mol CO v H O

2. Bi cho s mol O v H O :
2 2

K xo t =
2

Cng thc tnh

2 =

t =
2

3. Bi cho s mol O v CO :
2 2

2 +2(1 2 ) = 2 (1 ) +2= = +2

t =
2

4. i vi bi ton t chy:

Vi hp cht hirocacbon: Cng thc chung : CnH2n +2 -2k CnH2n +2 -2k 2O2 nCO2 + (n+1-k)H2O + 3 +1 Vi hp cht X c dng CnH2n+aO2Na khi t ta c cc cng thc tnh s mol:
= =
.

Cng thc tnh s mol: C H2n +2 -2k

n

(K: k#1)

Hp cht X: CxHyOz: Cho M=A : Tm z tng ng 12x + y = A - 16z x= Ly phn nguyn suy ra: y Cng thc ca X (VD:6.26061992 Cng thc trn c th tnh vi hp cht khng ch cha C, H, O Bi ton t chy ancol no n chc : X:C H2n+2O: c s mol l a
n

x=6)

Cng thc tnh nhanh:

= =

4 11
x y z

Mt s gi tr c bit khi tm cng thc phn t X : C H O Nu % Oxi trong X 32.00 34.78 37.21 43.24 50.00 53.33

Cng thc nghim

CHO CHO (C H O ) (C H O ) CH O (CH O)
5 8 2 2 6 4 3 6 6 4 2

2 n 2 n

Ti liu trch t cun: Ha hc v k xo pht hnh nm 2012

55.17
Tm cng thc ca cc hp cht hu c in hnh. Bi cho s Tn hp cht Cng thc chung K xo

(CHO)

1. Amin 2. Aminoacid
K xo tng gim khi lng:
n

C H2n+3-2kNx
n

= =

C H2n+1-2kNxO2t

Cng thc tnh nhanh: Tm n (hoc ) 32 = 2( 1) 12 = 2( 1)

M :Mru [O] andehit Mgim =2 M Bi ton cho khi oxi ha andehit :Mandehit [O] acid Mtng =16 Tng hp c hai qu trnh trn: Mtng =14

Bi ton cho khi oxi ha ru

Ancol n chc + Na Acid n chc + NaOH Este + NaOH .

22n 22n

Suy ra gc R l CH 3

Bi ton cho m gam cht bo tc dng va vi a (mol) dd NaOH. C cn dung dch thu c X gam x phng : Cng thc : = +

V d: (KB-08): Cho 17,24 gam cht bo tc dng va vi 0,06 (mol) dd NaOH. C cn dung dch thu c khi lng x phng l: Gii : m= 17,24 + , = 17,8 ( ) Bi ton cho m (g) mui amin ca aminoaxit tc dng va vi a (mol) OH (NaOH,BaOH...) c khi lng b (g) c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c X gam mui khan: = + (g) Ch : Vi nhng bi tp nht nh cn linh hot cng thc: V d vi cng thc trn: Nu baz l Ba(OH)
2

Suy ra

= 85.5 =

+ 58.25.

hay = =

+ +.

.)
(

(g) (g)

Hon ton tng t: Nu NaOH

Acid in hnh Loi axit Acid loi I (HCl, H SO4 long...) sinh ra nH (mol)
2 2

Cng thc tnh nhanh khi cho hn hp kim loi tc dng vi acid:
Vi H SO4 long
2

Vi HCl mMui= mKL+ 71. Vi HNO3 to ra nenhn

mMui= mKL+ 96. H2SO4 c cho ra nenhn (H2S, SO2,S)

Acid loi II (H SO4 c , mMui=mKL+ 48. HNO ).Cho ra sn phm kh duy nht
2 3

mMui=mKL+ 62.

Cc gi tr enhn =

3 8 8 10

Cng thc tnh nhanh khi cho m (g) hn hp oxit kim loi tc dng ht vi acid lng va ch cho ra mui v H O( khng km sn phm kh)
2

Vi H SO4 c mMui = moxit + 80. 4

2
2

Vi HCl mMui = moxit + .

Vi HNO mMui = moxit + 54.

Ch : y l 3 trng hp thng dng nht nhng bit u li cho tc dng vi acid H PO . Cng thc tnh : mMui = moxit + 71. 4 Cng thc tnh khi nhit phn hon ton mui nitrat ca hn hp kim loi. ( Ngoi tr Fe , NH +) c A gam cht rn X bi cho m1 gam kim loi v m2 gam mui nitrat tng ng: = =k Mui ca kim loi nhm IA v Mui ca cc kim loi khc (ng trc IIA: Ag trong dy Bktp) A = m 16k = A = m 54k =
3 4
3

2+

Dng bi ny c th cho thm: Cho kh sau phn ng vo nc c dung dch X. Tnh pH dung dch. Cng thc tnh nhanh vi bi ton:Nhm v Km Cho t t dung dch x mol OH vo dung dch cha a (mol) mui Al hoc Zn vo thu c b mol kt ta ( Ch : Cng thc c p dng khi ch c kt ta ca Al hoc Zn ) Al Zn OH Min= 3b (mol) OH Min= 2b (mol) S mol OH- = 4a - b (mol) S mol OH- = 4a - 2b (mol) OH Max= 4a ( Khi b=0) OH Max= 4a ( Khi b=0)
3+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 3+ 2+ -

Cho t t dung dch cha x mol H vo dung dch cha a (mol) mui [Al(OH) -] hoc [Zn(OH) 2-] vo thu c b mol kt ta [Al(OH)4 ] [Zn(OH)4 ] H Min= b H Min= 2b S mol H = 4a - 3b S mol H = 4a - 2b H Max= 4a H Max= 4a
+ 4 4 2+ + + + + +

Bi ton cho m(g) Fe tc dng vi dung dch HNO . S mol HNO cn ha tan ht m(g) Fe?
3 3

=
.(

) .

Khi :

=.(
.

2 2 2

)
4 3

Cc trng hp in hnh: = Sinh ra NO = = Sinh ra NO

2

a = 1 nu l: NO;NO ;NH NO . a = 2 nu l: N O,N .

Ch : Bi ton c th cho hn hp Cu v Fe tnh nh bnh thng vi Cu cn Fe s dng cng thc trn

Dng phi trin l trong dung dch s c hn hp hai mui khi s mol H s nm trong khong gia gi tr Max m Min: Bi ton cho X (g) hn hp Cu, Cu S, CuS, S vo dung dch HNO d sinh ra a mol enhn ( VD: x mol NO a =3x). Tnh s gam Cu c trong hn hp.
+ 2 3

= 1,2 6,4. (*) Ch vi nhng bi ny c th s khng dng y. Hng b sung l s cho tc dng vi dd Ba(OH) sinh ra c (g) kt ta. Tnh c=? T (*) m m kt ta
2 s

Cu + O2 hn hp A (CuO, Cu2O, Cu d) Cu(NO3)2 + SPK + H2O Hoc: Cu + O hn hp A (CuO, Cu O, Cu d) CuSO + SPK + H O Cng thc tnh = ,. + ,. = nhanh: Khi lng mui :
2 2 4 2

Fe + O hn hp A (FeO, Fe O , Fe O , Fe d) Hoc: Fe + O hn hp A (FeO, Fe O , Fe O , Fe d) Cng thc tnh = ,. + ,. = nhanh: . Khi lng mui :
2 2 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 4

Fe(NO ) + SPK + H O Fe (SO ) + SPK + H O

3 3 2 2 4 3 2

STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Cng thc vit cc ng phn S ng phn ancol no n chc, mch h : C H2n+2O S ancol = 2n 2 vi n < 6 S ng phn anehit no n chc, mch h: C H O S andehit = 2n 3 vi n < 7 S ng phn trieste to bi glyxerol v hn hp n acid bo
n n 2n

S tri este= S ng phn acid cacboxylic no n chc, mch h:C H O S axit = 2n 3 vi n < 7 s ng phn este no n chc, mch h :C H O S este = 2n 2 vi n < 5 s ng phn ete no n chc, mch h: C H2n+2O
n 2n n 2n 2 n

S ete = vi 2< n <5 s ng phn xeton no n chc, mch h C H O

n 2n

)(

S xeton = vi 3<n<7 S ng phn amin no n chc, mch h C H2n+3N S amin= 2n 1 vi n < 5

n

)(

T n aminoacid khc nhau ta c n! S peptit. Nhng nu c i cp aminoacid ging nhau th cng thc tnh s peptit l :! T n ancol s c () s este c to thnh Cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton tnh hiu sut tng hp amoniac: Cho hn hp X gm : H v N c = . Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH c hn hp Y c = . Tnh hiu sut tng hp NH =? Phn tch bi : T = . Ta hon ton tnh c t l s mol ( hay t l th tch ) Dng phng php ng cho ca H v N . Gi s = v = . Nu > 3 . Tc nu hiu sut 100% th H vn cn d:
2 2 3 3 2 2 2

10

(i) Cng thc: = . . + Nu < 3 . Tc nu hiu sut 100% th N vn cn d: (ii) Cng thc: = . . + Nu = 3 . Dng mt trong hai cng thc (i) v (ii) u c Ch : Bi ton c th cho theo kiu khc: Cho hiu sut v t l = k. T bt tnh t l s mol (t l th tch) (hoc ngc li). Th s c hai trng hp v vn s dng hai cng thc (i) v (ii)
2

tnh. Hoc n gin hn bi ton c th cho t l kh trc v sau phn ng. Khi th tch sau gim bao nhiu so vi th tch ban u th y chnh l th tch NH thot ra, cng vic cn li l very d. Bi ton cho hn hp cc kim loi kim v kim th tc dng vi H O d th c dung dch X v a mol kh . Cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch Y cha b mol H . Tnh b theo a Cng thc : b = 2a. ( Tc s mol OH gp hai ln s mol kh ). Ch : Bi ton c th m rng cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch cha cc cation nh Al hoc Zn c c mol kt ta khi s dng: Cng thc tnh nhanh cho bi ton Nhm v Km gii quyt bi ton. Cng thc tnh nhanh bi ton in phn: i vi bi ton in phn ghi nh 2 cng thc : (i): = = (ii): = Nu thi gian i thnh gi th ,
3 2 + 3+ 2+

Ch rng kh gii bi ton cn ch n th t cc in phn. Nh rng c mnh ht trc ri n yu . Ghi nh cp Fe /Fe v Fe /Fe. Khi Fe b kh thnh Fe khi no ht Fe th mi n qu trnh kh Fe2+ .
3+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 3+

Bi ton: Cho hn hp X gm H v 1 anken c =2a nung X vi Ni brom v c t khi l 2b. Tm cng thc phn t ca anken: Cng thc : S nguyn t cacbon trong anken = () (*)
2

Khng lm mt mu dung dch

Ch : y l trng hp cho lun l hn hp Y lm mt mu brom.Nu hn hp Y khng lm mt mu brom th so nguyn t cacbon tnh theo cng thc : (Cng thc cc kh nh!! Tt nht = khng nn nh).M i hc c cho ch cho dng tnh theo cng thc (*) V d: Cho hn hp X gm H v 1 anken c =12 nung X vi Ni
2

brom

Khng lm mt mu dung dch

v c t khi l 16. Tm cng thc phn t ca anken: o Gii : phn tch : =12=2a a=6. Tng t suy ra b=8. Mt khc Y khng lm mt mu dd Brom suy ra ncacbon =
() (

Vy anken l : C H
3

=3

Cng thc tng qut cho ancol c s nhm OH bng s cacbon: - Cng thc : = + 0,5 = , 5 iu kin tn ti ca hp cht hu c c Nit: Gi s : CxHyOzNt Cc quan trng trong vic vit v xc nh s ng phn u tin tnh bt bo ha : = Nu l: I. Mui amino hoc mui amin th s lin kt = a + 1 II. Aminoacid , Este ca aminoacid hoc hp cht nitro th s lin kt = a III. Cc trng hp c bit:C H O N . M=77 : C H O N : 2 ng phn M=91: C H O N : 4 ng phn
x y z t 2 7 2 3 9 2