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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

MC LC
C ch nn MPEG-2................................................................................................4 Nguyn tc chuyn i A/D........................................................................................9 Lng t ha........................................................................................................12 M ha.................................................................................................................13 Dng c s (elementary stream)................................................................16 Dng c s ng gi (packetized elementary stream).................................19 Gii thiu chung v dng c s ng gi..................................................................19 C php dng c s ng gi...................................................................................23 Ghp knh dng truyn ti (Transport Stream MUX)..................................32 Gii thiu chung v dng truyn ti:........................................................................32 Cu trc gi truyn ti.............................................................................................34 Thng tin c t chng trnh (PSI)..........................................................................43

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

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Chng I

M HA
I. M HA VIDEO
1.

M ha MPEG -2 :
1.1. Khi qut chung
MPEG-2 l mt tiu chun m ha nn (thng c gi tt l chun nn)

trong b tiu chun MPEG dng m ha lung d liu hnh c kt hp vi cc thng tin v m thanh. y l mt phng thc m ha d liu c tn hao cho php lu tr v truyn phim nh trn nn h thng v bng thng hin thi. MPEG-2 c m rng da trn chun MPEG h tr vic nn d liu truyn Video s cht lng cao. hiu c ti sao nn Video l rt quan trng, ta cn tm hiu bng thng (Bandwidth) cn thit truyn cc khung hnh Video s khng nn. Tn hiu video s sau khi nn MPEG-2 c dng mt dng d liu c s video (Elementary Stream - ES) vi chiu di gn nh v tn v ch cha nhng thng tin ti cn thit c th khi phc li hnh nh ban u. PAL (Phase Alternate Line) l chun truyn tn hiu TV tun t (Analog) c s dng kh nhiu nc trn th gii. Khung hnh TV dng PAL khng nn i hi bng thng rt ln ti 216 Mbps, ln hn rt nhiu kh nng ca truyn sng radio. Mt s nc dng h thng Analog TV l NTSC. H thng ny cung cp cc thng tin v mu sc km trung thc hn vi t l truyn cc khung khc nhau. Tn hiu NTSC khng nn i hi dung lng ng truyn thp hn khng ng k mc 168 Mbps. TV phn gii cao HDTV (High Definition TV) yu cu bng thng ti thiu l 1 Gbps. Do chun MPEG-2 cung cp kh nng nn rt cao bng cch dng cc thut ton tiu chun, n tr thnh chun cho TV s vi cc c tnh: +Nn Video tng thch vi MPEG-1.

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+Ch Full-screen kt hp vi ci tin cht lng Video (cho TV v mn hnh PC). +Ci tin m ho Audio (cht lng cao, mono, stereo...). +Truyn phi hp nhiu thnh phn. +Cc dch v khc. Cc h thng s dng MPEG-2 ang rt pht trin nh: TV s, VoD, Digital Versatile Disc (DVD)... Thut ton nn Video MPEG-2 t c kh nng nn cao nh li dng s d tha in thng tin Video. MPEG-2 loi b c d tha v khng gian v d tha v thi gian trong cc cnh Video. D tha thi gian xut hin khi cc khung Video lin tip hin th hnh nh ca nhng hnh nh ging nhau. N cha cc hnh nh gn nh khng i hoc thay i rt nh gia cc khung hnh lin tip. D tha khng gian xy ra khi mt phn ca nh c ti to li (vi thay i khng ng k) trong mt khung Video. D liu t cc Macroblock cn c m ho s c a n c b tr (Subtractor) v b on chuyn ng (Motion Estimator). B on chuyn ng s so snh cc Macroblock mi c a vo ny vi cc Macroblock c a vo trc v c lu li dng tham kho. Kt qu l b on chuyn ng s tm ra cc Macroblock trong khung hnh tham kho gn ging nht vi Macroblock mi ny. B on chuyn ng sau s tnh ton Vector chuyn ng (Motion Vector), Vector ny s c trng cho s dch chuyn theo c hai chiu dc v ngang ca Macroblcok mi cn m ho so vi khung hnh tham kho. Lu rng Vector chuyn ng c phn gii bng mt na do thc hin qut xen k.

Hnh 1: D on chuyn ng.

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B on chuyn ng cng ng thi gi cc Macroblock tham kho c gi l cc Macroblock tin on (Predicted Macroblock) ti b tr tr vi Macroblock mi cn m ho. T ta s c cc sai s tin on (Error Prediction) hoc tn hiu d, chng s c trng cho s sai khc gia Macroblock cn tin on v Macroblock thc t cn m ho. Tn hiu d hay sai s tin on ny s c bin i DCT, cc h s nhn c sau bin i DCT s c lng t ho lm gim s lng cc bits cn truyn. Cc h s ny s c a ti b m ho Huffman, ti y s bits c trng cho cc h s tip tc c lm gim i mt cch ng k. D liu t u ra ca m ho Huffman s c kt hp vi Vector chuyn ng v cc thng tin khc (thng tin v I, P, B-picture) gi ti b gii m. i vi trng hp P-picture, cc h s DCT cng c a n b gii m ni b (nm ngay trong b m ho). Tn hiu d hay sai s tin on c bin i ngc li dng php bin i IDCT v c cng thm vo khung hnh ng trc to nn khung hnh tham kho (tin on). V d liu khung hnh trong b m ho c gii m lun nh vo b gii m ni b ngay chnh bn trong b m ho, do c th thc hin thay i th t cc khung hnh v dng cc phng php tin on trn.

C ch nn MPEG-2
Tt c cc chun quc t hin ti cho nn video nh l MPEG-1,2,4, ITU-T H261, H263, H264 u l cc s m ha lai . Cc s ny da trn cc nguyn l ca d on b chuyn ng v m ha chuyn i trn c s khi.

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Hnh 2: M hnh s khi b m ha MPEG-2

Cc khung m ha Intra (cc khung I) c phn chia thnh cc khi 8x8 pixels. Cc khi ny tip theo c nn s dng DCT, lng t ha (Q), qut zigzag, m ha Entropy (s dng k thut m ha c di t m thay i VLC). Cc khung m ha Inter (cc khung B v P) l kt qu ca b chuyn ng bng cch tr i mt d on c b chuyn ng. Cc khung d (khung sai s) sau c chia thnh cc khi 8x8 pixel v c nn theo cch ging nh vi cc khi ca khung I. Bin i cosine ri rc (DCT) Bin i cosine ri rc l mt cng c ton hc x l cc tn hiu nh nh hay video. N s chuyn i cc tn hiu t min khng gian sang min tn s v bin i ngc li t min tn s quay tr li min khng gian m khng gy tn hao n cht lng. L do chn bin i cosine cho x l nh s l: u tin, n c th loi b s tng quan gia cc pixel nh trong min khng gian. Th hai l bin i cosine ri rc yu cu t s phc tp tnh ton v ti nguyn hn . Lng t ha cc h s DCT Sau khi bin i cosine ri rc, s tng quan gia cc pixel ca mt nh

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trong min khng gian c gii tng quan thnh cc tn s ri rc khc nhau trong min tn s. Do s cm nhn th gic ca con ngi l rt nhy vi h s DC v cc tn s thp, mt phng php lng t ha v hng c thit k cn thn c th gim s d tha d liu m vn d c tnh trung thc ca nh. Qut zigzag cc h s DCT. Sau khi bin i DCT ta thu c cc khi 8x8 biu din cho cc h s tn s. Trong khi ny th cc h s tn s thp s tm li gc cao pha tri ca ma trn DCT. Qut zigzag s sp xp li th t ca ma trn cc h s c sp xp theo tn s theo th t tng dn. M ha Entropy Sau DCT v lng t ha l cc thut ton min m. Cc thut ton ny thng c gi l m ha Entropy, bao gm m ha Huffman, m ha s hc, y l phng php m ha khng tn hao. tng c bn ca m ha Entropy l cc biu tng thng xuyn xut hin s c m ha bng cc bt ngn, trong khi cc biu tng t xut hin hn s c m ha bng cc bt di hn. Phng php ny cn gi l m ha c di t m thay i (VLC), v mt phng php cho hiu qu cao l m ha Huffman. iu ny s lm cho tc bit ca lung gim ng k. c lng v b chuyn ng Nn video c th t c vi vic ly mu khng gian mu, loi b cc h s DCT tn s cao, lng t ha, m ha khng tn hao, d on v b chuyn ng trong min thi gian. Chun MPEG chp nhn vic d on v b chuyn ng da trn khi trong min khng gian. Thc t, d on v b chuyn ng cng lm vic trong min DCT v cc bin v tr trong min khng gian c th chuyn i vi cc bin tn s trong min DCT. Qu trnh khi phc li khung hnh ti b gii m l hon ton ngc li. T lung d liu nhn c u vo, Vector chuyn ng c tch ra v a vo b

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b chuyn ng (Motion Compensator), cc h s DCT c a vo b bin i ngc IDCT bin tn hiu t min tn s thnh tn hiu min khng gian. i vi P-picture v B-picture, Vector chuyn ng s c kt hp vi cc Macroblock tin on to thnh cc khung hnh tham kho. Khng cn thit phi lun nn mi khung hnh Video cng mt mc , mt phn ca Clip c th c d tha khng gian thp (v d cc hnh nh phc tp) trong khi cc phn khc ca Clip li c d tha thi gian thp (v d cc cnh chuyn ng nhanh). V th d liu Video ng nhin s cc t l nn (Bit rate) thay i trong khi vic truyn d liu thng yu cu tc c nh. Cha kho iu khin tc truyn l trt t d liu nn trong b m (Buffer).Vic nn c th c tin hnh vi vic loi b mt vi thng tin c la chn. nh hng nh nht i vi cht lng ton b khung hnh c th t c bng cch b bt cc thng tin chi tit. iu ny m bo gii hn t l nn d liu trong khi cht lng ca khung hnh suy gim ti thiu.
Rate Control

Analogue video sampling

Remove Inter-Frame Redundancy

Remove Intra-Frame Redundancy

Quantise Sample

Run-Length Compress

Buffer Store

Hnh 3: C ch nn MPEG II.

MPEG-2 bao gm c ch nn trong mt phm vi rng. Mt b m ho vi c ch nn phi ph hp vi mt hoc on cnh ring bit. Ni chung b m ho rt phc tp, n phi la chn c c ch nn thch hp nht bi vy tng cht lng khung hnh i vi t l nn d liu truyn. B gii m MPEG-2 cng c nhiu kiu, kh nng a dng v cc la chn khi kt ni. S lng cc Level v Profile c nh ngha cho vic nn Video MPEG-2. H thng MPEG-2 c pht trin trn mt tp no cc Level v Profile:

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+Profile: cht lng ca Video. +Level: phn gii ca Video. H thng c bn vi tn MPML (Man Profile Man Level) nn d liu Video t 1-15 Mbps. Cc Level khc nhau nh: High Level, High Level 1440, Low Level v cc Profile nh: Simple, SNR, Spatial, 4:2:2 & High. Cc b gii m in hnh: + 720 x 576 x 25 fps (PAL CCIR 601). + 352 x 576 x 25 fps (PAL Half-D1). + 720 x 480 x 30 fps (NTSC CCIR 601). + 352 x 480 x 30 fps (NTSC Half-D1). Hu ht cc b gii m u h tr MPEG-1: + 352 x 288 x 25 fps (PAL SIF). + 352 x 240 x 30 fps (NTSC SIF). Chun MPEG-2 nh ngha mt s phi hp m ho Audio. Audio s c th c m ho trong cc dng m ho khc nhau cc t l nn khc nhau.MPEG-2 cng cung cp cc h tr cho vic truyn d liu. MPEG-2 phn bit hai kiu d liu: + Service Information: thng tin v Video, Audio v Data truyn bi MPEG2. + Private Data: thng tin ngi s dng hoc thit b thu.

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II. M HA AUDIO
1. Tn hiu Audio s
Hin nay ,cc thit b Audio s dn chim lnh v thay th cc thit b Audio tng t trong pht sng v sn xut. u im ca tn hiu Audio s nh: mo tn hiu nh mt cch l tng (0.1%). Di ng m thanh ln gn mc t nhin (> 90dB). Tuyn tn s bng phng (0.5 dB) Vic tm kim d liu nhanh chng, d dng, bn n nh lu di . Kt qu l ci thin cht lng ghi x l m thanh, ng thi n p ng c nhu cu lu tr v cc h thng sn xut chng trnh bng my tnh. Tiu chun Audio s ra i vi s lin kt gia hai Hip hi k thut : Audio AES v EBU (Hip hi truyn thanh truyn hnh chu u) . N hn ch hin tng mo tn hiu m thanh trong hai qu trnh bin i tng t s v ngc li, t cht lng m thanh c nng cao r rt.

Nguyn tc chuyn i A/D


Cc bc ca qu trnh bin i A/D tn hiu m thanh l: Ly mu (ri rc ho theo thi gian). Lng t ho (ri rc ho theo bin ). M ho (gn gi tr nh phn cho cc mu).

2.1.Ly mu
- Ly mu l tng
Nguyn l ly mu l qu trnh ly bin ca dng sng tng t ti tng thi im theo mt chu k nht nh.

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Thc cht qu trnh ly mu bao gm vic nhn cc tn hiu tng t vi mt chui xung truyn lp i lp li theo thi gian c tn s l tn s ly mu. Chng ta s tm hiu trng hp ly mu l tng vi khong thi gian xung ly mu gn bng 0. Bin Ph tn hiu Audio

Fmax Ph tn s ly mu sng mang

t iu ch bin

Bin

Ph tn hiu Audio ly mu

fs-fmax fs fs 2f
s

2f
s

3f
s

Ph ca dy PAM (trong min tn s)

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

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Tn hiu ly mu Bin (PAM) Bin Tn hiu Audio

t Bin Ph tn hiu Audio ly mu

Lc thng thp Bin Ph tn hiu Audio

fs

2f
s

Fmax

Khi phc tn hiu Audio tng t

Bin

Tn hiu Audio Bin t

Tn hiu ly mu (PAM)

Bin

Xung ly mu

iu ch bin t

t
Qu trnh ly mu v kt qu dy PAM (trong min thi gian)

- Ly mu thc t

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

Trong thc t, trong thi gian cho php ca b chuyn i A/D, gi tr bin xung cho mi mu s c duy tr n tn thi gian mu tip theo c ly.V vy, to ra tn hiu Audio tng t c ly mu c dng bc thang, khong thi gian tn ti ny ng bng chu k ly mu (1/fsa). Bin

Tn hiu Audio

t iu ch bin

Bin

Tn hiu ly mu

Bin

Xung ly mu

Qu trnh ly mu thc t

Lng t ha
Tng mu ca tn hiu tng t nguyn thu c n nh cho mt gi tr m s nh phn bi mt thit b cn gi l b lng t ho. VD : 4 bt -> 16 bit gi tr nh phn m ho tng ng bin xung cho mi mu. Tn hiu Audio tng t c bin thp c lng t ho vi rt t cc mc ri rc. iu ny gy nn li lng t ca cc tn hiu vo mc thp. V vy, gim ln ca li lng t c th bng cch tng mc s ri rc. Nu bin tn hiu Audio tng t vt qua vng lng t, khi qu trnh ct s s c thc hin.

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M ha
Mi gi tr nh phn sau khi lng t ho c m ho theo mt cu trc thch hp to nn cu trc mu tn hiu phc v cho truyn dn v cc thit b lu tr. Hu ht, cc h thng m ho u s dng phng php iu xung m (PCM), iu ch xung rng (PWM), m ho vi sai (DPCM), im di ng .

- iu ch xung m PCM
iu xung m PCM l qu trnh bin i tng t sang s ( A/D ) trong thng tin u vo di dng cc mu tn hiu tng t c bin i thnh cc t hp m ni tip u ra iu xung m PCM bao gm 3 qu trnh: 1. Ly mu 2. Lng t ho 3. M ho chuyn i tn hiu analog thnh tn hiu digital dng phng php PCM, cn thc hin 3 bc nh hnh di.

Trc ht phi ly mu tn hiu thoi, tc l ch truyn cc xung tn hiu ti cc thi imnht nh. Bc th hai l lng t ho bin , ngha l chia bin ca xung mu thnh cc mcv ly trn bin xung n mc gn nht.

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Bc th ba m ho xung lng t thnh t m nh phn c m bit.

- PCM vi sai (DPCM)


y l phng php da trn tnh cht tng quan ca tn hiu ting ni , ch truyn i chnh lch gia cc mu cnh nhau ca tn hiu ting ni :

Tn hiu ting ni tng t vo qua b lc thng thp , hn ch bng tn ca tn hiu vo (thng l mt na tn s ly mu ) my pht lng t v m ha lng t chnh lch gia xung ly mu tng t xn v tn hiu d on xn ly t u ra b d on xn . Gi tr d on ca mu tip theo c c l nh loi suy t p gi tr mu cho trc .

- iu ch PWM
iu ch PWM c tn ting anh l Pulse Width Modulation l phng php iu chnh in p ra ti hay ni cch khc l phng php iu ch da trn s thay i rng ca chui xung vung dm m s thay i in p ra.

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

Cc PWM khi bin i th c cng 1 tn s v khc nhau v rng ca sn dng hay hoc l sn m.

20% duty cycle 0 12 V 0

40% duty cycle

12 V

90% duty cycle 0


th xung iu ch PWM Trn l th dng xung khi iu khin bng PWM. Vi rng xung u ra tng ng v c tnh bng %. Ty thch do chng ta iu khin.

Chng II

NG GI
Dng c s (elementary stream) v dng c s ng gi (packetized elementary stream)

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Dng c s (elementary stream)


Tn hiu video s dng thc CCIR-601(tiu chun truyn hnh s c bn) sau khi nn MPEG c dng mt dng d liu video c s (Elementary Stream - ES). Dng ES ch cha nhng thng tin cn thit khi phc li hnh nh ban u. Tng t, tn hiu audio s dng thc AES/EBU (Tn s ly mu 48kHz, 24bit/mu, tc bt 1152kbps) c m ha thnh dng c s audio (audio ES). Dng c s v c bn l tn hiu gc ti u ra ca b m ha v ch cha nhng thng tin cn thit gip b gii m ti to li hnh nh, m thanh ban u.

D liu video (REC 601) D liu audio (AES/EBU)

M ha Video M ha audio

Dng c s Elementary Stream ES Dng c s Elementary Stream ES

S dng c s Hnh trn m t cch thc to ra dng c s. Tn hiu video sau khi qua b m ha hai chiu, cho kt qu l cc thng tin v cc vector chuyn ng, bng lng t, v cc d liu v khng gian. Nhng d liu ny sau khi c m ha bng cc phng thc khc nhau s c trn vo thnh mt dng c s duy nht. D liu sau b ghp (mux) nhiu hay t l ty vo lng thng tin c trong nh. Nhng tc bit ca dng c s l khng i nh qua mt b m. B m ny c kh nng cm nhn tc d liu i ra iu khin tc m ha d liu u vo.

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Tc ca dng i ra c qui nh bi thit b ng h yu cu (demand clock). ng h ny l do knh truyn hoc thit b lu tr quyt nh.
Hnh thnh dng c s.
Bng lng t D liu khng gian

Tn hiu Video

M ha 2 chiu

M ha entropy v m ha di t m thay i

B ghp

M ha vi sai
Vector chuyn ng Slice iu khin tc

Dng c s

B m
ng h yu cu

Cu trc dng c s c m t nh sau:

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Vector chuyn ng x Khi cc h s DCT x Macro block Tn hiu ng b

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm


I/P/B Tn hiu nh thi

x Slice

nh

Tc nh Tn hiu ra Loi mu

Ma trn lng t

Level Profile x

n n

Video sequence C nh Qut lin tuc/ xen k ng b T l khun hnh

Nhm nh

M/ ng

Cu trc dng c s

u tin l mt tp hp hp cc h s biu din khi DCT. Su hoc tm khi DCT to nn mt macro block. nh B v nh P mi macro block s tng ng vi mt vector b chuyn ng. Mt s macro block s to thnh mt lt nh (slice) biu th sc ngang ca hnh nh t tri sang phi. Tp hp cc lt nh to thnh mt nh, nh ny th cn bit gi tr c I/P/B bit c loi nh tng ng. Mt s nh to thnh mt nhm nh (GOP - Group of Picture). Mt nhm nh bt u bng nh I, gia hai nh I lin nhau l mt s nh P v c th c thm nh B. Mt tp hp cc nhm nh to thnh on d liu video. Bt u mi chui video u c phn tiu cha nhng thng tin quan trng h tr cho b gii m.

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Dng c s ng gi (packetized elementary stream)


Gii thiu chung v dng c s ng gi
Do dng d liu c s l lin tc, c chiu di ty thuc vo lng d liu a vo b m ha, c th truyn i vi tin cy cao, dng ES c ng gi thnh dng c s ng gi ( Packetized Elementary Stream - PES ). Mi gi PES gm mt tiu v d liu ca dng c s.

Dng c s video (Video ES) Dng c s audio (Audio ES)

ng gi ng gi

Video PES Audio PES

Hnh 2.1: Dng c s ng gi

Start code

Stream ID

PTS

DTS

Hnh 2.2: Cu trc gi PES

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D at a

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Dng c s video l dng bit lin tc mang thng tin v hnh nh. Trong vic lu tr v truyn dn th s thch hp hn nhiu nu s dng nhng khi d liu ri rc, do vy dng c s c ng gi to thnh dng c s ng gi PES (packetized elementary stream). Tng t nh vy, d liu audio cng cn c ng gi. Cu trc ca mt gi c m t trong hnh 2.2. Gi c bt u bng phn tiu cha mt m bt u gi v mt m phn bit loi d liu cha trong gi. Ngoi ra c th c thm mt s nhn thi gian ng b vi b gii m hnh nh trong thi gian thc v ng b vi m thanh. Hnh 2.3 ch ra rng nhn thi gian thc cht l ly mu trng thi ca mt b m c iu khin bi ng h 90kHz. ng h ny c c nh chia tn mt ng h ch 27MHz cho 300. C hai loi nhn thi gian l nhn thi gian trnh din PTS (presentation time stamp) v nhn thi gian gii m DTS (decode time stamp). Nhn thi gian trnh din c dng xc nh khi no th hnh nh s c th hin trn mn nh, cn nhn thi gian gii m xc nh khi no hnh nh c gii m. Trong m ha hai chiu, nhng nhn thi gian ny c th khng khc nhau. : 300 33-bit count

27 MHz Encoder clock

90 kHz

Time stamp

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S Hnh 2.3: Nhn thi gian

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

Gi d liu m thanh ch c nhn thi gian trnh din. V khi c s ng b m thanh, th dng d liu audio v video phi c gn nhn t cng mt b m. Mt minh ha c cho hnh 2.4. Nhm nh c bt u bi nh I, sau nh P c gi trc nh B1 v B2. nh P phi c gii m trc khi B1 v B2 gii m. Ti mt thi im ch c mt nh c gii m, nh I c gii m thi im N nhng phi ti thi im N+1 th n mi c th hin trn mn nh. Khi nh I c th hin th nh P1 c gii m. P1 s c lu gi trong RAM. Ti thi im N+2, nh B1 c gii m v th hin ngay trn mn hnh. V l do ny m n khng cn nhn thi gian gii m. Ti thi im N+3, th nh B2 c gii m v th hin. Ti N+4, th nh P1 mi c th hin. Ta thy P1 c s khc nhau nhiu nht ca hai nhn thi gian. Cng thi im ny th nh P2 c gii m v lu tr gii m nh B3. Qu trnh gii m v trnh din c th tip tc.

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GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

I PTS DTS N+1 N

P1 N+4 N+1

B1 N+2 -

Khi truyn B2 P2 N+3 N+7 N+4

B3 N+5 -

N I

N+1 P1

N+2 B1

Khi gii m N+3 N+4 B2 P2

N+5 B3

I N+1

B1 N+2

B2

P1

B3 N+5

N+3 N+4 Khi trnh din

Hnh 2.4: S dng nhn thi gian PTS/DTS trong vic ng b gii m 2 chiu.

Trn thc t, khong thi gian gia cc hnh nh n b gii m thng l khng i, do vy s l tha nu gi no cng gn thm nhn thi gian PTS/DTS. Nhn thi gian c th chim mt khong 700ms trong dng chng trnh (program stream) v 100ms trong dng truyn ti (transport stream). V l do m khng

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

phi mi gi u c nhn PTS/DTS. V trong dng bit, mi loi nh (I, B hoc P) u c gn mt c xc nh, do b gii m c th suy ra nhn thi gian cho mi nh trong dng bt.

C php dng c s ng gi
PES START CODE STREAM ID PREFIX (3 BYTE) (1BYTE) PES PES 10 (2 BIT) SCRAMBLING PRIORITY CONTROL (1 BIT) (2 BIT) (1 BIT) INDICATOR (1 BIT) (1 BIT) (8 BIT) (8 BIT) ALIGNMENT COPYRIGHT OR COPY 7 FLAGS DATA LENGTH (2 BYTE) ORIGINAL DATA LENGTH HEADER PES PACKET PES STUFFING BYTES PES PACKET DATA

PES HEADER OPTIONAL FIELDS

PTS ESCR DTS (48 BIT) (40 BIT) (24 BIT) ES RATE

DSM TRICK MODE (8 BIT)

ADDITIONAL PES CRC COPY INFO (16 BIT) (8 BIT) EXTENSION PES

OPTIONAL 5 FLAGS FIELDS PES PES PRIVATE DATA PACK HEADER FIELD PROGRAM PACKET SEQ COUNTER (16 BIT) P- STD BUFFER (16 BIT) EXTENSION FIELD

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Hnh 2.5: C php gi PES 1. M tin t khi u (PES start code prefix): y l m 24-bit c gi tr l 0x000001. M ny xc nh im bt u ca mt gi PES. 2. Nhn dng dng (stream ID): m 8-bit xc nh loi ca d liu cha trong dng c s. 3. di gi PES (PES packet length): trng 16-bit, ch ra s byte ca gi c s ng gi i sau trng ny. 4. Cc byte tiu v m PES: 4.1. Cc byte m (stuffing bytes): c gi tr c nh l 0xFF, c b m ha chn thm vo gi PES, n b gii m cc byte ny c b qua. 4.2. iu khin o m PES (PES scrambling control): trng 2-bit. Gi tr v ngha c cho theo bng sau: Gi tr 00 01 10 11 Khng o m Ngi dng t nh ngha Ngi dng t nh ngha Ngi dng t nh ngha ngha

4.3. u tin PES (PES priority): trng 1 bit, ch th mc u tin ca ti tin trong gi PES ny. Nhng gi c gi tr trng ny l 1 s c u tin hn nhng gi c gi tr 0. 4.4. Ch th sp xp d liu (data alignment indicator): trng c 1 bit. Khi c ny c gi tr 1 ngha l c s sp xp d liu, gi tr 0 ngha l khng c s sp xp. 4.5. Bn quyn tc gi (copy right): trng 1 bit. Gi tr 1 c ngha l d liu trong gi c bo v bi quyn tc gi, gi tr 0 c ngha l khng c bo v.

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4.6. Bn gc hay l bn sao (original or copy): trng 1 bit. Khi trng ny mang gi tr 1 ngha l ni dung ca phn ti tin trong gi PES ny l bn gc. Cn khi c gi tr 0 th c ngha l ni dung trong l bn sao. 4.7. Cc gi tr c (flags): 4.7.1. C nhn thi gian (PTS DTS flags): trng 2-bit. Gi tr 10: nhn thi gian trnh din (PTS presentation time stamp) c trong tiu ca gi PES. Gi tr 11: c nhn thi gian trnh din PTS v nhn thi gian gii m (DTS decode time stamp) u c trong tiu ca gi PES. Gi tr 00: c hai nhn thi gian u khng c. Gi tr 01: b cm dng. 4.7.2. C ESCR (Elementary Stream Clock Reference Flag): trng 1 bit. Khi c t l 1 c ngha l gi tr ca ESCR c trong tiu ca gi PES. Gi tr trng l 0 c ngha l khng c ESCR trong tiu ca gi PES ny. 4.7.3. 4.7.4. C RATE (ES rate flag): trng 1 bit, th hin s c mt hay khng ca trng ES rate trong tiu ca gi PES. C TM (DSM trick mode flag): c 1 bit, th hin s c mt ca trng 8-bit m t hot ng ca Phng tin lu tr s (DSM Digital Storage Media). 4.7.5. 4.7.6. C ACI (additional copy information flag): c 1 bit, th hin s c mt ca trng thng tin thm v loi d liu (bn gc hay l bn sao). C CRC (PES CRC flag) : c 1 bit, th hin s c mt ca trng kim tra d tha vng CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) trong tiu ca gi PES. 4.7.7. C EXT (PES extension flag): c 1 bit, th hin s c mt ca trng m rng (extension field) trong tiu ca gi PES. 4.8. Chiu di d liu tiu (PES header data length): trng 8-bit, ch nh s byte ca trng ty chn v cc byte m trong tiu ca gi PES ny.

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4.9. Trng ty chn (optional field): 4.9.1. 4.9.2. 4.9.3. Nhn thi gian trnh din (PTS Presentation Time Stamp): c s dng xc nh thi im mt n v d liu c th hin my thu. Nhn thi gian gii m (DTS Decode Time Stamp): c s dng xc nh thi im mt n v d liu c a n b gii m. Chun ng h dng c s (ESCR Elementary Stream Clock Reference): trng 48-bit, trong 42-bit c dng biu din cc trng ESCR c s (ESCR base) v ESCR m rng (ESCR extension). 4.9.4. Tc dng c s (ES rate - Elementary Stream Rate): trng 24bit, cho bit tc nhn byte ca gi PES khi n b gii m. n v o ca trng ny l 50 bytes/giy. Gi tr trng ny ca cc gi PES khc nhau c th thay i. 4.9.5. 4.9.5.1. Trng DSM Trick Mode: trng 8-bit, gm c: iu khin phng thc k xo (trick mode control): cho bit thng tin v k xo s dng trong dng bit tng ng nh sau:

Gi tr 000 001 010 011 100 101 ti 111

M t Chy i nhanh (Fast forward) Chuyn ng chm (Slow motion) ng khung hnh (Freeze frame) Chy ngc nhanh (Fast reverse) Chy ngc chm (Slow reverse) D phng

4.9.5.2.

Nhn dng mnh (field id): trng 2-bit, ch th nhng mnh no c th hin trn mn nh. Gi tr 00 01 M t Ch th hin mnh 1 Ch th hin mnh 2 26

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

10 11

Th hin c 2 mnh D phng

4.9.5.3.

Phc hi lt trong nh (intra slice refresh): trng 1-bit. Khi trng ny mang gi tr 1 c ngha l c th c nhng macroblocks b thiu trong d liu video ca gi PES ny. Lc ny b gii m s thay nhng macroblock b thiu bi macroblock tng ng ca hnh c gii m trc . Gi tr 0 c ngha l khng b thiu.

4.9.5.4.

Ct tn s (frequency truncation): trng 2-bit, ch th s hn ch cc h s tn s c s dng trong m ha d liu hnh nh.

Gi tr 00 01 10 11

M t Ch c h s 1 chiu l khc 0 Ch 3 h s u tin khc 0 Ch 6 h s u tin khc 0 Tt c cc h s u c th khc 0

4.9.6. 4.9.7. 4.9.8. 4.9.8.1.

Trng thng tin cng thm (additional copy info): trng 7-bit cha nhng d liu c nhn lin quan n thng tin v bn quyn tc gi. PES CRC: trng 16-bit, mang thng tin v m sa sai (m kim tra d tha vng Cyclic Redundancy Check) ca dng PES. Trng m rng (PES extension): Cc trng c (5 flags):

C d liu c nhn (PES private data flag): th hin s c mt hay khng ca d liu c nhn.

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C trng tiu cm (pack header field flag): th hin s c mt hay khng ca tiu cm (pack header). C m th t gi chng trnh (program packet sequence counter): Khi trng ny mang gi tr 1 th trong gi PES ny s c cc trng sau: program packet sequence counter, MPEG1 MPEG2 identifier, v trng original stuff length. Nu gi tr l 0 th s khng c cc trng nu trn. C m h thng gii m dng chng trnh (P-STD buffer flag - Program stream system target decoder buffer flag): c 1 bit, khi mang gi tr 1 ngha l cc trng sau c trong gi PES: P-STD buffer size v P-STD buffer scale. C m rng PES (PES extension flag): c 1-bit, khi t gi tr 1 ngha l trong gi PES c trng PES extension field length v cc trng c lin quan. 4.9.8.2. Trng ty chn (optional field) D liu c nhn (PES private data): trng 16-bit mang d liu c nhn. Trng tiu cm (pack header field). B m th t gi chng trnh (program packet sequence counter): trng 7-bit c chc nng m cc gi PES. Gi tr trng ny s tr v 0 sau khi t ch s ln nht. B m h thng gii m dng chng trnh (P-STD buffer - Program stream system target decoder buffer ). Trng m rng PES (PES extension field).

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Cc gi PES ny c ghp knh vi nhau to ra dng truyn ti (Transport Stream) hoc dng chng trnh (Program Stream). Dng chng trnh (Program Stream) c thit k truyn i trong mi trng khng c tp nhiu v sai lm, v d nh trong cc ng dng CD-ROM. Cn vi mi trng truyn dn, pht sng thc t lun c li, trong trng hp ny ta cn phi s dng dng truyn ti (Transport Stream).

VIDEO D LIU VIDEO M HO VIDEO ES NG GI AUDIO PES D LIU AUDIO M HO AUDIO VIDEO PES ES NG GI PES

GHP KNH CHNG TRNH

DNG CHNG TRNH ( PROGRAM STREAM )

DNG TRUYN TI GHP KNH ( TRANSPORT STREAM )

AUDIO PES VIDEO PES AUDIO PES

DNG TRUYN TI

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Hnh 2.6: S mch m ha MPEG

Chng III

GHP KNH
I. Ghp knh dng chng trnh (Program Stream MUX)
Mt dng chng trnh l kt qu ghp knh mt vi dng c s ng gi s dng cng mt h thng xung nhp thi gian (Time Clock).Dng chng trnh c th l mt dng video c km audio hoc mt chng trnh nhiu knh audio.
Ghp knh dng chng trnh

Video PES Audio PES

Program Stream MUX

Program Stream (PS)

Dng video c s c chia thnh cc n v truy cp (AU Access Units). Mi AU cha d liu c nn ca mt nh. Cc nh ny phn bit bi nh I, P hoc B. Mi video AU l mt gi chng trnh (Program Stream Packet), cc gi ny thay i v kch thc. V d gi nh I ln hn nhiu gi nh B. Tuy nhin i vi cc n v truy cp nh s (DAA Digital Audio Access) thng c cng kch thc v vi DAA to thnh mt gi dng chng trnh.

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PES Header

Audio Gi PES

video

Audio

Dng chng trnh

Tm li,dng chng trnh c thit k truyn trong mi trng khng c tp nhiu v sai nhm (Noise and Error Free),v d nh trong cc ng dng CDROM v hai l do sau: Dng chng trnh bao gm cc gi tng i di ni tip nhau v di ny li lun thay i. Mi gi bt u bng mt tiu (header). Mt li xy ra trong phn tiu c th lm mt thng tin ca ton gi. V cc gi ca chng trnh c th cha vi chc kbytes s liu nn s mt mt thng tin ca mt gi c th lm mt hoc gin on c mt khung nh. di gi khng c nh khin cho b gii m khng d on c khi no gi chm dt v khi no gi mi bt u. Thay vo , b gii m phi c v dch li thng tin v di gi cha trong mi tiu , nu thng tin v di gi ny b li, b gii m s mt ng b v nh vy s lm mt thng tin t nht l mt gi. V mi trng truyn dn pht sng m chng ta quan tm lun c

tp nhiu v sai nhm, do khng th dng dng chng trnh c m phi dng dng truyn ti.

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Ghp knh dng truyn ti (Transport Stream MUX)


Ghp knh dng truyn ti
PID 1

Video PES Audio PES Video PES Audio PES Data

PID 2 PID (n-3) PID () (n-2) PID (n-1) ()

Transport Stream (TS)


Transport Stream Mux

()

PID (n)

Elementary stream map () (Program_map_table)

Gii thiu chung v dng truyn ti:


Mt chng trnh TV thng gm c thng tin v hnh nh, m thanh v cc d liu khc lin quan. Mc d mt dng truyn ti ch mang mt chng trnh n cng c cho php nhng mc ch chnh khi thit k dng truyn ti l ghp nhiu chng trnh truyn hnh vo mt dng truyn ti duy nht. Nu chia cc gi PES c di khc nhau thnh cc gi TS c di khng i (mi gi TS c bt u bng TS header v thng c chiu di 188 bytes) v
PES Header

Audi o

Video

Vide o

Audio
Gi TS

Vide o

Audio 32

TS SVTH :Ngc Bnh Minh Nht Thu H Kiu Loan Header

n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

truyn cc gi ny i sau khi cng vi dng bit iu khin dng m t chng trnh (cng c ng gi thnh cc gi truyn ti), ta s c dng truyn ti TS.
Hnh 2: Dng Truyn Ti

Trong dng truyn ti , cc gi PES t cc dng gi s cp khc nhau c phn nh v gn vo phn payload ca gi tn s. Quy trnh ny phi tha mn 2 iu kin: - Byte u tin ca mi gi PES phi tr thnh byte u tin ca phn payload ca gi TS. - Bt k gi TS no cng ch mang phn d liu ly t cng mt gi PES.

Hnh 3: Chia cc gi PES thnh cc gi TS

Header ca PES Payload PES

Payload TS Header ca TS

Payload TS

Payload TS Adaptation Fled

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Mi gi PES khng th phn chia d liu ca n mt cch chnh xc vo mt s nguyn gi TS. Thng gp trng hp khng s liu lp y vo payload ca gi TS cui cng. tha mn hai iu kin trn, ngi ta n thm phn Adaptation Field vi di thch hp. c th gim thiu di Adaptation Field ny bng cch la chn chiu di gi PES hp l. Gi PES cng thng c chn di im nh s cc gi TS c lp y bi s liu c ch ly t cc gi PES. ( hnh 3) trn. Cc gi TS s c sp xp tun t to ra dng truyn ti. Cc gi TS cha thng tin dch v cng nh cc gi TS rng c s dng lp y knh truyn. Th t cc gi TS c th sp xp ty min sao m bo c iu kin cc gi TS ca cng mt dng s cp ng gi PES phi c truyn theo th t thi gian. Tt c cc dng gi s cp PES ghp knh chung vi nhau to nn mt hay

nhiu chng trnh s c chuyn thnh cc gi TS theo cng mt cch thc nu

Cu trc gi truyn ti
Header Payload

Header

Payload

Header

Payload

TRANSPORT

ADAPTATION START TRANSPORT PRIORITY (1 BIT) PID (13 BIT) SCRAMBLING FIELD INDICATOR CONTROL CONTROL (1BIT) (2 BIT) (2 BIT)
ELEM STREAM

SYNC
ERROR

CONTINUITY ADAPTATION COUNTER FIELD (4 BIT) PAYLOAD

BYTE
INDICATOR

(8 BIT)
(1 BIT)

ADAPTATION FIELD LENGHTH (1 BYTE)

DISCONTINUITY INDICATOR (1 BIT)

RANDOM ACCESS INDICATOR (1 BIT)

PRIORITY INDICATOR (1 BIT)

OPTIONAL 5 FLAGS FIELDS (5 BIT) BYTES STUFFING

TRANSPORT SPLICE SVTH :Ngc Bnh Minh Nht Thu H Kiu Loan PCR OPCR COUNTDOWN (48 BIT) (48 BIT) (8 BIT) DATA PRIVATE

ADAPTATION FIELD EXTENSION

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Hnh 4 : Cu trc gi truyn ti

Gi truyn ti c kch thc c nh v bng 188 bytes, chia thnh d liu tiu (header) v phn ti tin (payload). (payload). cho vic truyn ti c hiu qu th kch thc phn tiu thng l nh, nhng nhm thc hin mt s mc ch c bit th phn tiu c th c m rng. Khi y phn ti tin s c thu hp li m bo kch thc ca gi truyn ti vn l khng i. D liu tiu c di ti thiu bng 4 bytes v cha nhng thng tin sau: Sync Byte (8 bit): Byte ng b mang gi tr khng i bng 0x47 dng ng b cc gi TS, byte ny s c nhn bit bi mt b gii m. Transport Error Indication (1 bit): Bit ny dng bo hiu c li gi xy ra trn ng truyn khi t l li bit (BER) vt qu gi tr cho php. Gi tr 1 ch th rng ang c li khng th sa c trong gi TS hin hnh, v vy khng nn s dng phn payload trong gi TS ny. Ch th bt u n v d liu (Payload Unit Start Indicator): trng c 1

bit mang thng tin v gi PES hoc d liu PSI trong gi truyn ti. Khi m phn ti tin ca gi truyn ti mang d liu ca cc gi PES th bt ny c ngha nh sau: bit c gi tr 1 nu phn payload ca gi truyn ti ny cha byte u tin ca gi PES, c gi tr 0 nu khng phi nh vy. Khi m phn ti tin ca gi truyn ti mang d liu PSI th bit ny c t l 1 nu gi ny c cha byte u tin ca PSI, nu khng phi vy th bit ny s c gi tr 0. Khi y l gi trng (null packet) th bit ny c t l 0

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Transport priority (1 bit): Gi tr 1 ch th gi TS ny c quyn u tin hn

cc gi khc. Nu h thng truyn hnh s khng h tr vic phn phi tn hiu c u tin th bit ny s c b qua tt c pha thu. Packet Identification code hay PID (13 bit): y l thng tin nhn dng

gi TS thuc mt dng s cp ng gi PES hay thuc v mt PSI c th no . Trong 213 gi tr c th c, 17 gi tr c dnh ring cho cc mc ch c bit. Cn li 8175 gi tr c dng gn cho cc dng gi s cp PES hay PSI khc nhau. Nh vy, c th ghp ti im nh n 8000 dng gi s cp vo mt dng truyn ti. Sau y l bng cc gi tr PID:
Gi tr 0x0000 0x0001 0x0002 0x0003 0x000F 0x00010 0x1FFE 0x1FFF Gi rng (Null packet) C th c gn cho network_PID, Program_map_PID, elementary_PID hoc cc mc ch khc. M t Bng lin kt chng trnh(Program Association Table) Bng truy nhp c iu kin (Conditional Access Table) Transport Stream Description Table D phng

iu khin o m truyn ti (Transport Scrambling Control): trng 2-bit ch ra kiu xo trn d liu trong ti tin ca gi truyn ti. Phn tiu (header) v phn thch nghi (adaptation field) trn thc t khng c xo trn. Trong trng hp gi rng gi tr ca trng ny c t l 00. Sau y l bng gi tr ca trng ny:

Gi tr 00 Khng xo trn

M t

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S 01 10 11 D phng B xo trn bi kha chn B xo trn bi kha l

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

iu khin trng thch nghi (Adaptation Field Control): cho bit thng tin

v trng thch nghi (Adaptation Field):

Gi tr 00 01 10 11

M t D phng Khng c trng thch nghi, ch c payload Ch c trng thch nghi, khng c payload C trng thch nghi, sau l payload

B m lin tc (Continuity Counter): y l b m 4-bit, m cc gi c

cng PID. Khi t gi tr ln nht (0xF) th s quay v 0. B m ny s khng thc hin m nu gi tr ca Adaptation Field Control l 00 hoc 10. Trong dng truyn ti, mt gi c th c gi thnh hai ln. Trong gi th hai l bn sao ca gi th nht (duplicate packet). Trong trng hp ny th gi tr ca b m lin tc s khng tng. Hai gi ny s c cc byte tng ng ging nhau y ht tr gi tr ca trng chun ng h chng trnh (program clock reference) nu c th s c thay bng gi tr thch hp. Gi tr ny c tng ln 1 n v so vi gi tr trong gi truyn ti trc m c cng gi tr PID, hoc khng tng trong trng hp trng Adaptation Field Control c gi tr l 00 hoc 10 nh m t trn. B m ny c th b gin on nu gi tr ca trng ch th bt lin tc (discontinuity indicator) c t l 1. Trong trng hp gi rng, gi tr ca Continuity Counter cha c nh ngha. Byte d liu (data byte): y l nhng byte mang d liu ca cc gi PES,

thng tin ca PSI, ca cc byte d liu ring (private data) hoc cc byte m.

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GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

Trong trng hp gi rng (gi c PID bng 0x1FFF) th byte d liu c th mang bt k gi tr no. S byte d liu N bng 184 tr i s byte ca trng thch nghi c m t ngay sau y.

Trng thch nghi (Adaptation Field): gm c: di trng thch nghi (Adaptation Field Length): trng 8-bit ch

th c bao nhiu byte trong trng thch nghi i ngay sau trng ny. Gi tr di trng thch nghi bng 0 c ngha l chn thm 1 byte m vo gi truyn ti. Khi gi tr ca trng iu khin trng thch nghi (Adaptation Field Control) l 11, c ngha l trong gi truyn ti c c trng thch nghi v c c phn ti tin, th gi tr ca trng ny s trong khong 0-182. Khi gi tr ca Adaptation Field Control l 10, ngha l trong gi truyn ti ch c trng thch nghi khng c phn ti tin,gi tr ca trng ny s l 183. Khi m dng truyn ti mang gi PES th vic chn byte m l cn thit khi m kch thc ca phn gi PES cn gi i khng lm y mt gi truyn ti vn c nh sn l c kch thc c nh. Trng hp ny s c gii quyt bng cch t gi tr ca trng di trng thch nghi nhiu hn phn d liu m thc s n c sao cho phn cn li va cha d liu ca gi PES. Phn d ra trong trng thch nghi s c t vo bng cc byte m (stuffing byte).Phng php ny cho php dng truyn ti c th vn chuyn cc gi PES c di thay i. Ch th khng lin tc (Discontinuity Indicator): trng 1 bit ch th s

khng lin tc ca gi truyn ti hin ti. C gi tr 1 nu m khng lin tc. Ch th ny cho bit hoc l ng h chun (system time-base) hoc b m lin tc (Continuity Counter) khng lin tc. Ch th truy cp ngu nhin (Random Access Indicator): trng 1-bit

ch th rng gi truyn ti hin ti, hoc c th cc gi sau na m c cng PID, c cha d liu vi chc nng nh mt im truy cp ngu nhin. Chnh xc l khi trng ny c t l 1 th gi PES tip theo c mang trong gi truyn ti c cng ch s PID hin ti s cha byte u tin ca tiu chui video (trong trng

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GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

hp dng c s l dng c s video) hoc s cha byte u tin ca mt khung audio (trong trng hp dng c s l audio). ng thi trong gi PES cng s mang nhn thi gian trnh din PTS ca d liu tng ng. Ch th u tin dng c s (Elementary Stream Priority Indicator):

Ch th mc u tin ca dng d liu. Gi tr 1 ch th gi c mc u tin cao hn gi c gi tr 0. Trong trng hp gi truyn ti mang d liu hnh nh th trng ny ch c t l 1 nu gi truyn ti ny mang thng tin ca nh I (intra-coded picture). Cc trng c bao gm: o PCR-flag: c 1-bit. Gi tr l 1 cho bit c s c mt ca chun ng h chng trnh (Program Clock Reference). o OPCR-flag: c 1-bit. Gi tr l 1 cho bit s c mt ca ng h chng trnh gc (Original Program Clock Reference). o Splicing Point Flag: C hiu im ghp ni di 1bit, ch ra s c mt ca trng m ngc im ghp ni (Splice Countdown). o Transport Private Data Flag: c 1 bit. C gi tr 1 nu trong trng thch nghi c cha mt hoc nhiu hn mt byte d liu c nhn (private data byte), c gi tr 0 nu khng cha byte no. o Adaptation Field Extension Flag: c 1bit ch s c mt ca phn m rng ca trng thch nghi. C gi tr 1 nu c phn m rng ny, c gi tr 0 nu khng c. Trng ty chn (Optional Field): Bao gm:

- PCR (Program Clock Reference): c 48-bit. y l chun ng h chng trnh c dng ng b qu trnh gii m h thng. Trng ny c th c sa i trong qu trnh truyn (PCR c truyn ti thiu 1 ln/100 ms).

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

- OPRC (Original Program Clock Reference): c 48-bit. y l chun ng h chng trnh gc, khng c sa i trong qu trnh truyn, ch c th s dng ghi v pht li chng trnh n. Trng OPCR s c b qua ti b gii m. V trng ny th khng th b thay i bi bt k b ghp knh hoc b gii m no. - Trng m li im ghp ni (Splice Countdown): chim 8-bit. Trng ny ch th s gi truyn ti (TS Packet) cn li cho n khi gp im ni (Splice Point). - Trng d liu ring truyn ti (Transport Private Data) : chim 5 byte. Byte d liu c nhn (Private data byte): nhng byte ny khng c nh trc bi ITU-T | ISO/IEC m thay i ty theo ngi dng. Chiu di d liu c nhn (transport private data length): trng 8 bit, ch ra s byte d liu c nhn i ngay sau trng ny. - M rng trng thch nghi (Adaptation Field Extention): chim 8 bit o Chiu di m rng trng thch nghi (adaptation field extension length): trng 8-bit. Ch ra s byte ca trng thch nghi m rng i sau trng ny (bao gm c nhng byte d phng nu c). o o o ltw_flag (legaltime window_flag): trng c 1 bit. Khi c piecewise_rate_flag: c 1 bit, th hin s c mt hay khng seamless splice flag: c 1 bit. Khi c ny c t gi tr 1 th t gi tr 1 th c ngha l c mt ca trng ltw_offset ca trng piecewise_rate. s c cc trng splice_type v DTS_next_AU. Nu gi tr ca c ny l 0 th c hai trng trn u khng c. Trng ny khng th c t l 1 trong nhng gi truyn ti m c splicing point flag khng c t l 1. o ltw_valid_flag (legal time window_valid_flag): trng 1 bit. Khi c t l 1 c ngha l gi tr ca ltw_offset l hp l. Cn nu l 0 c ngha l gi tr ca trng ltw_offset khng xc nh.

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

ltw_offset (legal time window offset): ca s thi gian hp l,

trng 15-bit. Gi tr ca trng ny ch c xc nh khi gi tr ca c ltw_valid c t l 1. n v ca trng ny l 300/fs giy. o piecewise rate: trng 22-bit. Gi tr ca trng ny ch c ngha khi m c 2 c ltw_flag v ltw_valid_flag c t ln 1. Khi y, gi tr ny l mt s ngyn dng ch ra mt t l bit gi thit l R c s dng nh ngha ca s thi gian hp l ca nhng gi truyn ti,c cng ch s PID, i sau gi ny nhng li khng c trng legal time window offset. o Loi im ghp ni (splice type) : trng 4-bit. Trong tt c cc gi truyn ti, c cng PID, m gi tr ca trng splice countdown gim dn t gi tr ln nht v 0, th trng loi im ghp ni s c cng gi tr. Cc byte m (Stuffing Bytes): Mi byte c gi tr c nh l 0xFF, c

chn thm vo bi b m ha v cc byte ny s c b qua ti b gii m.

1. Gii m dng truyn ti

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

PAT (PID = 0) NIT Program 0 Program 1 Program 2 . . 18 35 50 (PID = 18)

Stream 1 Stream 2 Stream 3 Stream 4 Stream 5 Stream 6 PMT 1 PID = 35

V A A A A D

51 53 54 56 60 65

Stream 1 Stream 2 Stream 3 Stream 4

V A A D PMT 2 PID = 50

17 36 38 41

PAT - Program Association Table CAT - Conditional Access Table NIT - Network Information Table

Null packets PID = 8191 Hnh 5:Cu trc bng xc nh chng trnh PSI Trong dng truyn ti c rt nhiu dng c s ca nhiu chng trnh khc nhau. Mi dng c s u c mt gi tr PID khc nhau. Nhng b gii m phi c cho bit dng c s video no kt hp vi dng c s audio no th mi c th gii m c. Nhim v ny l ca PSI (Program Specific Information). Hnh 5 ch ra cu trc ca PSI. Khi b gii m c khi ng, n hon ton khng bit g v dng truyn ti sp phi gii m. Vic u tin l n nhn cc gi c PID = 0. Nhng gi ny mang thng tin v bng lin kt chng trnh PAT (Program Association Table). PAT c truyn i nhng thi khong xc nh, n mang thng tin v tt c cc chng trnh c trong dng truyn ti. Cc chng trnh th c m t chi tit hn

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

bi bng bn chng trnh PMT (Program Map Table). Nhng gi tr PID ca PMT c mang trong bng lin kt chng trnh PAT. Hnh trn cng ch ra rng PMT cho php xc nh y mt chng trnh. Trong cha ng PID ca cc dng c s video, audio v d liu tng ng ca mt chng trnh. Do , khi ngi dng chn mt knh chng trnh no th u tin my thu s tm ra PMT ca chng trnh . T tch ra cc gi ca dng c s tng ng a i gii m. Chng trnh s 0 mang thng tin v mng NIT (Network Information Table). N mang thng tin v cc dng truyn ti khc ang hin hu. V d nh trong qung b v tinh, bng thng tin mng NIT s mang thng tin v v tr qu o, s phn cc, tn s sng mang, v phng thc iu ch. S dng bng NIT, my thu c th chuyn i t ng gia cc dng truyn ti. Nhng gi c PID bng 1 c dng mang thng tin v bng truy cp c iu kin CAT (Conditional Access Table). y l c ch iu khin truy cp h tr cho nhng dch v m cn tr ph th mi c th gii m c chng trnh.

Thng tin c t chng trnh (PSI)


Trong mt dng truyn ti, mi gi TS c lin kt vi mt gi tr PID ch

r phn payload ca gi TS ny thuc v dng gi s cp no. C th c nhiu dng gi s cp khc nhau c t hp li thnh nhiu

chng trnh khc nhau. b gii m bit c dng gi s cp no thuc v chng trnh no, cn

thm dng truyn ti cc thng tin c t chng trnh (PSI Program Specific Information) nhm xc nh r mi lin h gia cc chng trnh v cc dng gi s cp thnh phn. Thng tin c t chng trnh PSI bao gm 4 loi bng sau: Bng nh x chng trnh (PMT Programme Map Table). Bng t chc chng trnh (PAT Programme Association Table).

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

Bng thng tin mng (NIT Network Information Table). Bng truy cp c iu kin (CAT Conditional Access Table). thun tin cng nh gii hn di, mt s PSI c th c truyn i

theo tng phn (Section). Nu gi TS c cha phn u ca bt k phn no th trng payload c m u bng trng con tr (Pointer Field) ch r v tr ca phn mi .

Bng nh x chng trnh (PMT)


Mi chng trnh trn dng truyn ti u c mt PMT tng ng. Bng ny m t chi tit v chng trnh v cc dng gi s cp to nn

chng trnh . C th thm cc b m t (Descriptor) v PMT. B m t mang cc thng tin ch tit v chng trnh cng nh v cc dng

gi s cp thnh phn nh: cc thng s m ha video, cc thng s m ha audio, nhn dng ngn ng, thng tin v dch chuyn hnh nh sang tri, phi, trn, di v qut, chi tit v truy cp c iu kin, thng tin v bn quyn...

Bng t chc chng trnh (PAT)


Danh sch tt c cc chng trnh cha trong dng truyn ti s c ghi

trn PAT. D dng tm thy bng ny v n gi tr PID=0. Mi chng trnh c lit

k cng vi gi tr PID ca gi TS c cha PMT ca chng trnh . Mt PMT cng c vi gi tr PID ca gi TS c cha PMT ca chng trnh

. Mt MPT cng c th cha chi tit ca nhiu chng trnh, thay v ch mt chng trnh, khi cc chi tit ca cc chng trnh ny ngn.

Bng thng tin mng (NIT)


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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

Trong PAT, chng trnh s 0 c dnh ring ch n NIT. Bng NIT l ty chn v ni dung ca bng cng mang tnh ring t (ngha

l c nh ngha bi i truyn hnh hay ngi s dng, ch khng phi bi MPEG-2). Nu bng NIT hin din s cung cp cc thng tin v mng vt l dng truyn dng truyn ti nh: tn s knh truyn, chi tit v b pht p v tinh, c tnh iu ch v.v

Bng truy cp c iu kin (CAT)


Nu dng s cp ng gi no trong dng truyn ti c xo trn, th bng CAT phi hin din cung cp thng tin chi tit v h thng xo trn c s dng v cung cp gi tr ca PID ca gi TS cha thng tin v qun l vic truy cp c iu kin. nh dng ca loi thng tin ny khng c quy nh bi MPEG-2, m ph thuc vo h thng xo trn c s dng.

5. H thng ghp cc dng truyn ti

TS1 TS2
Multiple xer

System level multiplex

TS(n-1) TS(n)
Elementary stream map (Program_map_table)

PID(0)

Hnh 6: Ghp knh dng bit truyn ti cp h thng

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

tng tnh hiu qu, cc dng truyn ti c th ghp li vi nhau to thnh

dng truyn ti ghp knh cp h thng (System Level Multiplex). H thng ghp knh c nh ngha l mt qu trnh ghp cc dng truyn

ti khc nhau. Trong qu trnh cng cc dng bit truyn ti (vi cc PIDs tng ng) s

tng ng vi vic cng cc chng trnh ring bit v dng bit iu khin cp h thng c nh ngha vi PID=0. Dng bit ny mang cc thng tin trong mt bng t chc chng trnh, sp

xp cc ch s nhn din chng trnh, tng ng trn mi dng truyn ti ca chng; qu trnh nhn din chng trnh da vo cc ch s trong bng nh miu t, c gi l mt knh Bng t chc chng trnh cho php nhn bit ch s PID ca dng bit, cha bng nh x chng trnh ca cc chng trnh c trng. Theo , qu trnh nhn din mt chng trnh v ni dung ca n mang thng tin trong hai phm vi sau: Th nht, bng t chc chng trnh trong dng bit PID=0 dng nhn din ch s PID ca dng bit mang ni dung bng nh x chng trnh cho chng trnh. Th hai, cc PIDs ca dng bit c s, m chng to ra chng trnh, thu

c t bng nh x chng trnh thch hp. Sau khi cc bc trn honh thnh, cc b lc ti b tch knh c th thit lp cc bit dng truyn ti ti bn thu ph hp cho chng trnh cn quan tm. Trong thi gian tin hnh ghp knh cp h thng, kh nng nhn din cc chng trnh khc nhau ca cc PIDs phi chnh xc nh ti u vo. iu ny ny sinh mt vn l PIDs cho cc dng bit chng trnh khc nhau phi l duy nht. gii quyt vn ny, i vi tng phm vi ng dng ca b ghp, cc PIDs c sa i ngay trc khi a vo b ghp.

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

6.

u im ca dng truyn ti MPEG-2

Cp pht dung lng ng: Cc gi TS vi di c nh to kh nng linh hot trong vic cp pht dung lng knh gia cc s liu video, audio cng nh cc s liu ph.Mi gi TS c nhn dng vi s PID thuc TS header. Dung lng ton b ca knh cng c th c cp pht li khi phn phi s liu. Kh nng ny c th c ng dng phn phi cc kha m trong tng giy n ngi xem trong cc chng trnh truyn hnh c thu ph.

Kh nng co gin: Mt knh c di thng rng hn c th c khai thc ti a bng cch s dng nhiu dng s cp ES ti u vo b ghp knh. Tnh cht ny rt c gi tr khi phn phi trn mng cng nh cung cp kh nng lin vn hnh. Hai lnh vc lin vn hnh cn c quan tm l: + Dng truyn ti MPEG-2 c th c truyn trn tt c cc h thng thng tin. + H thng truyn ti MPEG-2 cng c th truyn cc dng bt to ra bi cc h thng thng tin khc. Kh nng m rng: Cu trc dng truyn ti cho php m rng c kh nng phc v cc dch v trong tng lai. Cc dng bit s cp mi c th c ghp thm vo dng truyn ti m khng cn sa i cu to phn cng phi pht, ch cn gn thm cc PID mi, kh nng tng hp ngc vn m bo. Kh nng chng li v ng b:

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

Cc gi TS c di khng i to nn tng cho vic kim sot li gy ra bi ng truyn v vic khi phc li ng b gia cc dng bt s cp video, audio ang ghp knh chung (da vo thng tin trong phn header). Thit b thu r tin: Cc gi TS c di khng i cng s cho php ch to b gii m h thng n gin, r tin. Tnh linh hot ca dng truyn ti : Dng truyn ti MPEG rt linh hot th hin hai kha cnh sau: Cc chng trnh c nh ngha nh l bt k s kt hp no ca dng bt s cp. Mt dng bt s cp c th xut hin trong mt hoc nhiu chng trnh khc nhau. V d 2 dng bt video khc nhau c th kt hp vi 1 dng bit audio to ra 2 chng trnh khc nhau. Cc chng trnh cng c th sa i ph hp vi mt s yu cu c bit. V d cng mt chng trnh truyn hnh nhng phn m thanh c th l nhiu ngn ng khc nhau. Nhiu chng trnh khc nhau c th c ghp knh trong cng mt h thng truyn ti. Ti pha thu, tng chng trnh ring r c th c tch ra mt cch d dng.

Hnh 7: Ghp knh 2 chng trnh Vi nhng c im v tnh u vit ca dng truyn ti MPEG cho php c nhiu ng dng ca chun MPEG trong truyn hnh s. Chnh v vy cc thit b

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n: Truyn Dn Tn Hiu Truyn Hnh S

GVHD: Thy L Ngha Lm

truyn hnh theo chun MPEG ang ngy cng tr nn ph bin, p ng c nhu cu hin ti cng nh s pht trin trong tng lai ca truyn hnh s.

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