2

PHNG PHP GII MT S DNG BI TP

KHO ST HM S TRONG K THI TSH
Phn mt: Cc bi ton lin quan n im cc i cc tiu
A) Cc i cc tiu hm s bc 3:
3 2
ax y bx cx d = + + +
* ) iu kin hm s c cc i cc tiu l: y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
* ) Honh im cc i cc tiu k hiu l
1 2
, x x khi
1 2
, x x l 2 nghim ca phng trnh
y=0
* ) tnh tung im cc i cc tiu ta nn dng phng php tch o hm tnh phng
trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu
+ C s ca phng php ny l: nu hm s bc 3 t cc i cc tiu ti
1 2
, x x th
1 2
'( ) '( ) 0 f x f x = =
+ Phn tch '( ). ( ) ( ) y f x p x h x = + . T ta suy ra ti
1 2
, x x th
1 1 2 2
( ); ( ) ( ) y h x y h x y h x = = =
l ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu
+ K hiu k l h s gc ca ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu
* ) Cc cu hi thng gp lin quan n im cc i cc tiu hm s bc 3 l:
1) Tm iu kin ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu ca hm s song song vi
ng thng y=ax+b
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu
+ Gii iu kin k=a
2) Tm iu kin ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu vung gc vi ng thng
y=ax+b
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu
+ Gii iu kin k=
1
a

V d 1) Tm m ( )
3 2
7 3 f x x mx x = + + + c ng thng i qua cc i, cc tiu vung
gc vi ng thng y=3x-7.
Gii: hm s c cc i, cc tiu
2
'( ) 3 2 7 0 f x x mx = + + = c 2 nghim phn bit
2
21 0 21 m m ' A = > > . Thc hin php chia f(x) cho f

(x) ta c:
( ) ( )
2
1 1 2 7
. 21 3
3 9 9 9
m
f x x m f x m x
(
' ( = + + +
(

. Vi 21 m > th f

(x)=0 c 2 nghim x
1,
x
2

phn bit v hm s f(x) t cc tr ti x
1
,x
2
.
3
Do
1
2
( ) 0
( ) 0
f x
f x
' =

' =

nn
( )
( )
2
1 1
2
2 2
2 7
(21 ) 3
9 9
2 7
(21 ) 3
9 9
m
f x m x
m
f x m x

= +

= +

.
Suy ra ng thng i qua C, CT c phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
2 7
: 21 3
9 9
m
y m x A = +
Ta c ( )
( )
2 2 2
21 21 21
3 7
2 3 45
21 .3 1 21
9 2 2
m m m
y x
m m m

> > >

A =

= = =


3 10
2
m =
3) Tm iu kin ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu to vi trc Ox mt gc
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu
+ Gii iu kin tan k =
V d 1) Cho hm s 2 3
2 3
+ = mx x x y (1) vi m l tham s thc
Tm m hm s (1) c cc tr, ng thi ng thng i qua hai im cc tr ca th
hm s to vi hai trc ta mt tam gic cn.
Gii:
Hm s c cc tr khi v ch khi y = 0 c 2 nghim phn bit
' 9 3 0 3 m m A = + > >
3 2
1 2
3 2 ( 1). ' ( 2) 2
3 3 3
m m
y x x mx x y x = + = + +
ng thng qua hai im cc tr ca th hm s c phng trnh
3
2 ) 2
3
2
(
m
x
m
y + =
ng thng ny ct 2 trc Ox v Oy ln lt tai
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

3
6
; 0 , 0 ;
) 3 ( 2
6 m
B
m
m
A
Tam gic OAB cn khi v ch khi OA OB =
6 6
2( 3) 3
9 3
6; ;
2 2
m m
m
m m m

=
+
= = =
Vi m = 6 th O B A so vi iu kin ta nhn
2
3
= m
Ch : Ta c th gii bi ton theo cch: ng thng qua C, CT to vi 2 trc ta
tam gic cn nn h s gc ca ng thng l
9
( )
2
2
tan 45 1 2 1
3 3
( )
2
m L
m
k
m TM

= = =

4
4) Tm iu kin ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu to vi ng thng y=ax+b
mt gc
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu
+ Gii iu kin tan
1
k a
ka

=
+
V d ) Tm m ( )
3 2 2
3( 1) (2 3 2) ( 1) f x x m x m m x m m = + + c ng thng i qua
C, CT to vi
1
5
4
y x

= + mt gc 45
0
.
Gii: Gi h s gc ca ng thng i qua C, CT l k, khi t iu kin bi ton suy ra:
0
1 1 5 3
1
1 4 4 4 4 4
45 1 1
1 1 3 5 4 4
1 . 1
4 4 4 4 4
k k
k k
k
tg k
k k
k k
| |
+ = =
|

\ .
= = + =
| |

+ + = =
|

\ .
3
5
5
3
k
k

Hm s c C, CT
2 2
( ) 3 6( 1) (2 3 2) 0 f x x m x m m ' = + + = c 2 nghim phn bit
2
3 5 3 5
3( 3 1) 0
2 2
m m m m
| | | |
+
' A = + > < >
| |
| |
\ . \ .
(*)
Thc hin php chia f(x) cho) f(x ta c
| | ( )| |
2
1 2
( ) ( 1) . ( ) 3 1 ( 1)
3 3
f x x m f x m m x m ' = +
vi m tho mn iu kin (*) th f(x)=0 c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
v hm s t ccc tr ti
x
1,
x
2
.
Do
1
2
( ) 0
( ) 0
f x
f x
' =

' =

nn
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 1
2
2 2
2
( 3 1) 1
3
2
3 1 1
3
f x m m x m
f x m m x m

( = +

( = +

Suy ra ng thng i qua C, CT c phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( )

2
2
: 3 1 1
3
y m m x m

( A = +


Ta c ( ) A to vi
1
5
4
y x

= + gc 45
0

( )
2
2
3 1 1
3
m

m + =
kt hp vi iu kin (*) ta c
3 15
2
m

=
5) Tm iu kin ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu ct hai trc Ox, Oy ti A,B sao
cho tam gic OAB c din tch cho trc
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu
+ Tm cc giao im vi cc trc to : Vi trc Ox:Gii y=0 tm x.Vi trc Oy gii x=0 tm y.
+
/
1
.
2
MAB M AB
S d AB =
T tnh to A, B sau gii iu kin theo gi thit
5
V d 1) Tm m ng thng qua cc i cc tiu ca th hm s
3
3 2 y x mx = + ct
ng trn tm I(1;1) bn knh bng 1 ti A,B m din tch tam gic IAB ln nht.
Gii: C:
2
' 3 3 y x m = c 2 nghim phn bit khi 0 m > . Khi ta hai im cc tr ca
th hm s l
( ) ( )
; 2 2 , ; 2 2 M m m x N m m x +
- Phng trnh ng thng MN l: 2 2 0 mx y + =
- ng thng MN ct ng trn tm I ti A,B m tam gic IAB c

2. . .sin 1
IAB
S IA IB AIB = s ,
du bng xy ra khi
0

90 AIB = , lc khong cch t I n MN bng

1
2

Do vy ta c pt: ( )
2
2 1
1 1 3 3
, 1 ; 1
2 2 2 2
4 1
m
d I MN m m
m

= = = + =
+
V d 2) Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x mx = +
Tm cc gi tr ca m th hm s c 2 im cc tr A, B sao cho tam gic IAB c din
tch bng 18 , trong ( ) 1;1 I
Li gii: Ta c
( )
2 2
' 3 3 3 y x m x m = = . hm s c C v CT 0 m >
Gi A, B l 2 cc tr th
( ) ( )
; 2 2 ; ; 2 2 A m m m B m m m +
PT ng thng i qua AB l:
( ) ( )
4
2 2 2 2
2
m m
y m m x m y mx
m

+ = + =
Khong cch t I n ng thng AB l ( )
2
2 1
;
4 1
m
d I AB
m

=
+
di on
3
4 16 AB m m = +
M din tch tam gic IAB l
3
2
2 1
1
18 4 16 18
2
4 1
m
S m m
m

= + =
+
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
3 2
3 2 2
4 16 2 1 4 1 4.18 2 1 18
4 4 18 0 2 4 4 9 0 2
m m m m m m
m m m m m m m
+ = + =
+ = + + = =
6) Tm iu kin im cc i cc tiu cch u im M cho trc:
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu ( Da vo phng trnh tnh
gi tr
1 2
; y y )
+ Gi s im im cc i cc tiu l A, B th iu kin l MA=MB
7) iu kin im cc i cc tiu i xng nhau qua ng thng y=ax+b
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu ( Da vo phng trnh tnh
gi tr
1 2
; y y )
+ Gi s im im cc i cc tiu l A, B th iu kin l: ng thng i qua im cc i
cc tiu vung gc vi ng thng y=ax+b v trung im ca AB thuc ng thng y=ax+b
6
V d 1) Tm m hm s
3 2 2
( ) 3 f x x x m x m = + + c C v CT i xng nhau qua
( )
1 5
:
2 2
y A x = .
Gii: Hm s c C, CT ( )
3 2
6 0 f x x x m ' = + = c 2 nghim phn bit
2 2
9 3 0 3 3 m m m ' A = > > < .
thc hin php chia f(x) cho f(x) ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2
1 2
( ) 1 ( ) 3
3 3 3
m
f x x f x m x m ' = + + +
vi 3 m < th f
(x)
=0 c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
v hm s f
(x)
t cc tr ti x
1
, x
2
.
Do
( )
( )
1
2
0
0
f x
f x
' =

' =

nn
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
1 1 1
2
2
2 2 2
2
3
3 3
2
3
3 3
m
y f x m x m
m
y f x m x m

= = + +

= = + +

. Suy ra ng thng i qua C, CT

c phng trnh ( ) ( )
2
2
2
: 3
3 3
m
d y m x m = + +
Cc im cc tr ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y i xng nhau qua ( ) ( )
1 5
:
2 2
y x d A = A v trung
im I ca AB phi thuc (d)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
3 2; 1
0
3
0
( 1) 0 2 1 5
3 .1 .1
3 3 2 2
I
m x
m
m
m m m
m m

= =

=
=

+ =

+ + =

V d 2) Cho hm s ( )
3 2
3 2
m
y x x mx C = + +
Tm m hm s(C
m
) c cc i v cc tiu, ng thi cc im cc tr ca th hm s
cch u ng thng : 1 0 d x y =
Gii:
Ta c
2 2
' 3 6 ; ' 0 3 6 0 y x x m y x x m = + = + = (1)
Hm s (C
m
) c cc i, cc tiu khi v ch khi phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit 3 m <
Gi s ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y l hai im cc tr ca hm s (C
m
), (
1 2
, x x l 2 nghim ca (1)).
V
1
'. 2 1 2
3 3 3 3
x m m
y y x
| | | |
= + + +
| |
\ . \ .
v ( ) ( )
1 2
' ' 0 y x y x = = nn phng trnh ng thng i
qua A,B l ( ) 2 1 2 '
3 3
m m
y x d
| |
= + +
|
\ .
. Do cc im A,B cch u ng thng (d) trong 2
trng hp sau:
TH1: (d) cng phng vi (d)
9
2 1 1
3 2
m |
m
|
= =
|
\ .
(khng tha mn)
TH2: Trung im I ca AB nm trn (d). Do I l trung im ca AB nn ta I l:
7
1 2
1 2
1
2
2
x x
x
y y
y m
+
= =

= =

. V I nm trn (d) nn ta c 1 1 0 0 m m = (tha mn).

Ch : Cn phn bit r 2 khi nim cch u v i xng qua mt ng thng.
8) iu kin hm s c cc i cc tiu v khong cch gia im cc i cc tiu max,
min
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu ( Da vo phng trnh tnh
gi tr
1 2
; y y )
+ Gi s im im cc i cc tiu l A, B. Tnh di AB theo tham s. Dng phng php
o hm tm max, min
V d 1) Tm m hm s
3 2
1
( ) 1
3
f x x mx x m = + + c khong cch gia cc im C,
CT l nh nht.
Gii: Do ( )
2
2 1 0 f x x mx ' = = c
2
1 0 m ' A = + > nn f
(x)
=0 c 2 nghim phn bit x
1
, x
2
v
hm s t cc tr ti x
1
, x
2
vi cc im cc tr l . ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; , ; A x y B x y
Thc hin php chia f(x)

cho f(x)

ta c: ( ) ( )
2
1 2 2
( ) . ( ) 1 1
3 3 3
f x x m f x m x m
| |
' = + + +
|
\ .

Do
1
2
( ) 0
( ) 0
f x
f x
' =

' =

nn
( )
( )
2
1 1 1
2
2 2 2
2 2
( ) 1 1
3 3
2 2
( ) 1 1
3 3
y f x m x m
y f x m x m
| |
= = + + +
|
\ .

| |

= = + + +
|

\ .
Ta c ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
4
1
9
AB x x y y x x m x x = + = + +

( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2 1 1 2
2
2 2
4
4 1 1
9
4 4 2 13
4 4 1 1 4 1
9 9 3
x x x x m
m m AB
(
(
= + + +
(


( | |
( = + + + > + >
|
(
\ .
Min AB=
2 13
3
xy ra m=0
9) Tm iu kin honh im cc i cc tiu tho mn mt h thc cho trc
+ iu kin l : y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
+ Phn tch h rhc p dng nh l vit(
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh y=0
V d 1) Tm m hm s
3 2
1
( ) 1
3
f x x mx mx = + t cc tr ti x
1
, x
2
tho mn
1 2
8 x x >
8
Gii: Hm s c C, CT
2
( ) 2 0 f x x mx m ' = + = c 2 nghim phn bit
( ) ( )
2
0 0 1 m m m m ' A = > < >
vi iu kin ny th f(x)=0 c 2 nghim phn bit x
1,
x
2
v hm s t cc tr ti x
1
, x
2
vi
x
1
+x
2
=2m v x
1
x
2
=m.
Ta c BPT:
2
1 2 1 2
8 64 x x x x > >
( )
2
2 2
1 2 1 2
4 4 4 64 16 0
1 65 1 65
2 2
x x x x m m m m
m m
+ = > >
| | | |

s >
| |
| |
\ . \ .

tho mn iu kin ( ) ( ) 0 1 m m < >

V d 2) Cho hm s 1 3
2 3
+ + = mx x x y
Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu v khong cch t im )
4
11
;
2
1
( I n ng thng ni
im cc i v cc tiu l ln nht
Gii: Ta c m x x y + = 6 3 '
2
. Hm s c cc i cc tiu khi y=0 c 2 nghim phn bit
3 0 ' < > A m (0,25 im)
- Chia a thc y cho y ta c 1
3
) 2
3
2
( )
3
1
3
( ' + + + =
m
x
m x
y y . Lp lun suy ra ng thng i
qua cc i cc tiu l A 1
3
) 2
3
2
( + + =
m
x
m
y . D dng tm c im c nh m ng
thng cc i cc tiu lun i qua l ) 2 ;
2
1
( A (0,25 im)
- H s gc ca ng thng IA l
4
3
= k . H IH vung gc vi A ta c
4
5
/
= s =
A
IA d IH
I

ng thc xy ra khi A IA (0,25 im)
- Suy ra
3
4 1
2
3
2
= =
k
m
1 = m (0,25 im)
V d 3) Cho hm s
3 2 2 3
3 3( 1) 4 1 y x mx m x m m = + + (C)
Tm m hm s c hai cc tr l A, B cng vi gc O to thnh tam gic vung ti O
Gii:iu kin hm s c 2 cc tr l y=0 c hai nghim phn bit:
2 2
1
' 3 6 3( 1) ' 9 0
1
x m
y x mx m
x m
= +
= + A = >

=

(0,25 im)
Ta c
1 1
'( ) 2 3 1
3 3
y y x m x m = + Gi A, B l 2 im cc tr th
( 1; 3); ( 1; 1) A m m B m m + + (0,25 im)
Suy ra
2
1
( 1; 3); ( 1; 1) 2 2 4 0
2
m
OA m m OB m m m m
m
=
+ + =

=

(0, 25 im)
Kt lun: C hai gi tr ca m cn tm l m=-1 hoc m=2
9
V d 4) Tm cc gi tr ca m hm s
( )
3 2 2
1 1
. 3
3
y x m x m x
2
= + c cc i
1
x , cc
tiu
2
x ng thi
1 2
; x x l di cc cnh gc vung ca 1 tam gic vung c di cnh
huyn bng
5
2
.
Gii:
Cch 1: Min xc nh: D R = c
2 2 2 2
' 3; ' 0 3 0 y x mx m y x mx m = + = + =
Hm s c cc i
1
x , cc tiu
2
x tha mn yu cu bi ton khi v ch khi PT ' 0 y = c 2
nghim dng phn bit, trit tiu v i du qua 2 nghim .
2
2
0 4 0 2 2
0 0 0 3 2
0
3 3 3 0
m m
S m m m
P
m m m

A > > < <

> > > < <


>
< v > >

(*)
Theo Viet ta c:
1 2
2
1 2
3
x x m
x x m
+ =

. M
( )
( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
5 14
2 4 5 2 4 3 5
2 2
x x x x x x m m m + = + = = =
i chiu K(*) ta c gi tr
14
2
m = tha yu cu bi ton.
B) Cc i cc tiu hm s bc bn:
4 2
ax y bx c = + + .
*) iu kin hm s bc bn c 3 cc i cc tiu l y=0 c 3 nghim phn bit
+ Ta thy hm s bc bn th y=0 lun c mt nghim x=0, y=0 c 3 nghim phn bit sau
khi tnh o hm ta cn tm iu kin phn phng trnh bc 2 cn li c 2 nghim phn bit
khc khng.
VD:
4 2
2 2 2 y x mx = + + th
3 2
' 4 4 ' 0 0 y x mx y x x m = + = = v = iu kin l m<0
*) Khi hm s bc bn c 3 cc tr l A(0;c),
1 1 2 1
( ; ); ( ; ) B x y C x y th iu c bit l tam gic
ABC lun cn ti A( Hc sinh cn nm chc iu ny vn dng trong gii ton)
*) Cc cu hi thng gp trong phn ny l:
1) Tm iu kin hm s c cc i cc tiu to thnh tam gic vung cn, hoc u
+ Tm iu kin y=0 c 3 nghim phn bit
+ Tnh to 3 im cc i cc tiu A, B,C. Lp lun ch ra tam gic ABC lun cn ti A.Tnh
cc vc t: , ,

AB AC BC
+ Tam gic ABC vung cn . 0 AB AC =


+ Tam gic ABC u AB BC =
2) Tm iu kin hm s c 3 im cc i cc tiu to thnh tam gic c din tch cho trc
+ Tm iu kin y=0 c 3 nghim phn bit
+ Tnh to 3 im cc i cc tiu A, B,C. Lp lun ch ra tam gic ABC lun cn ti A.
Tnh cc vc t: , , AB AC BC


10
+ K ng cao AH.
+
1
.
2
ABC
S AH BC
A
=
+ Gii iu kin
V d 1) Tm m f(x)=
4 2 4
2 2 x mx m m + + c C, CT lp thnh tam gic u
Gii: f(x)=
( )
2 2
4 0 0 x x m x x m = = v =
Hm s c C, CT f(x)=0 c 3 nghim phn bit m>0
Vi m>0 th f(x)=0
( )
( )
( )
4 2
1
4
2
4 2
3
; 2
0 0; 2
; 2
x m B m m m m
x A m m
x m C m m m m

= +

= +

= +

Suy ra BBT ca hm s y=f(x)

AABC u
2 2
2 2
0
0
m
m
AB AC AB AC
AB BC
AB BC
> >

= =


=
=

( )
4 4 3
3
4
0
0
3
3 0
4
m
m
m m m m m
m m
m m m
>
>

+ = + =

=


+ =

V d 2) Cho hm s
4 2 2
2 2 4 y x mx m = + , m l tham s thc. Xc nh m hm s c
3 cc tr to thnh 1 tam gic c din tch bng 1.
Gii: Mx: D R = . C
3
' 4 4 y x mx =
3 2
' 0 4 4 0 0 y x mx x x m = = = v = . Hm s c 3 cc tr 0 m > (*)
Gi
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
0; 2 4 , ; 4 , ; 4 A m B m m C m m l 3 im cc tr
Nhn xt thy B,C i xng qua Oy v A thuc Oy nn tam gic ABC cn ti A
K AH BC c
2
1
. 2 2 2 2 . 1
2
ABC B A B
S AH BC y y x m m m
A
= = = = . i chiu
vi iu kin (*) c 1 m = l gi tr cn tm.
V d 3) Cho hm s
( )
4 2 2
2 1 1. y x m x m = + + Tm m hm s cho c 3 im cc tr
v ba im cc tr ny to thnh mt tam gic c din tch ln nht.
Gii:
( )
3 2 2 2
' 4 4 1 0 0, 1 y x x m x x m = = = =
hm s c 3 cc tr 1 1 m < < . Khi ta im cc i l ( ) 0;1 A m + , ta hai im
cc tiu l
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 ; 1 , 1 ; 1 B m m C m m
din tch tam gic ABC l ( )
( )
2
2
1
; . 1 1
2
ABC
S d A BC BC m = = s . Du = xy ra khi 0 m =
S: 0 m =
11
V d 4) Cho hm s
4 2
2 2 y x mx = + c th (C
m
). Tm tt c cc gi tr ca tham s m
th (C
m
) c 3 im cc tr to thnh 1 tam gic c ng trn ngoi tip i qua
5 5
3 9
; D
| |
|
\ .

Gii: C ( )
3
' 4 4 0 0; 0 y x mx x x m m = = = = > . Vy cc im thuc ng trn (P)
ngoi tip cc im cc tr l ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3 9
0; 2 , ; 2 , ; 2 , ;
5 5
A B m m C m m D
| |
+ +
|
\ .
.
Gi ( ) ; I x y l tm ng trn (P)
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
3 1 0
2 2 0; 1; 0( ), 1
2 2
x y IA ID
IB IC x y x m x y m L m
IB IA
x m y m x y

+ = =



= = = = = =


=
+ + + = +

Vy 1 m = l gi tr cn tm.
Phn hai: Cc bi ton lin quan n tip tuyn v cc ng tim cn
*) Xt hm s ( ) y f x = .Gi s
0 0
( ; ) M x y l tip im khi tip tuyn ti M c dng
0 0 0
'( )( ) y f x x x y = + (1) ( Ch rng trong trng hp tng qut ta thng biu din
0
y theo
dng
0
( ) f x )
V d: Xt im M bt k thuc th hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x

=
+
khi im M c to l
0
0
0
2 1
( ; )
1
x
M x
x

+

*) Ta gi h s gc ca tip tuyn ti tip im M l
0
'( ) k f x =
*) ng thng A bt k c h s gc k i qua
0 0
( ; ) M x y c dng
0 0
( ) y k x x y = + . iu kin
A l tip tuyn ca hm s y=f(x) l h phng trnh sau c nghim
0 0
( ) ( )
'( )
k x x y f x
k f x
+ =

Khi s nghim ca h cng chnh l s tip tuyn k c t im M n th hm s
y=f(x)
*) Mi bi ton vit phng trnh tip tuyn u quy v vic tm tip im sau vit phng
trnh theo (1)
*) Cc dng cu hi thng gp trong phn ny l
1) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y=ax+b:
+ Xt hm s y=f(x). Gi
0 0
( ; ) M x y l tip im, suy ra tip tuyn ti M c dng
0 0 0
'( )( ) y f x x x y = + (1). Tip tuyn ti M c h s gc l
0
'( ) k f x =
+ Tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y=ax+b nn
0
'( ) k f x a = = . Gii phng trnh tm
0
x
sau vit phng trnh tip tuyn theo (1)
12
Ch : iu kin cn tip tuyn ti A song song vi tip tuyn ti B l
'( ) '( )
A B
A B
f x f x
x x
=

V d 1) Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (H) bit tip tuyn
cch u hai im A(2;4), B(-4;-2)
Gii : Gi
0
x l honh tip im
0
( 1) x = , PTTT l
( ) ( )
0
2
0
0 0
2 1 1
1
1
x
y
x
x x x
+
= +
+
+

V tip tuyn cch u 2 im A,B nn tip tuyn i qua trung im I ca AB hoc song song vi
AB hoc trng vi AB.
Nu tip tuyn i qua trung im I(-1;1) ca AB th ta c:
( )
( )
0
0 0 2
0
0
2 1
1 1 1
1
1
x
x x
x
x
= + =
+
+
Suy ra phng trnh tip tuyn l
1
4
5
y
4
x = +
Nu tip tuyn song song vi AB hoc trng vi AB th tip tuyn c h s gc l
( )
0
2
0
0
0
2 ( 4) 1
1 1
2 4 ( 2)
1
x
k
x
x
=
= = =

=
+

Vi
0
0 x = ta c PTTT l 1 y x = + ; vi
0
2 x = ta c PTTT l 5 y x = +
Vy c 3 PTTT tha mn
1 5
; 1; 5
4
y x y x y x
4
= + = + = +
V d 2) Cho hm s
1
2
x
y
x

=
+

Tm trn th (C) 2 im A v B sao cho 8 AB = , tip tuyn ca th (C) ti A v B
song song vi nhau.
Gii : Gi s im cn tm l
1 1
; , ;
2 2
a b
A a B b
a b
| | | |
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
theo gi thit ta c h:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
' '
4
1 1
8 1
1 8
1 1
2 4
a b
f a f b
a b
a b
a b
a b
a b
ab a b
=
=

+ =

| |
| |
+ =
|
+ =
+ + |
\ .

|
+ + +
\ .
13
( )
4
4
1
16 4 1 8 1
4
a b
a b
ab ab
ab
+ =
+ =

| |
+ = =
|

\ .
t tm c A,B
V d 3) Cho hm s
2
(3 1)
y
m x m m
x m
=
+ +
+
(Cm)
Tm m tip tuyn ti giao im ca (Cm) vi trc Ox song song vi ng thng
(d): 1 y x = +
Gii :
Ta c
2
2
4
'
( )
m
y
x m
=
+

Giao im ca (Cm) v trc Ox l
2
( ; 0)
3 1
m m
A
m

+
. Tip tuyn ti A ca (Cm) song song vi
2
2
1
3 1
1 ' 1 1
1
3 1 2
5
m
m m m
y x y
m m m
=
| | + | |

= + = =
| |

+ =
\ .
\ .

Khi m=1. Phng trnh tip tuyn l 1 y x = + (loi) v tip tuyn trng vi ng thng (d)
Khi
1
5
m = . Phng trnh tip tuyn l :
3
5
y x = (TMK)
KL :
1
5
m =
Qua v d ny cc em hc sinh cn lu : Kim tra iu kin khi tm ra gi tr tham s,
y l sai lm hay mc phi ca hc sinh khi gii ton.
V d 4) Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x = + (C)
Tm trn (C) cc im A,B phn bit sao cho cc tip tuyn vi (C) ti A,B c cng h s
gc ng thi ng thng i qua A v B vung gc vi ng thng d: 5 0 x y + =
Gii :
Gi s cc tip tuyn vi (C) ti A,B c cng h s gc k. tn ti hai tip tuyn ti A,B phn
bit th phng trnh
2
' 3 3 y x k = = phi c hai nghim phn bit 3 k >
Ta c ta cc im A,B tha mn h:
( )
2 3
2
2
3 3 2 2 3 2
3
3 3
3 3
x
y x x y x x
x k
x k

= + = +

=

=

2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3
3 3 3 3
kx k k
y x x y x
x k x k
| | | |
= + = + = +
| |
\ . \ .


= =

phng trnh ng thng AB: 2 2
3
k
y x
| |
= +
|
\ .
. 2 1 9
3
k
AB d k = = (tha mn)
14
Vy ta cc im A,B tha mn: ( ) ( )
3
3
2
3 2
3 2
2; 4 , 2; 0
2
3 3 9
y x x
y x x
A B
x
x

= +
= +


=
=

V d 5) Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
1 1 1 y x m x m x = + + + (1)
Tm cc gi tr ca m th hm s ct Ox 3 im phn bit A(1;0), B, C sao cho cc
tip tuyn ti B,C song song nhau.
Gii:
Xt phng trnh ( )( )
2 2
0 1 1 0( ) : 1 0 y x x mx gt pt x mx = = + = c 2 nghim phn
bit khc 1
2
0
4 0
m
m
=

A = + >

. Gi ,
B C
x x l nghim
B C
x x = v
B C
x x m + = .
Yu cu bi ton
( ) ( ) ' '
B C
y x y x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
3 2 1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2 1 0
2 1
2
3
B B C C B C B C
B C
x m x m x m x m x x x x m
m
x x m m
( + + + + + + =

+
+ = = =
V d 6) Cho hm s ( )
2 2 1
1
m
x m
y C
x m
+
=


Cho A(1;2). Tm cc gi tr ca m sao cho tn ti ng thng qua A ct th C
m
ti hai
im phn bit M,N m cc tip tuyn ti M,N ca th song song vi nhau.
Gii:
Ta c:
( )
2
3
'
1
y
x m

=

. Gi s ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2 1 2
; , ;
m
M x y N x y C x x e = . Tip tuyn ti M v N song
song
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 2 2
1 2
3 3
1 1 2 2
1 1
x m x m x x m
x m x m

= = + = +

(1)
Ta thu c ( )( ) ( )( )
1 1 2 2
1 1 1 1 x x m x x m =
v ch ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 ( 1) 1 1 2 x m x m x x x x = = + = . Cng vi (1) 0 m =
2) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng y=ax+b
+ Xt hm s y=f(x). Gi
0 0
( ; ) M x y l tip im, suy ra tip tuyn ti M c dng
0 0 0
'( )( ) y f x x x y = + (1). Tip tuyn ti M c h s gc l
0
'( ) k f x =
+ Tip tuyn vung gc vi ng thng y=ax+b nn
0
1
'( ) k f x
a
= = . Gii phng trnh tm
0
x sau vit phng trnh tip tuyn theo (1)
+ Ch : iu kin cn tip tuyn ti A vung gc vi tip tuyn ti B l:
'( ). '( ) 1
A B
A B
f x f x
x x
=

V d 1) Cho C(m):
3 2
( ) 3 1 y f x x x mx = = + + +
a) Tm m C(m) ct ng thng y=1 ti 3 im phn bit C(0;1), D, E.
b) Tm m cc tip tuyn vi C(m) ti D v E vung gc vi nhau.
15
Gii: a) Xt ( ) ( ) 1 Cm y = vi phng trnh tm honh giao im
( )
3 2 2
2
0
3 1 1 3 0 (0;1)
( ) 3 0
x
x x mx x x x m C
g x x x m
=
+ + + = + + =

= + + =

Yu cu bi ton ,
D E
x x l 2 nghim phn bit khc 0 ca g(x)=0
9
9 4 0
9
0 4
(0) 0 4
0
m m
m
g m
m

A = > <
= <

= =

(*)
b) o hm:
2
( ) 3 6 y x x x m ' = + + .
Vi iu kin
9
0
4
m = < th cc tip tuyn ti D v E vung gc vi nhau.
( )( )
2 2
1 ( ). ( ) 3 6 3 6
D E D D E E
y x y x x x m x x m ' ' = = + + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
3 3 2 3 3 2 3 2 3 2
9 6 4 9 6 . 3 4 4 9
D D E D D E
D E D E
g x x m g x x m x m x m
x x m x x m m m m m
( ( = + + = + +

= + + + = + + =

2
9 65
4 9 1 0
8
m m m

+ = = tho mn iu kin (*)
Cho hm s ( ) ( )
3 2
2 5
1 3 2
3 3
y x m x m x = + + c th (C
m
), m l tham s.
V d 2) Tm m trn (C
m
) c 2 im phn bit ( ) ( )
1 1 1 2 2 2
; , ; M x y M x y tha mn
1 2
. 0 x x >
v tip tuyn ca (C
m
) ti mi im vung gc vi ng thng : 3 1 0 d x y + =
Gii: Ta c h s gc ca : 3 1 0 d x y + = l
1
3
d
k = . Do
1 2
, x x l nghim ca phng trnh
y=-3 Hay ( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 1 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 1 x m x m x m x m + + = (1)
Yu cu bi ton phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x tha mn
1 2
. x x >0
( ) ( )
2
3 ' 1 2 3 1 0
1
3 1
1
0
3
2
m m m
m
m

< A = + + >




< <
>

Vy kt qu bi ton l 3 m < v
1
1
3
m < < .
V d 3) Cho hm s
3
2
2 3
3
x
y x = + + (C) v ng thng (d) c h s gc k i qua A(0;3)
Tm k ng thng (d) ct th (C) ti 3 im phn bit sao cho cc tip tuyn ti 3
giao im ct nhau to thnh mt tam gic vung.
Gii:
Honh giao im ca (C) v ng thng (d) l
( )
3
2 2
2 3 3 6 3 0
3 3
x x
x kx x x k + + = + + =
2
0
( ) 6 3 0
x
g x x x k
=

= + =

. iu kin l phng
16
trnh
2
( ) 6 3 0 g x x x k = + = c 2 nghim phn bit khc 0.
' 0 9 3 0 3
(0) 3 0 (0) 3 0 0
k k
g k g k k
A > + > >


= = = = =

Ti x=0 tip tuyn song song vi trc Ox do 3 tip tuyn ct nhau to thnh mt tam gic
vung th iu kin l
2
( ) 6 3 0 g x x x k = + = c 2 nghim
1 2
; x x sao cho
1 2
'( ). '( ) 1 f x f x =
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
4 4 1 4 ( ) 16 1 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x + + = + + + + =
Theo nh l Viets ta c
1 2
1 2
6
. 3
x x
x x k
+ =

Thay vo ta c:
2 2
4 15
9 72 48 1 0 9 24 1 0
3
k k k k k k

+ + = + + = =
Kt hp iu kin suy ra
4 15
3
k

=
3) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn i qua ( ; )
M M
M x y
+ Gi k l h s gc ca ng thng A i qua M . Phng trnh ca A l ( )
M M
y k x x y = +
+ iu kin A l tip tuyn ca y=f(x) l h sau c nghim
( ) ( )
'( )
M M
k x x y f x
k f x
+ =

. Gii h
tm x ta c honh ca cc tip im sau vit phng trnh tip tuyn
V d 1) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn i qua
19
; 4
12
A
| |
|
\ .
n ( )
3 2
: ( ) 2 3 5 C y f x x x = = +
Gii: ng thng i qua
19
; 4
12
A
| |
|
\ .
vi h s gc k c phng trnh
19
4
12
y k x
| |
= +
|
\ .
tip xc
vi ( ) : ( ) C y f x =
19
( ) 4
12
( )
f x k x
f x k

| |
= +

|
\ .

' =

c nghim
( )
3 2
19 19
( ) ( ) 4 2 3 5 6 1 4
12 12
f x f x x x x x x x
| | | |
' = + + = +
| |
\ . \ .

( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
19 17
1 2 1 6 1 1 4 1 0
12 2
19
1 : 4 4
12
19
2 : 4 12 15
12
1 19 21 19
: 4 4
8 12 32 12
x x x x x x x x
x t y y x y
x t y y x y x
x t y y x y x
| | | |
= + =
| |
\ . \ .

| |
' = = + =
|
\ .

| |
' = = + =
|
\ .

| | | |
' = = + = +

| |
\ . \ .

4)Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn to vi trc Ox mt gc
17
+ Xt hm s y=f(x). Gi
0 0
( ; ) M x y l tip im, suy ra tip tuyn ti M c dng
0 0 0
'( )( ) y f x x x y = + (1). Tip tuyn ti M c h s gc l
0
'( ) k f x =
+ Tip tuyn to vi trc Ox mt gc
0
0
0
'( ) tan
'( ) tan
'( ) tan
f x
f x
f x

=
=

=

Gii tm
0
x sau
vit phng trnh tip tuyn theo (1).
V d 1) Cho (C):
3 2
1
x
y
x

. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (C) to vi trc honh gc

45
0

Gii: Do tip tuyn ca (C) to vi Ox gc 45
0
nn h s gc k ca tip tuyn tho mn
0
45 1 1 k tg k = = = . V
( )
2
1
( ) 0 1
1
y x x
x

' = < =

nn k=-1. honh tip im l nghim

ca phng trnh
( )
1 1
2
2 2
0 2
1
( ) 1 1
2 4
1
x y
y x
x y
x
= =
' = =

= =

Phng trnh tip tuyn ti x
1
=0 l y=-1(x-0)+2=-x+2
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti x
2
=2 l y=-1(x-2)+4=-x+6.
V d 2) Cho hm s
3
2( 1)
x
y
x
+
=
+
c th l (H).Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti M trn
(H) sao cho tip tuyn ct Ox, Oy ti A, B v ng trung trc ca AB i qua gc ta
Gii: Do tam gic OAB vung ti O v trung trc ca AB i qua gc ta nn tam gic OAB
vung cn ti O suy ra tip tuyn to vi Ox gc 45
0

Suy ra
( )
0 0 0
2
0
4
'( ) 1 0 2
4 1
f x x v x
x

= = = =
+
T vit c 2 phng trnh tip tuyn l
3
2
y x = + v
5
2
y x =
5) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn to vi ng thng y=ax+b mt gc
+ Xt hm s y=f(x). Gi
0 0
( ; ) M x y l tip im, suy ra tip tuyn ti M c dng
0 0 0
'( )( ) y f x x x y = + (1). Tip tuyn ti M c h s gc l
0
'( ) k f x =
+ Tip tuyn to vi ng thng y=ax+b mt gc
tan
1
tan
1
tan
1
k a
k a
ka
k a ka
ka

+
=
+

=

+
(Vi
0
'( ) k f x = ) Gii tm
0
x sau vit phng trnh tip tuyn theo (1).
V d 1) Cho (C):
4 3
1
x
y
x

. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn to vi ( ) : A y=3x gc 45

0
.
Gii: Gi s tip tuyn c h s gc k, khi do tip tuyn to vi ( ) A :y=3x gc 45
0
nn
18
0
2
3 1 3
3
45 1
1
3 1 3 1 .3
2
k
k k
k
tg
k k k k
=
= +

= =

= + =

* Vi k=-2, xt ng thng y=-2x+m tip xc (C)
4 3
2
1
x
x m
x

= +

hay 4x-3=(-2x+m)(x-1) c nghim kp

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 2 3 0 2 8 3 0
12 28 0 6 2 2
x m x m m m
m m m
+ + = A = =
A = + = =
* Vi k=
1
2

xt ng thng
1
2
y x m

= + tip xc (C)
4 3 1
1 2
x
x m
x

= +

hay 2(4x-3)=(-x+2m)(x-1) c nghim kp

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2 7 2 6 0 2 7 4 2 6 0 x x x m m m + = A = =
2
4 36 73 0 m m A = + = v nghim.
Vy ch c 2 tip tuyn 2 6 2 2 y x = + to vi y=3x gc 45
0
.
6) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn ct hai trc to ti A, B sao cho tam gic
OAB vung cn hoc tam gic OAB c din tch bng mt s cho trc.
+ Xt hm s y=f(x). Gi
0 0
( ; ) M x y l tip im, suy ra tip tuyn ti M c dng
0 0 0
'( )( ) y f x x x y = + (1). Tip tuyn ti M c h s gc l
0
'( ) k f x =
+ Tip tuyn ct 2 trc Ox, Oy ti A, B th tam gic OAB lun vung, OAB l tam gic
vung cn th tip tuyn phi to vi Ox mt gc
0
45 = v tip tuyn khng i qua gc to
+ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn theo dng (4). Sau ch chn nhng tip tuyn khng i qua gc
to
+ Nu yu cu l tip tuyn ct Ox, Oy to thnh tam gic c din tch cho trc th ta tm cc
giao im A,B sau ta tnh din tch tam gic vung OAB theo cng thc
1
.
2
OAB
S OAOB
A
=
V d 1) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s
2
2
x
y
x
=

bit tip tuyn ct

, Ox Oy ln lt ti A,B m tam gic OAB tha mn: 2 AB OA = .
Gii:
Cch 1: Gi ( ) ( )
0 0 0
; , M x y x = thuc th hm s. PTTTd ti M c dng:
( )
( )
0
0
2
0
0
2 4
2
2
x
y x x
x
x

.
Do tip tuyn ct trc , Ox Oy ti cc im A,B v tam gic OAB c 2 AB OA = nn tam gic
OAB vung cn ti O. Lc tip tuyn d vung gc vi 1 trong hai ng phn gic y x =
hoc y x =
+TH1: d vung gc vi ng phn gic y x = c:
( )
0 0
2
0
4
1 0 4
2
x x
x

= = v =

19
Vi
0
0 : x d y x = = (loi)
Vi
0
4 : 8 x d y x = = +
+TH2: : d vung gc vi ng phn gic y x = c:
( )
2
0
4
1
2 x

PT v nghim
Vy c 1 tip tuyn tha mn yu cu bi ton : 8 d y x = +
Cch 2: Nhn xt tam gic AOB vung ti O nn ta c: ( )
1
sin sin
4 2
OA
ABO
AB

= = = nn tam
gic AOB vung cn ti O. PTTT ca (C) ti ( )
0 0
; M x y = c dng:
( )
( )
0
0
2
0
0
2 4
2
2
x
y x x
x
x
= +

. D dng tnh c
2
0
;0
2
x
A
| |
= |
|
\ .
v
( )
2
0
2
0
2
0;
2
x
B
x
| |
|
=
|

\ .
Yu cu bi ton lc ny tng ng vi vic tm
0
x l nghim ca phng trnh:

( )
( )
2
0
2
3 0
0 0
2
0
2
4 0
2
2
x
x
x x
x
= =

Vi
0
0 x = ta c PTTT l: 0 y x + =
Vi
0
4 x = th PTTT l: 4 y x = +
V d 2) Cho hm s
3 2
4 1
(2 1) ( 2)
3 3
y x m x m x = + + + + (Cm)
Tm m tip tuyn ti giao im ca (Cm) vi trc tung ct hai trc ta Ox, Oy ti A,
B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch bng
1
18

Ta c
1
(0; )
3
B tip tuyn ti B ca (Cm) l
1
( y m 2)
3
= x + + (d) . ng thng (d) ct trc Ox ti
1
(
3 6
; 0) A
m

+

Din tch tam gic OAB l
1
1 1 1 1 1
. . . 2 1
3 2 2 3 3 6 18
m
S OAOB m
m m
=
= = = + =

= +

7) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn bit tip tuyn ct 2 ng tim cn to thnh
mt tam gic c din tch cho trc hoc to thnh mt gc cho trc.
+ Xt hm s y=f(x). Gi
0 0
( ; ) M x y l tip im, suy ra tip tuyn ti M c dng
0 0 0
'( )( ) ( ) y f x x x f x = + .
+ Tm cc giao im ca tip tuyn vi cc ng tim cn sau cn c vo iu kin gii
quyt
+ Nu yu cu l tip tuyn ct 2 tim cn ngang v tim cn ng ti A, B m tam gic IAB
vung cn ( Vi I l giao im 2 tim cn) th ta quy v vic vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit
tip tuyn to vi tim cn ngang mt gc
0
45 ) Ch rng tip tuyn khng c i qua giao
im 2 ng tim cn v khi s khng hnh thnh mt tam gic)
20
+ Nu yu cu l tip tuyn ct tim cn ng v tim cn ngang ti A, B to thnh tam gic IAB
c din tch cho trc th ta tm cc giao im A, B sau dng cng thc
1
.
2
OAB
S IA IB
A
=
+ Ch : Gc to bi tip tuyn v ng tim ngang hoc tim cn ng cng chnh l gc to
bi tip tuyn v cc trc Ox, Oy
V d 1) Cho h s
2 3 mx
y
x m
+
=

. Gi I l giao im ca hai tim cn. Tm m tip tuyn

bt k ca hm s ct hai tim cn ti A,B sao cho din tch tam gic IAB bng 64.
Gii: D thy th hm s cho c ng tim cn ng l ng thng x m = v ng
tim cn ngang l 2 y m = . Ta giao im ca hai ng tim cn l: ( ) , 2 I m m
Gi
0
0
0
2 3
;
mx
M x
x m
| | +
|

\ .
(vi
0
x m = ) l im bt k thuc th hm s cho.
PTTT ca th hm s ti im ny l
( )
( )
2
0
0
2
0
0
2 3 2 3 mx m
y x x
x m
x m
+ +
= +

Tip tuyn ny ct tim cn ng ti

2
0
0
2 2 6
;
mx m
A m
x m
| |
+ +
|
|

\ .
v ct tim cn ngang ti
( )
0
2 ; 2 B x m m . Ta c
2 2
0
0 0
0 0
2 2 6 4 6
2 ; 2 2
mx m m
IA m IB x m m x m
x m x m
+ + +
= = = =

Nn din tch tam gic IAB l
2
1
. 4 6
2
S IAIB m = = +
Bi vy yu cu bi ton tng ng:
2
58
4 6 64
2
m m + = =
V d 2) Cho hm s .
1
x
y
x
=

Vit PTTT ca th (H) ca hm s cho bit tip tuyn

to vi hai ng tim cn mt tam gic c chu vi bng
( )
2 2 2 + .
Gii:
Cch 1: ng tim cn ca th l 1, 1 x y = = . Gi PTTT ca (H) ti ( )
0 0
; M x y l:
( )
( )
0 0
2
0
0
1
1
1
x x x
y
x
x

= +

Khi
0 0
0 0
1 1
1 1;
1 1
x x
x y A
x x
| | + +
= =
|

\ .
. Khi ( ) ( )
0 0
1 2 1 2 1;1 ; 1;1 y x x B x I = =
21
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 4
0 0 0
0
2
2
0 0
1 1
1 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2
1 1
2 2 1 1 4 2 2 2 1
1 0
2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 0
ABC
x x
P IA IB AB x x
x x
x x x
x L
x x
| | + +
= + + = + + + = +
|

\ .
+ + + = +
=

+ + + + =

Cch 2: Phng trnh tim cn ng 1 x = , phng trnh tim cn ngang 1 y =

Gi ;
1
a
M a
a
| |
|

\ .
, PTTT ti
( )
( )
2
1
:
1
1
a
M y x a
a
a

= +

Ta giao im ca tip tuyn v tim cn ng l

1
1;
1
a
A
a
+ | |
|

\ .

Ta giao im ca tip tuyn v tim cn ngang l ( ) 2 1;1 B a
Chu vi tam gic IAB l ( )
( )
2
2
2 1
2 1 2 1 4 2 2
1
1
C IA IB AB a a
a
a
= + + = + + + > +

Du = xy ra khi 1 1 a = tc 0; 2 a a = = .
Vi 0 a y x = =
Vi 2 4 a y x = = +
KL: ; 4 y x y x = = + l 2 tip tuyn cn tm.
V d 3) Cho hm s ( )
3 2
1
x
y C
x

=
+
. Gi I l giao ca 2 ng tim cn ca th. Vit
PTTT d ca th hm s bit d ct tim cn ng v tim cn ngang ln lt ti A v B
tha mn:
5

cos
26
BAI =
Gii: Xt im ( ) ( )
0 0 0
; , 1 M x y x C = e l tip im ca tip tuyn d.
PTTT ti d c dng:
( )
( )
0
0
2
0
0
3 2 5
1
1
x
y x x
x
x

=
+
+

Do tip tuyn d ct tim cn ng, tim cn ngang ln lt ti A v B v IAB A c
5

cos
26
BAI = nn
2
2
1 1 1

tan 1 tan tan 5

25 5 cos
BAI BAI ABI
BAI
= = = =
Li c

tan ABI l h s gc ca tip tuyn d m ( )

( )
0
2
0
5
' 0
2
y x
x
= >
+
nn
( )
( )
2
0 0 0
2
0
5
5 1 1 0 2
1
x x x
x
= + = = v =
+
Vi
0
0 x = c PTTT d: 5 2 y x =
22
Vi
0
2 x = c PTTT d: 5 2 y x = +
Vy c 2 tip tuyn tha mn yu cu bi ton c pt nh trn.
V d 4) Cho hm s :
2x 1
y
x 1

=
+
c th l ( ) C .
Gi I l giao im ca hai ng tim cn ca ( ) C .Tm trn th ( ) C im M c honh
dng sao cho tip tuyn ti M vi th ( ) C ct hai ng tim cn ti A v B tho
mn :
2 2
40 IA IB + =
Gii:
TC ( )
1
d : 1 x = ,TCN ( )
2
: 2 d y = ( ) 1; 2 I .Gi
0
0
0
2 1
;
1
x
M x
x
| |
|
+
\ .
( ) ( )
0
, 0 C e x >
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ( ) C ti ( )
( )
( )
0
0 2
0
0
2 1 3
: :
1
1
x
M y x x
x
x

A = +
+
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
0
1 2 0
0
2 4
1; , 2 1; 2
1
x
d A d B x
x

| |
A = A = +
` |
+
\ . )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
4 2
0 2
2 2 0 0
0
0
0
36
4 1 40
1 10 1 9 0
1 40
0
0
x
x x
x IA IB
x
x

+ + =
+ + + =

+ + =

>


>

0
x 2 = ( )
0
y 1 = ( ) 2;1 M .
8) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn bit tip tuyn ct tim cn ng, tim cn ngang ti A, B m
chu vi tam gic IAB nh nht
*) gii quyt dng bi tp ny hc sinh cn nm c mt kt qu quan trng sau: (Trong
hm s phn thc bc nht trn bc nht tip tuyn bt k ct 2 tim cn ti A,B th din tch tam
gic IAB khng i). Vn dng kt qu ny ta c
2 2
2 . 2 . (2 2) .
IAB
C IA IA AB IA IB IA IB IA IB IA IB IAIB
A
= + + = + + + > + = + . V din tch
tam gic IAB khng i suy ra IA.IB khng i. T ta c Chu vi tam gic IAB min khi
IA=IB. Gii iu kin tm M sau vit phng trnh tip tuyn
V d 1) Cho hm s
2
1
x
y
x

=
+
. Vit PTTT ca th bit tip tuyn ct 2 tim cn ti A,B
sao cho bn knh vng trn ni tip tam gic IAB ln nht. vi I l giao 2 tim cn.
Gii: th hm s cho c tim cn ng l ng thng 1 x = v tim cn ngang l ng
thng 1 y = . Giao im hai ng tim cn ( ) 1;1 I . Gi s tip tuyn cn lp tip xc vi th
ti im c honh
0
x , PTTT c dang:
( )
( )
0
0
2
0
0
2 3
1
1
x
y x x
x
x

= +
+
+
Tip tuyn ct tim cn ng 1 x = ti im
0
0
5
1;
1
x
A
x
| |

|
+
\ .
v ct tim cn ng ti im
23
( )
0
2 1;1 B x + . Ta c: ( )
0
0 0
0 0
5 6
1 ; 2 1 1 2 1
1 1
x
IA IB x x
x x

= = = + = +
+ +
Nn
0
0
6
. .2 1 12
1
IAIB x
x
= + =
+
. Do vy din tch tam gic IAB l
1
. 6
2
S IA IB = =
Gi p l na chu vi tam gic IAB, th bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ny l
6 S
r
p p
= =
Bi vy, r ln nht khi v ch khi p nh nht, mt khc tam gic IAB vung ti I nn:
2 2
2 2 2 . 4 3 2 6 p IA IB AB IA IB IA IB IA IB IA IB = + + = + + + > + + = +
Du = xy ra khi ( )
2
0
1 3 1 3 IA IB x x = + = =
Vi 1 3 x = ta c tip tuyn
( ) 1
: 2 1 3 d y x = + +
Vi 1 3 x = + ta c tip tuyn
( ) 2
: 2 1 3 d y x = +
V d 2) Cho Hypebol (C):
2 1
1
x
y
x

v im M bt k thuc (C). Gi I l giao im ca

tim cn. Tip tuyn ti M ct 2 tim cn ti A v B.
a) CMR: M l trung im ca AB
b) CMR: dt ( ) onst IAB A c =
c) Tm M chu vi ( ) AIAB nh nht.
Gii:
TC: x=1
TCN: y=2
Giao im 2 tim cn l I(1;2)
y =
2 1 1
2
1 1
x
x x

= +


, 2
1
Gi M
1
m
m
| |
+ e
|

\ .
(c).
Tip tuyn ti M l (t): y =
,
y (m) (x-m) + y(m)
2
1 1
( ) : ( ) 2
( 1) 1
t y x m
m m

= + +

* (t) (TC: x =1) = A
2
1, 2
1 m
| |
+
|

\ .
;(t) (TCN: y = 2) = B(2m 1, 2)
Ta c :
2
A B
M
x x
m x
+
= = v A,M,B thng hng nn M l trung im AB
* dt( AIAB)=
1
2
IA . IB =
1
2
A I B I
y y x x
1 2 1 2
2( 1) .2( 1) 2
2 1 2 1
m m
m m
= = =

(vdt)
Ta c IA . IB = 4 ;
Chu vi ( AIAB) = IA + IB + AB=
2 2
2 . 2 . 2(2 2) IA IB IA IB IA IB IAIB + + + > + = +
24
Du bng xy ra IA = IB = 2 1 1 m =
1
2
0 (0, 1)
2 (2, 3)
m M
m M
=

9) Tm iu kin qua im ( ) ;
M M
M x y cho trc k c n tip tuyn n th y=f(x)
+ Xt ng thng A c h s gc k i qua im M ( ) : PT A ( )
M M
y k x x y = +
+ iu kin A l tip tuyn ca y=f(x) l h sau c nghim
( ) ( )
'( )
M M
k x x y f x
k f x
+ =

(*)
+ qua im M k c n tip tuyn n th th h (*) phi c n nghim th phng trnh
(2) vo (1) dng phng php hm s tm iu kin
+ Ch : Trong vic xc nh to M hc sinh cn linh hot VD: im M thuc ng thng
y=2x+1 th M( ; 2 1) a a + , im M thuc ng thng y=2 ( ; 2) M a
V d 1) Cho th hm s (C): ( )
4 2
1 y f x x x = = + . Tm cc im A eOy k c 3 tip
tuyn n th (C).
Gii: Ly bt k A(0;a)e(C). ng thng i qua A(0;a) vi h s gc k c phng trnh
y=kx+a tip xc vi th (C)
( )
( )
f x kx a
f x k
= +

' =

c nghim (*)
iu kin cn: rng ( ) ( ) ( ) f x f x x R f x = e l hm chn th (C)
nhn Oy lm trc i xng. Do A(0;a)etrc i xng Oy nn nu t A(0;a) k c bao nhiu
tip tuyn n nhnh bn tri ca (C) th cng k c by nhiu tip tuyn dn nhnh bn phi
ca (C). Suy ra tng s cc tip tuyn c h s gc k= 0 lun l 1 s chn. Vy d t A(0;a) k
c 3 tip tuyn dn (C) th iu kin cn l h phng trnh (*) c nghim k=0.
Th k=0 vo h (*)
4 2
2 3
0; 1
1 1
1 3
;
4 2 0
2 4
x a
x x kx
x a
x x
= =
+ = +



= =
=


iu kin :
Nu a=1 th (*)
( )
( )
( )
4 2 3 4 2
3
3
2 2
2
2
4 2 1 1
4 2
4 2
0; 0
0; 0
3 1 0
1 2
;
1 2
; 3 3 3
2 1
3 3
1 2
;
3 3 3
x x x x x x x kx
x x k
x x k
x k
x k
x x
x k
x
x k
k x x
x k

= + = +



=
=

= =

= =

=


= =

= =
=

= =

Vy t A(0;1) k c 3 tip tuyn n (C)

25
Nu
3
4
a = th (*)
( )
( ) ( )
4 2 4 2 3
3 3
4 2 4
2
2 2
3 3
1 1 4 2
4 4
4 2 4 2
1 1
1
3 0
4 2
2
2 1 2 1 0
x x kx x x x x x
x x k k x x
x x x
x
k x x k x x k

+ = + + = +




= =



= =
=




= = =

Vy t
3
0;
4
A
| |
|
\ .
ch k c ng 1 tip tuyn n (C).
Kt lun: T cc iu kin cn v p s: A(0;1)
V d 2) Tm trn ng thng y=2x+1 cc im k c ng 1 tip tuyn n
(C):
3
1
x
y
x
+
=

.
Gii: Ly bt k A(a;2a+1)ey=2x+1. ng thng i qua A(a;2a+1) vi h s gc k c phng
trnh y=k(x-a)+2a+1 tip xc vi ( ) ( )
3 3
: 2 1
1 1
x x
C y k x a a
x x
+ +
= + + =


hay ( ) ( ) 2 1 1 3 kx ak a x x ( = +

c nghim kp
( ) ( )
2
1 2 2 4 0 kx a k a x ak a ( ( + + + =

c nghim kp
0 k = v ( ) ( )
2
1 2 4 2 4 0 a k a k ak a ( ( A = + + =


0 k = v ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
( ) 1 . 4 4 . 4 0 g k a k a a k a = + =
Qua A(a;2a+1) k c ng 1 tip tuyn n (C) ( ) 0 g k = c ng 1 nghim kp k 0 =
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
0
32 2 0; (0) 4 0
1
32 2 0; (0) 4 0
2
1
1
1 0 16 4 0
4
a
a a g a
a
a a g a
a
a
a k k
=
' A = > = =
=
' A = = = =
=
=
= + = =
vy c 4 im ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
1; 1 , 0;1 , 1; 3 , 2; 5 A A A A nm trn dng thng y=2x+1 v k c
ng 1 tip tuyn n th (C).
V d 3) Cho hm s
3 2
2 ( 1) 2 y x x m x m = + + (Cm)
Tm m t im M(1;2) k c ng hai tip tuyn n (Cm)
Gii:
Gi k l h s gc ca tip tuyn ta c phng trnh tip tuyn l(d) : ( 1) 2 y k x = + . V (d) l
tip tuyn nn h phng trnh sau c nghim
3 2
2
( 1) 2 2 ( 1) 2
3 4 ( 1)
y k x x x m x m
k x x m
= + = + +

= +

3 2
2 5 4 3( 1) 0 x x x m + =
qua M k c ng hai tip tuyn n (Cm) th phng trnh
3 2
( ) 2 5 4 3( 1) 0 f x x x x m = + = (*) c ng hai nghim phn bit. Ta c
26
2
1
'( ) 6 10 4 '( ) 0
2
3
x
f x x x f x
x
=

= + =

=

. T tnh c hai im cc tr ca hm s l
( )
2 109
1; 4 3 , ; 3
3 27
A m B m
| |

|
\ .
. Ta thy phng trnh (*) c ng hai nghim phn bit khi mt
trong hai im cc tr nm trn trc honh. T tm c
4
3
m = hoc
109
81
m =
V d 4) Tm trn trc honh cc im k c 3 tip tuyn n th (C).
3
3 2 y x x = + +
Gii: Ly bt k A(a;0)e Ox. ng thng i qua A(a;0) vi h s gc k c phng trnh
y=a(x-a) tip xc vi (C):y=f(x) H phng trnh
( ) ( )
( )
f x k x a
f x k
=

' =

c nghim
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 2 3ax 3 2 0
1 2 3 2 3 2 0 1 ( ) 0
f x f x x a
f x f x x a x a
x x a x a x g x
' =
' = + + =
( + + + = + =

T im A(a;0) k c 3 tip tuyn n (C) g(x)=0 c 2 nghim phn bit v khc (-1)
( )( )
( )
2
3 2 3 6 0
2
1 ( 1) 6 1 0
3
a
a a
a g a
>
A = + >



= < = + =


Phn ba: Cc bi ton v s tng giao ca 2 th
1) Cc bi tp lin quan n php bin i th
+ T th y=f(x) suy ra th y=|f(x)| bng cch: Gi nguyn phn th ca y=f(x) nm trn
trc Ox; Ly i xng ca phn th y=f(x) nm di trc Ox qua trc Ox.
+ T th y=f(x) suy ra th y=f(|x|) bng cch: Gi nguyn phn th y=f(x) nm bn phi
trc Oy, Ly i xng ca phn th bn phi Oy qua trc Oy( Ch y=f(|x|) l hm chn nn
nhn trc Oy lm trc i xng)
+ T th y=f(x) suy ra th y=|h(x)|.g(x) vi h(x).g(x)=f(x) bng cch.
+ Ta thy
( ) ( ) 0
| ( ) | . ( )
( ) ( ) 0
f x khih x
y h x g x
f x khi x
>
= =

<

T ta suy ra cch v th hm s
| ( ) | . ( ) y h x g x = nh sau:Ly phn th y=f(x) khi ( ) 0 h x > . Ly i xng qua trc Ox phn
th y=f(x) khi ( ) 0 h x <
2) Tm iu kin hm s y=f(x) tip xc vi y=g(x)
+ iu kin hm s y=f(x) tip xc vi th y=g(x) l h phng trnh sau c nghim
( ) ( )
'( ) '( )
f x g x
f x g x
=

+ iu kin hm s y=f(x) tip xc vi trc Ox l h sau c nghim

( ) 0
'( ) 0
f x
f x
=

27
3) iu kin tng giao ca hm s bc 3: y=ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d
* Khi gii cc bi tp v tng giao ng thng y=mx+n v th hm s y=ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d
ta thng s dng phng php nhm nghim tch phng trnh to dng tch:
0
( ). ( ) 0 x x G x = trong G(x) l tam thc bc 2 theo x. T ta bin lun theo pt G(x)=0.
Tuy nhin trong mt s bi ton ta khng th nhm c nghim. Khi ta cn s dng cc
iu ki tng giao sau gii ton.
+ Hm s : y=ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d ct trc Ox ti ng mt im khi v ch khi hm s lun ng
bin hoc lun nghch bin hoc hm s c cc i v cc tiu cng du
Tc l
'( )
'( ) 0
0
'( ) 0
f x
f x x
f x x
>
A s

hoc
'( ) 1 2
1 2
0 '( ) 0
. 0 ( ). ( ) 0
f x
CD CT
f x x x x x
f f f x f x
A > = = v =

> >

+ Hm s : y=ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d ct trc Ox ti 2 im phn bit khi v ch khi f(x) c 2 nghim
phn bit
1 2
; x x v
1 2
( ) ( ) 0 f x f x =
+ Hm s : y=ax
3
+bx
2
+cx+d ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit khi hm s c cc i, cc tiu
v gi tr cc i, cc tiu tri du nhau
'( ) 0 f x = c 2 nghim phn bit
1 2
; x x v
1 2
( ). ( ) 0 f x f x <
+ Trong trng hp cc nghim ca phng trnh km theo iu kin khc th ta cn phc
ha dng th kt lun cho chnh xc.
V d 1) Cho hm s
3 2 2 2
3 3( 1) ( 1) y x mx m x m = + (Cm)
Tm m (Cm) ct Ox ti 3 im c honh dng
Gii:
Ta c
2 2
' 3 6 3( 1) y x mx m = +
(Cm) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh dng th iu kin l hm s c 2 im cc tr
nm v hai pha trc Ox , f(0)<0 v x
C
>0
Ta c:(1)
2 2
' 0 9 9 9 0 9 0 m m A > + > > ng vi mi m.
Khi
2
1
1
' 0
1
x m
y
x m
= +
=

=

Ta c:
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )( )
2
2
2
2
1
2 2 2
1 2
1 2 1
1 1
' . 2 1 1
3 3
1 3
. 1 3 2 1
y m m m
y f x x m x m m
y m m
y y m m m m

= +
| |
= +

|
\ .
=

=
( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
1 D
2 2
0 1 0 1 0
0 1
3 2 1 0(*)
C
f m m
x x m
m m m
= < >
> >
<
Lp bng xt du (*) kt hp iu kin 1 m >
Suy ra tp hp gi tr m tha mn l 3 1 2 m < < +
28
V d 2) Chng minh rng phng trnh
3 2 2 3
3( 1) 3( 1) 1 0 x m x m x m + + + + + + = lun c
nghim duy nht.
Gii ;
Xem phng trnh
3 2 2 3
3( 1) 3( 1) 1 0 x m x m x m + + + + + + = l phng trnh honh giao im
ca
3 2 2 3
3( 1) 3( 1) 1 y x m x m x m = + + + + + + v trc honh.
Ta c
3 2
1 1
'. 2
3 3
m
y y x mx m m
+ | |
= + +
|
\ .
suy ra ng thng qua hai cc tr l
3 2
2 y mx m m = +
phng trnh c nghim duy nht th th hm s
3 2 2 3
3( 1) 3( 1) 1 y x m x m x m = + + + + + +
ct trc Ox ti mt im duy nht.Tc l
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2
18 8 0
' 0
18 8 0
' 0 (**)
. 0 2 2 0
CD CT CD CT
m
m
y y mx m m x m m
s
A s

>
A >

> + + >


Theo nh l viet:
2
2( 1)
. 1
CD CT
CD CT
x x m
x x m
+ = +

= +

Thay vo (**) ta c
2 2 2 3
2
2
9
9
2
2
9
9
4 ( 1) ( 1) (4 1) 0
m
m
m
m
m
m m m m m

s

s


>

>

+ + + >

Vy vi mi m phng trnh lun c nghim duy nht.

V d 3) Gi s th hm s
3 2
6 9 y x x x d = + + ct trc Ox ti 3 im phn bit
1 2 3
x x x < < . Chng minh
1 2 3
0 1 3 4 x x x < < < < < <
Gii: Phng trnh honh giao im ca hm s vi trc Ox l :
3 2
6 9 0 x x x d + + = (*)
iu kin (*) c 3 nghim phn bit l ng thng y=d ct th hm s
3 2
6 9 y x x x = +
Ti 3 im phn bit, v th ta suy ra iu kin 4 0 d < <
t
3 2
( ) 6 9 f x x x x d = + + vi 4 0 d < <
Ta c (0) 0; (1) 4 0; (3) 0; (4) 4 0 f d f d f d f d = < = + > = < = + > . Hm s f(x) lin tc trn R
suy ra iu phi chng minh.
V d 4) Cho hm s
4
2
5
3
2 2
x
y x = + c thi (C) v im ( ) A C e vi
A
x a = . Tm cc
gi tr thc ca a bit tip tuyn ca (C) ti A ct th (C) ti hai im phn bit B,C
khc A sao cho 3 AC AB = (B nm gia A v C)
Gii:
Cch 1: Xt
4
2
5
; 3
2 2
a
A a a
| |
+
|
\ .
thuc th (C)
29
PTTT ti A:
( )
( )
( )
4 4
2 3 2 2
5 3 5
3 2 6 2 3 3
2 2 4 2
a a
y a a a x a y a a x a
| |
+ = = + +
|
\ .
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v tip tuyn ti A:
( )
( )
( )
4 4
2
2 2 2 2 2
5 3 5
3 2 3 3 2 3 6 0
2 2 2 2
x a
x a a x a x a x ax a + = + + + + =
( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 6 0 1
x a
f x x ax a
=

= + + =

tip tuyn ti A ct (C) ti hai im phn bit B,C khc A th pt(1) cn c 2 nghim phn bit
,
B C
x x khc a
( )
( )
2 2
2
' 3 6 0
3 3 3
(*)
1
6 6 0
a a
a
f a a

A = >

< <


=

= =

Do 3 3 3 2
C B
AB AC AB AC x x a = = =

(2)
Theo Viet c
( )
( )
2
2 3
3 6 4
B C
B C
x x a
x x a
+ =

T (2) v (3) 0
C
x = v 2
C
x a = th vo (4) c:
2
3 6 0 2 a a = = (tha (*))
Kim tra:
+ Vi 2 a = c
3 5 21
2; , 0; , 2 2; 3
2 2 2
A B C AC AB
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

+ Vi 2 a = c
3 5 21
2; , 0; , 2 2; 3
2 2 2
A B C AC AB
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

Vy 2 a = l cc gi tr cn tm ca a.
Cch 2: Phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (C) hm s cho ti im A vi
A
x a = l:

( )
( )
4
3 2
5
2 6 3
2 2
a
y a a x a a = + +
Phng trnh honh giao im ca tip tuyn ny vi th (C):
( )
( ) ( )
( )
4 4
2
2 3 2 2 2
5 5
3 2 6 3 2 3 6 0
2 2 2 2
x a
x a a x a x x a x ax a + = + + + + =
c 3 giao im A,B,C th phng trnh:
2 2
2 3 6 0 x ax a + + = (*) c 2 nghim phn bit
khc a
3 3
1
a
a

< <

Khi honh B,C l hai nghim ca PT(*) nn

2
2
3 6
B C
B C
x x a
x x a
+ =

Mt khc AC=3AB (B nm gia A v C) 3 3 2

C B
AC AB x x a = =

30
Ta c h
2 2
3 2 0
2 2 2
. 3 6 3 6 0
C B B
B C C
B C
x x a x
x x a x a a
x x a a

= =

+ = = =


= =

tha mn iu kin
Vy gi tr cn tm ca m l: 2 a =
V d 5) Vit phng trnh ng thng d ct th ( )
3
: 3 2 C x x + ti 3 im phn bit
A,B,C sao cho 2
A
x = v 2 2 BC =
Gii: Giao ca (C) v (d) c honh l nghim ca phng trnh:
( )
3 2 2
4 6 1 1 4 6 1 0 x mx x x x mx + = + + = .
PT c 3 nghim phn bit th
2
4 6 1 0 x mx + = c 2 nghim phn bit
2
2 2
' 9 4 0 ;
3 3
m m m A = > > <
Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; 1 , ; 1 B x x C x x + + . B v C i xng vi nhau qua ng phn gic th nht
th:
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 2 1
1
3 2
1 1
1 2 3
x y x x
x x m m
y x x x
= = +
+ = = =

= = +

So snh vi K, thy khng tm c m tha mn.
V d 6) Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x = +
Gi
k
d l ng thng i qua im ( ) 1; 0 A vi h s gc k ( ) k e . Tm k ng
thng
k
d ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit v hai giao im , B C ( B v C khc A) cng
vi gc to O to thnh mt tam gic c din tch bng 1.
Gii:
:
k
d y kx k = + (hay 0 kx y k + = ).
Pt honh giao im ca
k
d v (C):
( ) ( )
2
3 2
3 4 1 2 0 1 x x kx k x x k x
(
+ = + + = =

hoc ( )
2
2 x k =
k
d ct (C) ti 3 im phn bit
0
9
k
k
>

(d) ct (C)
ti ( )
( ) ( )
1;0 , 2 ;3 , 2 ;3 A B k k k k C k k k k + + .
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 , , ,
1
k
k
BC k k d O BC d O d
k
= + = =
+
2 3
2
1
. .2 . 1 1 1 1 1
2
1
OBC
k
S k k k k k k
k
A
= + = = = =
+
V d 7) Cho hm s
3 2
2 3( 1) 2 y x mx m x = + + + (1), m l tham s thc
Tm m th hm s ct ng thng : 2 y A x = + ti 3 im phn bit (0; 2) A ; B; C
sao cho tam gic MBC c din tch 2 2 , vi (3;1). M
Gii:
31
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th vi ( ) A l:
3 2
2 3( 1) 2 2 x mx m x x + + + = +
2
0 2
( ) 2 3 2 0(2)
x y
g x x mx m
= =

= + + =

ng thng ( ) A ct th hm s (1) ti ba im phn bit A(0;2), B, C

Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim phn bit khc 0
2
2
' 0 3 2 0 1
(0) 0 3 2 0
2
3
m
m m m
g m
m
>

A > + > <

= =

=

Gi ( )
1 1
; B x y v ( )
2 2
; C x y , trong
1 2
, x x l nghim ca (2);
1 1
2 y x = + v
1 2
2 y x = +
Ta c ( )
3 1 2
; ( )
2
h d M
+
= A =
2 2.2 2
4
2
MBC
BC
S

h
= = =
M
2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 4 BC x x y y x x x x ( = + = +

=
2
8( 3 2) m m +
Suy ra
2
8( 3 2) m m + =16 0 m = (tho mn) hoc 3 m = (tho mn)
4) iu kin hm s bc 3 c 3 nghim lp thnh cp s cng
Xt phng trnh
3 2
ax 0 bx + cx d + + = . Gi s phng trnh c 3 nghim lp thnh cp s cng
l
1 2 3
; ; x x x khi :
3 2 3 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
ax ( )( )( ) [x ( ) ( ) ] bx cx d a x x x x x x a x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + = = + + + + +
V 3 nghim lp thnh cp s cng nn
1 3 2 2
2
3
b
x x x x
a
+ = = l nghim. Th vo phng
trnh ta suy ra iu kin cn tm.
V d 1) Cho ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2
: 3 2 4 9 C m y f x x mx m m x m m = = + + . Tm m C(m) ct Ox ti
3 im phn bit lp thnh cp s cng.
Gii:
iu kin cn: Gi s (Cm) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit l
1 2 3
, , x x x .
Khi : ( )
3 2 2
3 2 4 9 0 x mx m m x m m + + = c 3 nghim phn bit
1 2 3
, , x x x
( ) ( )( )( )
3 2 2
1 2 3
3 2 4 9 x mx m m x m m x x x x x x x + + =
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 2 3 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
3 2 4 9 x mx m m x m m x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + = + + + + +
Suy ra ( )
1 2 3 1 3 2 2 2
3 3 m x x x x x x x x m = + + = + + = =
Th
2
x m = vo
2
( ) 0 0 0 f x m m m = = = hoc 1 m =
iu kin : Vi m=0 th
3
1 2 3
( ) 0 0 f x x x x x = = = = = (loi)
Vi m=1 th
3 2
( ) 3 6 8 0 f x x x x = + = ( )( )
2
1 2 3
1 2 8 0 2; 1; 4 x x x x x x = = = =
Kt lun: p s m=1.
5) iu kin hm bc 3 c 3 nghim lp thnh cp s nhn
32
Xt phng trnh
3 2
ax 0 bx + cx d + + = . Gi s phng trnh c 3 nghim lp thnh cp s cng
l
1 2 3
; ; x x x khi :
3 2 3 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
ax ( )( )( ) [x ( ) ( ) ] bx cx d a x x x x x x a x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + = = + + + + +
V 3 nghim lp thnh cp s nhn nn
2 3
3
1 3 2 1 2 3 2 2
ax
d
x x x d x x x x
a

= = = = thay vo
phng trnh ta suy ra iu kin cn tm
V d 1) Cho ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
: 3 1 5 4 8. Cm y f x x m x m x = = + + + Tm m (Cm) ct Ox ti 3
im phn bit lp thnh 1 cp s nhn.
Gii:
iu kin cn: Gi s (Cm) ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit
1 2 3
, , x x x
Khi : ( ) ( )
3 2
3 1 5 4 8 0 x x x x x + + + = c 3 nghim phn bit
1 2 3
, , x x x
( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
3 2
1 2 3
3 1 5 4 8 x x x m x x x x x x x x + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 3
3 1 5 4 8 x x x m x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + = + + + + +
Suy ra:
3
1 2 3 2 2
8 2 x x x x x = = =
Th
2
2 x = vo ( ) 0 4 2 0 2 f x m m = = =
iu kin : Vi m=2 th
( ) ( )( )( )
3 2
1 2 3
7 14 8 0 1 2 4 0 1; 2; 4 f x x x x x x x x x x = + = = = = =
Kt lun: p s m=2.
6) iu kin hm s bc bn c 4 nghim lp thnh cp s cng
Xt phng trnh
4 2
ax 0 bx + c + = (1) t
2
( 0) t x t = > phng trnh (1)c 4 nghim lp
thnh cp s cng th phng trnh
2
0 at bt c + + = (2) phi c 2 nghim dng phn bit
1 2
, t t .
Gi s (
1 2
) t t < khi 4 nghim ca (1) l
2 1 1 2
, , , t t t t v 4 nghim lp thnh cp s cng
nn
( ) 2 1 1 1 2 1
9 t t t t t t = = . p dng nh l vit cho phng trnh (2) ta c
1 2
1 2
1 2
9
b
t t
a
c
t t
a
t t

+ =

Gii iu kin theo h phng trnh.

V d 1) Cho ( ) ( )
4 2
: 2 1 2 1. C m y x m x m = + + + Tm m (Cm) ct Ox ti 4 im phn bit
lp thnh 1 cp s cng.
Gii: Xt phng trnh: ( )
4 2
2 1 2 1 0(1) x m x m + + + =
t ( ) ( )
2 2
; 2 1 2 1 0(2) t x f t t m t m = = + + =
Yu cu bi ton ( ) 0 f t = c 2 nghim
2 1
0 t t > > sao cho (1) c s nghim
33
Ta c
4 3 3 2 2 1 4 3 3 2
x x x x x x x x x x = = =
( ) 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
3 9 0 t t t t t t t t = = = >
Yu cu bi ton
( )
2
2 1
2 1
1 2 2 1
2
2
1
1 2
1
1
1
0, 9 0 2
2
9
. 2 1 0 9
9 2 1
2 1 0
1
9 2 1
5 1
5
m
m
m t t
t t
t t m t t
t m
t t m
m
m
t m

>
>

' A = > = >

=
= + > =


= +
+ = + >
+ | |

= +
|
= +

\ .

2 1
2
1
4 2
9
4
9 9 32 16 0
m
m
t t
m
m m

>

V d 2) (Bi ton tng giao hm bc 4) Tm m sao cho th hm s

4 2
4 y x x m = + ct
trc honh ti 4 i phn bit sao cho din tch hnh phng gii hn bi (C) trc honh c
phn trn bng phn di
Gii:
Phng trnh honh giao im ca th (C) v
4 2
: 4 0 Ox x x m + = (1)
t
2
0 t x = > . Lc c PT:
2
4 0 t t m + = (2)
(C) ct Ox ti 4 im phn bit khi pt (1) c 4 nghim phn bit (2) c 2 nghim phn
bit ( )
' 4 0
0 4 0 4
0
m
t S m i
P m
A = >

> = >= < <

= >

Gi ( )
1 2 1 2
, 0 t t t t < < l 2 nghim ca pt(2). Lc pt(1) c 4 nghim phn bit theo th t tng
dn l:
1 2 2 1 3 1 4 2
; ; ; x t x t x t x t = = = =
Do tnh i xng ca th (C) nn c:
( ) ( )
3 4
3
4 5
4 2 4 2 4 2 3 4
4 4 4
0
4
4 4 0 3 20 15 0
5 3
x x
x
x x
x x m dx x x m dx mx x x m + = + + = + =
} }
T c
4
x l nghim ca h
( )
( )
4 2
4 4
4 2
4 4
4 0 3
3 20 15 0 4
x x m
x x m

+ =

+ =

1
x
2
t
2
x
3
x
4
x
1
t
1
t
2
t
34
Ly (3).(4)-(4)
2
4
3
2
m
x = thay
2
4
3
2
m
x = vo (3) c:
2
9 20
5 0 0
4 9
m
m m m = = v =
i chiu vi iu kin (i) c
20
9
m = l gi tr cn tm.
7) iu kin tng giao ca th hm s
ax b
y
cx d
+
=
+
(H) v ng thng y mx n = +
Phng trnh honh giao im
ax b
mx n
cx d
+
= +
+
. Bin i v dng
2
( ) 0 g x Ax bx c = + + = . S
giao im ty thuc s nghim khc
d
c
ca phng trnh ( ) 0 g x =
TH 1: 0 A < Hoc
0
0
d
g
c
A =

| |
=
|

\ .
ng thng khng ct th (H)
TH 2:
0
0
d
g
c
A =

| |
=
|

\ .
hoc
0
0
d
g
c
A >

| |
=
|

\ .
ng thng ct th (H) ti mt im
TH 3:
0
0
d
g
c
A >

| |
=
|

\ .
ng thng ct th (H) ti 2 im phn bit A, B khi ta c
1 1 2 2
( ; ); ( ; ) A x mx n B x mx n + + vi x
1;
x
2
l hai nghim ca g(x)=0
V d 1) Cho hm s
3
2
x
y
x
+
=

c th (H). Tm m ng thng : 1 d y x m = + + ti
hai im phn bit A,B sao cho

AOB nhn.
Gii:
Giao ca (H) v d c honh l nghim ca PT ( )
2
3
1 2 2 5 0
2
x
x m x m x m
x
+
= + + + + + =

pt trn c 2 nghim phn bit th 0; 2 x A > =

( )
2
2
4 16 0
?
2 2 2 2 5 0
m m
m
m m

+ >

+ + + =

Gi ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; 1 , ; 1 A x x m B x x m + + + + l hai giao im ca (H) v d.

AOB nhn th:

( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 1 1 2
2
1 2 1 2
2 1 1
2 1 1 0 3
AB OA AB x x x m x m
x x m x x m m
< + < + + + + +
+ + + + < >
Kt hp vi k ban u ta suy ra c gi tr ca m.
35
V d 2) Cho hm s
2
1
x m
y
mx

=
+
(1). Chng minh vi mi 0 m = th hm s (1) ct
( ) : 2 2 d y x m = ti 2 im phn bit A,B thuc 1 ng (Hipebol) c nh. ng thng
(d) ct cc trc , Ox Oy ln lt ti cc im M,N. Tm m 3
OAB OMN
S S =
Gii: Phng trnh honh ca giao im ca th hm s (1) v ng thng (d):
2 2
2 1
2 2 2 2 0,
1
x m
x m mx m x m x
mx m
| |
= = =
|
+
\ .
(2)
Do 0 m = nn (2) ( )
2
1
2 2 1 0, f x x mx x
m
| |
= = =
|
\ .
(*)
tn ti 2 im A,B th pt (*) phi c 2 nghim phn bit:
2
2
' 2 0
1
, 0
1 2
1 0
A B
m
x x m
m f
m m

A = + >

= =

| |
= + =
|
\ .
Mt khc c
1
.
2
A B
x x = nn A,B lun thuc mt ng (Hipebol) c nh
K
( ) ,
2
5
O d
m
OH AB OH d

= = . Li c 2 2 ; 2 2
A A B B
AB d y x m y x m e = =
Theo Viet ta c:
1
2
A B
A B
x x m
x x
+ =

C ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2
5 5 20 5 10
A B A B A B A B A B
AB x x y y x x x x x x AB m = + = = + = +
V M,N l giao im ca d vi , Ox Oy nn ( ) ( ) ; 0 , 0; 2 M m N m
Theo gi thit
2
2
3 . 3 . . 5 10 3
5
OAB OMN M N
m
S S OH AB OM ON m x y

= = + =
2 2 2 2
2
1
. 5 10 3 2 2 3 2 9
2 5
m
m m m m m m m m

+ = + = + = =
Vy vi
1
2
m = l cc gi tr cn tm.
V d 3) Tm trn (H):
1
2
x
y
x
+
=

cc im A,B sao cho di on thng AB bng 4 v

ng thng AB vung gc vi ng thng y x =
Gii: Do : : AB d y x ptAB y x m = = +
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (H) v ng thng AB:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
1
3 2 1 0 2
2
x
x m g x x m x m x
x
+
= + = + + + = =

(1)
tn ti 2 im A,B th pt (1) cn c 2 nghim phn bit ,
A B
x x v khc 2
36
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
0
3 4 2 1 0
1 4 0;
2 0
4 3 2 2 1 0
g x
m m
m m
g
m m

A > + + >

+ >

=
+ + + =

Theo Viet ta c:
3
2 1
A B
A B
x x m
x x m
+ = +

= +

. Li c ;
A A B B
y x y x m = = +
M:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
4 16 16 8
4 8 3 4 2 1 0 2 3 0 1 3
B A B A B A
B A A B
AB AB x x y y x x
x x x x m m m m m m
= = + = =
+ = + + = = = v =
+ Vi 3 m = thay vo pt (1) c:
2
6 7 0 3 2 2 x x x y + = = = . Lc ny ta 2 im
A,B l:
( ) ( )
3 2; 2 , 3 2; 2 A B + hoc
( ) ( )
3 2; 2 , 3 2; 2 B A + .
+ Vi 1 m = thay vo pt (1) c:
2
2 1 0 1 2 2 2 x x x y = = = . Lc ny ta 2
im A,B l
( ) ( )
1 2; 2 2 , 1 2; 2 2 A B + + hoc
( ) ( )
1 2; 2 2 , 1 2; 2 2 B A + +
Vy A,B l cc im nh trn tha mn yu cu bi ton.
V d 4) Cho hm s
3
2
x
y
x
+
=
+
c th l (H). Tm m ng thng d: 2 3 y x m = + ct
(H) ti hai im phn bit sao cho . 4 OAOB =

vi O l gc ta
Gii: Xt pt: ( )
2
3
2 3 2 3 1 6 3 0
2
x
x m x m x m
x
+
= + + + + =
+
(1) c 2 nghim phn bit khc (-2)
Khi
2
9 30 33 0 m m A = + > iu ny xy ra vi mi m.
Gi 2 nghim ca pt (1) l
1 2
, x x th ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; 2 3 , ; 2 3 A x x m B x x m + +
C ( )( )
1 2 1 2
12 15 7
. 4 . 2 3 2 3 4 4
2 12
m
OAOB x x x m x m m

= + + + = = =

V d 5) Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x

=
+
c th (C). Tm m ng thng d: y x m = + ct (C)
ti hai im phn bit A,B, sao cho 2 2 AB =
Gii: Phng trnh honh giao im ca (C) v ng thng d:
( ) ( )
2
2 1
1 1 0
1
x
x m f x x m x m
x

= + = + + + =
+
(1) ( ) 1 x =
d ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit A,B th pt(2) c 2 nghim phn bit , 1
A B
x x =
( ) ( )
( )
2
1 4 1 0
1 1 1 1 0
m m
f m m

A = + >

= + + + =

(*) Theo Viet ta

c:
( )
2
2
1 1
; , ; 1 4( 1) 4
1 7
A B
A A B B
A B
x x m m
A B d y x m y x m AB m m
x x m m
+ = =
e = + = + = + =

= + =

37
V d 6) Gi D l ng thng i qua A(1;0) v c h s gc k. Tm k D ct th
2
1
x
y
x
+
=

ti hai im phn bit M,N thuc hai nhnh khc nhau ca th v AM=2AN
Gii: Do D l ng thng i qua A(1;0) v c h s gc k nn pt D: ( ) 1 y k x =
Phng trnh honh giao im ca D v th hm s cho l:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 2 1 2 0 1
1
x
k x kx k x x
x
+
= + = =

(1)
t 1 1 t x x t = = + . Lc pt (1) thnh:
( ) ( )( )
2
2
1 2 1 1 2 0 3 0 k t k t k kt t + + + + = = (2)
D ct th hm s cho ti hai im M,N thuc hai nhnh khc nhau ca th th pt(1)
phi c 2 nghim
1 2
, x x tha
1 2
1 (2) x x pt < < c 2 nghim
1 2
, t t tha
1 2
0 3 0 0(*) t t k k < < < >
V im A lun nm trong on MN v
1 2
2 2 2 3 AM AN AM AN x x = = + =

(3)
Theo Viet ta c:
( )
( )
1 2
1 2
2 1
4
2
5
k
x x
k
k
x x
k
+
+ =

. T (3) v (4)
2 1
1 2
;
k k
x x
k k
+
= =
Thay
1 2
, x x vo pt (5) c:
( ) ( )
2
2 1
2 2
3 2 0
3
k k
k
k k
k k
+

= = =
i chiu K (*) c
2
3
k = l gi tr cn tm.
Phn bn: Cc bi ton v khong cch
gia quyt tt cc dng bi tp trong phn ny hc sinh cn nm chc cc vn sau:
*) Khong cch gia hai im ( ; ); ( ; )
M M N N
M x y N x y l ( ) ( )
2 2
N M N M
MN x x y y = +
*) Khong cch t im
0 0
( ; ) M x y n ng thng : ax+by+c=0 A l
0 0
/
2 2
ax
M
by c
d
a b
A
+ +
=
+
Cc trng hp c bit:
+ Nu A l ng thng x=a th
/ 0 M
d x a
A
=
+ Nu A l ng thng y=b th
/ 0 M
d y b
A
=
+ Tng khong cch t M n hai trc to Ox, Oy l d=
0 0
x y +
*) Khong cch gia ng thng v ng cong
Cho ng thng A v ng cong ( C) . Ly im M bt k thuc ng cong ( C) v im N
thuc ng thng A Khi
( /( ))
min
C
d MN
A
= . T ta c cch tnh khong cch t ng
thng : ax+by+c=0 A n ng cong ( C) y=f(x) nh sau:
38
+ Cch 1: Ly im M( )
0 0
; x y bt k thuc ( C)
0 0
( ; ( )) M x f x . Ta c
0 0
/
2 2
ax
M
by c
d
a b
A
+ +
=
+
Sau tm min d theo x
0

+ Cch 2: Vit phng trnh tip tuyn t ca ng cong ( C) v tip tuyn song song vi A.
Sau tm tip im M( )
0 0
; x y ca tip tuyn v ng cong. Khi khong cch gia ng
thng A v ng cong ( C) cng bng khong cch gia M v ng thng A l
0 0
/
2 2
ax
M
by c
d
a b
A
+ +
=
+
V d 1) Cho th ( )
2 1
:
1
x
C y
x
+
=

v im A(-2;5). Xc nh ng thng (D) ct (C) ti 2

im B, C sao choAABC u.
Gii:
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=

: 1
: 2
TCD x
TCN y
=

phn gic ca gc to bi 2 tim cn (1): 3 y x = +

( )
2
3
0
1
y
x

' = <

hm s nghch bin
th (C) c dng nh hnh v.
Do A(-2;5) (1) : 3 y x e = + l trc i xng ca (C) nn ng thng (D) cn tm phi vung
gc vi (1) v (D) c phng trnh: y=x+m.
Xt phng trnh: ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1
3 1 0
1
x
x m g x x m x m
x
+
= + = + + =

Ta c ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 4 1 1 12 0 g m m m A = + + = + > nn (D) lun ct (C) ti B, C phn bit v do
tnh i xng A ABC cn ti A.
Gi s ( ) (1) D
2
2
3 3 7
; 2
2 2 2
m m m
I I AI
+ | | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .

Gi
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
1 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2
2 2
,
2 2 4
,
B x y
y x m
BC x x x x x x
y x m
C x y

= +

(
= = +


= +

( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 3 4 1 2 2 13 BC m m m m
(
= + + = +

Ta c AABC u
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
4
3 2 13 7 BC AI m m m
3
= + =
( )
( )
1
2
2
: 1
1
4 5 0
5
: 5
D y x
m
m m
m
D y x
= +
=
+ =

=
=

V d 2) Cho ( )
3 5
:
2
x
H y
x

. Tm Me(H) tng khong cch t M n 2 tim cn ca

(H) l nh nht.
Gii:
Ta c TC: x=2
TCN: y=3
39
3 5 1
3
2 2
x
y
x x

= = +

Ly
1
;3
2
M m H
m
| |
+ e
|

\ .
Tng khong cch t M n cc ng tim
cn l
1
2 3 2 2
2
M M M
d x y m
m
= + = + >

( Theo bt ng thc Cauchy)

1 (1; 2)
1
min 2 2
3 (3; 4) 2
m M
d m
m M m
=
= =

=

V d 3) Tm trn mi nhnh ca th ( )
4 9
:
3
x
C y
x

cc im cch M
1
,M
2
di
1 2
, M M l nh nht.
Gii:
( ) : 3 4 3 3
4 9 3
4
: 4 3 3 3
TCD x x
x
y
TCN y x x x
= +
= = = +

=

Gi
( )
( )
1 1 1
2 2 2
,
,
M x y
M x y

(M
1
thuc nhnh tri ca (C); M
2
thuc nhnh phi ca (C))
t
1
1
2
2
3
3
4
3
3
4
, 0
x
y
x
y

= =

= +


=
>

( ) ( )
2 2
2
1 2 2 1 2 1
M M x x y y = +
=( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
9
3 3




+ | |
+ + + = + +
|
\ .
( )
( )
( )
( )
cos
2
2
2 2
9 9 9
1 2 1 4
i

( (
| |
= + + > + = + ( (
|
+ + ( ( \ .

M
cos
9 9
4 4 2 . 24
i


(
| |
+ > =
(
|
\ .

1 2
0
min 24 2 6 3 9 M M

= >

= = = =

to
( ) ( ) 1 2
3 3; 4 3 , 3 3; 4 3 M M + +

V d 4) Tm im M trn th hm s
2 1
( )
1
x
y H
x
+
=
+
sao cho khong cch t M n
ng thng ( A): 4 8 0 x y + = l nh nht
Gii:
Ta c
( )
2
1
'
1
y
x
=
+
. Xt ng thng d l tip tuyn ca (H) v d song song vi ( A)
40
T vit c 2 phng trnh tip tuyn l
1
5
:
4 4
x
d y = + v
2
13
:
4 4
x
d y = +
Hai tip im tng ng l
1 2
3 5
1; ; 3;
2 2
M M
| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

D dng tnh c ( ) ( )
1 2
/ / d M d M A < A
1
M l im cn tm
Ch : Ngoi cch lp lun nh trn ta c th gii bi ton theo cch khc gi s
2 1
( ; )
1
x
M x
x
+
+

Sau tnh khong cch t M n A. V tm min theo phng php hm s vi bin x
Cho hm s
1
x
y
x
=

v im A(-1;1)
V d 5) Tm m ng thng 1 y mx m = ct (C) ti hai im phn bit M,N sao cho
2 2
AM AN + t gi tr nh nht.
Gii:
Xt phng trnh tng giao:
2
2 1 0 mx mx m + + = . ct ti hai im th phng trnh phi c
2 nghim phn bit khc 1.
( )
2
2 1 0
0
' 1 0
m m m
m
m m m m
+ + =

<

A = + = >

thy trung im MN l I v I(1;-1) c nh.

S dng chn im ta c:
2 2 2 2 2
2 AM AN AI IM IN + = + + (do 0 IM IN + =

)
Ta c IA c nh, IM=IN. Ta thy biu thc min khi v ch khi MN min
Tnh MN:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
4
1 4 . 1 4 NM x x m x x x x m m
m
(
= + = + + =

Do m<0 nn t ; 0 t m t = > .
2
4
4 8 MN t
t
= + > . Vy m=-1
V d 6) Tm m ng thng y=mx-m+2 ct (C)
2
1
x
y
x
=

ti 2 im phn bit A,B sao

cho di AB nh nht.
Gii:
ng thng y=mx-m+2 ct (C) ti 2 im phn bit khi phng trnh
2
2
1
x
mx m
x
= +

c 2
nghim phn bit khc 1.
2
( ) 2 2 0 g x mx mx m = + = c 2 nghim phn bit khc 1
0
0
(1) 0
m
g
=

A >

0 m > . Ta c
1 1 2 2
( ; 2); ( ; 2 A x mx m B x mx m + + ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
; ( ) ( ) (1 ) AB x x m x x AB x x m = = +

( )
( )
2
2 2
1 2 1 2
4 ( 1) AB x x x x m = + + V x
1
;x
2
l 2 nghim ca g(x)=0 nn ta c
1 2 1 2
2
2;
m
x x x x
m

+ = =
2
1
8( ) 16 min 4 1 AB m AB m
m
= + > = =
41
Phn nm: Cc bi tp v KSHS
CC DNG BI TP V KHO ST HM S
Bin son GV Nguyn Trung Kin 0988844088
Phn mt: CC BI TP LIN QUAN IM CC I V CC TIU HM S
Cu 1) Cho hm s 1
3
1
2 3
+ + = m x mx x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1
b) Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu v khong cch gia im cc i v cc tiu l
nh nht
Cu 2) Cho hm s 1
3
1
2 3
+ = mx mx x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 1
b) Tm m hm s t cc tr ti
2 1
; x x tho mn 8
2 1
> x x
Cu 3) Cho hm s 3 7
2 3
+ + + = x mx x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= -8
b) Tm m hm s c ng thng i qua im cc i cc tiu vung gc vi ng
thng y=3x-7
Cu 4) Cho hm s ) 1 ( ) 2 3 2 ( ) 1 ( 3
2 2 3
+ + = m m x m m x m x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 1
b) Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu v ng thng i qua cc i cc tiu to vi
ng thng 5
4
1
+

= x y mt gc 45
0

Cu 5) Cho hm s m x m x x y + + =
2 2 3
3
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 0
5
b) Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu i xng qua ng thng
2 2
1
= x y
Cu 6) Cho hm s 1 3 ) 1 ( 3 3
2 2 2 3
+ + = m x m x x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 1
b) Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu cch u gc to O.
Cu 7) Cho hm s 1 2
2 2 4
+ = x m x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 1
b) Tm m hm s c 3 im cc tr l 3 nh ca tam gic vung cn
Cu 8) Cho hm s 1 12 9 2
2 2 3
+ + + = x m mx x y
42
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 1
b) Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu ng thi
CT
CD x x =
2
Cu 9) Cho hm s
4 2 4
2 2 m m mx x y + + =
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 1
b) Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu lp thnh mt tam gic u
Phn hai: CC BI TON LIN QUAN N TIP TUYN V NG TIM CN
Cu 1) Cho hm s 1
3
+ = m mx x y (Cm)
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 3
b) Tm m tip tuyn ti giao im cu (Cm) vi trc Oy chn trn hai trc to mt tam
gic c din tch bng 8
Cu 2) Cho hm s 1 3
2 3
+ + + = mx x x y (Cm)
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 0
b) Tm m ng thng y=1 ct (Cm) ti 3 im phn bit C(0;1), D,E v cc tip tuyn
ti D v E ca (Cm) vung gc vi nhau.
Cu 3) Cho hm s x x y 3
3
= (C ) v ng thng y=m(x+1)+2 (d)
a) Kho st v v th hm s (C)
b) Chng minh rng ng thng (d) lun ct (C ) ti mt im c nh A. Tm m ng
thng (d) ct (C ) ti 3 im A,M,N m tip tuyn ti M v N vung gc vi nhau\
Cu 4) Cho hm s ) (
1
2 3
H
x
x
y

=
a) Kho st v v th hm s (H)
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) bit tip tuyn to vi Ox gc 45
0

c) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) bit tip tuyn to vi 2 trc to mt tam gic
cn
d) Gi I l giao im 2 ng tim cn. Tip tuyn ti M bt k thuc (H) ct 2 tim cn ti
A,B. Chng minh M l trung im AB
e) Chng minh din tch tam gic IAB khng i
f) Tm v tr M chu vi tam gic IAB nh nht
Cu 5) Cho hm s ) (
2
Hm
x
m x
y

+
=
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 3
b) Tm m t A(1;2) k c 2 tip tuyn AB,AC n (Hm) sao cho ABC l tam gic u
(A,B l cc tip im)
Cu 6) Cho hm s ) (
3 2
Hm
m x
mx
y

+
=
1) Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1
2) Tm m tip tuyn bt k ca hm s (Hm) ct 2 ng tim cn to thnh mt tam
gic c din tch bng 8
43
Cu 7) Cho hm s ) (
1
1 2
H
x
x
y

+
=
a) Kho st v v th hm s (H)
b) Vit phng trnh ng thng ct (H) ti B, C sao cho B, C cng vi im ) 5 ; 2 ( A to
thnh tam gic u
Cu 8) Cho hm s ) (
1
2
H
x
x
y
+
=
a) Kho st v v th hm s cho
b) Tm M thuc (H) sao cho tip tuyn ti M ca (H) ct 2 trc Ox, Oy ti A, B sao cho tam
gic OAB c din tch bng
4
1

Cu 9) Cho hm s ) (
1
1 2
H
x
x
y

=
a) Kho st v v th hm s
b) Gi I l giao im 2 ng tim cn ca (H). Tm M thuc (H) sao cho tip tuyn ca (H)
ti M vung gc vi ng thng IM.
Cu 10) Cho hm s ) (
2
2
H
x
x
y
+
=
a) Kho st v v th hm s (H)
b) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca (H) bit khong cch t tm i xng ca th hm s
(H) n tip tuyn l ln nht.
Cu 11) Cho hm s ) ( 1 2 3
2 3
C x x x y + + =
a) Kho st v v th hm s
b) Tm hai im A,B thuc th sao cho tip tuyn ca (C ) ti A, B song song vi nhau v
di AB nh nht
Cu 12) Vit cc phng trnh tip tuyn k t im |
.
|

\
|
4 ;
12
19
A n th hm s
5 3 2
2 3
+ = x x y
Cu 13) Tm im M thuc th hm s 2 3
2 3
+ = x x y m qua ch k c mt tip
tuyn n th
Cu 14) Tm nhng im thuc ng thng y=2 m t c th k c 3 tip tuyn n
th hs
2 3
3x x y =
Cu 15) Tm nhng im thuc trc tung qua c th k c 3 tip tuyn n th hs
1 2
2 4
+ = x x y
44
Cu 16) Tm nhng im thuc ng thng x=2 t k c 3 tip tuyn n th hs
x x y 3
3
=
Cu 17) Tm nhng im thuc trc Oy qua ch k c mt tip tuyn n th hs
1
1

+
=
x
x
y
Cu 18) Cho hm s
1
+
=
x
m x
y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1
b) Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s ct ng thng y=2x+1 ti 2 im phn bit sao cho
cc tip tuyn vi th ti 2 im song song vi nhau.
Phn ba: CC BI TON TNG GIAO 2 TH
Cu 1) Cho hm s
2 2 2 3
4 ) 1 4 ( 2 m x m mx y + =
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1
b) Tm m th hs tip xc vi trc Ox
Cu 2) Cho hm s
2 3 2 4
2 m m mx x y + =
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1
b) Tm m th hs tip xc vi trc Ox ti 2 im phn bit
Cu 3) Cho hm s
2
5
3
2
2
4
+ = x
x
y
a) Kho st v v th hm s
b) Tm phng trnh sau c 8 nghim phn bit m m x x 2 5 6
2 2 4
= +
Cu 4) Cho hm s mx mx x y 6 3
2 3
=
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1/4
b) Bin lun s nghim 0 4 6 3 4
2
3
= a x x x
Cu 5) Cho hm s x x y 3 4
3
= (C )
a) Kho st v v th hm s (C )
45
b) Tm m phng trnh m m x x 4 4 3 4
3 3
= c 4 nghim phn bit
Cu 6) Cho hm s ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 3 3
2 2 2 3
+ = m x m mx x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 1
b) Tm m hm s ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh dng
Cu 7) Cho hm s ) 5 ( 2 ) 7 5 ( ) 2 1 ( 2
2 3
+ + + + = m x m x m x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s khi m= 5/7
b) Tm m th hs ct Ox ti 3 im c honh nh hn 1.
Cu 8) Tm m th hs m m x m m mx x y + + =
2 2 3
9 ) 4 ( 2 3 ct trc Ox ti 3 im to
thnh 1 cp s cng
Cu 9) Tm m hm s 8 ) 4 5 ( ) 1 3 (
2 3
+ + + = x m x m x y ct Ox ti 3 im lp thnh cp s
nhn
Cu 10) Tm m hm s 1 2 ) 1 ( 2
2 4
+ + + = m x m x y Ct Ox ti 4 im to thnh cp s cng
Cu 11) Chng minh rng th hs
1
1 2

=
x
x
y c 2 trc i xng
Cu 12) Tm m hm s 8 18 ) 3 ( 3 2
2 3
+ + = mx x m x y c th tip xc vi trc Ox
Cu 13) Cho hm s 2 3
2 4
+ + = x x y
a) Kho st v v th hs
b) Bin lun s nghim phng trnh m x x = ) 1 ( 2
2 2
Cu 14) Cho hm s 3 3
2 3
+ + = x x x y
a) Kho st v v th hm s
b) Bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh 1 2 )
3
3
( 1
2
+ =
+
m
x
x
Phn bn: CC BI TON LIN QUAN N KHONG CCH
Cu 1) Tm M thuc (H)
2
5 3

=
x
x
y tng khong cch t M n 2 ng tim cn ca H l
nh nht
46
Cu 2) Tm M thuc (H) :
1
1
+

=
x
x
y tng khong cch t M n 2 trc to l nh nht
Cu 3) Tm trn mi nhnh ca th hm s (H):
3
9 4

=
x
x
y cc im M1, M2
2 1
M M nh
nht
Cu 4) Tm trn mi nhnh ca th hm s
1
5 2
2

+
=
x
x x
y cc im M, N di MN
nh nht
Cu 5) Tm trn th hm s
1
2 2
2

+
=
x
x x
y im M sao cho MI nh nht vi I l giao im
2 ng tim cn
Cu 6) Tm m hm s y=-x+m ct th hm s
2
1 2
+
+
=
x
x
y ti 2 im A,B m di AB
nh nht
MT S DNG BI TP TNG HP KHC
Cu 1) Cho hm s
4 2
2 1 y x mx m = + (1) , vi m l tham s thc.
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi 1 m = .
2)Xc nh m hm s (1) c ba im cc tr, ng thi cc im cc tr ca th to thnh
mt tam gic c din tch bng 4 2 .
Cu 2) Cho hm s
4 2
2 1 y x mx m = + (1) , vi m l tham s thc.
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi 1 m = .
2)Xc nh m hm s (1) c ba im cc tr, ng thi cc im cc tr ca th
to thnh mt tam gic c bn knh ng trn ngoi tip bng 1.
Cu 3) Cho hm s
4 2 2
2 y x mx m m = + + + (1) , vi m l tham s thc.
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1) khi 2 m = .
2) Xc nh m hm s (1) c ba im cc tr, ng thi cc im cc tr ca th to thnh
mt tam gic c gc bng 120

.
Cu 4) Cho hm s
4 2
2 y x mx = (1), vi m l tham s thc.
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi 1 m = .
2)Tm m th hm s (1) c hai im cc tiu v hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s v
ng thng i qua hai im cc tiu y c din tch bng 1.
Cu 5) Cho hm s ( ) ( )
4 2 2
2 2 5 5 y f x x m x m m = = + + +
1/ Kho st s bin thin v v th (C ) hm s vi m = 1
2/ Tm cc gi tr ca m thhm s c cc im cc i, cc tiu to thnh mt tam gic
vung cn.
Cu 6) Cho hm s
3 2
1
2 3
3
y x x x = + (1)
47
1).Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) .
2)Gi , A B ln lt l cc im cc i, cc tiu ca th hm s (1). Tm im M thuc trc
honh sao cho tam gic MAB c din tch bng 2.
Cu 7) Cho hm s
3 2
6 9 4 y x x x = + (1)
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1)
2)Xc nh k sao cho tn ti hai tip tuyn ca th hm s (1) c cng h s gc k . Gi hai
tip im l
1 2
, M M . Vit phng trnh ng thng qua
1
M v
2
M theo k .
Cu 8) Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x = + (1)
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1)
2. Gi s , , A B C l ba im thng hng thuc th (C), tip tuyn vi (C) ti , , A B C tng
ng ct li (C) ti
' ' '
, , A B C . Chng minh rng ba im
' ' '
, , A B C thng hng.
Cu 9) Cho hm s
3
3 1 y x x = + (1)
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1).
2)ng thng ( A ): 1 y mx = + ct (C) ti ba im. Gi A v B l hai im c honh khc 0
trong ba im ni trn; gi D l im cc tiu ca (C). Tm m gc ADB l gc vung.
Cu 10) Cho hm s
( )
3 2 2 2
3 3 1 3 1 y x x m x m = + + (1), vi m l tham s thc.
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s (1) khi 1 m = .
2. Tm m hm s (1) c cc i v cc tiu, ng thi cc im cc tr ca th cng vi
gc to O to thnh mt tam gic vung ti O.
Cu 11) Cho hm s ( ) ( )
2
2 2 1 y x x = (1)
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1).
2.Tm m th (C) c hai tip tuyn song song vi ng thng y mx = . Gi s , M N l cc
tip im. Hy chng minh rng trung im ca on thng MN l mt im c nh (khi m
bin thin)
Cu 12) Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x = + (1)
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1).
2)Gi
k
d l ng thng i qua im ( ) 1; 0 A vi h s gc k ( ) k R e . Tm k ng thng
k
d ct th (C) ti ba im phn bit v hai giao im , B C ( B v C khc A ) cng vi gc to
O to thnh mt tam gic c din tch bng 1.
Cu 13) Cho hm s
3 2
3 4 y x x = + (1)
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s (1).
2)Cho im ( ) 1; 0 I . Xc nh gi tr ca tham s thc m ng thng : d y mx m = + ct
th (C) ti ba im phn bit , , I A B sao cho 2 2 AB < .
Cu 14) Cho hm s:
3 2 2 2
2( 1) ( 4 1) 2( 1) y x m x m m x m = + + + +
1.Kho st v v th hm s khi m=0
2.Tm m hm s c cc tr , ng thi cc im cc tr
1 2
; x x tho mn :

1 2
1 2
1 1 1
( )
2
x x
x x
+ = +
Cu 15) Cho hm s y = 2x
3
+ 9mx
2
+ 12m
2
x + 1, trong m l tham s.
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s cho khi m = - 1.
48
2)Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m hm s c cc i ti x
C
, cc tiu ti x
CT
tha mn: x
2
C
= x
CT
.
Cu 16
Cho hm s
3 2
y (m 2)x 3x mx 5 = + + + , m l tham s
1)Kho st s bin thin v v th (C ) ca hm s khi m = 0
2)Tm cc gi tr ca m cc im cc i, cc tiu ca th hm s cho c honh l
cc s dng.
Cu 17) Cho hm s
2 1
2
x
y
x
+
=

(1)
1.Kho st s bin thin v v th ( ) H ca hm s (1) .
2.Chng minh rng th ( ) H c v s cp tip tuyn song song, ng thi cc ng thng
ni tip im ca cc cp tip tuyn ny lun i qua mt im c nh.
Cu 18) Cho hm s ( )
x
x
x f

+
=
1
1 2
( H )
1/ Kho st s bin thin v v th (H) ca hm s
2/ Gi () l tip tuyn ti im M( 0; 1 ) vi th (H). Hy tm trn (H) nhng im c honh
x > 1 m khong cch t n () l ngn nht.
Cu 19) Cho hm s
2
m x
y
x

=
+
(Hm). Tm m ng thng d:2x+2y-1=0 ct (Hm) ti 2 im
phn bit A, B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch bng
3
8

Cu 20) Cho hm s
2 3
2
x
y
x
+
=
+
. Tm nhng im M thuc th sao cho tip tuyn ti M ct
hai tim cn ti A, B sao cho vng trn ngoi tip tam gic IAB c bn knh nh nht. Vi I l
giao im ca hai ng tim cn
Cu 21) Tm m hm s
3
2 y x mx = + ct Ox ti mt im duy nht
Cu 22) Cho hm s
2 1
2
x
y
x
+
=

(C). Tm hai im M, N thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ti M, N

song song vi nhau v khong cch gia hai tip tuyn l ln nht
Cu 23) Cho hm s
2 4
1
x
y
x
+
=

(H). Gi d l ng thng c h s gc k i qua M(1;1). Tm k

d ct (H) ti A, B m 3 10 AB =
Cu 24) Tm m th hm s
3 2
2 y x mx m = + ct trc Ox ti mt im duy nht
Cu 25) Cho hm s:
2
1
x
y
x
+
=

(C)
1) Kho st v v th (C) hm s
2) Cho im A( 0; a) Tm a t A k c 2 tip tuyn ti th (C) sao cho 2 tip im tng
ng nm v 2 pha ca trc honh
Cu 26) Cho hm s
3
3 2 y x x = + (C)
1) Kho st v v th hm s (C)
2) Tm im M thuc (C) sao cho tip tuyn ti M ct (C) N m 2 6 MN =
49
Cu 27) Cho hm s
2
( )
m x
y H
x m

=
+
v A(0;1)
1) Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1
2) Gi I l giao im ca 2 ng tim cn . Tm m trn th tn ti im B sao cho tam
gic IAB vung cn ti A.
Cu 28) Cho hm s
4 2
2 y x x = (C)
1) Kho st v v th hm s
2) Ly trn th hai im A, B c honh ln lt l a, b.Tm iu kin a v b tip tuyn
ti A v B song song vi nhau.
Cu 29) Cho hm s
2
2 2
x
y
x
+
=

(H)
1) Kho st v v th hm s (H).
2) Tm m ng thng (d): y=x+m ct th hm s (H) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho
2 2
37
2
OA OB + =
Cu 30) Cho hm s y =
3 2
2 (1 ) y x x m x m = + + (1), m l tham s thc.
1. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 1.
2. Tm m th ca hm s (1) ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit c honh
1 2 3
; ; x x x tho
mn iu kin
2 2 2
1 2 3
4 x x + x + <
Cu 31) Cho hm s
2 1
1
x
y
x
+
=
+
Tm m ng thng y=-2x+m ct th ti hai im phn
bit A, B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch bng 3
Cu 32) Cho hm s
1
2 3

=
x
x
y (1)
1) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s (1)
2) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua M(1;3) ct th hm s (1) ti hai im phn bit A, B
sao cho 3 2 = AB .
Cu 33) Cho hm s
3 2
3 3(1 ) 1 3 y x x m x m = + + + (Cm). Tm m hm s c cc i cc
tiu ng thi cc im cc tr cng vi gc to to thnh tam gic c din tch bng 4
Cu 34) Cho hm s
3 1
( )
1
x
y H
x
+
=

v ng thng ( 1) 2 y m x m = + + (d) Tm m ng
thng (d) ct (H) ti A, B sao cho tam gic OAB c din tch bng
3
2

Cu 35) Cho hm s
1
( )
1
x
y H
x

=
+
. Tm im M thuc (H) tng khong cch t M n 2 trc
to l nh nht.
Cu 36) Cho hm s y =
1
2
x
x
(H)Tm cc gi tr ca m ng thng y = mx m + 2 ct
th ( H ) ti hai im phn bit A,B v on AB c di nh nht.
Cu 37) Cho hm s
1
1 2

+
=
x
x
y vit phng trnh tip tuyn cu HS bit tip tuyn to vi 2
trc ta tam gic c din tch bng 8
50
Cu 38) Cho hm s x m mx x y ) 3 (
2
1
3
1
2 2 3
+ =
1) Kho st v th hm s
2) Tm m hm s c C, CT v honh C, CT l di cc cnh gc vung ca tam gic
vung c cnh huyn bng
2
5

Cu 39) Tm hai im A, B thuc th hm s
3 2
3 1 y x x = + sao cho tip tuyn ti A, B song
song vi nhau v 4 2 AB =
Cu 40) Tm m hm s
3 2
(2 1) 2 y x mx m x m = + + ct Ox ti 3 im phn bit c honh
dng
Cu 41) Tm m ng thng y=x+4 ct th hm s
3 2
2 ( 3) 4 y x mx m x = + + + + ti 3 im
phn bit A, B,C sao cho tam gic MBC c din tch bng 4. (im B, C c honh khc 0,
M(1;3))