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CHNG 1

CC KHI NIM, NH LUT V CC PHNG


PHP C BN PHN TCH MCH IN
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 2
Ni dung
1. Tng quan
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha. Tr khng v dn np
4. Cc khi nim c bn ca mch in
5. Cc nh lut KIRCHHOFF
6. Mt s phng php phn tch mch in.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 3
1. Tng quan (1)
S to ra, thu nhn v x l tn hiu l nhng qu trnh phc tp xy ra trong
cc thit b & h thng khc nhau. Vic phn tch v l thuyt s c tin
hnh thng qua cc loi m hnh gi l mch in.
Tn hiu l dng biu hin vt l ca thng tin, n qui nh tnh cht v kt
cu ca cc h thng mch. V mt ton hc, tn hiu c biu din bi
hm ca cc bin c lp S(x,y,...).
s
a
(t)
t
Analog signal
t
=
s
s
(n.T
s
)
Discrete signal
T
s
s
q
(t)
t
Quantizing signal
n
s
d
(n)
Digital signal
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 4
1. Tng quan (2)
Cc ngun tn hiu trong t nhin c biu din theo nhiu dng khc nhau,
v d: m thanh, hnh nh, chuyn ng c hc...
x l hoc lu tr cc tn hiu ngi ta thng chuyn i chng
thnh tn hiu in - tn hiu tng t (in p hoc dng in) thng qua
Sensor, detector, or transducer.
M hnh x l hai loi tn hiu
ADC: Analog to Digital Converter
DAC: Digital to Analog Converter
Mch x l tn
hiu tng t
Tn hiu s
DAC ADC
Mch x l
tn hiu s
Tn hiu tng t
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 5
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (1)
2.1. Cc thng s tc ng ca mch in.
Thng s tc ng cn gi l thng s to ngun. l cc thng s
c trng cho tnh cht to ra tn hiu v cung cp nng lng ca cc
phn t mch in. Thng s c trng cho ngun c th l:
Sc in ng ca ngun: mt i lng vt l c gi tr l in p h
mch ca ngun, o bng n v vn v c k hiu l V.
Dng in ca ngun: mt i lng vt l c gi tr l dng in ngn
mch ca ngun, o bng n v ampe v c k hiu l A.
Cc k hiu ngun
c) Ngun p ph thuc
E
ng
+
_
I
ng
+
_
d) Ngun dng ph thuc
I
ng
+
_
a) Ngun p c lp
E
ng
+

E
ng
+
_
I
ng
+
_
b) Ngun dng c lp
I
ng
+
_
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 6
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (2)
Ngun in l tng l khng c tn hao nng lng. Nhng trong
thc t phi tnh n tn hao, c ngha l tn ti in tr trong ca
ngun R
n
.
ng
ab t
n t
E
U R
R R
=
+
E
ng
R
n
a
R
t
b
+

U
ab
ng
t n
n t
I
I R
R R
=
+
I
ng
R
n
I
t
a
R
t
b
Yu cu: + Vi ngun p R
n
nh (U
ab
E
ng
)
+ Vi ngun dng: R
n
ln (I
t
I
ng
)
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 7
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (3)
2.2. Cc thng s th ng ca mch in.
Trong p(t) =u(t).i(t) l cng sut tc thi.
Nu u(t) v i(t) ngc chiu th p(t) c gi tr m phn t cung cp
nng lng, ngha l phn t c tnh cht tch cc (v d ngun).
Nu u(t) v i(t) cng chiu th p(t) c gi tr dng, vy ti thi im
phn t nhn nng lng, ngha l phn t c tnh cht th ng.
c trng cho s tiu tn v tch lu nng lng l cc thng s th
ng ca phn t.
2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
t t
T
t t
W p t dt u t i t dt = =
} }
Phn
t
i(t)
u(t)
Phn
t
i(t)
u(t)
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 8
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (4)
2.2. Cc thng s th ng ca mch in.
a. Thng s khng qun tnh (R).
Thng s khng qun tnh c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi in p
v dng in trn n t l trc tip vi nhau. N c gi l in tr (R), R
l mt s thc, v xc nh theo cng thc:
+ G = 1/R gi l in dn, c n v l 1/O hay S (Siemen).
+ V mt thi gian, dng in v in p trn phn t thun tr l
trng pha nn nng lng nhn c trn phn t thun tr lun
lun dng, v vy R c trng cho s tiu tn nng lng.
1
( ) . ( ) ( ) ( ) . ( ) u t Ri t hay i t u t Gu t
R
= = =
u(t)
i(t)
R
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 9
b. Thng s c qun tnh.
Thng s in dung (C) c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t khi dng in
chy trn n t l vi tc bin thin ca in p, c xc nh theo cng
thc:
[C] = F (fara).
Nng lng tch lu trn C:
- Xt v mt nng lng, thng s C c trng cho s tch lu nng
lng in trng.
- Xt v mt thi gian in p trn phn t thun dung chm pha so
vi dng in mt gc t/2.
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (5)
0
( ) 1 ( )
( ) hay ( ) ( )
t
du t q t
i t C u t i t dt
dt C C
= = =
}
u(t)
i(t)
C
2
1
( ) . . ( ).
2
E
du
W p t dt C u t dt Cu
dt
= = =
} }
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 10
b. Thng s c qun tnh.
Thng s in cm (L) c trng cho tnh cht ca phn t m in p trn
n t l vi tc bin thin ca dng in:
[L] = H (Henry).
Nng lng tch lu trn L:
- Xt v mt nng lng, thng s L c trng cho s tch lu nng
lng t trng.
- Xt v mt thi gian, in p trn phn t thun cm nhanh pha so
vi dng in l t/2.
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (6)
u(t)
i (t)
L
( ) ( )
0
( ) 1
( ) hay
t
di t
u t L i t u t dt
dt L
= =
}
( )
2
1
2
H
di
W L i t dt Li
dt
= =
}
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 11
b. Thng s c qun tnh.
Thng s h cm (M) c cng bn cht vt l vi thng s in cm, c
trng cho s nh hng qua li ca hai phn t t gn nhau, ni hoc khng
ni v in, khi c dng in chy trong chng:
Trong , nu cc dng in cng chy vo hoc cng chy ra khi u c
nh du * (u cng tn) th cc biu thc trn ly du +, nu ngc li
ly du .
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (7)
i
1
M
i
2
u
1
u
2
L
22
L
11
* *
1
21 21
di
u M
dt
=
2
12 12
di
u M
dt
=
1 2
1 11 12
di di
u L M
dt dt
=
1 2
2 21 22
di di
u M L
dt dt
= +
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 12
Quan h v pha gia dng in v in p
trn cc phn t R, L, C
c. Thng s ca cc phn t mc ni tip v song song
Khi c k phn t mc ni tip hoc song song
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (8)
L U

R U

C
U

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 13


2.3. c tuyn in p Dng in (c tuyn V-A)
c tuyn in p dng in (hay cn gi l c tuyn V-A) ca mt phn
t mch in m t mi quan h gia dng in chy qua phn t v in p
ri trn n.
th c tuyn V-A ca mt cu kin v tt c cc im lm vic ca cu
kin .
V d mt in tr c c tuyn V-A theo nh lut Ohm l: i = u/R. dc
ca c tuyn tnh c nh sau:
V d vi in tr R = 10kO,
dc ca c tuyn l 0,1 mA/V
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (9)
1 di
du R
=
2 4
u (V)
i (mA)
-4 -2
-0,2
-0,6
-0,4
-0,8
0,8
0,4
0,6
0,2
dc = 0,1 mA/V
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 14
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (10)
V d 1.1.
V c tuyn V-A cho hai im
X-X dng i
x
chy t X n X. Khi
c mt phn t ni vo hai im
(v d mt in tr c gi tr
trong khong 0 < R
L
< ).
Gii
Ta thy u
x
= E
ng
u
R1
= E
ng
i
x
R
1

dc ca c tuyn l:
1 1 1
1
R
E
u
R R
u E
i
ng
x
x ng
x
+ =

=
1
1
R du
di
x
x
=
2 4
u
x
(V)
i
x
(mA)
-4 -2
-2
6
4
2
c tuyn V-A ca
hai u X X
6 -6
1
5
ng
E
mA
R
=
5
ng
E V =
+

E
ng
5 V
1
1 R k = O
x
i
X
X
+

x
u
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 15
2. Cc thng s tc ng v th ng ca mch in (11)
Bi tp 1.1
Trn cng mt h trc ta , v c tuyn V-A ca cc in tr c gi tr:
1kO, 5kO v 20O.
Hnh B1.1
+

E
ng
1
R
x
i
X
X
+

x
u
Bi tp 1.2
V c tuyn V-A cho hai im X-X trn hnh B1.1 khi R
1
= 10kO, E
ng
= 5V.
Bi tp 1.3
V c tuyn V-A cho hai im X-X trn hnh B1.1 khi R1 = 1kO, E
ng
= 10V.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 16
3.1. Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho
1.3.1. Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho
Xt cch biu din phc t cng thc Euler:
Khi c mt dao ng iu ha, v d sc in ng:
Ta c th vit:
Vi
Thng thng bin phc c tnh theo
bin hiu dng:
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (1)
E
m
e(t)
t
T
cos sin
j
e j

= +
( ) cos( )
m u
e t E t = e +
( )
E
u
j t j j t
m m
E e E e e
e + e
= =
&
( ) ReE e t =
&
E
u
j
m m
E e

=
&
2
m
E
E =
V d: in p
Dng phc s l:
( )
220 2 cos 60
o
u t = e +
0
( 60 )
220 U
j t
e
e +
=
&
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 17
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (2)
3.1. Cch biu din phc cc tc ng iu ho (tt)
Vic biu din tn hiu tun hon theo dng phc rt thun li khi ta
chuyn cc phng trnh vi phn, tch phn min thi gian sang cc
phng trnh i s min tn s.
Xt tn hiu tun hon u(t) = U
M
cos(et), biu din dng phc ca n:
Vi php o hm:
Vi php tch phn:
Hay ni cch khc:
t j
M
e U

= U
&
dU
U
dt
j t
M
j U e j
e
= e = e
&
&
1 1
U U
j t
M
dt U e
j j
e
= =
e e
}
& &
U
du
j
dt
e
&
1
U udt
j

e
}
&
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 18
3.2. Tr khng v dn np
Trong mt mch in, thng s ca cc phn t xc nh mi quan h gia
in p t trn v dng in chy qua chng.
C th coi mch in thc hin mt ton t p vi cc hm tn hiu tc ng
ln n, ton t thc hin s bin i in p dng in hay ngc li.
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (3)
p
x(t)
y(t)=p{x(t)}
+ Trong trng hp bin i
dng in in p, ton t gi
l tr khng Z ca mch:
+ Trng hp bin i in p
dng in, ton t gi l dn
np Y
. U ZI =
& &
1
I U = YU
Z
=
& & &
arg
( )
Z
Z Z
j
R jX e = + = O
argY
Y Y (S)
j
G jB e = + =
1
S =
O
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 19
3.2. Tr khng v dn np (tt)
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (4)
( )
( )
( )
U
Z=
I
u
u i
i
j t
j
j t
Ue U
e
I Ie
e +

e +
= =
&
&
2 2
Z
U
R X
I
= + =
argZ
Z
X
arctg
u i
R
= = =
( )
( )
( )
I
U
Y=
i
i u
u
j t
j
j t
I
e
U Ue
Ie
e +

e +
= =
&
&
2 2
Y
I
G B
U
= + =
argY
Y Z
B
arctg
u
i
G
= = = =
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 20
3.2. Tr khng v dn np (tt)
i vi phn t thun tr R:
i vi phn t thun dung C:
i vi phn t thun cm L:
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (5)
R R
U I Z I Z R R
R
= = =
& & &
1 1
Z
C
C
jX X
c
j C C
= = =
e e
Y
C C C
j C jB B C = e = = e
Z
L
L
j L jX X L
c
= e = = e
1 1
Y
L
L
jB B
c
j L L
= = =
e e
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 21
3.2. Tr khng v dn np (tt)
Tr khng tng ng ca cc phn t mc ni tip:
Tr khng tng ng ca cc phn t mc song song:
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (6)
td
Z Z
k
k
=

td
Y Y
k
k
=

V d 1.2: Cho mch in nh hnh v a.


Tnh tr khng tng ng Z
AB
X
L
= 7O
X
c
= 5O
R = 4O
A
B
a)
V d 1.3: Cho mch in nh hnh v b.
Tnh dn np tng ng Y
AB
B
b)
B
L
= 2S B
c
= 6O R = 4O
A
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 22
Bi tp 1.4
Cho mch in nh hnh B1.2, bit
Z
1
= (4,55 + 6j)O; Z
2
= (2,5-j)O; Z
3
= j O, Z
4
= (4 + j2)O;
Z
5
= (4 j2)O;
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s r, X
L
, X
C
b) t ln hai u A, B mt in p phc c gi tr hiu dng l 6V, vit
biu thc thi gian ca dng in chy trn Z
1
.
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (7)
Z
3
Z
5
Z
1
Z
2
Z
4
A
B
Hnh B1.2
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 23
Bi tp 1.5
Cho mch in nh hnh B1.3, vi
Y
1
= 3 - 3j; Y
2
= 1 + 3j; Y
3
= 2 2j; Y
4
= 1 + 4j; Y
5
= 1 - 2j
a) V s tng ng chi tit theo cc tham s g, B
L
, B
C
b) Cho dng in vo I
V
c gi tr hiu dng phc l 3A, hy vit biu
thc thi gian ca in p t trn hai u A v B ca mch in.
3. Biu din phc cc tc ng iu ha, tr khng & dn np (8)
Y
3
Y
5
Y
1
Y
2
Y
4
A
B
I
V
Hnh B1.3
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 24
Phn t tuyn tnh (linear): L phn t m cc thng s ca n khng ph
thuc in p hai u hay dng in i qua n. Ngc li l phn t phi
tuyn (non-linear). V d cc linh kin th ng R, L, C l cc linh kin
tuyn tnh.
Mch in tuyn tnh: L mch cha tt c cc phn t tuyn tnh, ch cn
1 phn t trong mch l phn t phi tuyn th mch s tr thnh mch phi
tuyn.
4 tnh cht ca phn t tuyn tnh v phi tuyn:
4. Mch tuyn tnh v phi tuyn (1)
Phn t tuyn tnh
c tuyn V-A l ng thng.
Phng trnh ca mch l phng
trnh vi phn h s hng.
C th p dng nguyn l xp chng.
Khng pht sinh cc hi mi khi c
tc ng ca c ph bt k.
Phn t phi tuyn
c tuyn V-A khng l ng thng.
Phng trnh ca mch l phng
trnh vi phn phi tuyn.
Khng th p dng nguyn l xp chng.
C th pht sinh cc hi mi khi c
tc ng ca c ph bt k.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 25
4. Mch tuyn tnh v phi tuyn (2)
u (V)
i (mA)
c tuyn V-A ca
in tr thun R
Tuyn tnh
u (V)
i (mA)
c tuyn V-A
ca it bn dn
Phi tuyn
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 26
5. Cc khi nim c bn v mch in (1)
5.1. Cc yu t hnh hc ca mch in
Graph: ca mch in l s cu trc hnh hc
m t s ghp ni gia cc phn t trong mch
in.
Nhnh: l phn mch nm gia hai nt v ch cha
cc phn t mc ni tip nhau (N
nh
)
.
Nt: im gp nhau ca 3 nhnh tr ln (N
n.
).
Cy v nhnh cy: Cy l phn mch bao gm
mt s nhnh i qua ton b cc nt, nhng khng
to thnh vng kn.
Nhnh thuc cy gi l nhnh cy (N
c
)
Nhnh khng thuc cy gi l b cy (N
b
)
Vng: l phn mch bao gm mt s nt v mt s
nhnh to thnh mt vng kn m mi nhnh v
mi nt ch gp mt ln. Vng c bn (ng vi
mt cy) l vng ch cha mt b cy (Nv).
E
5 E
1
I
E
8
Z
8
E
7
II III
C A B D
O
IV
+

+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4
Z
3
N
n
= 5 (A, B, C, D, O)
N
nh
= 8
N
C
= N
n
1 = 4
N
b
= N
nh
N
C
= 4
N
v
= N
b
= 4
1
C n
N N =
b nh C
N N N =
1
v b nh n
N N N N = = +
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 27
5. Cc khi nim c bn v mch in (2)
5.2. Khi nim tng h
Phn t tng h l phn t c tnh cht dn in hai chiu, tho mn iu
kin:
Mch in tng h l mch in bao gm cc phn t tng h. Ni mt
cch tng qut n tho mn iu kin:
Z
pk
(Z
kp
): tr khng chung gia vng p v vng k (vng k v vng p).
Y
MN
(Y
NM
) dn np chung gia nt Mv nt N (nt N v nt M ).
Nh vy trong mch tng h, dng in trong vng p (sinh ra bi cc
ngun t trong vng k) bng dng in trong vng k (sinh ra bi chnh
ngun chuyn sang vng p).
Cc phn t tuyn tnh v mch tuyn tnh c tnh cht tng h (nh cc
phn t th ng dn in hai chiu R, L, C...)
Z Z
ab ba
=
Z Z hay Y Y
pk kp MN NM
= =
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 28
6. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff (1)
6.1. nh lut Kirchhoff 1 (nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in)
Tng cc dng in i vo mt nt bng tng cc dng in i ra khi nt
. Hoc l: Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng:
6.2. nh lut Kirchhoff 2 (nh lut Kirchhoff v in p)
Tng i s cc st p trn cc phn t th ng ca mt vng kn bng
tng i s cc sc in ng c trong vng kn . Hoc l: Tng i s
cc st p ca cc nhnh trong mt vng kn bng khng
0
k k
k
a i =

a
k
= 1 nu dng in nhnh i ra khi nt ang xt.
a
k
= -1 nu dng in nhnh i vo nt ang xt.
a
k
= 0 nu nhnh khng thuc nt ang xt.
0
k k
k
b u =

b
k
= 1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh cng chiu vng quy c .
b
k
= -1 nu chiu in p trn nhnh ngc chiu vng quy c
b
k
= 0 nu nhnh khng thuc vng ang xt.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 29
6. Cc nh lut Kirchhoff (2)
6.1. nh lut Kirchhoff 1 (nh lut Kirchhoff v dng in)
Bi tp 1.6
Dng phn mm CircuitMaker:
Quan st quan h pha gia in p v dng in trn cc phn t th
ng R, L, C.
Kim tra cc nh lut Kirchhoff
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 30
7. Cc phng php c bn phn tch mch in
7.1. Phng php in p nt
7.2. Phng php dng in vng
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng.
7.4. Phng php ngun tng ng (Thevenin)
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 31
7.1 Phng php in p nt (1)
7.1. Phng php in p nt
Ni dung phng php ny da trn nh lut Kirchhoff 1.
Cc bc ca phng php:
Bc 1: Tnh s nt N
n
ca mch in cn phn tch, chn 1 nt lm
gc v coi in th ca nt bng 0.
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh dng in cho N
n
1 cn li, ta s c mt
h (N
n
1) phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh, vi cc n s l in p
ti cc nt.
Bc 3: Gii h (N
n
1) phng trnh ta s tm c in th ti cc
nt ca mch in, v t ta c th tm c dng in trong tt c
cc nhnh ca mch in.
phc tp khi gii mch in ph thuc vo s nt ca mch.
N N ng.N
[Y ].[U ] = [ ] I
Size([Y
N
])= [(N
n
- 1) x (N
n
- 1)].
-1
N N ng.N
[U ] = [Y ] .[ ] I
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 32
7.1 Phng php in p nt (2)
V d 1.4: Tnh dng in trong tt c cc nhnh
ca mch in nh hnh v.
Bc 1: S nt ca mch l: N
n
= 5, chn O
lm gc, coi U
O
= 0.
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh dng in cho 4
nt A, B, C v D (c th quy nh chiu cc
dng in ty ).
Ti nt A: I
1
+ I
2
+ I
8
= 0
Hay:
Bin i ta c:
8 1
1 2 8
0
Z Z Z
A D A A B
U U E U E U U +
+ + =
( )
8 1
1 2 3 2 8 1 8
1 8
. . 0. . Y Y Y U Y Y (*)
Z Z
A B C D ng ng
E E
U U U I I + + = =
T biu thc (*) sinh vin hy a ra quy tc vit trc tip phng trnh
in p cho cc nt ca mch in?
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 33
7.1 Phng php in p nt (3)
Thc hin tng t vi 3 nt cn li (B, C
v D) ta s c 3 phng trnh cn li.
Z
3
E
8 Z
8
Z
4
Z
6
Z
2
Z
5
Z
1
Z
7
E
5
E
1
C
A
B
D
O
+

i
1
i
2
i
8
2 3 4 4
5
4 4 5 6 6 5
5
8
8 6 6 7 8 8
8
( ). . 0. 0
. ( ). .
0. . ( ).
2
Nt B: -Y U Y Y Y U Y U U
Nt C: 0.U Y U Y Y Y U Y U
Z
Nt D: -Y U U Y U Y Y Y U
Z
A B C D
A B C D ng
A B C D ng
E
I
E
I
+ + + =
+ + + = =
+ + + = =
ta s c h 4 phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh vit di dng ma trn:
1 8
5
8
0
1 2 8 2 8 A
2 2 3 4 4 B
4 4 5 6 6 C
8 6 6 7 8 D
Y +Y +Y -Y 0 -Y U
-Y Y +Y Y -Y 0 U
0 -Y Y +Y +Y -Y U
-Y 0 -Y Y +Y +Y U
ng ng
ng
ng
I I
I
I

| |
| | | |
|
| |
+
| | |
=
|
| |
| | |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
N N ng.N
[Y ].[U ] = [ ] I
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 34
7.1 Phng php in p nt (4)
Bc 3: Gii h 4 phng trnh 4 n ta s
tm c in p ti cc nt A, B, C v D
ca mch in.
Khi bit in p ti cc nt ta c th d dng
tnh dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch.
V d:
Z
3
E
8 Z
8
Z
4
Z
6
Z
2
Z
5
Z
1
Z
7
E
5
E
1
C
A
B
D
O
+

i
1
i
2
i
8
1
1
1
;
A D 8 A B
2 8
2 8
U -U + U U -U
I I = ; I =
Z Z Z
A
E E
=
Ch :
Nu cc dng in sau tnh ton l dng mt chiu v c gi tr (-) th chiu
dng in s ngc li. Cn nu n c gi tr (+) th chiu l ng.
Nu cc dng in l xoay chiu (th hin bng s phc) th chiu ca
dng in c th hin pha ca n (Arguymen).
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 35
7.1 Phng php in p nt (5)
Bi tp 1.7
Tnh dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh B1.4 v hnh B.1.5 bng
phng php in p nt.
Kim tra kt qu trn phn mm Circuitmaker.
1
1 R = O
E
6
= 6V
E
1
= 2V
+

2
2 R = O
3
5 R = O
4
4 R = O
5
2 R = O
6
5 R = O
E
4
= 8V
Hnh B1.4 Hnh B1.5
1
1 R = O
E
6
= 4V
E
1
= 2V
+

+
2
2 R = O
3
1 R = O
4
4 R = O
5
2 R = O
6
1 R = O
E
4
= 6V
7
5 R = O
E
7
= 4V
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 36
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (1)
Ni dung phng php ny da trn nh lut Kirchhoff 2.
Cc bc ca phng php:
Bc 1: Tnh s vng c lp ca mch in cn phn tch, chn
chiu cho dng in trn cc vng. (V nguyn tc chn mt cy ca
mch, sau thm vo cc b cy, c mi b cy thm vo s cho 1
vng c lp)
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh in p cho N
b
vng, ta s c mt h N
b

phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh, vi cc n s l cc dng in ca
cc vng.
Bc 3: Gii h N
b
phng trnh ta s tm c dng in trn cc, v
t ta c th tm c dng in trong tt c cc nhnh ca mch
in.
phc tp khi gii mch in ph thuc vo s b cy ca mch.
V V ng
[Z ].[I ] = [ ] E
Size([Z
V
])= [N
b
x N
b
].
-1
V V ng
[I ] = [Z ] .[ ] E
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 37
E
5 E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+

+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4
Z
2
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (2)
V d 1.5: Dng phng php dng in vng
phn tch mch in nh hnh v.
Bc 1: Chn cc vng kn v nh du
chiu dng in nh trn hnh.
Bc 2: Vit phng trnh in p cho 4
vng I, II, III v IV.
Vng I: U
Z1
+ U
Z2
+ U
Z3
E
1
= 0
Hay:
Bin i ta c:
1
0
1 2 3
Z I + Z (I - I ) + Z (I - I )
I I IV I II
E =
( )
1 2 3 3 2 1
. . 0. . Z Z Z I Z I I Z I (**)
I II III IV
E + + =
T biu thc (**) sinh vin hy a ra quy tc vit trc tip phng trnh
cho cc vng cn li ca mch in?
IV
I
II III
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 38
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (3)
Thc hin tng t vi 3 vng II, III, IV ta
s c 3 phng trnh cn li:
ta s c h 4 phng trnh c lp tuyn tnh vit di dng ma trn:
1
5
7 5
8
1 2 3 3 2
3 3 4 5 5 4
5 5 6 7 6
2 4 6 2 4 6 8
Z +Z +Z -Z 0 -Z I
-Z Z +Z Z -Z -Z I
0 -Z Z +Z +Z -Z I
-Z -Z -Z Z +Z +Z +Z I
I
II
III
IV
E
E
E E
E
| | | | | |
| | |
+
| | |
=
| | |
+
| | |

\ . \ . \ .
V V ng
[Z ].[I ] = [ ] E
E
5 E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+

+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4 Z
2
IV
I
II III
E
5 E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+

+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4 Z
2
IV
I
II III
3 4 5 5 4 5
( ). . .
3
Vng II: -Z I Z Z Z I Z I Z I
I II III IV
E + + + =
5 5 6 7 6 7 5
. ( ). . Vng III: -0.I Z I Z Z Z I Z I
I II III IV
E E + + + = +
2 4 6 2 4 6 8 8
. . ( ). Vng IV: -Z I Z I Z I Z Z Z Z I
I II III IV
E + + + + =
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 39
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (4)
Bc 3: Gii h 4 phng trnh 4 n ta s
tm c cc dng in trong cc vng, v
c th d dng tnh dng in trong cc
nhnh ca mch. V d:
1 2 3
; ; ; I I I I I I I I
Z I Z I IV Z I II
= = =
E
5 E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+

+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4 Z
2
IV
I
II III
E
5 E
1
E
8
Z
8
E
7
C A B D
O
+

+
Z
1
Z
3
Z
5
Z
7
Z
6
Z
4 Z
2
IV
I
II III
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 40
7.2. Phng php dng in vng (5)
Bi tp 1.8
Tnh dng in trong cc nhnh ca mch in hnh B1.6 v hnh B.1.7 bng
phng php dng in vng.
Kim tra kt qu trn phn mm Circuitmaker.
1
1 R = O
E
6
= 6V
E
1
= 2V
+

2
2 R = O
3
5 R = O
4
4 R = O
5
2 R = O
6
5 R = O
E
4
= 8V
Hnh B1.6 Hnh B1.7
1
1 R = O
E
6
= 4V
E
1
= 2V
+

+
2
2 R = O
3
1 R = O
4
4 R = O
5
2 R = O
6
1 R = O
E
4
= 6V
7
5 R = O
E
7
= 4V
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 41
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (1)
Nguyn l xp chng trong cc mch in tuyn tnh
Thng thng c tuyn V-A ca mt phn t tuyn tnh c dng:
Tng qut cc phn t c c tuyn V-A c dng sau cng l phn t tuyn
tnh:
C th p dng nguyn l xp chng (superposition) cho cc phn t tuyn
tnh : p ng ca mt mch tuyn tnh cho trc vi tng cc u vo
bng tng cc p ng ca mch vi tng u vo ring l.
V d: gi s i
1
v i
2
l cc p ng ca mt mch khi c cc in p tc
ng tng ng u
1
, u
2
. Tc l: i
1
= f(u
1
) v i
2
= f(u
2
).
Nu ta ng thi cho c hai in p u
1
, u
2
tc ng th s c dng in i
3
.
Nu mch l tuyn tnh ta s c:
i
3
= f (u
1
+ u
2
) = f(u
1
) + f(u
2
) = i
1
+ i
2
) , , , ( ;
2 1 2 1
const d c b a du cu i bi ai u = + = + = hay
1
2
di
u a b i dt
dt
= +
}
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 42
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (2)
Ch :
Khi p dng nguyn l xp chng cho mt mch c nhiu ngun tc ng
th nu cc ngun khng lm vic l ngun sc in ng th s b ngn
mch cn cc ngun l ngun dng s b h mch.
V d 1.6.
a) Dng nguyn l xp chng, tnh
u
ab
trong mch hnh bn?
b) V c tuyn V-A khi c ti mc
vo hai im X, X?
+

E
1
5V
E
2
1V
I
3
1,5mA R
2
5kO
R
1
10kO
i
X
u
X
X
X
+

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 43


7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (3)
Gii:
a) Ln lt cho 3 ngun: E
1
, E
2
v I
3
tc ng vo mch.
Khi ngun E
1
tc ng (hnh a)
Khi ngun E
2
tc ng (hnh b)
Khi ngun I
3
tc ng (hnh c)
Xp chng kt qu:
1
2 2 2
1 2
1, 67
X
E
u R i R V
R R
' = = =
+
+

E
1
5V
E
2
= 0
I
3
= 0
R
2
5kO
R
1
10kO
i
2
u
X
X
X
+

a)
2
2 2 2
1 2
0,33
X
E
u R i R V
R R
'' = = =
+
b)
+

E
2
1V
E
1
= 0
I
3
= 0
R
2
5kO
R
1
10kO
i
2
u
X
X
X
+

E
2
= 0
I
3
1,5mA
R
2
5kO
R
1
10kO
i
2
u
X
X
X
+

E
1
= 0
c)
3 1 2
( // ) 5
X
u I R R V
'''
= =
7
X X X X
u u u u V
' '' '''
= + + =
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 44
i
X
(mA)
u
X
(V)
u
OC
= 7V i
SC
= 2,1mA
dc = -0,3mA/V
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (4)
c tuyn V-A ca hai u X v X
Do mch in l tuyn tnh nn c
tuyn s l ng thng.
in p u
X
= 7V l in p h mch,
ng vi i
X
= 0. (k hiu u
OC
).
im c tuyn ct trc tung l dng
ngn mch i
SC
ng vi u
X
= 0.
dc c tuyn:
Phng trnh c tuyn:
I
3
R
2

R
1
i
X
X
X
+

E
1

+

E
2

1 2
3
0
1
2,1
X
SC X
u
E E
i i I mA
R
=
+
= = + =
2,1
0,3 /
7
SC X
X OC
i i mA
m mA V
u u V
A
= = = =
A
( 0,3 / ) 2,1
X X SC X
i mu i mA V u mA = + = +
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 45
7.3. Phng php dng nguyn l xp chng (5)
Bi tp 1.9
Tm in p u
x
trong hnh B1.8 vi
E
1
= 10V, E
2
= 4V,
I
3
= 4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
Bi tp 1.10
Tm in p u
x
trong hnh B1.8 vi
E
1
= 10V, E
2
= 4V,
I
3
= -4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
Hnh B1.8
u
X
I
3
R
2

R
1
i
X
X
X
+

E
1

+

E
2

Bi tp 1.11
Tm dng in qua R
2
trong hnh B1.8 vi hai trng hp:
E
1
= 8V, E
2
= 4V, I
3
= 4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
E
1
= 8V, E
2
= 4V, I
3
= -4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
Bi tp 1.12
V c tuyn V-A hai u X-X ca mch in hnh B1.8 vi E
1
= 4V,
E
2
= 10V, I
3
= 4mA, R
1
= R
2
= 10kO.
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 46
7.4. Phng php ngun tng ng Thevenin Norton (1)
Trong mch in, phn mch AB c cha ngun (v ni vi phn cn li Z
ca mch ti cp im AB, ng thi gia hai phn khng c ghp h cm
vi nhau), c th c thay th tng ng bng mt:
Ngun in p V
TH
c sc in ng bng in p h mch trn cp im
AB (Thevenin) hoc mt ngun dng I
TH
c dng in ngun bng dng
in ngn mch trn cp im AB (Norton).
Tr khng trong ca ngun
R
TH
bng tr khng tng
ng nhn t cp im
AB vi nguyn tc ngn
mch ngun sut in ng
v h mch ngun dng c
trong phn mch ny.
Thevenin
Norton
A
R
t
B
R
t
R
t
R
TH A
V
TH
B
R
TH
A
I
TH B
Mch in
tr (ch cha
cc in tr
hoc cc
ngun tuyn
tnh)
+

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 47


V d 1.7
Tnh dng in trn R
3
ca mch
in hnh v bn bng phng php
ngun tng ng.
Gii:
Xc nh in p h mch trn cp
im AB, chnh l V
TH
(loi b R
3
)
Xc nh R
tAB
nhn t cp im
AB, chnh l R
TH
.
tnh c i
3
R
3
R
1
R
4
R
2
E
1
B A
R
5
E
5
+

5 1
2 4
1 2 4 5
TH A B
E E
V U U R R
R R R R
= =
+ +
4 5 1 2
1 2 4 5
TH tdAB
R R R R
R R
R R R R
= = +
+ +
3
3
TH
TH
u
I
R R
=
+
7.4. Phng php ngun tng ng Thevenin Norton (2)
R
3
R
TH
= R
t AB
A
V
TH
= U
hm AB
B
+

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 48


7.4. Phng php ngun tng ng Thevenin Norton (3)
Bi tp 1.13
Tnh dng in trn R ca mch in
hnh B1.9 bng phng php ngun
tng ng Thevenin.
Bi tp 1.14
Tm ngun tng ng Thevenin v
ngun tng ng Norton ti hai
im A, B ca mch in hnh B1.10.
Bi tp 1.15
S dng phng php ngun tng
ng v c tuyn V-A ti hai
im A v B ca mch in hnh
B1.10.
Nu E = 6V, R
1
= 2kO, R
2
= 4kO v
R
3
= 5kO
Hnh B1.9
E

R
1
R
2
R (Ti)
A
B
+
E
R
1
R
2
R
3 A
B
+

Hnh B1.10
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 49
7.5. Quy tc phn p v phn dng (1)
a) Quy tc phn p
Quy tc phn p dng tnh cho cc
mch ch cha cc in tr mc ni tip.
Nu bit trc E v i
x
= 0, ta c:
Do u
1
= i
1
R
1
, u
2
= i
2
R
2
nn:
E
R
1
R
2
u
1
+

u
2
i
1
i
2
i
X
1 2
1 2
E
i i
R R
= =
+
1 2
1 2
1 2 1 2
;
R R
u E u E
R R R R
= =
+ +
Tng qut: Khi c nhiu in tr mc ni tip v bit in p E trn ton b cc
in tr th in p ri trn mt in tr bt k s bng in p E nhn vi gi
tr in tr v chia cho tng tt c cc in tr.
E
R
1
R
2
R
n
+

1
.
k
k
R
n
j
j
E R
u
R
=
=

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 50


7.5. Quy tc phn p v phn dng (2)
Lu : Quy tc phn p ch c th p dng khi khng c phn t no mc
vi in tr m ngun cung cp nng lng (Hay dng i
x
phi bng 0)
E
R
1
R
2
u
1
+

u
2
i
1
i
2
i
X
Hnh B1.11
Bi tp 1.16
Tm in p u
1
v u
2
trn hnh B1.11 khi:
E = 12V, R
1
= 22kO; R
2
= 33kO.
(p s u
1
= 4,8V, u
2
= 7,2V)
Bi tp 1.17
Tm in p u
1
v u
2
trn hnh B1.11 khi:
E = -6V, R
1
= 18kO; R
2
= 27kO.
(p s u
1
= -2,4V, u
2
= -3,6V)
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 51
7.5. Quy tc phn p v phn dng (3)
b) Quy tc phn dng
Tng t nh quy tc phn p, quy tc
phn dng dng cho cc mch cha hai
in tr mc song song.
Nu bit trc I
0
ti nt N ta c:
in p trn R
1
v R
2
phi bng nhau:
Ta c:
2 0 1
i I i =
2
1 1 2 2 1 2
1
R
i R i R i i
R
= =
N
R
1
R
2
i
1
i
2
I
0
2
2 0 2
1
R
i I i
R
=
Hay:
0 1
2
1 2
0 2
1
1 2
I R
i
R R
I R
i
R R
=
+
=
+
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 52
7.5. Quy tc phn p v phn dng (4)
Bi tp 1.18
Tm dng in i
4
qua R
4
trn hnh B1.12 nu: I
0
= 12mA, R
1
= 2kO; R
2
= 1kO,
R
3
= 1kO v R
4
= 4kO. (p s 2,4mA).
Bi tp 1.19
Tm in p trn R
4
trn hnh B1.12 nu: I
0
= 10mA, R
1
= 2kO; R
2
= 5kO,
R
3
= 1kO v R
4
= 2kO. (p s ~ 8,6V).
Hnh B1.12
R
2
R
4
i
4
I
0
R
1
R
3
I
0
Bi tp 1.20
Tm dng in i
1
qua R
1
trn hnh B1.12
nu: I
0
= 6mA, R
1
= 2kO; R
2
= 250O,
R
3
= 750kO v R
4
= 2kO.
(p s 2,4mA).
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 53
8. Mng bn cc (1)
Mng bn cc (cn gi l mch hai ca) l m hnh ca cc phn t v cc
phn mch in thng gp trong thc t (nh m hnh bin p, transistor...).
Cc nh lut tng qut dng cho mch tuyn tnh u c th p dng cho
bn cc tuyn tnh, nhng l thuyt mng bn cc ch yu i su vo phn
tch mch in theo h thng, lc y c th khng cn quan tm ti mch c
th na m coi chng nh mt hp en v vn ngi ta cn n l mi
quan h dng v p hai ca ca mch.
L thuyt mng bn cc cho php nghin cu cc mch in phc tp nh l
s ghp ni ca cc bn cc n gin theo nhiu cch khc nhau, n l mt
trong nhng phng php hu hiu dng phn tch v tng hp mch.
U
1
, I
1
: in p v dng in ti ca 1
U
2
, I
2
: in p v dng in ti ca 2
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 54
8. Mng bn cc (2)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh tr khng [Z]
Ma trn tr khng:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
z
12
= z
21
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
U z I z I
U z I z I
= +

= +

1 1
2 2
=[Z].
U I
U I
( (
( (

2
1
11
1
0 I
U
z
I
=
=
1
2
22
2
0 I
U
z
I
=
=
1
1
12
2
0 I
U
z
I
=
=
2
2
21
1
0 I
U
z
I
=
=
11 12
21 22
[Z]
z z
z z
(
=
(

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 55
8. Mng bn cc (3)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh dn np [Y]
Ma trn dn np:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
y
12
= y
21
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
I y U y U
I y U y U
= +

= +

1 1
2 2
=[Y].
I U
I U
( (
( (

11 12
21 22
[Y]
y y
y y
(
=
(

2
1
11
1
0 U
I
y
U
=
=
1
2
22
2
0 U
I
y
U
=
=
1
1
12
2
0 U
I
y
U
=
=
2
2
21
1
0 U
I
y
U
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 56
8. Mng bn cc (4)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh truyn t [A]
Ma trn truyn t:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
AA = -1
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 2 12 2
1 21 2 22 2
U a U a I
I a U a I
= +

= +

1 2
1 2
[A]
U U
I I
( (
=
( (

11 12
21 22
[A]
a a
a a
(
=
(

2
1
11
2
0 I
U
a
U
=
=
2
1
22
2
0 U
I
a
I
=
=
2
1
12
2
0 U
U
a
I
=
=
2
1
21
2
0 I
I
a
U
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 57
8. Mng bn cc (5)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh truyn t ngc [B]
Ma trn truyn t ngc:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
AB = -1
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
2 11 1 12 1
2 21 1 22 1
U b U b I
I b U b I
= +

= +

2 1
2 1
[B]
U U
I I
( (
=
( (

11 12
21 22
[B]
b b
b b
(
=
(

1
2
11
1
0 I
U
b
U
=
=
1
2
22
1
0 U
I
b
I
=
=
1
2
12
1
0 U
U
b
I
=
=
1
2
21
1
0 I
I
b
U
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 58
8. Mng bn cc (6)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh hn hp [H]
Ma trn hn hp:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
h
12
= - h
21
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
U h I h U
I h I h U
= +

= +

1 1
2 2
[H]
U I
I U
( (
=
( (

11 12
21 22
[H]
h h
h h
(
=
(

2
1
11
1
0 U
U
h
I
=
=
1
2
22
2
0 I
I
h
U
=
=
1
1
12
2
0 I
U
h
U
=
=
2
2
21
1
0 U
I
h
I
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 59
8. Mng bn cc (7)
8.1. Cc h phng trnh c tnh ca bn cc.
H phng trnh c tnh hn hp ngc [G]
Ma trn hn hp ngc:
i vi trng hp bn cc tng h ta c:
g
12
= - g
21
I
1
I
2
U
1
U
2
Mng bn
cc
1 11 1 12 2
2 21 1 22 2
I g U g I
U g U g I
= +

= +

1 1
2 2
[G]
I U
U I
( (
=
( (

11 12
21 22
[G]
g g
g g
(
=
(

2
1
11
1
0 I
I
g
U
=
=
1
2
22
2
0 U
U
g
I
=
=
1
1
12
2
0 U
I
g
I
=
=
2
2
21
1
0 I
U
g
U
=
=
Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 60
8. Mng bn cc (8)
8.2. Cc phng php ghp ni mng bn cc .
a) Ghp ni tip ni tip
Ghp ni tip c hai ca I v II
Mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn
tr khng [Z] nh sau:
Tng qut khi c k mng 4 cc mc ni tip ni tip:
I
1

I
2

I
1

I
2

U
1

U
2

I
U
1

U
2

II
I
2
U
2
I
1
U
1
[Z] [Z] + [Z ]
' ''
=
1
[Z] [Z ]
n
k
k=
=

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 61


8. Mng bn cc (9)
8.2. Cc phng php ghp ni mng bn cc .
a) Ghp song song song song
Ghp song song c hai ca I v II
Mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn
dn np [Y] nh sau:
Tng qut khi c k mng 4 cc mc song song song song:
I
1

I
2

I
1

I
2

U
1

U
2

I
U
1

U
2

II
I
2
U
2
I
1
U
1
[Y] [Y] + [Y ]
' ''
=
1
[Y] [Y ]
n
k
k=
=

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 62


8. Mng bn cc (10)
8.2. Cc phng php ghp ni mng bn cc .
a) Ghp ni tip song song
Ghp ni tip ca I v song song ca II
Mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn
hn hp [H] nh sau:
Tng qut khi c k mng 4 cc mc ni tip song song:
[H] [H] + [H ]
' ''
=
I
2

I
1

U
2

U
1

I
2

I
1

U
1

U
2

I
2
U
2
I
1
U
1
I
II
1
[H] [H ]
n
k
k=
=

Ng c Thin - PTIT Chng 1 63


8. Mng bn cc (11)
8.2. Cc phng php ghp ni mng bn cc .
a) Ghp song song ni tip
Ghp song song ca I v ni tip ca II
Mng 4 cc mi, c ma trn
hn hp ngc [G] nh sau:
Tng qut khi c k mng 4 cc mc song song ni tip:
[G] [G] + [G ]
' ''
=
I
2

I
1

U
2

U
1

I
2

I
1

U
1

U
2

I
1
U
1
I
2
U
2
I
II
1
[G] [G ]
n
k
k=
=

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