VSV Gay Benh - Ung Dung VSV Trong Xu Ly o Nhiem

bao cao oc hoc moi trng ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mc lc Ni dung
M u Phn 1: VSV gy bnh
3 I II 2
A. Gii thiu tng quan

3 3 3 4 5 5 6 10 10 11 34
I. c im chung v VSV II. nh ngha III. c t VSV IV. Cu to V. Phn loi VI. Kh nng gy bnh ca VSV I. Cu to
III IV
V
B. Vi Khun VI C. Virus
I. Siu vi khun 34 II. Vi khun gy bnh
VII
35
II. Cc bnh do virus gy ra 41 I. Cc loi to c 41 II. c t 42 44
D. To VIII E. Nm
Phn 2: ng dng ca VSV trong x l nhim

47 Ti liu tham kho 63
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M u
Sinh vt trn tri t c c s tn ti chnh l do cc mi quan h qua li gia cc loi vi nhau, nh m c c s cn bng sinh thi gia cc loi. Nhng i khi, s xut hin ca mt loi no vi s lng ln t ngt s l mi nguy him cho cc loi khc. C ngha l s vt lun c hai mt ca n.Vi sinh vt trong t nhin cng nm trong quy lut ny, mt s loi vi sinh vt c li, bn cnh cng c nhng loi c hi.V cho n nay, vic hin din ca cc chng loi vi sinh vt c hi ngy cng ln v ang e do bit bao sinh mng ca con ngi, m phn ln nguyn nhn lm tng ln s lng ca cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh chnh l do cc hot ng ca con ngi. iu ny ni ln rng con ngi gp phn to iu kin cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt gy bnh cng nh cnh bo cho con ngi s nguy him ca n. Do , con ngi cn thit phi c thi ng n , nhn nh vn lin quan n s tn ti v sc kho cng ng mt cch mch lc. T c th tm ra nhng bin php ngn nga v gim thiu nhng loi vi sinh vt c hi to s kt hp hi ho gia cc loi vi nhau v lm cho cuc sng khng cn qu nhiu bnh tt, ngy cng ti p hn. Bn cnh chng ta cn c th s dng vsv phc v cho vic x l nhim mi trng do con ngi thi ra mi trng trong sinh hot ca mnh, qua cng nghip, nng nghip, v cc qu trnh ln men khc
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PHN 1: VSV gy bnh A. Gii thiu tng quan:

I.c im chung v vi sinh vt Sinh vt c chia lm hai nhm: sinh vt s hch( gm vi khun, vi khun lam v v mt s dng ln cn nh Mycoplasma v mt nhm c vi khun) v sinh vt chn hch. Sinh vt s hch l nhm sinh vt xa nht trn tri t, phong ph nht. Siu khun l nhng cu trc t sao chp, ch sng trong k ch v thng khng c phn loi nh mt c th sng tht s. Hin nay, nhng sinh vt n bo ny hin din khp ni m sinh vt chn hch c tm thy, chng c kh nng tn ti nhng ni m khng mt sinh vt no khc c th sng c. Th d: mt s vi khun sng di y i dng su thm, bng gi, mt s vi khun khc li sng c trong cc sui nc nng, gn nhit ca nc si. T bo s hch phn bit vi t bo chn hch l t bo s hch khng c mng nhn v khng c cc bo quan c mng. (Internet) T bo s hch phn bit vi t bo chn hch l t bo s hch khng c mng nhn v khng c cc bo quan c mng. (Internet)
II. nh ngha:
1. c tnh (toxicity): l kh nng gy c ca cht c. c tnh ca cht c ph thuc vo mc gy c v liu lng ca cht c.
Cht c c tnh cao: cht c liu lng rt nh c kh nng
gy ng c hoc gy cht ngi v ng vt khi s dng cht c ny trong mt thi gian ngn.
Cht c c c tnh khng cao: khi s dng nhiu ln trong mt
khong thi gian di c th c nhng tc hi nghim trng. nh gi c tnh ca c t, ngi ta s dng cc phng php nh gi 3 mc khc nhau:
Phng php xc nh c cp tnh
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phng php xc nh c ngn hn

Phng php xc nh c di hn
2.c t: l cht c do sinh vt to ra, c bit l cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, c tc dng nh mt khng vim bng cch to ra khng th. 3.Bactogein: l loi c t dng tinh th do mt loi vi sinh vt bacillus thuringenes trong qu trnh sng sn sinh ra, c tc dng git su hi. 4.c t nm( mycotoxin): l cht 9c do nm to ra, thng gp trong thc phm. 5. c t vi khun( bactorioxin): l cht c protein do vi khun tit ra chng li cc chng vi khun khctrong qu trnh u tranh sinh tn ca chng. 6. Exotoxin: l c cht do vi sinh vt tit ra, thng xut hin trong ng vt, gy nn mt s bnh ngi nh un vn, bch hu, v mt s hnh thc ng c.
III.c t vi sinh vt :
c t vi sinh vt l cht c do vi sinh vt to ra. Cht c c th tn ti nhiu trng thi khc nhau, c hnh thnh v ln vo thc phm bng nhiu con ng khc nhau. C 2 loi c t: ni c t v ngoi c t
1.Ngoi c t:
L nhng cht ha hc c vi sinh vt tng hp trong t bo v c thi ra ngoi mi trng. C bn cht protein. - D mt hot tnh v d dng b ph hy bi nhit -B tc ng bi phenol, focmalin, - propiolacton; cc loi axit. Khi chng s to ra anatoxin. Anatoxin l cht c kh nng kch thch t bo to ra cht chng c (antitoxin). Cht ny c kh nng loi cht c ra khi c th.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ngoi c t cng c kh nng kch thch t bo to ra cht
chng c. Nh vy ngoi c t l mt khng nguyn to khng th chng li chnh chng. Ngoi c t c c tnh mnh. 2.Ni c t: Cng c vi sinh vt tng hp bn trong t bo nhng chng li khng tit ra ngoi khi t bo cn sng. Chng ch c thi ra ngoi v gy ng c khi t bo b phn hy. - Ni c t l mt cht rt phc tp. Thng l cc photpholipid, lipopolysaccharit. - Cc vi khun Gram ( -) thng to ra ni c t. - Ni c t thng rt bn nhit. - Chng hon ton khng c kh nng to ra anatoxin. - Ni c t c c tnh yu. Bao gm tt c cc bnh gy ra bi cc mm bnh c trong thc phm. - Khi c t vi sinh vt khi vo c th s gy ra ri lon cc hot ng sinh l, sinh ha bnh thng (cht c c ch mt s phn ng sinh ha hc, c ch chc nng ca enzyme. T c t c th c ch hoc kch thch qu lng cc hormon, h thn kinh, hoc cc chc phn khc ca t bo lm cho c th c nhng triu chng, phn ng khc thng) biu hin ra bng nhng triu chng, bnh tnh khc thng gi l s ng c.
C th ni ngn gn nh sau: Ng c l hu qu ca s nhim c
IV.Cu to:
Vi sinh vt l nhng sinh vt c kch thc v cng b ( mt thng khng nhn thy c) v rt km phn ho, bao gm cc c th n bocng nh a bo. Chng c phn t bo nguyn thu( prokaryota) tc nhn cha c mng kp bao bc hoc nhn t bo thc s, ( eukaryota) tc nhn c mng kp bao bc.
V. Phn loi:
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Vi sinh vt gm 4 nhm chnh: Vi khun( to lam cn gi l vi
khun lam), nm, to v ng vt nguyn sinh. Virus: mc d khng c cu trc t bo v khng phi l c th sng nhng do c b my di truyn n gin nnc xp vo vi sinh vt.
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VI. Kh nng gy bnh ca vi sinh vt:

Ngun ly nhim :
Vi sinh vt gy bnh trong cc mi trng b nhim vi sinh l ngun nhim bnh cho con ngi sng trong mi trng .Rt nhiu bnh c kh nng ly lan t ngi ny sang ngi khc gi l cc bnh truyn nhim, nht l vn v sinh c nhn cng vi nhng vic tip xc vi cc cht bn nh phn, cc cht trong rut khi git m ng vtDo , c th ni ngun ly nhim nhm vi khun ng rut chnh l do con ngi. Ngun gy ng c thc n cng do cc vi sinh vt m ch yu l vi khun, khc vi cc mm bnh nhim khun l chng c kh nng pht trin mnh trong thc phm. Khi vi sinh vt gy bnh nhim vo c th con ngi, n c th hoc gy bnh hoc tn ti trong c th m khng gy bnh. Cc hot ng sng ca con ngi c din ra chnh l do ngun nng lng tch t trong c th. Thc phm chnh l ngun nng lng cn thit cho c th. c nng lng cho c th lm vic cn tiu th mt lng ln thc phm. T vic tip xc trc tip vi thc n, con ngi khng trnh khi s xm nhp ca cc vi sinh vt v c th b nhim bnh. Sau y l bng tm tt cc dng ng c thc n do cc tc nhn khc nhau: Cc tc nhn gy nhim bnh qua thc phm Tc nhn gy bnh Vt mang ch (1) yu (2) N c Thc ph m (3) Ngi qua ngi Qu trnh ly truyn Loi thc phm hay gp (4) Sinh sn trn thc
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------phm 1. Vi khun + + +

Aeromona s t Bacillus cereus + + Cm tht chn, cc loi rau, bnh t Brucella sp Gia cm, d, Clostridiu m botulinum cu t, ng vt c v, chim, Clostidium perfringes c t, ng vt c v, Escherichi a coli Cc bnh ng rut ngi Ngi Ngi + + + + Sa, ph mt, tht nu kgng Salmonella typhi + + / + chn Cc sn phm sa, tht, c, salat + + Tht chn, tht gia cm, u + + + + bt Sa ti v cc sn phm t sa C, tht, rau, qu Nc
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Salmonella Ngi / + / + Tht,

khc typhi v ng Shigella vt Ngi + + + + Khoai ty, salat, 2. Virut Vim gan A Ch thch : + c; / him c; - khng c Ngun: Lng c Phm, 2000 Cc vi sinh vt gy bnh: Sinh vt trn th gii bao gm cc mi quan h phc tp v rt a dng. Trong , mi quan h gia con ngi, ng vt vi vi sinh vt c ch hn c v chng c th l mm bnh chung cho c hai gii trong nhiu trng hp. Nhng nhm vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi khi tn ti qu nhiu trong mi trng sng s l ngun ly bnh nguy him. Cc loi ny phn nhiu l cc th k sinh v hoi sinh. Hai th ny trong mt s trng hp c bit c th chuyn i phng thc sng t hoi sinh sang k sinh. Th d : trc khun hoi sinh ng rut trong trng hp c bit gy vim thn, bng quang v cc t chc khc trong c th. Mi loi vi sinh vt ch gy mt bnh nht nh. y l mt c tnh quan trng, n cho ta bit c qu trnh nhim khun, v tr khu tr ca mm bnh, nhng c quan hoc t chc ca c th b k sinh, c im din bin ca bnh, c ch tch mm bnh ra khi vt ch v s hnh thnh tnh min dch ca c th. Vi sinh vt gy bnh cho con ngi thuc nhm sng k sinh . Chng sng k sinh trong cc c quan ni tng hoc trn b mt c th con ngi.Khi sng trong cc c quan ni tng, chng c kh nng gy Ngi + + + trng C bin, rau qu ti sng trng, sa
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bnh cho cc c quan . V d, bnh gan, bnh d dyKhi chng trn
b mt c th, chng gy nn cc bnh ngoi da. C nhm sng k sinh bt buc, n ch sng trn c quan m n k sinh, khng c kh nng sng mi trng ngoi. C nhm k sinh tu nghi, tc l c th sng ngoi c th trong mt thi gian nht nh. Nhim trng l hin tng vi sinh vt gy bnh xm nhp vo c th con ngi, ng vt v cc sinh vt khc( virut). Rt nhiu bnh truyn nhim c kh nng ly lan t ngi ny sang ngi khc gi l bnh truyn nhim. Nhng ngi khng phi sng trong mi trng b nhim vi sinh nhng tip xc vi ngi bnh cng b nhim bnh.Vi sinh vt t ngi bnh pht tn ra mi trng xung quanh tip tc gy nhim mi trng SC VT
KHO
M tht
M tht mt v sinh
M tht
Tht ti Tht nhim khun Nu k Nu khng k Khng gy bnh
Bo qun nhit 20-30 Tay ngi phc v nhim khun Ngi lnh mang vi khun
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bnh
Gy bnh NGI N MC BNH
Gy bnh
S truyn bnh t mi trng n ngi Ngun : L Huy B , 2000.
B. Vi khun( Prokaryota= bacteria)

I. Cu toVi khun :
L nhng sinh vt s hch, n bo, l nhm sinh vt c cu to t bo nhng cha c cu trc nhn phc tp, thuc nhm Prokaryotes. Nhn t bo ch gm mt chui AND khng c thnh phn protein, khng c mng nhn. Vi khun c hnh cu(coccus), hnh que(bacillus), hnh du phy, hnh tr, hnh xonSau khi phn ct cc cu khun hoc tch hoc dnh i gi l diplococcus; hnh chui c gi l streptococcus; hay chm c gi l staphylococcus. Kch thc vi khun khc nhau tu tng loi hnh hay trong mt loi hnh cng c th khc nhau.Trong cc thnh phn ca t bo vi khun, lp v nhy c tc dng bo v t bo vi khun, ng thi nhiu vi khun gy bnh, tnh cht ca cc thnh phn polysaccarit khc nhau trong v nhy c kin quan trc tip n tnh khng nguyn v tnh gy bnh ca chng v thnh t bo di lp dch nhy chnh l ni cha ni c t ca mt s vi khun c c t. C mt vch t bo cng cu to t cc phn t polysaccharid c lin kt ngang vi cc chui ngn acid amin. Vch vi khun do cht peptidoglycan , cu to phc tp ca prptidoglycan to nn tnh bn vng.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nhiu loi tr sinh, ngay c Penicilline c ch s tng hp cc mi
quan lin kt trong s to ra peptidoglycan c ch to ra bo. Xc nh nhm vi khun bng phng php gram : Vi khun Gram dng: c vch n gin do lp dy peptidoglycan v phn ngoi ca t bo, c cu to khm lng. Vi khun Gram m: c lp peptidoglycan mng v c cu phc tp v lp ngoi cn c lp lipopolysaccharide. Cht ny gip vi khun Gram m khng li cc khng sinh. Cc vi khun chuyn ng c nh c roi nh trn mng t bo v xuyn qua vch t bo. vch t
II.Vi khun gy bnh:

Bnh trng c do VSV: Trng c do VSV ch xy ra khi ngi ta n phi thc phm c VSV gy trng c cn sng (y l nhng VSV c nt c t). c im ca cc bnh ny l thi gian bnh ngn v thi gian b bnh cng ngn. VSV ch yu gy ra loi bnh ny l Salmonella, mt s tc gi cn cho l Bact coli Shigella Crayze, Proteus vulgare cng c kh nng gy trng c. Salmonella c nhiu loi, song loi c kh nng gy trng c l: Salmonella enteritidis Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella choleraesuis. Ni chung nhng loi ny c kh nng chu nhit cao hn cc loi khc. mi trng canh thang v sa vi nhit 60oC chng s cht sau 1h cn vi 70oC chng s cht sau 5 pht. Chng u sng c rt lu nhit thp. Nhit ti thch ca n l 37oC. Salmonella c th xm nhp vo c th ng vt cn sng nh g, vt, tru b, c. Ngoi ra ngi v mt s ng vt khc cng mang salmonella. c t ca Salmonella l ni c t n ch c vi con ngi khi t bo ca Salmonella b ph hy. N l c t chu nhit cao nhng
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nu ta un si trong thi gian 5 15 pht s lm cho c t ca n mt
tc dng. Kh nng gy c ca c t ny yu nn ngi ta ch b bnh khi n phi nhiu Salmonella. Sau khi con ngi ta n phi thc phm c salmonella c vi gi (t khi 1-2 ngy) s thy bun nn, nhc u, m hi, au bng, i a, nhit hi cao 38 39oC. Sau 2-3 ngy th bnh khi khng thy t l t vong.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.Vi khun Salmonella:
Vi khun Salmonella. c t: Salmonella c th to ra 2 c t: enterotoxin, cytotoxin. Nhm gy bnh cho ngi: gm nhng vi khun S. typhi, S.paratyphic, S.paratyphi. Gy bnh: au u c t: typhoil v paratyphoil. C ch: c th c tch t mu, t nc tiu hoc phn ngi. Triu chng: Bnh au u i hi thi gian bnhnhiu nht v ngi bnh thng tng nhit thn th cao v nhanh. Nhm gy bnh cho ng vt: S.gallinarum S. dublin S. abortus gy bnh cho g. gy bnh cho mo.
gy bnh cho nga.
S. abortus ovis gy bnh cho cu. S. choleraesuis gy bnh cho ln. Nhm gy bnh cho c ngi v ng vt: Vi khun thng hn: Gm: S.typhi, S.paratyphi, S.paratyphic. Con ng xm nhp: theo thc phm vo ng thc phm v ng tiu ho, vo nim mc rut n hch limpho v sinh sn, pht trin ti y, thi gian ny l thi gian bnh. Sau khi pht trin vi s lng ln, mt s t phn gii. Kt qu l cc c t c gii phng v gy c. Mt s khc theo limpho vo mu v
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------gy nhim khun mu. T mu vi khun ny i khp c th gy ra nhng
p xe khu tr, thng thy nht bng i, ng tiu ho. Triu chng: Sau 10 14 ngy bnh, nhit c th tng v ngi cm thy lnh. Trong tun hon, nhit tng dn v gi khong 390- 400C trong 2 tun u. C th suy nhc nhanh n khng ngon, mt mi, gan, lch to dn, xut huyt ngoi da, lng bch cu gim. Sau 3 tun, bnh gim dn.Ngoi ra, Salmonella c th chuyn n khu tr phi, xng, mng no.
Cn c vi khun S. typhimurium gy bnh vim rut . Sau khi Salmonella vo c th 8- 48 gi, bnh nhn cm thy nhc u, st nh, i v tiu chy, c bch cu trong phn. Bnh khi sau 2- 3 ngy.
Cc vn nhim Vi khun Salmonella : Nhim c thc n l mt bnh nguy him v ph bin nht tong ma h. in hnh trong loi bnh ny l nhim khun, nhim c thc n do Salmonella. y cng l loi nhim khun nhim c thc n hay gp nht, gy ra nhng v a chy hng lot rt tai hi. Vi khun Salmonella thng sng gi trong rut cc gia sc ( tru, b, ln, nga ). Cn i vi cc gia cm a hot ng v kim n di nc nh vt, ngng Salmonella c th rut, ti mt, bung trng. Cc trng hp bnh xy ra u c lin quan n qu trnh git tht sc vt, gia cng, ch bin v bo qun thc n. Thc t cho thy khng t trng hp bnh xy ra do n cc ph tng ng vt, cc thc phm lng nhiu cht dinh dng nh sp tht, tht ng, pat, tht bm
M, c gn 1,4 triu ca ph thng hn ngi v 600 trng hp t vong hng nm do ng c thc phm c Salmonnella. Mt nghin cu ca M ln cho thy rng khong 2/3 hot ng ln ni ca mt s bang c Salmonella dng tnh. Salmonella typhi murinum DT 104 l chng Salmonella gy bnh cho ngi thm ch gy t vong. Rut v t bo bch cu l kho d tr Salmonella ln. Vi khun ny c th nhim vo tht ln nh my hp do phn tro ra trong qu trnh m bng gia sc. ( Internet Wayne Du, Swine Advisory Team Trn Quc Tun dch Chlorate natri, kh nng tr Salmonnella ln chng ? ). Trang 15
bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Lin cu khun:

Gy bnh: thp khp cp( bouillaud) c t: Streptolysin, streptokinaza, streptodornaza.
Con ng xm nhp: l s phi hp c t lin cu khun vi cc thnh phn trong mu, lm xut hin khng th c hiu m phn ng l nguyn nhn ca s vim nhim tim khp. Triu chng: St 380 400C sau 2 tun vim hng mch nhanh, c th mt mi, gy, xanh xao, bing n, chy mu cam, lon nhp tim.Vim khp: cc khp b au, sng .
3.Vi khun clostridium:
Vi khun Clostridium botulinum. Gm:Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringen. Vi khun c tht Cl. botulinum ( c ly tn t ch Latin botulus c ngha l gi ch). Vi khun ny tht sinh c t botulin, v vy vi khun ny c gi l vi khun c tht. Clostridium ph bin rng ri trong t, trong bn ao h, trong phn chung, trong rut c (c bit c chin ), trong tht, trn rau qu v cc ng vt mu nng.Vi khun c hnh que v sinh bo t ln hn ng knh ca t bo lm ta lin tng n ging ci vt tenis. Cc t bo sinh dng ca Cl. botulinum b cht 80C sau 30 pht, nhng bo t li rt bn nhit cao : 100C sau 6 gi, 105 cht sau 2 gi v 120 cht sau 20 pht. iu kin lnh, bo t gi nguyn c kh nng ny mm trong nhiu thng. V vy, khi gia nhit cc sn phm thc cha chc chn cc vi khun ny b cht v iu kin bo qun lnh su bo t vn sng, gp iu kin thun li ( m, nhit v k kh) bo t s ny mm (thung gp hp c, tht) v pht trin thnh t bo mi.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong hp chng pht trin v sinh hi ( CO2 v H2 ) lm cho
hp b phng. i vi cc sn phm thc phm rt kh pht hin c s c mt ca loi vi khun ny, v nhiu khi khng sinh hi hoc sinh hi nhng khng nhn bit c v v ngoi ca thc phm dng nh vn tt nguyn, nhng thc phm b nhim c t. Hutton L.G. nm 1985, c ra phng php xc nh nhanh nhm trc khun ng rut nh sau: Mu phn tch Cy vo mi trng chn lc c lactoza Nui 35-37C Dng tnh (c th nhim phn) Am tnh ( khng nhim phn)
Gi 44-45C Dng tnh (khng nh nhim phn) c th Am tnh (khng nhim phn, xc nh b sung Streptococcus v Cloctridium) Di y l cc bnh nhim v ng c do vi khun qua ng n un Cc vi khun gy bnh ng rut v ng c thc n (theo Waiser, 1962) Loi bnh Mm bnh Thc phm mang mm bnh Thi k man g bnh A- Bnh nhim khun thc phm Cc loi Thc phm Th Triu chng
(Shigelloz)
a chy c
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------kit l do vi thuc ging ch bin ng 2mu, st
khun Shigella t, sa v sn phm sa, nhim trng do (1) Streptococc osis dung huyt, st tinh hng nhit, hng nhim khun (2) Beta Streptococcu s hemoliticus phn (3) Thc phm nhim khun do cht x mi hoc nc bt v sa b b nhim khun v (4) 1-7 ngy (5) St, au hng c khi ni nt 3 ngy trong cc ca bnh trm trng
Streptococcs Enterococcus is thc phm , Streptococcu s faecalis Bnh thng hn: a) bnh st thng hn Salmonella typhosa
Thc phm nhim do phn hoc do ngi mang bnh Thc phm nhim phn ngi mc hoc mang bnh
2-18 ngy
Bun nn ma, au n v a chy
Th ng 721 ngy
Kh chu, n khng ngon ming, au u, st Ging nh st thng hn
b) ph thng hn A
Salmonella paratyphi A Sal.typhimurium Sal. Enteritis
Ging nh st thng hn Tht, tht g v cc sn
1-10 ngy
1272
au bng, a chy,
c) cc tip
Sal.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------khc Enteritidis phm trng gi rt, st,
Sal. Cholarea-suis Sal. Newport B- Ng c thc phm do vi khun Ng c do Staphylococc Tht, thc 2-11 t cu khun us sn sinh c t rut phm giu hydrat cacbon, c bit Ng c tht do Cl. botulinum Ngoi c tClostridium botulinum v Cl. para botulinum tht chn Thc phm ng hp nhim khun, pH trn 3,5, thc phm ch bin nh 12 gi n 6 ngy Chng mt, song th, yu c, kh nut, kh th gi ma v mt nhc
Bun nn, ma, st, a chy, chut rt
Ng c do Cl. perfringens
Cl. welchii tip A, ngoi c t tip anpha
Tht p lnh v nu li, sa. Tm thy trong rut ngi v ng vt
8-22 gi (thay i)
au bng qun qui, bun nn v ma him
Gy bnh:au bng, tiu chy. c t: c t h thn kinh( neurotoxin S.) vrt nhiu loi c t khc(A.B..GC2D v G) Con ng xm nhp: theo thc phm vo c th. Khi vi khun hnh thnh bo t, chng to ra c t rut v gy ng c cho ngi.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c t Clostridium b bt hot 600 C trong 10 pht. Phn ln trng hp
n c thc phm do Clostridium khi thc phm cha trn mt triu t bo/ gam. Triu chng: Sau thi gian bnh l 8-24 gi, trung bnh l 12 gi. Khi b ng c, ngi bnh au bng, tiu chy v gii phng nhiu kh. Ngi bnh st v bun nn.
Hai chng vi khun in hnh:

Vi khun Clostridium botulium: Trong cc bnh ng c thc n nguy him nht l ng c do c t ca vi khun c tht ri mi n t cu khun. Trc khun ny sng k kh rt nghim ngt, sinh trng mnh khong 20-30 C , di 15C vn pht trin nhng t to thnh c t, ln men c mt s ng v to acid, sinh hi. Trong mi trng c t 6- 8% NaCl s km hm s pht sinh c t ca Cl. botulinum v s to thnh c t nhng khng ph hu c c t c to thnh trong thc phm.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nguyn nhn gy c:

Vi khun c tht sinh ra c t mnh so vi cc loi c t bit : c lc mnh hn 7 ln c lc ca vi khun un vn. Vi khun Clostridium botulinum c 6 tip huyt thanh A, B, C, D, E v F. Phn bit gia chng vi nhau bng c tnh vt l, trong c 3 tip gy ng c l A, B, E (c nht l tip A ri n B). Khi vi khun ri vo thc phm to iu kin k kh s pht trin v sinh c t. Nhit to thnh c t 30- 37 C , 10-12C c t to thnh b chm li v 4-5C th ngng hn. c t ca vi khun Clostridium botulinum l ngoi c t c tn l botulin. Loi c t ny c tnh c rt mnh, khi tim mt lng nh khong 0,035 mg vo c th th gy cht ngi. c t c to nn do s pht trin k kh ca cc nha bo trong thc n v gy ng c tc thi. c im ca c t ny l khng b phn hu trong mi trng acid ca d dy v tc dng ca cc enzim tiu ho ( pepsin, tripsin ), mt tc dng bi kim v nhit cao( c th b ph hu 50 trong 30 pht).
Trong cc loi c hp chun b thiu khoa hc c th gp s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum. Bo t ca vi khun ny ph bin rt rng ri v kh bn vi nhit. Nu trong qu trnh ng hp chng khng b git cht ht hon ton th khi thiu oxy (trong cc loi hp c) chng s ny mm v t bo ca chng c th sinh sn, pht trin nhanh chng. Clostridium botulinum to ra mt cht c gy cho ngi mt loi nhim c thc phm nguy him nht c tn l botulismus. Khi un si bnh thng c t ny b ph hu, song cc bo t khng b tiu dit. Chnh v th m khi n cc mn c va nu hay va rn th khng c, c n tha li d c n lnh hay n nng u c th gy nguy him v cc loi c t c kh nng c to thnh. C nhiu chng Clostridium botulinum v c t ca chng c tnh c khc nhau i vi con ngi. i vi ng vt chng cng gy c, v th thc n gia sc b nhim khun c th gy cho chng Trang 21
bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cc bnh nng thng dn n t vong. Trong s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum rt hay to thnh khi c hp b phng ln. Ngi ta gi l nhng hp bom. Vi khun Clostidium perfringens (welchii ) :
Vi khun ny c tr trong rut ngi v ng vt, chng rt ph bin trong t nhin, t, nc, phn, rc, bn ao h v.v cho nn chng d nhim vo thc n v gy ng c. C hai loi c t : hoi t v dung gii mu, ngoi ra mt hp cht c to thnh khi b tc dng ca proteaza trong ng tiu ho s chuyn thnh c t- hp cht ny coi nh l tin c t. Clostridium welchii sn sinh ra 6 tuyp c t : A, B, C, D, E v F. Trong 6 tuyp ny th c t tuyp A l c t ch yu, gy ra ng c thc n ri n tuyp F. Mm bnh d thy c tht nguyn liu, tht gia cm v c gia v. Chng nhim vo thc phm bng nhiu cch v pht trin trong cc sn phm thc phm. Sau khi n cc mn n, ch yu l tht hoc thc phm ngun gc thc vt, b nhim Cl. perfringens c mm bnh tuyp A, t hn l tuyp C, F c th b ly bnh.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.Vi khun Staphylococcus:

Gy bnh:Vim phi, vim mng no, vim c tim, vim thn, vim tu xng c t v cc yu t gy c: Enterotoxin( A, B, C1, C2, C3, D, E, G, H)
-
-toxin l mt loi protein khng ng nht c kh nng phn gii -toxin l mt loi protein c kh nng thoi ho sphingomyelin, Leucocidin c kh nng git bch cu ca nhiu ng vt, nhng
hng cu, gy tn hi hng cu.

-
gy ng c cho nhiu t bo, c hng cu ca ngi. ngi li khng r rng. - c t gy trc vy( exfellativetoxin). Loi c t ny nm trong biu b, to nt phng ngoi da.
-
c t gysc( Toxi shock syndrome toxin) ging c t F vngoi c t gy st C c t rut: c 6 loi t AF khng b ph hu bi enzim rut. Catalse( chuyn H2O2 H2O + O2):
- Enzim gy c: Coagulase( lm tan acid hyaluronic gip cho vi khun lan trn vo c th). -
Staphylokinase( lm tan si huyt). Proteinase, Lipase, - Lactamase( ph hu vng -lactam). Khng nguyn( Polysaccharit v protein): Peptidoglycan( Polymer ca polysaccharit). Acid Teichoic( Polymer ca glucose hay photphata) lin kt vi peptidoglycan.
Protein A.
Trng c do c t ca staphylococcus: Staphylococcus l t cu khun n phn b rt rng khng kh, t, trn da, ming, mi v khe mt ca ngi. Ngoi ra n cn c nhiu nhng mn mng m ngi v gia sc, gia cm. Staphylococcus c nhiu loi song loi sinh ra c t l Staphylococcus aureus (t cu
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------khun vng). Nhit thch hp cho n pht trin l 37 oC. nhit
ny n pht trin rt nhanh, sinh c t v lm cho sn phm hng rt nhanh chng. VD: nu ta nui Staphylococcus aureus 37oC sau 24h trong mi trng sa khi lng ca n tng ln 190.000 ln, trn tht tng 184.000 ln cn trn c 195.000 ln; nhng 12 15oC n pht trin rt chm. Thi gian cn thit Staphylococcus aureus khi ri vo thc phm sinh ra c t l 8h. c t ca Staphylococcus l ngoi c t c kh nng chu nhit cao, un si 30 pht n vn cha b phn gii. c bit nhit thp n vn gi c tnh c sau 2 thng. Trong mi trng acid (pH = 5) n khng b alcol, formol, clo phn hy v chu c dch v. c t ca Staphylococcus khi vo b my tiu ha n gy vim v to nn s trng c. Nhng thc phm gy nn s trng c do c t ca Staphylococcus thc phm nhiu protein, tinh bt, ng. Nhng khng phi mi mi trng n pht trin tt u sinh c t m ch c mt s mi trng nht nh. C th cc thc phm sau y khi ta n thng hay b trng c (d nhin l thc phm ny c Staphylococcus aureus pht trin). Cc thc phm ch bin t c, tht c bit l sa, xc xch v mt s hp. V vy khi s dng nhng thc phm ny ta phi phng s trng c. Khi ta n phi c t sau 2-3h ngi thymt mi, au bng, bun nn, nn ma v i a chy. Thng sau 1 ngy bnh khi, cha thy hin tng t vong. Bin php phng bnh ny l phi v sinh thc phm trong khi ch bin cng nh bo qun phi thc hin y quy trnh k thut v v sinh thc phm. Triu chng:Ch sau 1-8 gi ngi bnh s bun nn, i ma, tiu chy d di khng st v n thi k phc hi. Lng enterotoxin c th gy c cho ngi l 2 mg. 5. Vi khun Vibrio: Gm: Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Vibrio vlnificus.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Vibrio alginolyticus.

Vibrio cholerae( gy bnh dch t). c t: c t Cytoxin( 56Kda), Hemolyzin( 36 Kda), Cytolizin. Entorotoxin(33 Kda). Khng nguyn H. Khng nguyn O l lipopolysaccharit. Enzym Mucinase( trc vy biu m rut). Neuraminidase thu ngn ganglioside lm c t tng ln. Ni c t rut mng ngoi: Preprotoxin, Cytotoxin, Hemolyin. Gy bnh: tiu chy, mt nhiu nc rt nhanh 20-30l/ngy. Con ng xm nhp:qua con ng thc phm. Bnh dch t xut hin khi vi khun V. cholerae qua ng tiu ho. Tuy nhin, chng ch c th gy bnh khi chng qua c hng ro acid ca dch v. + Chng phi c kh nng kt dnh vo mng nhy biu m rut. Triu chng:khi xm nhp vo c th thi gian bnh l 1-4 ngy. Khi bnh khi pht thng rt t ngt v bnh nhn tiu chy rt nhiu, bun nn, co tht c bng, c th b mt rt nhiu nc nhanh chng 6. Proteus: c t: ch ng vai tr ph tr lm tng kh nng thm thu ca nim mc rut, gip vi khun xm nhp vo mu nhanh hn. Con ng xm nhp: Proteus xm nhp vo thc n chn d c pht trin mnh, sau 2- 3 ngy, thc n vn cha thay i trng thi cm quan. Nhng khi chng pht trin trn thc n giu protein cn sng th d nhn bit bng cm quan v proteus tham gia vo qu trnh phn hu protein cng vi cc vi khun gy thi ra khc. Proteus c rng ri trong t nhin v trong rut ngi, v ch gy ng c khi c iu kin, do c gi l vi khun gy ng c c iu kin. Theo Terenteva th proteus OX l loi c kh nng gy bnh nht (mnh nht l loi OX 19 ri n OX k v yu nht l OX 2 ). Proteus
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------thng hay gp ng vt b git tht mt cch vi vng, khng c thi
gian ngh thch ng trc hoc tht nhng con vt mang bnh trc khi em i git. Ng c do proteus : V kh nng gy c ca proteus th hin nay c cng nhn nhng c ch pht bnh vn cn ang bn ci . V ng c do vi khun, hay do c t ca vi khun th Spirina ( 1985 ) cho rng, s lng vi khun l ch yu nhng c t c tnh cht lm tng kh nng thm thu, khin ngi n phi mc bnh. ng th tim ba loi nuc ra mi trng ( c c vi khun ln c t ), dung dch vi khun khng c c t v dung dch c t khng c vi khun vo mng bng chut langu khng thy triu chng mc bnh. Nhng nu cho chut n mi trng c c vi khun ln c t th chut cht c proteus trong mu. Sia v Ryle (1987) cho rng, khng c c t g c bit, m ng c l do n phi thc n nhim mt lng ln vi khun.
Triu
chng:
Thi
gian
bnh
do
Proteus
tng
ngn( khong 3 gi). C trng hp c th ko di 16 gi. Khi b nhim Proteus, ngi bnh nn, ma, tiu chy, vim d dy, rut. Nhit c th tng. Bnh xut hin rt nhanh nhng khi cng nhanh. C th hi phc trong vng 1-3 ngy v khng gy t vong. 7. Vi khun Yersinia:
Gy bnh: dch hch. c t: to ni c t lipoposaccharit( LPS). LPS c tnh khng nguyn. c t ny gy st, gy cht, gy phn ng Shwartzman ti ch v ton thn. c t dch hch l thnh phn protein ca thnh t bo vi khun khi t bo b phn hu. Loi c t ny gm 2 protin c trng lng phn t khc nhau: -
Loi A c trng lng phn t 240.000 Loi B c trng lng phn t 120.000 C che: Loi c t Yersinia thng l loi chu nhit. Chng c th
c t dch hch to antitoxin c hiu. tn ti 1000C trong 20 pht, chng khng b tc ng bi protease, lipase.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dch hch l bnh truyn nhim, nhim c. Vi khun xm nhp vo c
th qua da( vt b cht cn), nim mc( kt mc, nim mc hu- hng, ng h hp). T vi sinh vt sinh sn rt nhanh, theo mch lympho n bch huyt n cc hch xa hn ri cui cng chng n mu.Cng c th t hch lympho khi u, nng cao ca c t lm tng tnh thm thnh mch. Cc tnh mch k cn v gip vi khun trn vo mu. Khi vi khun vo c th, biu hin lm sng rt phc tp. Ph bin nht vn l th hch. Ngoi ra cn c th nhim khun huyt v th phi nguyn pht. Cc dng ny thng t gp. Nu hch vim to ra m, hoi t, s c rt nhiu vi khun tp trung. Vi khun i vo mu v xm nhp vo cc pj tng, gan, l lch,phi, mng no, mng ngoi tim. Xut huyt xy ra nhiu mi c th l do c t ca vi sinh vt. Triu chng: Thi gian bnh c th 2-7 ngy. Sau , c th st rt cao v st t ngt. Hch to dn v gy n au. Trong trng hp nhim c thn kinh, ngi bnh cm thy bt rt, lo u. Nu nhim khun sm c th km nn ma, tiu chy. Nu nhim khun huyt mun th c ng mu ni hch, h huyt p, ngi tr nn l , suy thn, suy tim.
8.Trc khun i trng Escherichia coli:
Vi khun E. coli Vi khun E. coli di knh hin vi Trc khun ng rut c phn lp t phn ngi ln u tin nm 1885, do Escherich v c t tn l Bacterium coli commune. Trc khun ny sng trong rut ngi v ng vt mu nng. Thc ra trc khun ny ch l mt loi ca trc khun ng rut. Ngy nay n c mang tn l E. coli.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------E. coli: hnh gy nh, ngn(c khi gn vi hnh cu), di ng , gram m,
khng to thnh bo t, thng c tim mao mc khp c th, hiu kh v k kh tu tin. E.coli c sc khng yu, d b tiu dit bi thuc st trng thng thng v thng b tiu dit Vi khun E. coli :Tiu n v A ca c t rut khng chu nhit, v gn y cc gen elta v elfB ca E. coli sinh c t rut ( enterofoxigenic Escherichia coli; vt1 v vt2 ca E. coli gy chy mu ng rut (enterohemorrhagic E. coli ) , eaeA v bfpA ca E. coli gy bnh ng rut (enteropathogenic E. coli )ial ca E. coli xm nhp ng rut (enteroinvasive E. coli ) . c t rut ca vi khun t ( CT) , (CT, cholera toxin ) ng vai tr ch o trong c ch gy bnh ca chng (Internet L Vn Phng M s ng dng ca PCR trong sinh vt ). nhit 60C trong 30 pht.Nhm trc khun ng rut cn gi l nhm Coliform, nhm ny gm E.coli hoc cc dng coli khc. Nhng trc khun ny sng trong t nhin khng c nhng trong iu kin no chng mi xut hin tnh c. Cch thc tm mi ca vi khun E. coli : d khng c mi nhng vi khun c th nh hi c mi thc n l do cc sensor tp trung mt u c th.lu nay, ngi ta vn khng hiu v sao cc sensor khng phn b u khpc th m ch tp trung vo mt im nh u vi khun. Nay nhm khoa hc ca John Parkingson, i hc Utah ( M ) ch ra rng, vic xp xp dy c cc sensor to mt ci minhy cm gp nhiu ln, gip vi khun c th nh hi c thc n rt xa. Quan st vi khun E. coli, nhm khoa hc thy chng c cc th quan cc k nhy cm tp trung dy c mt u vi khun. H thng ny gip n nhn bit cc axit amino trong thc n mt cch nhanh chng. ( Internet Minh Hy theo dpa -Vi khun tm mi nh th no ? ) c t ca vi khun E. coli: Vi khun E. coli :Tiu n v A ca c t rut khng chu nhit, v gn y cc gen elta v elfB ca E. coli sinh c t rut ( enterofoxigenic Escherichia coli; vt1 v vt2 ca E. coli gy chy mu ng rut (enterohemorrhagic E. coli ) , eaeA v bfpA ca E. coli gy bnh ng
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------rut (enteropathogenic E. coli )ial ca E. coli xm nhp ng rut
(enteroinvasive E. coli ) . c t rut ca vi khun t ( CT) , (CT, cholera toxin ) ng vai tr ch o trong c ch gy bnh ca chng (Internet L Vn Phng M s ng dng ca PCR trong sinh vt ). C ch gy c ca E. coli : E.coli gy ng c c nhiu Serotyp khc nhau nh loi 0 21, 085 v 0111 c chia thnh cc nhm : Nhm 1 : gm cc dng sinh c t rut gy tiu chy hoc vim rut. Nhm 2 : gm cc dng khng sinh c t rut, xm nhp v khuch tn qua t bo biu b ca nim mc rut. Kt qu, bnh nhn st, nhc u, c th lnh, au bng d di, tiu chy. ( Internet theo Lao ng 100% mu tht kim tra cc ch H ni nhim khun E. coli ) Hai nh bc hc Nga th nghim v kh nng gy ng c ca coli nh sau : Sau khi nui cy phn lp coli, lm phn ng huyt thanh thy kt qu dng tnh vi hiu gi cao 1/400 1/ 800, chc chn ch c coli, ngi ta em cho ngi tnh nguyn ung, u thy b ng c; gy bnh trn chut con th chut b cht sau 30 40 gi. Nhng vi khun c tnh cht gy bnh tng i mnh l cc loi O
111
,O
55
,O
26
,O
86
Cu trc khng nguyn ca coli chia thnh 3 loi O, N, K. Khng nguyn K li chia thnh KA, KB, v KL. Vi khun gy bnh mnh nht l loi c khng nguyn K. V c ch gy ng c : trc y c kin cho rng coli c hai loi c t : ni c t c tnh a rut v ngoi c t c tnh a thn kinh, nhng khng n nh, d b hng do nh hng bn ngoi. Hai loi c t ny khc nhau v tnh chu nhit. Ngy nay, ngi ta cho rng c ch gy c ca coli cng ging nh ca Salmonella; vi khun sng, s lng nhiu l iu kin tt yu bnh pht trin. Tuy khng ph nhn vai tr ca c t nhng tnh cht quan trng ca vi khun sng c nhn mnh.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc vn nhim Vi khun E. coli :

Pht hin dng vi khun E. coli mi Anh (Khnh Ho- theo ABC ) : cc chuyn gia y t Anh cho bit dng vi khun E.coli git ngi mi bt ngun t chu Au lc a mang tn 026 c th s gy nguy him nghim trng n sc kho ca ngi dn Anh. H ni, n nguy him khng km phin bn 0157 gy ng c thc n cht ngi tr em v ngi gi. Tuy nhin, n li c kh nng lt qua h thng kim tra tiu chun dng phn bit 0157 vi cc loi vi khun khc. V bng n vi khun gn y Scotland v pht hin cc trng hp gia sc b nhim khun ging ln hi chung bo ng cho gii khoa hc. Tin s Mark Stevens thuc Vin y t ng vt (Anh ) ni : Anh, E. coli 026 t ra ph bin hn chng ti ngh. Chc chn l trong tng lai, loi vi khun ny s xm nhp vo thc n ca con ngi thng xuyn hn. E . coli 026 xut hin, chng ti khng th ch gii hn tm nhn phin bn 0157 . Ging nh cc loi vi khun E. coli khc, 026 sinh si ny n trong rut gia sc. N c th ly qua ngi do tht ti l m b nhim phn, v tr nn c bit nguy hin nu dng tht ti lm bnh hamburger. Tr em chi trang tri cng c th b nhim khun nu tay dnh bn. ( Internet Khnh H- theo BBC Pht hin dng vi khun E. coli mi Anh ). S nguy him ca E. coli : Theo trung tm kim sot v phng bnh, mi nm c tnh c khong 73000 ngi M b m do n tht b cha c ch bin k v khong 60 ngi t vong. Ngoi ra, c 2100 ngi nhp vin do ng c thc n. Th phm chnh l E. coli. Cc dng v hi ca vi khun ny c tr trong tuyn tiu ho ca ngi v ng vt. Tuy nhin, dng nguy him ca E. coli 0157 gy kit l, chng co rt rut v c th lm hng thn hoc gy t vong. E. coli 0157 c pht hin ln u tin vo nm 1982 sau khi gn 40 ngi Michigan v Oregon b m do n hamburger b nhim khun. K t thi gian , bnh nhim trng do vi khun trn gy ra c
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pht hin hn 30 quc gia trn lc a. E. coli 0 157 c th xm nhp vo
tht b trong qu trnh ng gi v git m v ngun nhim l phn b. Ngi ung sa v hoa qu cha c tit trng hoc nc khng c x l clo y cng c nguy c nhim loi khun ny. ( Internet www.lacai.com ) Mt hin tng c th ni n trong tnh nguy him ca E. coli l hin tng nhng a tr kho mnh cht mt cch b him trong ci. iu ny c lin quan trc tip n vi khun E. coli. y l ln u tin cc nh khoa hc tm c mt loi protein c hiu gy ra hi chng t t tr em (SIDS). Trong bo co trnh by ti mt cuc hi tho v bnh nhim trng t chc ngy 25/4 ti Milan ( Italy ), cc nh khoa hc Astralia cho bit tm thy nhng sn phm gy shock do vi khun cht ngi E.coli tit vo mu tt c 68 tr cht v SIDS. l mt protein c tn l curlin, c tc dng gip E.coli dnh mt ch ng trong cuc cnh tranh vi cc vi khun khc trong mi trng. Tuy nhin, c nhiu yu t khc cng gp phn gy nn t t tr . Tuy cn rt nhiu tranh ci nhng a s cc nh nghin cu thng nht rng nguyn nhn gy SIDS l ht sc phc tp, bao gm nhiu yu t v trong kh nng nhim trng l iu khng th loi tr. ( Internet- Thu Thu theo AP- Vi khun c th l th phm gy t t tr em ). 9. Trc khun lao: Gy bnh: l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh lao phi ngi v cc bnh lao khc nh lao hch, lao xng, lao thn v.v trong quan trng v ph bin nht l lao phi. c t: c t vi khun lao l ni vi khun, trong thnh phn cu to c acid mycolic l cht chng li bch cu ca c th ch, ngoi ra cn c tc dng gy c cho c th. c im: Vi khun lao c hnh que mnh. Kch thc trung bnh 14 x0,3-0,6 micromet.i khi c dng hnh cu v kch thc rt nh b c th chui qua mng lc vi khun. Cc t bo vi khun thng dnh vo nhau thnh hnh ch V, Y, N, cng c khi ng ring r tng t bo. Vi
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------khun lao thng khng c lng nn khng c kh nng di ng. Khng
c kh nng hnh thnh bo t v gip mc. Vi khun lao sng c nhit 240C 420C, thch hp nht l 370C v pH 6,7 7,0. Vi khun lao mc chm , kh nui cy. Mun mc tt cn phi b sung vo mi trng lng trng, sa, Asparagin v.v Khi nui cy trn mi trng thch khun lc c dng R( x x, c np nhn), nu chuyn sang dng S th khng c c tnh. Khi nui cy trn mi trng lng, vi khun lao mc thnh rn reo trn b mt mi trng. Trc khun lao c sc khng cao i vi ho cht nh cc cht st trng, cn, acid, kim cn phi c thi gian lu di v nng cao mi c th tiu dit c. i vi nhit v tia t ngoi vi khun lao d b tiu dit. Di nh sng mt tri chiu thng vi khun lao sng c trong 50 pht. Vi khun lao c th sng hng thng, hng nm trong nc nu nh khng c nh sng mt tri chiu vo. Kh nng gy bnh: Vi khun xm nhp vo c th c th khu tr v gy bnh rt nhiu c quan ni tng nh phi, rut, bng quang, mng no, xng, khp v.vNhng ti phi c vi khun lao c tr v pht trin s b hoi t. Tuy nhin nhiu trng hp vl khun chui vo bch cu xm nhp vo mu v cc c quan ni tng khc. Vi khun lao ly lan ch yu qua ng h hp. Khi ngi bnh lao ho , khc m Vi khun pht tn vo khng kh, ngi lnh ht phi s b nhim khun. Bnh lao c th nhim qua ng tiu ho, khi n ung chung bt, a vi ngi mc bnh cng d b nhim lao. Ngi kho mnh b nhim vi khun lao c th khng b nhim bnh hoc b nh gi l s nhim. Khi c th b suy yu bnh lao d pht trin. Phng bnh: cn gi v sinh mi trng. Nhng ngi bnh phi co thc v sinh,khng truyn bnh cho ngi xung quanh. chng khng thuc phi ung thuc ng liu lng. Cn gi cho c th lun kho mnh, h min dch tt s phng chng c bnh lao. 10. Cu khun phi ( Diplococcus pneumoniae): Gy bnh: cu khun phi l nhm vi khun gy ra cc bnh vim phi, vim ph qun, vim hng. Ngoi ra cn c th gy bnh vi nhiu
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c quan khc nh vim tai gia, vim amidan, vim khp, vim no, vim
xoang mi c im: Cu khun phi c hnh cu khng u, mt u trn, mt u ko di nh ngn nn. Thng ghp tng i mt, hai u trn dnh nhau, gi l song cu khun. Cng c khi ng ring r hoc xp thnh chui ngn. Khng c kh nng hnh thnh bo t c kh nng hnh thnh gip mc, khng c kh nng di ng. Kh nui cy trong mi trng thng thng, mc tt trong mi trng c b xung huyt thanh, mu, dch m. Pht trin tt nhit 370C v pH 7,5- 7,8. C kh nng mc trong mi trng hiu kh v k kh. C kh nng ln men ng Glucoza, lactoza, sacharoza, mantoza Trn mi trng thch, cu khun phi mc thnh khun lc dng S, trn, nh, trong nh git sng. Cu khun phi c sc khng yu, khng chu c nhit cao, b tiu dit 600C trong vng 30 pht v cc cht st trng thng thng. Tuy nhin, cu khun phi chu c nhit thp, c th tn ti c vi thng mi trng, nht l trong m, m ca ngi bnh. c t: c t cu khun phi l ni c t yu. Kh nng gy bnh: Cu khun phi khi nhim vo ng h hp thng gy ra nhng bnh ngay ti ch l nhim bnh cc b. Ngoi ra t ng h hp vi khun c th xm nhp vo ng mu, lan truyn khp c quan ni tng nh no, tim, khp, xoang mi, tai gia, mt v.v gy bnh ti cc c quan . C kh nng gy ra nhim trng th pht. Phng bnh: gi v sinh mi trng, gi cho c th kho mnh, chng b nhim lnh vo ma ng, cn ung vacxin phng bnh. 11. Trc khun bch hu( Corinebacterum diphteriae): Gy bnh: ch yu cho tr em, n to thnh mng trng bao bc yt hu v kh qun gy kh th i khi tc th dn n t vong. c im: C hnh que thng hoc hi cong, hai u phnh to ging hnh qu t. Kch thc di ngn khc nhau, trung bnh 1-6 x 0,30,8 micromet. Khng c kh nng di ng, khng sinh bo t v gip
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------mcThng xp dnh nhau hnh ch V, L, Y hoc gn song song ti hai
u nh hng ro. Ngoi ra, cn c hnh qu l,hnh chu, vt Pht trin tt nhit 34- 370C v pH 7,8-8,4. C kh nng ln men khng sinh kh ng Glucoza, Mantoza, galactoza, dextrin. Khng ln men Lactoza,Sacaroza v Manit. C kh nng kh nitrat, khng sinh H 2S, khng lm lng Gelatin. C sc khng mnh. Chu c nhit thp, m thp, b tiu dit bi nh sng mt tri. Chu c nhit 95 1000C trong vng 15 pht. Kh b tiu dit bi cc loi thuc st trng thng thng. C kh nng tn ti ngoi mi trng, trong qun o bnh nhn ti 5- 6 thng. c t: c t ca vi khun bch hu thuc loi ngoi c t mnh, 1 mg cha ti 1000DLM( liu gy cht ti thiu) i vi chut lang. Kh nng gy bnh: Xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp, vo ti yt huth khu tr li v gy bnh , thng tr em b mc bnh ny. Ti ni c tr vi khun lm lot thnh hu v thanh qun, to thnh mng bao ph khp nim mc, che kn kh qun gy kh th. ng thi tit c t lan trn theo mu ti h thn kinh lm lit cc dy thn kinhs nov lm xung huyt tuyn thng thn. Phng bnh: tim vacxin phng bnh cho tr em. 12. Cu khun mng no(Neisseria meningitidis): Gy bnh: nguyn nhn gy ra bnh vim mng no thng gp tr em, thng gy thnh dch, ly lan qua ng h hp. Ngoi bnh vim mng no, cu khun mng no cn c kh nng gy bnh vim mng phi c m, vim mng tim, vim khp c m, vim mi hng cp c t: c t cu khun mng no thuc loi ni c t, ch gii phng khi t bo b dung gii. c im:C hnh cu dt 1 pha, thng xp tng i mt, khng c kh nng to bo t v gip mc. Khi nui cy lu ngy thng kh bt mu, hnh dng bin i. Cu khun mng no kh nui cy, khng mc trong mi trng thng thng. Mun mc tt cn b sung vo mi trng mt s acid amin, huyt thanh v mu. Khng th sng trong mi trng thiu oxy. Nhit
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------thch hp l 36 370C, pH 7,2. Trn mi trng thch cu khun mng
no mc thnh khun lc hnh trn, nh, b u, mu xanh sm. Trn mi trng dch th lm c mi trng. C kh nng ln men ng Glucoza, Mantoza, khng ln men cc ng Arabinoza, Ramnoza, Manit C sc khng yu, d b tiu dit bi nh sng mt tri, nhit 550C trong 30 phtth b cht, d b tiu dit bi cc cht st trng thng thng. Phng bnh: Gi v sinh mi trng, cch ly ngi bnh, phng vacxin. 13. Trc khun dch hch(Pasteurella pestis hoc Yersinia pestis): Gy bnh: thuc loi truyn nhim nguy him. Thng gy thnh dch cc loi gm nhm. T loi gm nhm nh chut d dng truyn qua ngi bng ng mu do b cht t. c t: trc khun dch hch gm 2 loi c t l ngoi c t v ni c t, c 2 u c c lc rt cao. c im: c hnh dng trc khun 2 u trn, c hnh bu dc, hnh trn. Khng c kh nng di ng, khng hnh thnh bo t. C kh nng hnh thnh gip mc khi mi trng giu dinh dng, thng ng ring r hoc xp thnh chui ngn. C th mc c bin nhit rng t 5 - 370C, thch hp nht 280C, pH 6,9 7,2. Khi nui cy trc khun cn b sung cht kch thch nh Natri sunfit, dch mu v.v C kh nng ln men khng sinh kh cc loi ng Glucoza, Galatoa, Anabinoa Mt s chng c kh nng kh Nitrat thnh nitrit. Trong mi trng thch mc thnh khun lc hnh ch R, b khun lc nhn nheo, gia c mu en sm, xung quanh sng hn. Trong mi trng dch th vi khun mc thnh vng, c si r xung pha di vng, y mi trng to thnh mt lp cn xp nh bng. C sc khng yu, b tiu dit 700C sau 10 pht, khng chu c nh sng mt tri chiu trc tip. B tiu dit bi cc cht st trng thng thng nh Cloramin 5%, acid phenic 5%, Creson 5% c th tn tim
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ti 8 10 ngy mi trng ngoi c th, 0 0C c th sng c 6
thng. Con ng xm nhp: Khi chut cht, b cht chut lin nhy sang ngi, lm ngi b ly bnh. c t ca vi khun c th gy ra 3 th bnh khc nhau: th hch, th phi v th mu.
Th hch: l l dng d gp nht, bnh nhn thng b ni hch bn, Vi khun khu tr phi gy ra bnh ho ra m v mu, st cao, nu
nch, hm. Sau mt thi gian hch b lot , hoi t, t l cht 70 90%. khng iu tr kp thi dn n t vong 100%. Vi khun lan truyn qua ng h hp sang ngi lnh.
Th mu: l hu qu ca th hchv th phi, vi khun sau khi khu tr
hch phi s i vo mu gy nn nhim trng mu, bnh nhn c th b cht trong vi ngy sau khi b nhim trng Phng bnh: cn dit chut, dit b cht, cn tim vacxin phng bnh Gi cn bng sinh thi, bo v cc loi th ch ca chut nh mo, c mo, rn
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C. Virut gy bnh:
I. Siu vi khun(virut) : Virut l nhm vi sinh vt cha c cu to t bo, c kch thc v cng b, c th chui qua mng lc vi khun. Virt khng c kh nng sng c lp m sng k sinh trn t bo vt ch, tuy nhin chng vn c kh nng tn ti ngoi c th di dng ht virion. Nh s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut hin vi in t, ngi ta pht hin 3 hnh thi chung nht ca virut gm : hnh cu, hnh que, v hnh tinh trng. Hnh que in hnh l virut m l( virut VTL) Loi hnh cu in hnh l mt s virut ng vt. Loi c hnh dng tinh trng ph bin hn c l cc virut k sinh trn vi khun( Phage). Cc tiu chun phn loi virut Axit Nucleic Kiu i xng ARN Xon + _ Khi C v ngoi hay khng _ X-virut khoai ty, virut m la m Virut cm, virut tn thnh, virut si _ Phag ARN, virut m c ci di _Virut bi lit _ Reovirut, virut gy khi u ADN Xon Khi + _ thc vt Virut vcxin u ma _Virut poliom, papilom, andeno virut + _Virut cn trng Tipula) Virut hecpet, virut gi di Cc i din in hnh
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hn _ Cc thc khun th T v cc

hp (khi nhng c ui) Ngun: Nguyn Ln Dng v cng s,1979 II. CC BNH DO VIRUT : 1.Cc siu vi khun (virut ) truyn bnh t t : Trong t, ngi ta tm thy siu vi khun bi lit Echo v Coxsackie gy vim no v st pht ban, vim c tim, vim no tr s sinh.
thc khun th c ui khc
Cc yu t nh hng siu vi khun trong t :
t st pha ct thu ht nhiu siu vi khun ng rut hn. Siu vi khun t t tch ra ri xm nhp vo c th con ngi. t c pH trung tnh hay hi chua, siu vi khun d tch ra hn, mi trng kim th n d nui cy. Cc x lnh, siu vi khun ng rut d lan trn hn x nng v cc siu vi khun pht trin mnh nhit 3-10 , n ch sng c 15 ngy trong t ct kh, cn Echo ch 5 ngy.
Nhng siu khun qua t truyn bnh cho vt nui gm :
Nhng virut a da ( virut gy l mm, long mng, vim hng c mn nc ca nga, ln ) 2.Cc siu vi khun truyn bnh trong nc : Mt s siu vi khun pht trong b my tiu ho ca con ngi v chng c th c o thi mt lng ln trong phn, i khi c th gp chung trong nc thi sinh hot v nhng ngun nc b nhim. Cc bnh do virut gy ra khng phi l hin tng mi m trong lch s loi ngi. Hng nghn nm trc cng nguyn, Trung Quc v An , ngi ta bit n bnh u ma. Vo th k 18, bnh cp i 60 triu ngi. Mt bnh nguy him khc trong sut th k 18 v 19 git hng ngn nhn dn Chu Phi v nhn dn min ng nc M, l bnh st vng. Bnh cm cng gy nn nhng thm ho khng khip.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nm 1918-1919 bnh ny lan trn khp th gii, lm cho 500 triu
ngi mc bnh v cp i mng sng ca 20 triu ngi. Nm 1957 li xy ra mt trn dch cm na trn phm vi ton th gii lm cho hn 1 t ngi mc bnh. Nhm virus gy bnh cho ngi: Virus gy bnh cho ngi rt nguy him khng ging nh vi khun chng cha c cu to t bo v ch c kh nng sng k sinh torng t bo sng: 3. Virus HIV( Human immune deficienney virus): c im: Virus HIV c hnh cu hoc a din, b my di truyn l mt phn t ARN. Bi vy qu trnh di truyn ca n c giai on phin m ngc li t ARNAND sau khi thm ngp vo t bo ch gi l AND tin virus. Qu trnh ny c thc hin nh enzym c hiu Reverve transcriptase. Sau AND tin virus tip tc cc qu trnh ph hoi t boch ging nh nhng virus c b my di truyn AND. Cng c th AND tin virus hi nhp vi b my di truyn t bo ch trng thi tim sinh khng ph v t bo( trng thi lyzogen).Hin nay, ngi ta pht hin c 3 nhm chnh c b my di truyn virus HIV:GAG, ENL,POL v 1 s gen khc nh:S, Q, F GAG: nhm gen quyt nh tnh khng nguyn ca virus HIV. ENL: nhm gen quyt nh s hnh thnh v protein ca virus. S: l nhm gen quyt nh kh nng sao chp, nhn ln ca virus Q: l nhm gen quyt nh s c ch qu trnh sao chp Gy bnh: Virus HIV l nguyn nhn gy bnh AIDS. Bnh AIDS c pht hin vo nm 1983. Tuy nhin, theo t chc Y t th gii th bnh ny pht thnh dch ln u tin vo nm 1970, v kh nng xut hin bnh cn c th sm hn ti mt s a im thuc chu phi. AIDS l mt loi bnh lm suy gim kh nng min dch t bo t c th d b mc bnh bi cc loi bnh nhim trng khc gi l nhim trng c hi. Khi c th b bnh AIDS th khng cn kh nng chng li cc bnh nhim trng thng thng v c kh nng t vong v nhng bnh nhim trng c hi .
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C ch xm nhp: Virus HIV khi nhim vo c th s xm nhp vo
h thng min dch ca c th ch, l t bo Lymph T. c th kho mnh, cc t bo lympho T thuc h thng min dch c kh nng sinh ra khng th chng li vt l xm nhp vo c th( khng nguyn). Khi c th b nhim HIV vi rus s tn cng vo t bo Lympho T khin n khng th sn sinh ra khng th c na. Chng bm vo cc im th cm c hiu( Receptor c hiu) trn b mt ca t bo Lympho T, l cc phn t CD4, ri tin hnh ph hu t bo lm cho h min dch b suy gim. Khi kh nng min dch ca h b suy gim, c th khng cn kh nng chng li cc bnh nhim trng khc. Trong nhng bnh nhim trng c hi nguy him nht l bnh lao. Bnh lao khi kt hp vi HIV s tin tri rt nhanh chng, nht l nhng chng vi khun lao khng thuc. Con ng ly nhim: Thi gian bnh ca bnh nhn l kh lu trung bnh 5 nm, nhiu trng hp nhiu hn 5 nm vn cha th hin bnh. Nguyn nhn l do virus HIV sau khi xm nhp vo c th trng thi tim sinh trong t bo. Khi trng thi Lympho T b ph v, virus mi bt u pht trin v gy bnh. Ly nhim ch yu qua cc con ng sau: ly qua mu, qua ng tnh dc, t m sang con, virus HIV cn c th ly nhim qua cc con ng khc. Cch phng chng: sng lnh mnh, khng tim chch ma tu, khng dng chung kim tim vi ngi bnh. Khng hot ng y t cb lin quan n vn truyn bnh qua mu nh cha rng, tim chch cn kh trng trit .Nn s dng loi dng c 1 ln. Nu m nhim HIV th khng nn sinh con. 4 Virus di: Gy bnh: Virus bnh di l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh di ngi, mt s ng vt ch yu ch. Dch ch di thng xy ra vo ma h. l loi bnh vim no nguy him m khi pht bnh th t l t vong rt cao. c im: Virus di c hnh bu dc, kch thc trung bnh khong 60 x 150 nanomet. B my di truyn l 1 phn t ARN, trong qu trnh di truyn c kh nng sao chp ngc t ARNAND ging nh virus HIV.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Virus di c tnh khng cao, dng Virion, nu nhit phng
chng c th sng trong vng 1-2 tun. Bi vy, nhng dng hoc mi trng c dnh nc bt ca ch di hay ngi bnh b di l ngun ly nhim nguy him. nhit 40C chng c th sng c vi thng. 600C n sng trong 5 pht, 1000C cht sau 1-2 pht. B tiu dit nhanh bi tia cc tm, cc cht xc trng thng thng nhCloramin 35%. Formalin 1%v.v Kh nng gy bnh: Virus di vo ngi qua vt cn ca ch b bnh di. T da virus i theo ng dy thn kinh ln n no. Chng pht trin mt s trung khu thn kinh nh hnh tu v gy ra vim no, ti cc t bo thn kinh b hu hoi gy s co tht c hu khi nut. Thi gian t khi virus xm nhp vo c th n khi pht bnh thay i t 15 ngy n 3 thng, c trng hp lu hn ph thuc vo s lng virus l vt cn c gn trung ng thn kinh khng. Virus t trung ng thn kinh pht trin theo dy thn kinh n tuyn nc bt. Do vy, trong nc bt ca ch div ngi b bnh di c rt nhiu virus, y chnh l ngun nhim nguy him. Triu chng: bnh nhn di rt s nc, khi ung nc cc c co tht au n. Sau virus lan truyn trong h thn kinh lm lit trung tm h hp, tim mch, cui cng l lit ton thn. Bnh nhn thng cht giai on lit c quan h hp. Phng bnh: tim phng vacxin di cho ch, nht l vo ma h. Khi b ch cn phi n ngay c s y t tim phng. Nu c ch di cht, phi lm sch v sinh mi trng, kh trng cc ly nhim, khng cho virus di lan truyn. 5 Virus cm: Gy bnh: l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh cm thc s. c im: Virus cm c hnh cu, ng knh trung bnh vo khang 80-100 nanomet, thng ng ring r, i khi dnh vo nhauthnh hnh si ch. B my di truyn l 1 phn t ARN nh virus HIV. Trong qu trnh sao chp,nhn ln cng c giai on sao chp ngc t ARNAND.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------C nhiu chng khc nhau, cn gi l cc typ khc nhau nh typ A,
B, C v.v S hnh thnh khc nhaudo kh nng bin d ca virus t typ ban u. Virus typ A gy bnh din rng, trong typ A li c cc phn typ A1, A2, A3 do cc qu trnh bin d to thnh. Thng cc typ v phn typ khc nhau cu to v protein, t khi khc nhau phn li ARN. Virus cm c tnh khng km mi trng ngoi c th vi nhit trong phng 200C virus ch sng c vi gi. Virus cm d b tiu dit bi nh sng mt tri v cc thuc st trng thng thng. 40C chng sng c 2-3 tun, 00C chng sng c vi thng. Kh nng gy bnh: Virus cm xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp. Ngi b bnh cm ho v ht hi khin virus pht tn vo khng kh, ngi lnh ht khng kh b nhim bi virus cm s b nhim virus. Virus vo ng h hp c tr nim mc, pht trin mnh lm cc t bo nim mc ng h hp b bong ra gy ho, ht hi. Triu chng: s pht trin ca virus, cc cht c do chng o thi v cc sn phm ca t bo nim mc b hu hai lm cho ton thn b ri lon sinh ra mt mi, st cao, nhc uMt s trng hp virus khng ch khu tr nim mc ng h hp m lan vo phi gy vim phi. Virus lm cho c th suy yu, h thng min dch yu d b nhim trng cc bnh khc nh vim xoang, vim ph qun Thi gian t khi c th b nhim virus cm n khi pht bnh rt nhanh, ch trong vng 48 gi. Bnh ko di thng t 5-7 ngy, i khi hng tun lm cho c th mt mi, km sc lao ng. Phng chng bnh: cn ung vacxin phng bnh. Khi c dch cm cn cch ly ngi bnh, lm v sinh mi trng nht l mi trng khng kh, khng cho virus cm tn ti lu trong khng khd b nhim vo ngi lnh. 6. Virus u ma: Gy bnh: l nguyn nhn gy ra bnh u ma rt nguy him v t l t vong ca bnh ny rt cao. Hn na, bnh u ma thng li di chng trn da- nhng vt so lm gim thm m, gy chn thng tinh thn cho nhng ngi b bnh.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c im: C hnh vin gch, mp t, khng c gc, cnh. Kch
thc vo loi ln hn nhiu so vi cc virus khc- trung bnh khong 100x 230 nanomet. Virus u ma c cu to b my di truyn l mt phn t AND. Trong qu trnh di truyn khng c giai on phin m ngc. Virus u ma c sc khng cao, nhit trong phng( 20250C) n tn ti c 3-4 thng, nht l trong cc vy mn c kh.y l ngun ly nhim rt nguy him. 600C virus sng c 15 pht, 500C sng c 2 gi. 00C sng c nhiu nm. C th chu ng ete. B tiu dit bi tia cc tm v mt s thuc st trng nh cloramin, acid phenic Kh nng gy bnh: xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp bt u nhn ln .Sau khi vo mu v pht trin mnh h thng tun hon, nht l cc hch lympho gy st cao. Virus u ma t ngi bnh lan truyn qua mi trng xung quanh qua ng h hp v cc cht thi nh nc tiu, phn, m, vy mn u. Virus c th tn ti trong mi trng mt thi gian v ly lan vo ngi lnh. Bnh u ma c tnh min dch sut i. Triu chng: Virus lan truyn n da, nim mc, no, to thnh nt u trn da, nim mc. Nt u sau mt thi gian pht trin kh i v bong vy li nhiu vt so trn da. Ngi bnh thng cht trong giai on cui ca mn u. Phng bnh: tim vacxin phng bnh, gi gn v sinh mi trng. Khi c ngi b bnh phi cch ly, x l tt cc cht thi ca ngi bnh tiu dit ngun nhim. H Adenoviridae c tnh Cha AND kch thc 100 nm Astroviridae Calciviridae Kch thc 28 nm. Cha ARN Kch thc 34 nm. Cha ARN Virus Nhm Fadeno serotype 40 v 41(Adv) Astro ngi (HuAV) Hepatilis E ( HEV) Gy lot d dy Gy bnh au gan Bnh Gy lot d dy
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Parvoviridae Kch thc 22 Parvo Gy bnh au
Picornaviridae Coronavirodae Toro nm. Cha AND Kch thc 28 nm. Cha ARN Cha ARN Cha ARN Palio type 1-3. Echo type 1-65 Coro HECV Toro ngi bao t Gy vim phi Gy lot d dy Gy lot bao t
D.To.
I. Cc loi to c:
1. To Dinoflagellates:
Nhiu loi to ny gy ra hoc c mt trong hn 75% trng hp nc i mu( triu ) nhng trong ch c 9,5% l cc loi to c ni chung v 1,5% l to c i vi ngi. Mt s loi sn sinh ra c t Dinophysis caudata, bahamense v DSP. 2. To Silic: To silic thuc chi Pseudonitzschia nh P.multiseries tlasle, P.australis v P.pseudodelicatissima, P.pungens sn ra cht c gi l acid donoic l mt acid amin c hot tnh c thn kinh trong c th ngi. c sinh ra trong iu kin thiu silicat hoc photphat trong pha sinh trng bn vng. 3. To Lam: Cyanobacteria thng n hoa trong cc h ph dng v it hn th bin v hu nh khng thy vng nc l. Vi khun lam thng gy c thng gp: Aphanizomenon flos-aquae sn ra aphanotoxin hay saxitoxin hoc neosaxitoxin l cc alkaloit gy hiu ng c thn kinh. Mt s loi thuc chi Microcystis nh M.aeruginasa, M.viridis, M.flosaquae sn ra microcystin(MCYST) l cc heptapeptides thuc nhm var D.acuminata, D.forthi, D.Jotundata, D.Saccullus, catenetum, Dyrodinium Prorocentrum maximum, P.brevis, D.sp., Gongaulax polyedra, Gymmodinium compessum,
Alexandrium tamarence c t chng sinh ra ch yu thuc nhm PSP
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------hepatotoxins. Mt s loi thuc chi Anabaena nh A.flos-aquae sn ra
anatoxin a( ANTX-a)-1 alkalotit c hiu ng c thn kinh ln microcystin trong khi A.spiroides v 1 s loi O.agardhii, O.rubescens u sn ra microcystin.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II. c t( phycotoxins):

1. c t gan: i din ca nhm cc c t gan l microcystin rt ph bin trong cc mu to n hoa cc thu vc nc ngt (ao, h, sng v.v)do mt loi vi khun lam nh Microcystis aeruginossa, M.viridis, Anabaena flos- aquae, Anabaena spp., Oscillatoria agardhii, Nostoc sp. C khong 60 dng kc nhau ca microcystin. c tnh ca microcystin v nudolarin thay i t nng rt cao cho n nng khng th xc nh c. Microcystin v nudolarin c hot tnh sinh hc km hm protein phosphatase 1v 2A trong gan lm mt kh nng polyme ca cc si trung gian v vi si, do gy ra co tht cc t bo iu khin s lu thng ca mu trong gan gy ra xut huyt. Microcystin l cht to u mnh cn nodularin c th l cht gy ung th. Cylindrospermopsis l c t ca vi khun lam c bn cht alkaloid do Cylindro spermopsis raciborkii sn ra, c t km hm tng hp glutation v protein, tc ng ln gan, thn, tuyn gip v tim. 2. c t tkine: i din l Anatoxin-a: l amin bc 2. c t gy cht thng qua vic phong to s truyn thn kinh c v sau l lit h hp. Anatoxin c trong Anabaena flos-aquae, A.ssp, Osccillatoria sp., Aphanizomenon sp. V Cylindrospermum sp v mt s loi microcystis. Anatoxin-a(s) l este photphat duy nht ca phn t Nhydroxyguanine mch vng, c t ny phn hu nhanh chng trong mi trng kim nhng li kh bn vng trong mi trng trung tnh va acid. c t ny tc ng nh mt anticholinesterase ngoi bin khng tun nghch. Gy chy nc bt trong chut v nh c th pn bit n vi nhng neurotoxin khc. PSP( Paralytic shellfish poisons): thng l cc hp cht carbamate, N-sulphocarbomoyl v decarbomoyl. Nhng toxin ny do cc Dinoflagellas bin( nhng to to triu ) gy nn thng c tch lu trong hi sn hai v v t gy c cho
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ngi. Chng c tm thy trong Aphannizomenon flos-aquae,
Anabaena circinalis, Lyngbya wollei, Alexandrium catenella. PSP phong to knh Na+ ca cc mng t bo b kch thch gy ra ci cht ca ng vt do b ngng h hp. Tt c c t nhm ny u phn cc, ht m mnh, tan trong nc, d b phn hu trong mi trng kim, mi trng kim nhm ny mt c tnh, chng bn vng trong mi trng acid, nhng khi c acid mnh nhng nhm ph c khuynh hng tr li cng thc ca saxitoxine-1 trong nhng c t mnh nht. Nhng PSP thng gp l GTX1, GTX2, GTX3, GTX4, GTX5. 3. c t gy nga da v tiu chy: i din nhm c t ny la aplysiatoxin v debromoaplysiatoxin la cht gy u mnh( potent tumor promoters) v cc hot ho protein kinase C. Nhng c t ny gy nga, vim da, bng rp ming v ng tiu ho, c tm thy trong vi khun lam bin Lyngbyamajuscula. Ciguatoxine( CTX) gy nhim c a hnh i khi gy t vong vi nhng triu chng bo trc rt sm cng vi ri lon tiu ho v thn kinh gic quan, pht ban da gy nga. Nhng c t gy qun ASP( Ammesic shellfish poisoing) vi cc triu chng nh nn ma, tiu chy, bt u sau khi n phi 24 gi. Sau l bi ri, nhm ln, mt nh hng, mt tr nh v nhng du hiu thn kinh khc sau 48 gi. c t gy triu chng trn l acid domoic tm thy trong s v to silic. 4. Dinoflagella toxin: Dinoflagella toxin c tng hp bi hai loi to l Gonyaulax catenella v Gonyaulax tamarensis. Trong qu trnh pht trin, chng to ra hai loi c t thuc nhm c t ny:
Saxitoxin: y l loi c t c kh nng gy c mnh, ch cn 0,2 g cng tiu dit mt con chut. Gomyautoxin: y l loi c t h thn kinh. Loi c t ny rt mnh, c tng hp bi Gomyaulax contenella, G.tamarensis.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Dinophysistoxin:

c t ny tng hp bi Dinophysis fortii. y l mt c t rt mnh c th gy ra mt lot nhng ri lon trong c th trong con ngi nh lm ri lon thn kinh, ri lon h hp, ri lon tun hon. Hin tng ng c c th ko di trong vi ngy.
E. Nm:
Nm aspergillus flavus v parasiticus:
Gy bnh: ung th . c t: aflatoxins. Ngoi ra cn c cc loi c t khc nh Sterigmatocystin , Cyclopiazonic acid. c im: Chng pht trin nhit 7,5 400C, khi pht trin 3 ngy chng c th pht nhanh c t bo t khp ni trong go, u phng, bp, la m, thc n gia sc Mc mi ni ngay c nhng ch c nm khng c. Trong vng si nm hoc pha ngoi cc sn phm trao i cht khc nhau ca si nm, cha cc cht: acid oxilic, acid xitric. Khi b nm mc tn cng, mm ht ging d b h do c t nm gy ra. Ngoi ra, nm mc cn phn hu to ra cc protein l gy d ng
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Loi VSV
Tn VSV Aspergillus: Aspergillus Flavus
c t v cc yu t gy c C rt nhiu c t trong c 16 c t thuc nhm Aflatoxin Aflatoxin ca nm cc vng (Aspergillus) l c nht 4 aflatoxin c nht l B1, B2, G1, G2 -Aflatoxin B1 c c tnh mnh nht -Cyclopiazonic axit Ochratoxin A, B, C (Nephrotoxin) Aflatoxin
Triu chng Af.B1 0,2ppm trn thc phm c m 12% - t/c EC (u phng, cm da, bp) - 9 mg/kg cht chut - Gy cht v ung th cho nhiu ngi - 30 ppb (bp, la m, ng cc) - t/c Php
NM MC
A.Parasiticus A. Moninus
Aspergillus Ochraceus
Aspergillus Fumigatus
Aflatoxin, fumigacillin (trng hp nng gy sy thai), gliotoxin Strerigmatocystin (c tnh gn ging Aflatoxin) Cyclopiazonic axit Sterigmato cystin Aflatoxin, patulin, ascladiol
Aspergillus Versicolor
NM MC Aspergillus clavatus (lin quan n chng tng sng ha) Penicillium
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Penicillium Citreoviridin (Lin

citreoviride Penicillium citrinum P.verrucosum Penicillium Claviforme Penicillium Patulum P. expasum quan n tnh d v ca cc mao qun) Citrinin (C lin h n bnh thn ca ngi) Patulin (Tc nhn gy ung th gan v nh hng n h thn kinh) Tng hp Patulin nhiu nht Ngoi ra c t ny cn thy Aspergillus NM MC Penicillic Puberulum Occhraceus Axit penicillic (ang c theo di l tc nhn gy ung th P. Cyclopium gan, thn) Palitanin, cyclopenin, P. Martensis Penicillium Islanditoxin Penicillin rubrum P. purpurogenum tremorgen Citrin Islanditoxin Rubrotoxin B (Gy chy mu v thoi ha ring gan) Fusarium Teratogen T.2 Toxin LD50 (mg/kg) l Chut: 5,2 Heo: 3,1
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------NM Fusarium Nivalenol 2000ppb t/c
MC Graminearum F. Nivale Fusarium sporotrichioides F. Poae Fusarium tricinctum Fusarium roseu F. moniliforme F. tricinctum F. oxysporum F. sporotrichioides F. Graminearum F.Culmorun Fusarium Subglutinans Claviceps purpurea Pithomyces Chartarum Moniliformin, Fusamin C & Fumonisin B1 Ergotamine (gy c h tun hon) c t gy cht ngi Mt s nm mc gy c. T.2 Toxin Zeralenon (Tc dng sinh dc) Deoxy Nivalenol M
200ppb (bp, - t/c Php
trc tip ln c quan ng cc khc)
F. NG DNG CA VI SINH VT(VSV):

I. S dng vsv x l mi trng nhim do du m:
Vic khai thc du m ngy cng nhiu cung cp cho nn kinh t ca quc gia. Bn cnh mi trng b nhim ngy cng trm trng. Hu qu khi mi trng b nhim bi du gy ra l nhng tc hi nghim trng v cnh quan v h sinh thi. c nhiu phng php c hc, ho hc x l tuy c nhng u im ring nhng li tn ti nhng nhc im kh khc phc. Hin nay, ngi ta p dng phng php sinh hc khc nhau gii quyt nhim du. Phng php dng vi sinh phn hu du thnh nhng cht bay hi v nhng cht ho tan. Da trn nguyn tc ngi ta tin hnh :
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nui cy vsv phn hu cc hp cht tng ng c trong du vi s
lng va phn hu lng du b nhim. Ngi ta dng thit b phun hoc my bay ln thng phn huyn ph vsv trn b mt du. VSV tip xc vi du, phn hu du thnh cht ho tan hoc bay hi. Phng php ny ch c hiu qu v thun tin vi nhng ch b nhim du khng nghim trng lm. i vi nhng vng b nhim nng phi kt hp va phng php c hc, ho hc v vsv. VSV c nui cy v c gn cng vi nhng cht mang t trng nh nh mt ca, tm, cm Sau ngi ta tri hn hp cht mang vi vsv trn b mt du b nhim. VSV s phn hu cc thnh phn du b phn hu. Cc cht kh phn hu s c bm vo cht mang v ngi ta mang cht mang cng vi du em v thiu hu. Ngi ta cn nghin cu cc thit b sinh hc( bioreactor) x l cn du.
II. S dng vsv trong x l nhim mi trng: 1. Tnh hnh nhim mi trng hin nay:
Trn tri t c gn 1454 triu km2 nc gm c nc i dng, nc ngm, bng, h, hi m trong t v khng kh, sng, sui. Khong 94% l nc mn, nhu cu dng nc ca con ngi ngy cng tng v ton b nc cp cho sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, dch v, sau khi s dng u tr thnh nc thi b nhim vi tng mc khc nhau. a. nhim do nc thi sinh hot: Nc thi t h gia nh, bnh vin, trng hc, khch sn, kho tng, sn bay, nh ht, sn vn ng, cc c s dch v khc. Nc ta c nn kinh t cha pht trin, h tng c s cn cha c pht trin theo mt qui hoch khoa hc, h thng t ng cc knh rch, sng ngi b hu hoi nn nc thi sinh hot gy nhim nghim trng. Ch ring thnh ph H Ch Minh vi khang 3,95 triu dn ni thnh hng ngy thi ra mi trng khong 350000 m3 nc thi sinh hot. Thnh phn nc thi sinh hot ny gy nhim cao hn tiu chun cho php: PH BOD : 6,5 7,2 : 98 260 mg/l
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COD : 146 447 mg/l

Cn l lng : > 100 mg/l Nc thi phn ln cha c x l trc khi vo knh. Phn tch mu ti sng Tn Ho cho thy: PH BOD COD SS E.coil : 4,7 6,8 : 140 204 mg/l : 129 424 mg/l : 91 662 mg/l : 6 14.000 mg/l b. nhim do nc thi cng nghip: T cng nghip ch bin thc phm cho ngi v thc n chn nui, cng nghip dc phm, cng nghip may mc, nhum, hp, cng nghip giy, ho du, cng nghip nh, in hnh. Nc thi cng nghip c cha nhiu kim loi nng, cc cht mu du m, cc cht hu c. S gy ra nhim bn mi trng do nc thi cng nghip phc tp hn nc thi sinh hot rt nhiu. Vic x l chng gp rt nhiu kh khn. Phn ln cc nh my x nghip khng qua x l m thi cc cht thi trc tip xung cc knh rch gy nn tnh trng hi thi, lm bin mu nc, lm cht cc thu sn, lm kh nng t lm sch ca knh rch gim r rt, c ni khng th t lm sch c Ngoi ra, nhim ngun nc do nc thi nng nghip: t cc ngun: hot ng sn xut ng thc vt(TV) v cc sn phm c ngun gc TV. Ngun ny bao gm c nc ra tri t cnh ng, cc khu t canh tc.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tc nhn gy nhim trong nc thi v tc nhn ca chng ln
mi trng. Cht gy nhim Cc cht hu c c ngun gc t ng thc vt(TV) Tc nhn gy bnh Ngun T nc thi ca ngi, cng nghip (CN) ch bin thc phm, giy, bnh ko Nc thi sinh hot(SH), CN Tc ng n mi trng Gy hi c, cc TV thu sinh c nhu cu oxy Vi khun(VK) gy bnh chuyn sang ngi thng qua vic Cc cht v c, N, P Nc thi sinh hot, CN, nc thi do ra tri t nng Cht ty, thuc tr su, cc ho cht khc Cc mui kim loi(KL), acid, cht rn, cc cht khc nghip(N2) Nc thi SH, CN, nc thi do ra tri t t N2 CN m, ch tc s dng nc. Lm tng qu mc mt s thc vt (TV)thu sinh Lm nhim c sinh vt(SV) Dit c v lm nc tr nn cng, khng thch hp cho ti tiu v cc mc ch Cc cht v c, hu c c hi Cht rn, ct, khong Nc thi t mt s CN c hi Nc trn, cc cng khc Tch lu dn trong ngi v ng vt Xm hi cc thit b,
cht trnh xy dng hn ch nh sng .Ngun : Cng ngh sinh hc vi to (ng nh Kim, nh xut bn N 2 H Ni 1999)
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c. nhim do rc thi: Mi trng nhim khng ch v nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip m cn do nhng ngun thi khc, trong ng quan tm l ngun thi t rc sinh hot. Phn ln cc thnh ph Vit Nam cha c cng ngh hon chnh x l rc thi sinh hot. Do cng ngy vic nhim do rc thi sinh hot ngy tr nn trm trng hn. Ch ring thnh ph H Ch Minh mi ngy thi ra mi trng 3,500 tn rc, s rc ny lun l vn phin phc trong cuc sng. Rc sinh hot chim > 60% rc hu c. V th sinh vt gy bnh pht trin cng nhanh.
2. Cc giai on x l nc thi:
Vic tch cc nhn t gy nhim t nc thi trckhi vo mi trng chnh l mc tiu ca vic x l. Mc yu cu x l ph thuc nhiu vo h thng thi, din tch x l, th tch pha long, mc ch cc qu trnh. V d: nu x l nc thi cung cp cho thu li th cn loi b cc cht ni, v lng cn mi cht hu c c th phan hu sinh hc c, loi cc vsv gy bnh. Vic x l nc thi sinh hot cn nhiu cng on khc nhau, v yu cu tit trng kht khe hn. Cc giai on x l nc thi. Qu trnh x l Tch sn, lm lng, tuyn ni, kh trng Bn hot tnh, lc sinh hc, kh trng Giai on 3 Tc nhn cn loi b Ct, sn, cc cht rn lng v ni,tc nhn gy bnh, Cc cht hu c ho tan, tc nhn gy Phng php ng dng Lng, tuyn ni v ht bt, kh trng bng chlorin v ozon. Bn hot tnh, lng ta, kh trng bng
bnh chlorin va ozon Cc cht v c dng Tng pH ta NH4+, NO3-, PO4-, tc photphat, lm bay hi nhn gy bnh NH3 bng phngb php thng kh, nitrat
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ho v phn ng

nitrt ho, kh trng Giai on 4 Cc cht hu bng chlorin v ozon. c Keo t, bn hot tnh
khng th phn hu lc vsv c, cc cht Giai on 5 c hu c v v c. Mui hu c, d lng Ct, hu c, kim loi nng thm thu
ngc, in li, cht hp th sinh hc.
3. X l sinh hc nc thi:
Nu khng b nh hng nghim trng bi cc cht c hi trong nc thi, cc knh rch, ao h,th chng c kh nng t lm sch nh hot ng sng ca vsv. Qu trnh c bn xy ra theo phn ng sau: VSV Cht hu c + O2 + NH3 Sinh khi + O2 + H2O Phn hu VSV Cht hu c + O2 do ng ho Hin nay, c hai phng php x l nc thi bng cng ngh sinh hc: hiu kh v ym kh. a. X l nc thi trong iu kin hiu kh: Qu trnh phn gii cc cht hu c trong iu kin hiu kh c th tm tt: Vi khun Cht hu c + O2 Hoc l: phm Vi khun CO2 + H2O + sinh khi vi khun Cc cht dinh dng Cc sn phm Cc sn Nmg lng t
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cht hu c + O2 oxy ho +

tng hp Oxy ho cc cht hu c enzim CxHyOz + O2 Tng hp xy dng t bo Enzim CXHYOZ + O2 Sinh khi vi khun H2O + + CO2 + C5H7NO2 - AH CO2 + H2O + AH
Oxy ho cht liu t bo( t xy ho)

T bo vi khun Enzim C5H7NO2 CO2 + H2O + NH3 H
H nng lng c thi ra hoc hp th vo. iu kin thc hin qu trnh x l sinh hc : m bo lin tc cung cp oxy Lng cc nguyn t dinh dng cn thit cho qu trnh sinh ho xy ra trong qu trnh ln men. Nng cc cht hu c cho php qu trnh ln men Nng cho php cc cht c hi PH thch hp Nhit nuc thi trong khong hot ng ca vsv. Tham gia trong qu trnh phn gii cht hu c trong nc thi gm 3 nhm vsv: Nhm vsv phn hu cc hp cht mch h, ri, alehyt axeton, cc acid khc. Nhm vsv tham gia phn hu cc hp cht thm: benzen, phenol, toluen,xilen. Nhm vsv xy ho dy polimetyl( hirocacbon du la), paralin. Ngoi lng vsv c sn trong nc thi, ngi ta cn cung cp thm cc loi vsv chn lc k nh sau:
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Bn hot tnh: Loi bn tham gia x l t nhin cc knh rch,
ao, h. Loi bn ny c hot ho vsv trc khi a vo s dng. Nhn ging vsv ring dng lng v cho thm hoc h x l theo t l nht nh. Nhn vsv ring dng bt kh v cho thm vo thit b x l v h x l theo t l nht nh. b. X l trong iu kin ym kh: Trong iu kin ym kh vsv phn gii cc hp cht hu c qua 2 giai on:
vo thit b x l
Giai on thu phn: Cc cht hu c s b thu phn di tc dng ca cc enzym vsv. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh s l cht kh ch yu l kh CO2 v CH4 c gi l giai on to kh. Giai on ca qu trnh ln men ym kh: gm 3 giai on x) d b phn hu v to thnh cc acid hu c( acid axetic, acid butyric propionic). PH gim xung < 5 km thm mi hi thi.
Giai on ln men acid: Nhng hydrocacbon ( ng, tinh bt, cht
Giai on chm dt ln men acid: Cc cht hu c tip tc c phn

gii to thnh cc cht kh khc nhau nh CO2, N2, CH4, H2 pH ca mi trng dn dn tng ln. Mi thi ra rt kh chu do thnh phn ca H2S, indol, scatol, mecaptan. Bn c mu en, nht, ni ln trn b mt.
Ln men kim: cn gi l giai n ln men metan. Cc sn phm

trung gian, ch yu l xelluloza, aid bo, cc hp cht cha nit tip tc b phn hu v to rt nhiu kh CO2, CH4, pH mi trng tip tc tng ln v chuyn sang dng kim.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. X l rc sinh hot:

Rc sinh hot cha ti 60% hp cht hu c. m rc vo ma nng l 45 60%, ma ma c th ln 80%. m cao lm pht sinh nhiu vsv. Rc sau khi loi b cc thnh phn khng hu c s c ln men. C 3 phng php x l rc thi sinh hot:
Phng php chn rc: Rc c thu gom li v c em chn xung

t. trnh rui, mui, cn trng ngi ta ph ln rc mt lp t dy khong 30 50 cm, hoc than bn hoc ct. Thng dng than bn c hiu qu hn v than bn c kh nng hp th mi. Qu trnh ny ko di hng nm tri. Di tc dng ca vsv cc cht xelluloza, lingin, hemixelluloza b phn hu to thnh mn. Nhit khi tng dn c khi t n 75%. Sau thi gian ngi ta ly ra sng lm phn bn cho cy trng.
Phng php c o trn: Di trn s hot ng mnh ca cc vsv

hiu kh. Thng ngi ta cho rc vo cc thng quay cn gi l thng sinh ho. C s xo trn thng xuyn ca h thng quay v thi khng kh lin tc vo. Thi gian phn hu rc rt nhanh. Nhit trong thng quay thng cao hn 650C. Sau mt thi gian khong 24 48 gi quay lin tc, rc c phn hu cha hon ton. Sau rc c em ra phn loi v thnh tng ng ngoi tri, ln men t nhin cho n mc ht v em lm phn bn cho cy. u im ca phng php ny l nhanh, d t ng v c gii hoa.
Phng php th cng c o trn: c ci tin trn phng php

c truyn ca dn. Cung cp ging vsv ging lm rc nhanh chng phn hy hn. Cc ging vsv thng s dng l cc nm mc Bacillus v x khun. u im d thc hin v c th cho nong dn ngoi thnh thc hin i tr c.
5. ng dng vi to trong x l nhim nc thi:

a. Vai tr ca to trong h oxy ho:
H oxy ho nc thi v h n nh l phng tin lm sch nc thi c hiu qu vi gi thnh thp nht. Dng h ny hot ng rt tt ti vng
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------c cng nh sng caov khng bng gi. Theo thng k c ti 10000
h thng h ny dng x l nc thi sinh hot v cng nghip M. Trong h oxy ho nc thi c s tham gia trc tip ca to v qu trnh oxy quang hp. Bn thn sinh khi to cng l mt sn phm c hm lng protein cao. Mc tiu ca vic x l nc thi trong h oxy ho l loi b hoc lm gim hm lng COD, BOD, cc cht rn l lng, cc cht dinh dng cha nit, P, vi khun gy bnh v mt s cht c tim tng.
. H tu nghi:
L h c chiu su t 1,5 4 m. Trong h xy ra c 2 qu trnh: ln men hiu kh v ln men k kh. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ph thuc nhiu vo hot ng ca gi hoc kh nng to dng chy nh khuy sc. Phn ng sinh ho c bn xy ra y h. Vng k kh l ln men metanv cc acid bay hi CO2 O2 vng hi kh nc thi mi hu c VSV ca to CO 2, NO3, NO2, PO4, NH4 cht rn lng nuc qua x l +vsv+ to tb cht tb mi cc cht oxy ho quang hp tb
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
bn lng
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cht hu c vng k kh. S hot ng ca h oxy ho nc thi (h tu nghi) Ngun:Cng ngh vi to (ng nh Kim, NXB N2 H Ni 1999). cc acid hu c CH4, CO2, NH4
. H to cao tc:
L dng h nng( 0,2 0,9 m) v vic phn hu cht thi xy ra hon ton trong iu kin hiu kh. Hai qu trnh sinh ho chnh xy ra y l h hp v quang hp. Khi c mt oxy ho tan, cc cht hu c c vsv bin i thnh CO2, H2O, NO3-, NO2-, PO43-, NH4+ To s s dng cc cht v c ca qu trnh oxy ho ny tng trng v ti to oxy phc v cho hot ng vi khun. y l s hp tc rt c hiu qu gia to v vsv trong hot ng ca h oxy ho nc thi. Cc nh khoa hc tnh ton t l vi khun / to (W/W) ti u cho hot ng ca h l 1/3 v . Bng thng k cc loi h n nh noc thi hiu kh v h tu nghi ( theo Alaert 1987). Thng s Din tch (ha) Thi gian lu ( ngy) su (mt) PH Nhit ti u ( 0C) Ti trng BOD5( kg/ha.ngi) Hiu sut chuyn BOD5(%) Mt to (mg/L) Sn phm chnh Cht rn l lng i qua(mg/L) V nit chim 8 10% thnh phn t bo nn vic hp th nit di dng NO3-, NH4+, NO2- t cht thi l c ch rt quan trng loi b ngun nhim ny. Photphat ch chim 1- 2% trng lng kh ca to H to cao tc 0,25 1 46 0,3 0,45 6,5 10,5 20 80 160 80 95 100 260 To, CO2, t bo VSV 150 300 H to tu nghi <4 10 40 1,0 2,0 6,5 10,5 20 40 120 80-95 40 100 To, CO2, t bo VSV 80 140
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------nn khng th loi b hon ton photpho ch thng qua sinh trng ca
to. Tuy vy, nu chng ta dng vi, sunphat nhm thu hoch to th hu nh ton b photpho s b kt ta v s loi b khi nc thi cng vi t bo to. Trong h oxy ho nc thi, qu trnh nitrat ho v phn ng nitrat ho cng nh vic bay hi ca NH3 l c ch quan trng loi b cc hp cht nit v c. Sn phm ca qu trnh oxy ho ca vsv. PH tng do trong h cng ll yu t quan trng gy ta mui photphat canxi. Mt s vsv rong h oxy ho b tiu dit do 2 nguyn nhn: Thi gian nc thi lu trong h tng i di. pH ca h tng do tng quang hp ca to. Tt c iu kin u cho thy vai tr rt quan trng ca to trong h oxy ho nc thi: Thng qua quang hp, to thi oxy cn thit cho qu trnh oxy ho cc cht hu c bi vi khun. Hiu qu ca h thng lin quan cht ch ti s hp tc gia 2 chiu gia to v vsv hin din trong h.
Trong qu trnh tng trng, to hp th NO3-, NH4+, NO2-, CO2, PO43-, sn phm hnh thnh t qu trnh oxy ho cc cht hu c v qu trnh nitrat v phn ng nitrat ho ca vsv. Cc cht v c trn l tc nhn nhim v s c loi b bi to v
mt s thc vt thu sinh khc c mt trong h. Qu trnh x l Thng kh s b Ch tiu tnh hiu qu Loi b mi hi C ch loi b tc nhn gy nhim Lm tun hon dch thi trong iu kin Lc c hc v lng cn Tch cc vt th rn hiu kh h cao tc Th rn lng xung c tch ring cc cht hu c c vsv Tuyn ni Loi b du bo v cc cht ni k kh phn hu Cc vt liu ni c th thu v loi b. Cc cht bo c x phng ho pH cao
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v s c phn hu

Ln men methan Sn xut kh t sau Mi trng k kh y h s to iu kin cho ln men methan. Nu c nhu cu, ngi ta lp thm Oxy ha sinh hc Loi b BOD thit b thu kh t Ngun oxy phong ph do to thi ra trong quang hp. PH trong Tch to %SS c loi b h tng dn ln ti 9,0 Ti b lng, to c xu hng vn v lng dn s thu hoc s Loi b cc cht dung dch v c Loi N, P dng dn dn Nit di dng hu c s chuyn sang v c.Nit c to ra trong qu trnh phn nitrt ho y h. NH4+c to s dng cho sinh trng. Mt phn NH4+ thot ra ngoi khng kh do khuy sc, pH tng cao. Photphat c to s dng cho sinh trng hoc b ta thnh mui photphat Kh trng Loi MPN, cc tc nhn gy bnh canxi do pH tng cao Lng vi khun s gim theo thi gian v do pH cng nhit
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------tng ln Loi kim loi nng % KLN b loi b B mt t bo to tch
in m nn c i lc vi KLN. Ti h to cao tc, KLN c to hp th v b ta do pH tng. Ti h tu nghi, KLN s lng Tch cc cht rn c kh nng ho tan % b loi b xung bn. Mui photphat hoc cacbonat canxi v nhanh kt ta khi pH cao. K+, Mg+ c to s dng cho sinh trng. Na+ c xu hng tch lu h x Cc cht hu c kh phn hy RO % b loi b l. Thi gian lu di v hm lng O2 cao s to iu kin tt cho mt s vsv v x khun phn hu cc cht ny. Vai tr ca to trong h thng x l nc thi bng h thng h cao tc
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------b. Thnh phn to trong h oxy ho nc thi:
Dng v c im ca h x l nc thi c nh hng trc tip ln hiu qu ca qu trnh v tim nng s dng sinh khi to. Chng hn c cc loi to dng tp on hoc dng si ( Vd: microctinium, Oscillatatoria, Spirulina) d thu hoch hn so vi chlorella. To lam v to c roi i khi to thnh m ni ln mt h v nu khng b r ra do gi hoc do khuy sc th chng s b phn hu v to ra mi kh chu. Ti cc h thng x l nc thi bng h oxy ho California ngi ta pht hin s hin din ca cc loi to sau: Chlamydomomas sp., Chlorella vulgaris, Golekinia vadiata, Stichococcus baclaris, Navicula sp., Scenedesmus spp., Euglena spp., Ankistrodesmus falcatus. Mt s yu t ngoi cnh chnh nh hng ti thnh phn loi to trong h thng x l nc thi nh ti trng cc cht hu c, thi tit, khuy sc v ng vt ph du n thc vt. in hnh cho cc loi chng chu ti trng cc cht hu c cao l i din cho 8 chi to: Euglena, Oscillatoria, Chlamydomonas, Scendesmus, Chlorella, Nitzchia, Navicula, Stigioclonium. C mt loi thng gp trong h x l c ti trng c ln: Eulena viridis, Nitzchia palea, Oscillatoria limosa, Scenedesmus quadricauda, Oscillatoria tenuis, Chlorella v Euglena l thng gp nht trong h x l nc thi.
c. To v vic x l KLN trong nc thi:

Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm nhim nghim trng mi trng nc l cc KLN t nc thi CN khng qua x l. Anh hng c hi ca KLN rt ln, ngay c khi nng thp do c tnh cao v kh nng tch lu lu di trong c th sng. Nhiu ngun nc thi t CN sn xut giy, acqui, sn,xng du, ch to my, m m, thuc da, phim nh cha cc KLN c hi nh Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, Ni, Zn, Cu, As. Thng thng loi b KLN khi mi trng nc, ngi ta thng dng cc phng php kt ta ho hc, oxy ho kh, x l in ho, k thut mng, trao i ion, bc hi Phng php ny i hi u t v vn hnh cao v t ra km hiu qu x lngun thi c lu lng ln nhng nng KLN khng cao lm.
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bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Trong trng hp s dng cc vt liu sinh hc lm cht hp th
KLN th cc ion KLN s lin kt vi cc polyme sinh hc nh protein, polysacarit, amin Hin tng hp ph sinh hc chnh l c s pht trin 1 loi cng ngh mi nhm loi b hoc thu hi KLN t mi trng lng. Cc cht hp ph sinh hc dng tch KLN c nhng u im: C th loi b KLN vi nng thp 1 cch chn lc Hot ng hiu qu trong khong pH v nhit rng Do c i lc thp vi Ca+, Mg2+ nn h thng vn hnh tng i hiu qu u t ban u v gi vn hnh h thng thp Vt liu ch to cht hp ph sinh hc a dng, d tm v tng i r.
To
KLN
H s nng ( nng trong sinh khi/ nng trong nc thi) 21600 4000 2500 16000 100000
To silic Chroococcus paris Chlorella sp. Cladophora glomerata Nhiu to khc
Zn Zn, Cu, Cd Cd,Cu,Ni Pb Cd, Pb, Hg
Hp t KLN bi mt s loi to
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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. L Huy B, c Hc Mi trng NXB Gio Dc TP. HCM, 2000 2. Nguyn c Lng, Cng ngh Vi Sinh Vt Trng HBK TP. HCM, 1996 3. Nguyn c Lng, V Sinh v An Ton Thc Phm H K Thut TP. HCM 4. ng nh Kim, Cng Ngh Vi To NXB Nng Nghip H Ni, 1999 5. Trn Cm Vn, Gio Trnh VSV Hc Mi Trng NXB HQG H Ni, 2001 6. Lorus J.Milne v Margery J. Milne, The Biotic Word And Man University of New Hampshire, Prentice- Hall, inc. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1958
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VSV Gay Benh - Ung Dung VSV Trong Xu Ly o Nhiem

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VSV Gay Benh - Ung Dung VSV Trong Xu Ly o Nhiem

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bao cao oc hoc moi trng ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A. Gii thiu tng quan

II. Cc bnh do virus gy ra 41 I. Cc loi to c 41 II. c t 42 44

Phn 2: ng dng ca VSV trong x l nhim

bao cao oc hoc moi trng ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

bao cao oc hoc moi trng ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHN 1: VSV gy bnh A. Gii thiu tng quan:

bao cao oc hoc moi trng -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phng php xc nh c ngn hn

C th ni ngn gn nh sau: Ng c l hu qu ca s nhim c

bao cao oc hoc moi trng ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

VI. Kh nng gy bnh ca vi sinh vt:

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------phm 1. Vi khun + + +

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Salmonella Ngi / + / + Tht,

Tht ti Tht nhim khun Nu k Nu khng k Khng gy bnh

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------bnh

Gy bnh NGI N MC BNH

S truyn bnh t mi trng n ngi Ngun : L Huy B , 2000.

B. Vi khun( Prokaryota= bacteria)

II.Vi khun gy bnh:

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1.Vi khun Salmonella:

gy bnh cho nga.

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. Lin cu khun:

3.Vi khun clostridium:

Bun nn ma, au n v a chy

Kh chu, n khng ngon ming, au u, st Ging nh st thng hn

Salmonella paratyphi A Sal.typhimurium Sal. Enteritis

Ging nh st thng hn Tht, tht g v cc sn

Bun nn, ma, st, a chy, chut rt

Cl. welchii tip A, ngoi c t tip anpha

Tht p lnh v nu li, sa. Tm thy trong rut ngi v ng vt

au bng qun qui, bun nn v ma him

Hai chng vi khun in hnh:

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nguyn nhn gy c:

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.Vi khun Staphylococcus:

hng cu, gy tn hi hng cu.

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Vibrio alginolyticus.

8.Trc khun i trng Escherichia coli:

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cc vn nhim Vi khun E. coli :

Th mu: l hu qu ca th hchv th phi, vi khun sau khi khu tr

bao cao oc hoc moi trng ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Hn _ Cc thc khun th T v cc

thc khun th c ui khc

Cc yu t nh hng siu vi khun trong t :

Nhng siu khun qua t truyn bnh cho vt nui gm :

Alexandrium tamarence c t chng sinh ra ch yu thuc nhm PSP

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------II. c t( phycotoxins):

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5. Dinophysistoxin:

bao cao oc hoc moi trng ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Tn VSV Aspergillus: Aspergillus Flavus

NM MC Aspergillus clavatus (lin quan n chng tng sng ha) Penicillium

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Penicillium Citreoviridin (Lin

200ppb (bp, - t/c Php

trc tip ln c quan ng cc khc)

F. NG DNG CA VI SINH VT(VSV):

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------COD : 146 447 mg/l

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ho v phn ng

ngc, in li, cht hp th sinh hc.

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cht hu c + O2 oxy ho +

Oxy ho cht liu t bo( t xy ho)

Giai on ln men acid: Nhng hydrocacbon ( ng, tinh bt, cht

Giai on chm dt ln men acid: Cc cht hu c tip tc c phn

Ln men kim: cn gi l giai n ln men metan. Cc sn phm

bao cao oc hoc moi trng --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. X l rc sinh hot:

Phng php chn rc: Rc c thu gom li v c em chn xung