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MeV. (2.5)
Nng lng to cp ph thuc s khi A th hin tnh tp th c biu th bi dao ng di b
mt ca cc ng v khc nhau hoc cc ht nhn ng notron khc nhau. Tng quan ny chng t thc
t rng, ngoi lc nuclon-nuclon trn, s chuyn i ca dao ng b mt tp th gia cc nuclon trong
cc trng thi nghch o thi gian gn nng lng Fermi cng ng gp cho tng quan cp ht nhn.
2.4 Tnh siu dn
Cc electron gn mt Fermi trong cht siu dn tng tc nhau trong dng cp tng quan. iu
ny ln u tin c ngh bi Cooper (1956), v cc cp c gi cp Cooper. Cp Cooper c
to nn t hai electron c tng spin bng khng, ng lng bng v tri du k v k. Tng quan cp
trong cht siu dn thng c to nn t tng tc ca hai electron thng qua cc ion dng mng
(2.4)
Hnh 2.2 Nng lng to cp notron v proton (da trn phn tch ca Zeldes v cng s)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -8-
tinh th bng lc tnh in. S bin dng ca mng tinh th nh hng n s chuyn ng ca cc
electron. Cc electron c th pht ra hoc hp th mt phonon o. S tng tc hiu dng gia cc
electron thng qua phonon c mt electron pht ra, v mt electron khc hp th phonon . Tng tc
ny gy ra s tn x mt cp electron t trng thi (k, -k) n trng thi (k
, -k
) vi ln V
kk
ph thuc
vo cp electron-phonon v ph thuc vo ph phonon.
Tng tc to ra tng quan cp trong cht siu dn thng l kt qu ca s cn bng tinh xo
gia li chn lc y Coulomb t hiu ng phn cc ng hc ca c cc electron v cc ion.
Trong trng hp ht nhn th hi khc, ngun gc chnh ca s to cp trong ht nhn l nh lc
tng tc mnh nuclon-nuclon.
Trong vic m t nh lng s to cp trong ht nhn, khng th b qua s dao ng b mt tp
th ca cc cp nuclon chuyn ng trong cc trng thi nghch o thi gian nm gn nng lng Fermi.
S khc nhau chnh gia s trao i phonon trong cht rn v trong ht nhn l dao ng ht nhn thng
qua chuyn ng nht qun ca cc nuclon.
Quay li trng hp cht siu dn, mi cp Cooper c nng lng lin kt 2nh hn nng lng
Fermi
F
. B phn chnh ca hm sng cp n t cc trng thi electron c nng lng trong ca
nng lng Fermi
F
< <
F
+ . (2.6)
chnh lch nng lng
(2.7)
gi l di kt hp (hay di tng quan) ca cht siu dn, v l php o kch thc cp Cooper.
di kt hp ln hn nhiu so vi khong cch mng tinh th (5
). iu ny mt phn do cc electron
trong nhng vt liu ny c khi lng hiu dng ln v vn tc Fermi nh (v
F
10
4
ms
1
), khe nng
lng ln.
Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (1957) v Schrieffer (1964) pht trin l thuyt vi m v tnh
siu dn, a vo tng cp Cooper, v nht qun vi nguyn l Pauli. L thuyt ny c gi l l
thuyt BCS, cng miu t s to cp trong ht nhn (Bohr, Mottelson v Pines (1958)). Theo l thuyt
BCS, tt c cc electron gn mt Fermi trng thi c bn ca cht siu dn c dng tng quan cp
Cooper. Trng thi kch thch c hnh thnh t vic ph v cp v c mt khe nng lng 2 gia trng
thi c bn v trng thi kch thch thp hn, khe nng lng ny gip n nh trng thi siu dn. Hiu
ng nhit c th ph v cp, v trong l thuyt BCS cc electron khng to cp s lm gim lin kt ca
cc cp vi nhau. Do tham s nng lng khe 2 ph thuc nhit , n gim khi T tng. mt nhit
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -9-
ti hn th nng lng khe bng khng, cp b ph v v c mt s chuyn pha t pha siu dn thnh
pha thng. L thuyt BCS cho mi lin h gia nhit chuyn pha T
c
v khe nng lng (0) T = 0 :
(2.8)
Trong th gii ny, ht v phn ht (v d quark v phn quark) l b phn cu thnh cc cp
Cooper. Ph v mt trong cc cp ny sinh ra mt quark ln v mt phn quark ln. S phn b xo trn
ca cc cp to ra sng c th c gii thch v l cc ht boson (v d cc ht pion)
Mi cp Cooper c to nn t hai ht fermion v do cp ny nh mt boson, tun theo phn
b Bose-Einstein, nn tnh siu dn c c nh ngng t Bose-Einstein ca cc cp.
Mt t trng c cng mnh s ph v trng thi siu dn. Gi tr t trng ti hn B
c
l mt hm s ca nhit . Nm 1933, Meissner v Ochsenfel pht hin rng nu mt cht siu dn
c lm lnh trong t trng th T < T
c
t thng s b y ra khi cht siu dn . l hiu ng
Meissner.
i vi trng thi siu dn, t trng gim theo hm e-m, tnh t b mt ca n. Xt cht siu
dn l na mt phng v hn chim phn khng gian pha bn phi ca trc x. Nu gi B(0) l cng
t trng b mt, s bin i t trng bn trong cht siu dn s l
B(x) = B(0)exp(-x/
L
) (2.9)
(ta gi thit l t trng ngoi song song vi b mt mu). Do ,
L
l di thm su ca t trng
trong mu v c gi l di thm su London.
2.5 Tnh siu chy ca
3
He
Tnh siu chy ca
3
He c pht hin vo nm 1972 bi D.D. Osheroff, R.C. Richardson v D.M.
Lee: nhit T < 2,7 mK, heli 3 tn ti rt nhiu pha siu chy khc bit nhau. Cc pha ny c d
hng v c t tnh
Pht hin c tnh siu chy ca heli 3 l mt iu bt ng ln v heli 3 c spin bng nn chng
l cc ht fermion, nhng trong mt vi iu kin c th chng tng tc vi nhau bng mt lc ht yu
Hnh 2.3 C khong 10
18
cp Cooper trn cm
3
trong mt kim loi siu dn. Mt cp
Cooper c s m rng khng gian khong 10
-4
cm. Do , mt cp Cooper c ph
chng bi 10
6
cp Cooper khc, n n mt tng quan cp-cp mnh, nh hnh
v. iu ny tng ng nht qun cho cc cp Cooper (trng thi kt dnh)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -10-
v chnh iu ny cho php cc nguyn t heli 3 kt cp vi nhau. i vi cc cp nguyn t heli 3 nh
vy, s ngng t Bose-Einstein c th xy ra. L thuyt siu chy ca heli 3 phc tp hn l thuyt siu
chy ca heli 4 rt nhiu. C th phn chia thnh hai thnh phn siu chy. Pha siu chy A xut hin p
sut ln hn 20 atm v pha siu chy B xut hin p sut thng nhng nhit rt thp. Pha B cng c
th nhn c p sut cao (p = 2030 atm).
Ta bit, trong kim loi cc in t dn c in tch m bng nhau chuyn ng trong mng ca
cc ion dng. Nu b qua nh hng ca mng, cc in t chu cc lc tnh in v y nhau. Mng cc
ion dng to nn mt mn chn tnh in v cc in t khng y nhau na. nhit thp, cc in t
c th ht nhau v to iu kin cho cc in t kt hp (cp Cooper). l c ch vi m ca tnh siu
dn. Trong mt cp Cooper siu dn, cc spin ca hai gi ht nh hng ngc nhau to nn spin tng
cng bng khng v chuyn ng ca cp l chuyn ng n gin nht c th thc hin c tng
ng vi momen qu o bng khng (trng thi qu o s). Hn th na, trong cc cht siu dn, cc
cp Cooper lun trong trng thi c bn ging nhau vi spin bng khng. Do cc cp ny trong tnh
trng tng t nh tnh trng ca cc nguyn t heli 4 v c th tham gia vo s ngng t Bose-Einstein
(trng thi c bn vi s = 0)
Mt m hnh tng t cng c th p dng cho cc nguyn t heli 3 vi cch m t ca cc gi ht
c tng tc yu. Lc ht to nn s kt cp c ngun gc t tnh. Lc ny c th tr nn mnh to
thnh mt pha heli 3 mi di 2 mK, trong cc cp ca cc gi ht c hnh thnh (cp Cooper).
Tuy nhin, cc cp Cooper ca heli 3 c cc thuc tnh phc tp hn nhiu cc cp Cooper siu dn. Cc
cp ny khng phi l cc phn t; khong cch gia hai gi ht ca mt cp vo khong vi chc
ln
hn rt nhiu so vi khong cch gia cc nguyn t ca mt phn t (cha hai nguyn t). Nu ch n
mt ca cc phn t trong cht lng heli, c th gi thit rng cc cp c xp chng ln nhau v
khng th phn bit mt cch chnh xc cp no to bi nguyn t xc nh no. Ngoi ra nu tnh n
kch thc ca cc cp, khng th xut hin tnh siu chy ca cht lng ny trong cc ng c kch thc
nh hn kch thc ca cc cp ny.
2.6 So snh s to cp trong ht nhn vi tnh siu dn
Trong c cht siu dn loi I v loi II, di kt hp ln hn khong cch gia cc phn t trong
vt cht, nhng nh hn kch thc c trng ca mu vt liu siu dn. iu ny rt khc trong ht nhn.
S dng s sng Fermi thch ng (k
F
1,36 fm
-1
) ta c c v
F
= 54 MeV fm. Phng trnh (2.7) cho
di kt hp :
nng lng khe c MeV. Xt mt ht nhn c trng c A = 140, 1 MeV, 27 fm. So snh vi ht
nhn trung bnh (A 120) c bn knh R = 1,2A
1/3
fm 6,3 fm. Nh vy di kt hp ln hn bn knh
ht nhn. Kt qu ny cng ng cho tt c cc ht nhn trong bng h thng tun hon. Trong ht nhn,
kch thc cp Cooper c xc nh bi kch thc ht nhn hn l di kt hp.
nh hng kch thc lng t c th thay i c tnh ca cht siu dn nu kch thc ca n
(2.10)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -11-
nh. Thay i u tin xy ra khi kch thc nh hn di kt hp, nhng vn ln hn khong
cch gia cc nguyn t. Khe nng lng s bin mt khi cht siu dn t trong t trng mnh, tuy
nhin t trng ny hy cn cha mnh ph v cp Cooper v cc c tnh khc. Khi t trng tng
na s xut hin s chuyn pha cp hai trong trng thi thng (khng cn siu dn).
c tnh ca mu cht siu dn l ph thuc kch thc ca n. Mt dy kch thc hai lp hoc
mt lp s khc vi mu ba lp. Lp mng ngha l dy nh hn di kt hp. Tng t, dy l mt
lp hu hiu nu bn knh ca n nh hn di kt hp.
nh hng kch thc lng t cng ng k trong ht nhn v khng c s chuyn pha t ngt.
Tng quan cp c xc nh yu hn khi nng lng kch thch tng, nhng khng c s chuyn i
t ngt.
Mottelson v Valatin (1960) l lun rng c hnh thc gn tng ng gia phng trnh chuyn
ng trong mt t trng khng i v trong mt h quy chiu quay. H ngh t trng ti hn trong
cht siu dn nn c b sung thm trong ph quay ca ht nhn. Lc Coriolis ht nhn quay c xu
hng tch ri cp trong trng thi nghch o thi gian. Khi vn tc gc ln th tng quan cp b ph
hy hon ton. Mottelson v Valatin nh gi vn tc gc ti hn
c
khng di hn bt k tng quan cp
no. iu ny tng t vi t trng ti hn B
c
trong cht siu dn.
Khng hon ton tng ng gia nh hng ca t trng i vi cht siu dn v s quay ca
cc cp trong ht nhn. Khi khng c t trng ngoi, cc electron u to cp trong trng thi c bn siu
dn. Trng thi kch thch c hnh thnh khi ph v cp. T trng lm trng thi kch thch b phn
chia Zeeman v khe nng lng gim bt. S phn chia ln nht trong trng thi gi ht c momen ng
lng cc i. l k
F
R, trong R l bn knh ht v k
F
l ng lng Fermi, khi t trng c cng
B
1
th:
trng thi hai gi ht b suy bin, vi trng thi c bn c to cp hon ton. Lc ny t trng ngoi
mnh gim khe nng lng v khng, nhng khng mnh ph hy tnh siu dn.
Trng thi hai gi ht c momen ng lng ln nht c momen t (e/2m)2k
F
R , trong khi
momen t ln nht ca trng thi bn gi ht c ln gp hai ln gi tr ny. Do , khi t trng tng
yu, trng thi bn gi ht b suy bin vi trng thi to cp hon ton. Khi t trng tng na, th c cng
nhiu cp b ph v. Tng hp chung lm gim bt ln hiu dng ca tng quan cp v cui cng s
to cp bin mt. Perenboom v cng s (1981) da trn l thuyt BCS cho mt trng thi kh Fermi v
khng bao gm hiu ng v, xc nh t trng ti hn:
B
c
= 2,6B
1
(2.12)
nh hng kch thc trc tin l s quay trong ht nhn. Momen ng lng ln nht ca trng thi hai
gi ht l j
1
+ (j
1
1) = 2j
1
1, trong j
1
l gi tr momen ng lng ln nht ca trng thi n ht gn
mc Fermi. Thng thng n tng ng vi trng thi xm nhp vi j
max
= l
max
+ b ko xung lp tip
(2.11)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -12-
theo do tng tc spin-qu o. Trng thi hai gi ht ny b phn chia bi s quay v b suy bin vi
trng thi c to cp hon ton khi:
nh hng kch thc ny trong vt l c kt hp vi dy tn s ct ngang (band crossing) (hay ch
ngot li (backbend)) c xem xt trong s quay ca ht nhn v
1
c xc t dy tn s ct ngang.
Trng thi hai gi ht c canh chnh momen ng lng ca chng vi trc quay ca ht nhn. C s
chuyn pha sang trng thi khng to cp tn s quay ti hn
c
. Tng t trong trng hp tnh siu
dn, phng trnh (2.12) ta c
c
2,6
1
. S dng phng trnh (2.13) vi cc gi tr c trng 1,2
MeV v j
1
13/2 cho ht nhn trung bnh (A 150), dn n
c
0,5MeV.
nhit ti hn, hiu ng kch thc hu hn s lm bng phng bt k s chuyn pha t ngt.
Tng quan cp b gim bt khi vn tc gc tng nhng khng bin mt t ngt
c
.
Hiu ng lp v l h qu ca kch thc hu hn ca ht nhn. Khong cch
gia cc lp
chnh trong ht nhn c nh gi t ng thc (Bohr v Mottelson (1969))
trong ta ly R = 1,2A
1/3
fm. Phng trnh (2.10) v (2.14) cho mi lin h
Do iu kin bn knh ht nhn nh hn di kt hp lin h vi iu kin nng lng to cp 2
nh hn khong cch cc lp
/10 ( l khong cch trung bnh ca cc trng thi n ht cng spin). S lng t ha
khng gian trong ht nhn nguyn t dn n cc trng thi n ht c momen ng lng khc nhau.
Cp Cooper da trn mc momen ng lng ln v nm gn nng lng Fermi th hnh ng quay trong
ht nhn mnh hn so vi cp Cooper da trn mc momen ng lng thp. H qu, s ph v cp
Cooper xy ra trong ht nhn nguyn t nh mt hm ca tn s quay.
2.7 Sao notron
Cc nguyn t b ha tan khi vt cht thng thng b nn n mt rt cao, c th l khi khong
cch ca ht nhn nh hn kch thc nguyn t. Nu mt ln th thun tin cho cc electron kt
hp vi proton lin kt trong ht nhn hnh thnh notron bng cch phn r
-
. Lc Coulomb ng vai
tr yu hn trong ht nhn nguyn t c lp. Khi mt tng n 4 10
11
g cm
3
(ch l mt ht
nhn bo ha = 2.8 10
4
g cm
3
), t s n/p t n mc ti hn. Bt k s tng mt ln na dn n
notron nh git, ngha l h hai pha trong cc electron, ht nhn, v notron t do cng tn ti v cng
nhau xc nh trng thi nng lng thp nht. S tng mt trn 4 10
11
g cm
3
dn n t s n/p cao
(2.13)
(2.14)
(2.15)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -13-
hn v ngy cng nhiu c notron t do. Cui cng, khi mt vt qu khong 4 10
12
g cm
3
, p sut
c to bi notron nhiu hn bi electron.
Pulsars (sao notron) l cc vt th thin vn pht ra cc xung sng v tuyn mt cch chu k. Gn
nh cng mt lc c khm ph bi Crab v Vela pulsars (Hewish cng cng s. (1968), Gold (1969)),
cung cp bng chng v cu to sao notron trong s bng n siu sao mi.
S tnh ton xut t nht ba siu chy hadron hin din trong mt sao notron (Pines cng
cng s. (1980)):
1. lp v bn trong (4,3 10
11
g cm
3
< < 2 10
14
g cm
3
, cc notron t do to cp trong
trng thi
1
S
0
hnh thnh siu chy trong ht nhn giu notron)
2. trng thi cht lng lng t ( 2 10
14
g cm
3
), trong ht nhn b ha tan thnh cht
lng suy bin ca cc notron v proton, siu chy notron l s to cp trong trng thi
3
P
2
.
3. Cc proton trong cht lng lng t c tnh siu dn trong trng thi
1
S
0
.
Hnh 2.4 Tit din sao sotron
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -14-
3
NI DUNG MU TNG TC CP LOI SIU CHY
3.1 Dng Hamintonnien tng tc
Trc y, trong mu lp n ht, Yensen v Mayer gi thuyt c s tng tc gia tng cp
nuclon nm trn cng mt mc nng lng, tc hai ht c cng cc c trng lng t nh nhau ch c
ngc nhau v hnh chiu ca momen ng lng trn mt hng xc nh. y, trong mu tng tc
cp loi siu chy, tng t vi cc electron trong kim loi, lc cp, v c bn ch tc dng vi nuclon
nm trn lp khng chim y vi nng lng gn vi nng lng Fermi
F
. Lc tng tc ny l lc ht
th cu hnh thch hp nht v mt nng lng ca cc ht ny l kt qu ca s phn b cc cp trn mt
s mc ln cn ma Fermi. Thc vy, cc ht nm trn cc lp khng chim y tng i t do v c th
phn b trn cc mc nng lng gn nhau v chng t chu nh hng lin quan vi nguyn l loi tr
Pauli t pha cc ht khc. Ni cch khc, c s khuch tn cc cp nuclon nm trn cc lp khng chim
y gn mc Fermi. iu ny t c s cho vic miu t ton hc tng tc cp.
Phng php ton hc c bn xt trng thi siu chy nm trong hnh thc lun ca php lng t
ha ln hai. Hm sng bt k ca mt h cc Fermion trong hnh thc lun ny s t ng phn i xng.
Hamintonnien s biu din qua ton t sinh ht
q
a
o
+
v hy ht
q
a
o
. Tc dng cc ton t ny s lm tng
hay gim mt n v cc s nuclon trong trng thi bt k c trng bi cc s lng t qo . Bng php
bin i tuyn tnh chnh tc, ton t sinh v hy ny s dn n cc ton t mi trong trng hp tng
qut, chng khng phi l cc ton t sinh v hy thng thng ca cc nuclon ring bit m l sinh v
hy cc loi chun ht c c trng cho cc trng thi chng cht ca cc nuclon v cc l trng.
Tng tc ca cc nuclon trong ht nhn c tch thnh tng tc ca mi nuclon vi trng th
trung bnh v tng tc cp loi siu chy. i vi thnh phn tng tc th nht, ngi ta khng quan
tm n dng c th ca trng th trung bnh, do c th bt u bng cch thu cc phng trnh tng
qut c bn ri p dng cho cho dng c th ca cc ht nhn hnh cu hay bin dng. m t thnh
phn tng tc th hai - tng tc cp loi siu chy, ngi ta s dng tp hp cc s lng t c trng
cho cc mc mt ht trong trng th trung bnh, trong tp hp ny cn tch cc s lng t l o = ng
vi cc trng thi lin hp i vi ton t phn chiu thi gian, chng hn o c th l cc gi tr ngc
du ca hnh chiu momen trn trc i xng ca ht nhn. Nh vy, cc trng thi mt ht ca trng
trung bnh m t bi tp hp cc s lng t qo v nng lng E(q).
Cn ch thm rng vi cc ht nhn nng v trung bnh, ngi ta chng t rng khng c
tng quan cp loi siu chy gia mt notron v mt proton, do h cc notron v proton c th xt
ring, hay c th vit ring Hamintonnien cho h notron (hay h proton ) di dng:
( ) , ,
,
0
,
( ) ( ) 1
s s N
s s s s
s s s
H n E s a a G a a a a
o o
o
+ +
+ + +
=
`
)
(3.1)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -15-
vi E(s) l nng lng ca notron nm trng thi s ca trng th trung bnh.
H s G
N
vit y l mt hm s ca s lng t so :
, ,
( , , , ) G G s s s s
+ +
. N c trng cho
ln tng tc cp. V lc dn n tng quan cp ca cc nuclon c tc dng ngn, tc c th biu din
th s di dng
,
( ) r r o , nh vy mt cch gn ng c th xem n gin G = const. R rng thnh
phn th nht ca biu thc (3.1) m t chuyn ng trong trng th trung bnh. Tng tc cp loi siu
chy th hin trong thnh phn th hai ca biu thc (3.1). Thnh phn ny m t s hy ht v sinh hai
ht khc, ni cch khc n m t hin tng khuyt tn cp ht. Hamintonien (3.1) m t h vi s ht n
xc nh vi tr ring ca ton t ( )
q q q q
q
n a a a a
+ +
+ +
= +
C th vit (3.2) li r rng nh sau:
{ } , ,
,
0
,
( ) ( ) (4)
n s s N
s s s s
s s s
H n E s a a G a a a a
o o
o
+ +
+ + +
=
Hon ton tng t, Hamintonient H(p) ca h proton c dng:
{ } , ,
,
0
,
( ) ( ) (5)
p N
H n E a a G a a a a
vo vo
v v v v
vo v v
v
+ +
+ + +
=
vi
p
l th ha hc ca h proton xc nh t trnh:
(6) Z a a
vo vo
vo
+
=
a vo cc i lng
n p
v cng c ngha l tnh nng lng ca mt ht theo gc t gi tr
n p
v , tc l gi tr gn vi nng lng mc Fermi ca h neutron v proton.
3.2 Bin i chnh tc Blliubov Cc gi ht
Chng ta s kho st ring tng h ht, chng hn h notron vi Hamintonnien xt trn (3.4).
Trong , cc ton t sinh v hy notron
s s
a v a
o o
+
tha mn h thc giao hon sau y:
(3.2)
(3.3)
(3.4)
(3.5)
(3.6)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -16-
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
(7 )
0 (7 )
0 (7 )
s s
s s ss
s s
s s
s
s s s
a a a a a
a a a a b
a a a a a
o o
o o oo
o o
o o
o
o o o
o o
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ =
+ =
+ =
d dng gii bi ton, thc hin php bin i chnh tc chuyn cc ton t ht
s s
a v a
o o
+
thnh
cc ton t gi ht
s s
v
o o
o o
+
,
,
(8 )
(8 )
s s s s s
s s s s s
a u v a
a u v b
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
+
+ +
= +
= +
bin i Blliulov khng ph v tnh cht giao hon, th cc hm thc u
s
v v
s
a vo biu
thc trn phi tha mn cc iu kin:
2 2
2 2
1 0 (9 )
1 (9 )
s s s
s s
u v a
hay u v b
q = + =
+ =
Hm trng thi mt ht so c th biu din qua hm trng thi vacum
(10)
s v
s a o
o
o
+
=
Nu nh ngha trng thi c bn ca h
0
bao gm mt s chn notron nh l vacum ca gi ht,
th hm sng
0
phi tha mn iu kin sau y vi mi ( ) so :
*
0 0
0 ; 0 (11)
s s o o
o o
+
= =
Hm sng
0
s c dng nh a ra trong l thuyt siu chy:
( )
0
(12)
s s s s
s
u v a a
+ +
+
= +
[
T ta tnh c gi tr trung bnh ca H(n) theo trng thi
0
, tc tm nng lng trung bnh
ca trng thi chn khng ca h gi ht:
{ } ( )
2
2 4
0
0
( ) 2 ( ) 13
n s N s s N s
s s s
H n E s v G u v G v
| |
=
|
\ .
V thnh phn
4
N s
s
G v
vi
s
l tha s Legendre. Thc hin php bin phn, tc l ly o hm ca
0
s s
s
H q +
theo u
s
v
v
s
v cho bng khng, ta thu c cc phng trnh:
{ }
{ }
, ,
,
, ,
,
4 ( ) 2 2 0
4 ( ) 2 2 0
n s N s s s
s s
s
n s N s s s
s s
s
E s v G u u v v
E s u G v u v v
+ =
+ =
Nhn phng trnh trn cho u
s
v phng trnh di cho v
s
v tr cho nhau, cui cng ta thu c:
{ } , ,
,
2 2
2 ( ) ( ) 0 (16)
n s s s s N
s s
s
E s u v u v G u v =
Mt khc, ta c:
2
2 (17)
s
s
N v =
th hin ngha ca i lng v
s
:
2
2
s
v l mt s ht trn mc s, cn i lng
2 2
2 2(1 )
s s
u v = bng
mt l trng.
Phng trnh (3.16) c hai nghim, mt nghim tm thng vi u
s
v
s
= 0 v nghim th hai vi
0
s s
u v = . Nghim tm thng c th vit di dng:
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 18
s F s F
u s v v s u u = =
vi:
1 ( )
( )
0 ( )
n
F
n
khi E s
s
khi E s
<
=
>
tm nghim khng tm thng, ta a vo hm tng quan:
(19)
n N s s
s
G u v A =
T (3.16) v (3.9) ta thu c:
( ) 1
1 (20 )
2 ( )
( ) 1
1 (20 )
2 ( )
n
s
n
s
E s
u a
s
E s
v b
s
c
= +
`
)
=
`
)
(3.15)
(3.16)
(3.17)
(3.18)
(3.19)
(3.20a)
(3.20b)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -18-
vi: | |
2
2
( )
n n n
E s c = A +
n y , ta c th thu c cc phng trnh i vi trng thi c bn ca h neutron.
| |
| |
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
( )
( )
1
( )
N
s
n n
n
s
n n
G
E s
E s
N
E s
=
A +
=
`
A +
)
y l h hai phng trnh xc nh cc i lng
n n
v A
Ngoi ra, ta c th thu c biu thc cho nng lng ca h notron trong trng thi c bn:
2
2
0
2 ( ) (21)
n n
s
s
N
E s v
G
A
=
Biu thc trn khng cho bit c gi tr tuyt i ca
0
n
, n ch dng tnh nng lng ca
trng thi kch thch hoc nghin cu s ph thuc nng lng ca trng thi c bn vo G
N
hay vo
thng s bin dng
3.3 Hm sng trng thi v ngha vt l ca cc hm s
Hm sng c bn (3.12) biu din qua cc hm sng ht v cc i lng u
s
v v
s
. Nu ni mt
cch cht ch, ta ch c th gi thit tng t vi l thuyt BCS hm sng ca trng thi c bn biu din
qua hm sng ca vacum nh cc ton t sinh ht :
( ) , , , ,
, ,
0
0
s s s s
s
u v a a
+ +
+
= +
[
y
, ,
, ,
s s
u v v ch l cc h s khng c ngha vt l c sc no. Ta c th chng minh rng cc h s
, ,
, ,
s s
u v v chnh l cc hm s u
s
v v
s
. T suy ra rng hm sng ca trng thi c bn c dng :
( )
0
0
s s s s
s
u v a a
+ +
+
= +
[
Khi kho st h proton cng thu c cc biu thc tng t vi h notron.
ngha vt l ca hm s
2 2
s s
u v v :
2
s
v l xc sut trong trng thi c bn
0
ng vi vacum gi ht c mt cp nucleon s+ v s- ;
v
2
s
u l xc sut m trng thi vacum c cp l (s+,s-) khng chim y. Trong mu cc ht c lp
khng c tng tc cp loi siu chy (hm 0
n
A = ),
2 2
1 ( ) 0 ( )
s n s n
v khi E s v v khi E s = < = > , tc l
tt c cc mc tn n mc mt Fermi u chim y, cn cc mc khc th trng. Tng quan cp
( 0)
n
khi A = dn n lm nhe cc i lng
2
s
v , tc lm khuch tn cc ht trn mt Fermi. Lc tng
(3.21)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -19-
cp ht trong mt khong thi gian no nm trn cc mc cao hn mt Fermi. Thi gian lu li ny
hay xc sut cp ht nm trn cc mc cng gim dn khi cng xa mc Fermi.
Thc nghim cho kt qu ph hp vi l thuyt v s phn b cc nuclon theo quan nim ca
tng tc cp loi siu chy. Thc vy, xc xut hay tit din phn ng (d,p) t l vi
2
s
u , cn xc sut ca
phn ng t l vi
2
s
v nu ta dng bia l ht nhn chn-chn. y, k hiu s ch cc s lng t ca
trng thi kch thch ht nhn l to thnh sau phn ng. Nhng gi tr thc nghim rt ph hp vi ng
cong m t hm
2 2
s s
u v v nu ta ch rng khi lng ca bia tng ng gim nng lng ca trng thi.
3.4 Trng thi kch thch gi ht Khe nng lng
(b)
(a)
Hnh 3.2 S phn b cc ht trn cc mc n ht ca trng th trung bnh theo mu cc
ht c lp (a), v mu cc gi ht c lp (b)
0 A =
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Hnh 3.1 Phn b mt cp theo cc mc n ht ca trng th trung bnh
0 A =
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -20-
Mt kt qu quan trng ca mu tng quan cp ht siu chy l m t trng thi kch thch v tm
li gii thch v hin tng "khe nng lng".
Ta c:
( )
1 2
1 2
2 (22)
n
n s s
c c = + > A
T phng trnh trn ta thy r rng cc trng thi kch thch ca h gm s chn notron nm cch xa
trng thi c bn mt khe nng lng bng 2
n
A . Tng t (3.22) ta c biu thc cho nng lng trng
thi kch thch hai gi ht ca h gm s chn proton. Trong trng hp ny khe nng lng bng 2
p
A .
Tri vi ht nhn chn - chn, trong cc ht nhn l nng lng cc trng thi kch thch c th l
ty , hay ni cch khc khng c "khe nng lng" trong ph cc mc.
Hin tng "khe nng lng" cng nh cc tnh cht khc ca ht nhn hnh cu hoc ht nhn
bin dng u c th m t bng phng php tng quan cp loi siu chy.
3.5 Hiu ng cn
nh hng ca ht l cp n tnh cht siu chy ca cc trng thi ca ht nhn gi l hiu ng
cn. Vi trng thi siu chy ca ht nhn, tng tc ca cc nuclon m t bi Hamintonien (3.4) v (3.5).
Tnh cht c sc ca Hamintonien nm ch cc nuclon nhy t mc ny sang mc khc theo tng cp.
Do nu mt mc suy bin bc 2 ca trng th trung bnh c mt nuclon th theo nguyn l loi tr
Pauli th mc ny khng th cha mt cp. Hiu ng ny cho php khi tnh ton tnh cht siu chy ca
nhng trng thi xc nh khng cn ch nhng mc ca trng th c cha cc gi ht. iu ny dn
n thay i gi tr ca hm tng quan
,
( )
n
s A v th ha hc
,
( )
n
s so vi trng thi khng c gi ht.
Hiu ng ny th hin rt r trong cc ht nhn bin dng mnh, mt mc ca trng th trung
bnh khng ln.
Hm sng v nng lng ca h vi gi ht nm mc mt ht s
2
c vit:
{ }
2 2
2
2
0 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 (23)
( )
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) (24)
s s s
s s
s s
n n
s
s s
N
s a u s v s a a
s
s E s E s v s
G
o
+
+ + +
=
=
= +
A
= +
[
i vi h gm s chn notron th hm trng thi, nng lng v cc phng trnh c bn i vi
cc trng thi kch thch hai gi ht c dng sau:
{ }
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2
0 1 2 1 2 1 2
,
2
2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
,
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) 0 (25)
( , )
( , ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( , ) ( 26)
s s s s
s s
s s s
n n
s
s s s
N
s s a a u s s v s s a a
s s
s s E s E s E s v s s
G
o o
+
+ + + +
=
=
= +
A
= + +
[
Bng phng php tng t, c th thu c cc biu thc v phng trnh tng ng cho h gm
nhiu gi ht.
(3.22)
(3.23)
(3.24)
(3.25)
(3.26)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -21-
4
MT VI NG DNG CA MU CC GI HT SIU CHY
Mu tng tc cp loi siu chy nu khng tnh n tng tc gia cc gi ht c gi l mu
cc gi ht c lp. Trn c s ca mu ny c th tnh cc c trng ca ht nhn nh momen qun tnh,
momen t cc, cc thng s bin dng Trong phm vi mu cc gi ht c lp cng c th tnh cc c
trng ca mt s trng thi ht nhn, xc sut cc dch chuyn anpha, bta, gamma, cc tha s ph trong
cc phn ng ht nhn trc tip. Sau y s cp n mt vi ng dng ca mu cc gi ht siu chy.
4.1 Cc trng thi kch thch gi ht
Xem xt cu trc ca trng thi ht nhn trn quan im ca mu cc gi ht c lp. Bn cht ca
cc trng thi c bn hay kch thch c th l loi khng phi gi ht hoc loi mt, hai hay ba Hm
sng ca trng thi cc gi ht biu din qua cc ton t ca ht nm trn cc mc mt ht q
1
, q
2
, ngha
l spin, s chn-l v cc c trng lng t khc nhau m t cc trng thi gi ht c xc nh bi cc
mc nng lng n ht ca trng trung bnh, c cc nuclon l cp.
Trong trng hp ht nhn l, cc trng thi kch thch thp c th m t bi hm sng mt gi ht
(3.23) v nng lng (3.24). i vi ht nhn chn-chn, cc trng thi kch thch thp c th xem l trng
thi hai gi ht vi hm trng thi (3.25) v nng lng (3.26).
Cng thc (3.24), (3.26) tnh ph cc trng thi gi ht. y, phi dng n gi tr nng lng
cc mc mt ht thu c trong trng th trung bnh. Cn gi tr ca hm tng quan G
N
(hay G
Z
) thu
c bng thc nghim da vo hiu s khi lng ca ht nhn chn-chn v chn-l (hoc l-chn) ln
cn. S phn tch cc s liu thc nghim chng t rng gi thit gn ng G
N
, G
Z
= const l kh tt.
Nng lng tnh ton cc trng thi mt gi ht ca cc ht nhn bin dng l ph hp vi s liu
thc nghim tt hn nng lng thu c theo s cc mc mt ht Nilsson hay Wood - Saxon. Mu
gi ht c lp cho mt hnh nh tng qut kh ng vi ph nng lng cc ht nhn bin dng l. y,
th t cc mc mt ht ca trng th trung bnh th hin trong th t cc mc mt gi ht. Mt trung
bnh cc mc mt gi ht trong cc ht nhn bin dng l tm c t thc nghim gp khong 2 ln mt
mc mt ht trong s Nilsson v Wood - Saxon. Cc mc kch thch cao c th c m t nh l
trng thi ba gi ht.
i vi cc ht nhn chn - chn, theo quan im mu gi ht, trng thi c bn l trng thi khng
gi ht, cn trong s mc kch thch c c trng thi hai gi ht v bn gi ht. Phn tch cc trng thi hai
gi ht trong cc ht nhn chn - chn bin dng thc hin trong nhiu cng trnh nghin cu. Khng
c s liu thc nghim no chng li kt lun suy ra t mu cc gi ht c lp. Tt nhin iu ch xy
ra vi cc mc c nng lng nm trong khong 1,5 - 2,5 MeV, khi m nh hng ca cc chuyn ng
tp th cn cha ng k.
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -22-
Cn lu rng cc cng thc tnh nng lng cc mc kch thch ht nhn a ra cc phn
trn ch ph hp vi trng hp ht nhn bin dng. D nhin i vi cc ht nhn hnh cu cng c
nhng kin thc tng t, v cc s liu tnh ton cho trng thi mt, ba gi ht (cho ht nhn l) v hai,
bn gi ht (cho ht nhn chn-chn) cng kh ph hp vi thc nghim.
4.2 Momen qun tnh ca ht nhn
So vi mu cc ht c lp th mu gi ht cho kt qu tnh ton momen qun tnh ph hp vi
thc nghim hn nhiu, mc d cng thp hn gi tr thc nghim khong 5 - 20%. Ngoi ra gi tr
momen qun tnh ca trng thi mt gi ht v hai gi ht ph hp vi thc nghim trong phm vi 10 -
30%. S tng momen qun tnh ca ht nhn l so vi ht nhn chn-chn bn cnh l kt qu c bn ca
hin ng cn lm gim hm tng quan A.
4.3 Tng quan cp v phn r bta
Xt nh hng ca tng quan cp loi siu chy n xc sut dch chuyn bta. Phn tch mt
cch h thng gi tr ft ca cc dch chuyn bta chng t rng c s sai khc gia gi tr thc nghim v
gi tr tnh theo mu cc ht c lp. S tnh ton n tng tc cp loi siu chy gim s sai khc ny
mt cch ng k. Chng hn, i vi cc ht nhn bin dng, trong cc dch chuyn cho php theo cc s
lng t bt i xng cu, gia gi tr ft thc nghim v gi tr tnh theo mu Nilsson hay Wood - Saxon
c s sai khc n 20 ln, nhng khi tnh n tng quan cp lm gim s sai lch ny t 20 n 8 ln.
y l mt bng chng na v vai tr tch cc ca mu siu chy trong vic m t cc qu trnh v cu
trc ht nhn.
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n
ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -23-
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nuclear Superfluidity (Pairing in Finite Systems) D.M. BRINK, R. A. BROGLIA Cambridge
Monographs on Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Cosmology
[2] Cc mu cu trc ht nhn , Trn Thanh Minh, Phan Huy Thin i Hc Lt 1982
[3] Vt l chuyn pha , Nguyn Hu c NXB HQG H Ni 2003