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Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn

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ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -1-
1
S CN THIT CA MU TNG TC CP LOI SIU CHY

Nhiu tnh cht ca cc ht nhn c gii thch nh l kt qu ca s chuyn ng ca cc ht
ring l trong trng t hp (trng c to bi cc ht nuclon cn li). Mu lp mt ht cho php
m t cc c trng lng t ca cc trng thi thp trong ht nhn, nht l nhng ht nhn ch tha hay
thiu mt nucleon so vi s chim y cc lp. Nhng khi tng s ht l ngoi lp chim y, tc khi i
xa cc ht nhn magic, th mu mt ht gp nhng kh khn ln. Lc ny trong cc trng thi thp ca ht
nhn hnh cu, phc tp ca s pha trn cu hnh tng ln, ng thi vi vai tr khng th b qua ca
lc tng tc to bi cc nuclon ring l. Tng tc ny khng c a vo trng trung bnh
(trng to bi hiu ng tp th (the collective effect) trong ht nhn). Ni cch khc, trng th trong
mu lp i vi nhng ht nhn xa magic khng hon ton l trng t hp.
Trong trng hp cc ht nhn bin dng, cc trng th c dng nh trng th i xng trc:
trng th Nilsson, th Wood-Saxon i xng cu, hoc th c dng khng i xng trc Nilsson-
Newton, m t trng trung bnh ca ht nhn tt hn trong trng hp cc ht nhn hnh cu. Thc vy,
trong ht nhn bin dng, cc thng s ca trng trung bnh c chn sao cho th nng bao gm c
phn tng tc gia tt c cc nuclon trong ht nhn, do s b sung mi hai nucleon c tnh n
mt cch hu hiu. V th cc th nng Nilsson v Wood-Saxon m t thnh cng cc mc thp ca ht
nhn bin dng l.
i vi cc ht nhn hnh cu, m rng s ng dng ca cc ht c lp cho nhng ht nhn c
nhiu nuclon ngoi lp chim y, ngi ta tnh n tng tc d ca cc nuclon cui cng ny. Trong
nhiu cng trnh nghin cu a ra cc kt qu tnh ton chi tit vi dng lc d phc tp. Nhng cc
kh khn tnh ton tng theo s ht hay s l trng ca lp ngoi cng, v tng theo s lng cc c
trng lng t th hin trong cu hnh ca cc trng thi pha trn. Nhng kh khn ny ca mu nhiu ht
trong thc t khng th gii quyt c, ngay c vi my tnh, tr trng hp ch c mt s rt t ht hay
l trng nm lp ngoi cng hoc cu hnh trng thi tht n gin vi rt t cc s lng t. Tnh trng
ny ca vic gii bi ton nhiu vt c gii quyt kh tt bng cch a vo tng quan cp loi siu
chy. Ngoi ra, nhiu hin tng khc trong cc ht nhn hnh cu v bin dng c thc nghim pht
hin nhng cc mu khc khng gii thch mt cch tha ng (nh khe nng lng, momen qun tnh,
xc sut dch chuyn bta v in t). Hy vng nhng tn ti ny s c khc phc khi ta tnh n
tng quan cp loi siu chy. Thc ra tng quan ny c pht hin trc ht vi cc electron trong
kim loi v c m t thnh cng trong l thuyt siu dn ca John Bardeen, Leon N. Cooper, v J.
Robert Schrieffer. Nm 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes thy rng in tr ca thy ngn gim xung nh hn
mt phn t gi tr bnh thng khi b lm lnh thp hn mt nhit chuyn pha T
c
khong 4 Kelvin.
Nh c nhc phn trn, ng nhn gii Nobel nm 1913. Tuy vy, mt thi gian di ngi ta khng
hiu ti sao cc in t c th chuyn ng m khng b cn tr trong cc cht siu dn ti nhit thp.
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -2-
Nhng vo u nhng nm 1960, Leon N. Cooper, John Bardeen v J. Robert Schrieffer a ra l
thuyt da trn tng l cc cp in t (c spin v hng chuyn ng ngc nhau) c th gim mt
lng nng lng E
g
bng cch chia x mt cch chnh xc cng mt bin dng ca mng tinh th khi
chng chuyn ng. Cc cp Cooper ny hnh ng ging nh cc ht boson. S to cp ny cho php
chng chuyn ng nh mt cht lng lin kt, khng b nh hng khi cc kch thch nhit (c nng
lng l kT) nh hn nng lng to thnh khi kt cp (E
g
).
L thuyt BCS ny c trao gii Nobel vt l nm 1972. t ph trong vic hiu c s c hc
nng lng ny dn n cc tin b trong cc mch siu dn.
L thuyt BCS ny m t chnh xc cc khe trong ph nng lng ca tinh th kim loi. Chnh
s xut hin khe nng lng trong ph ht nhn l bng chng hng hn v tnh siu chy ca ht nhn
hay v tng quan cp loi siu chy gia cc nucleon nm ngoi lp chim y ca ht nhn. Cc ht
nhn l, v l-l c nng lng cc trng thi kch thch th nht c hng chc KeV, trong khi cc ht
nhn chn-chn th nng lng thng vt qu 1 MeV, tc l khe nng lng xut hin trong ht nhn
chn-chn. Nhng d kin trn l xy dng cho ht nhn bin dng, nhng cng l nt tiu biu cho
cc ht nhn hnh cu. Bgliubov, ngi xy dng phng php ton hc cho l thuyt siu dn, gi
v kh nng tn ti tnh siu chy ca cht ht nhn. Sau Bohr O., Mottenson B. v Pines D. t c
s cho l thuyt siu chy ca ht nhn. V l thuyt ny c xy dng hon chnh ng thi m rng p
dng nghin cu cu trc ht nhn bi Belyaev S.T.Mat, Fys. Medd. Dan, Vid. Selsk, Solaviev V.G.















Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
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ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -3-
2
M U

2.1 S to cp trong ht nhn, cht siu dn, cht lng
3
He v sao notron
Ht nhn siu chy l vn bn hin i u tin dnh ring cho tng quan cp trong ht nhn. N
bt u bng cch khm ph tng quan cp trong mt lot cc h gm: hin tng siu dn trong kim
loi nhit thp, hin tng siu chy trong cht lng
3
He v trong sao notron.
Nu qut mt t trng qua mt vng kim loi (v d nh mt chic nhn bng ch) chm trong
heli lng (T ~ 4 K) n gy ra mt dng in m cng khng gim trong mt nm, v thp hn 10
5
nm thi gian phn r c trng ca n.
Nu mt bnh hnh xuyn cha y heli lng di nhit ti hn T
c
= 2,17 K (c gi l He II)
v c gi vi cc vt liu xp, gm nhng knh mao mch rt hp, c th quay quanh trc i xng ca
n v sau a v trng thi ngh, cht lng tip tc chy (Reppy v Depatie (1964)), khng gim vn
tc gc trong mi hai gi, v cho thy rng He II chy m khng phn tn.
Nu mt ht nhn b bin dng trng thi c bn, c t vo trng thi quay bi chuyn ng
khng ng u, trng Coulomb ph thuc thi gian, n hin th di (tn s) quay vi momen qun tnh
m l mt phn nh (khong t 1/2 n 1/3) ca momen qun tnh c nh (ban u) (Belyaev (1959),
Bohr v Mottelson (1975)).
Sao notron quay (pulsar) hin th s vt tng (s chy khng u), l, lm tng t ngt tn s
ca cc xung pht ra ca bc x (Mc Kenna v Lyne (1990), Mc Cullough cng cng s. (1990), Flanagan
(1990), Anderson cng cng s. (1982)).
Tt c cc quan st trn l nhng v d ca cc hin tng c gi l siu dn v siu chy.
Hin tng siu dn l hin tng in tr sut ca mt s kim loi v hp kim gim t ngt
xung khng (hoc gn bng khng) khi b lm lnh ti mt nhit thp. nhit ti hn (T = T
c
),
trong mu xy ra mt chuyn pha t trng thi dn in thng sang trng thi siu dn. Hin tng ny
c Kamerlingh Onnes (H Lan) pht hin ln u tin vo nm 1911 i vi thy ngn (Hg) (T
c
=
4,15K).
L thuyt vi m v tnh siu dn c Bardeen, Cooper v Schrieffer a ra vo nm 1957.
Trong l thuyt , tc l l thuyt BCS, s tn ti ca cc cp in t (cp Cooper) c spin i song v
ht nhau c xut. Tng tc nh vy l tng tc thng qua mng tinh th: mt in t (dn) khi
tng tc vi mng cng lm bin i mng, ta ni mng b nhiu. Mt h nh vy s c in tch dng
nhiu hn mt cht so vi h khng nhiu. Mt in t khc s lin kt vi in t ny thng qua bin
dng (tng tc in t-mng). Trong mt cp Cooper siu dn, cc spin ca hai gi ht nh hng
ngc nhau to nn spin tng cng bng khng v chuyn ng ca cp l chuyn ng n gin nht c
th thc hin c, tng ng vi mt momen qu o bng khng (trng thi qu o s). Hn th na,
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -4-
trong cc cht siu dn, cc cp Cooper lun trong trng thi c bn ging nhau vi spin bng khng.
Cc cp in t Cooper nh vy chuyn ng trong mng tinh th khng cn trao i nng lng vi cc
ion, tc l in tr b trit tiu trong pha siu dn. Cc gi thit trn y cho php ta suy lun c rng:
tng tc in t-mng cng mnh th vt liu cng c nhiu kh nng tr thnh cht siu dn.
Khi nim siu chy do Kapitza a ra vo nm 1937 c trng cho thuc tnh thy ng c
bit ca cht lng
4
He nhit rt thp. nhit T = 2,17K, cht lng
4
He c th chy qua cc ng rt
nh khng mt in tch v do khng c nht. Nm 1972, hin tng siu chy ca
3
He cng c
pht hin nhit rt thp vi cc tnh cht tng t nh hin tng siu dn, bi Osheroff, Richardson,
Lee. Thc t,
3
He c nhiu pha siu chy khc nhau di 2,17 mK. Hin tng ny c gii thch
da trn khi nim cc cp nguyn t
3
He tng t nh cc cp in t trong cht siu dn. S dch
chuyn cc cp in t (siu dn) v cc cp nguyn t (siu chy) nh vy s khng mt mt nng lng.
Hin tng siu chy cng c xem l c tn ti vi cc notron cc sao notron. , nhit rt cao,
nhng mt notron vn cn ln i vi cc hiu ng lng t.
Nhit ti hn
3
He tr thnh siu chy bng khong 1/1000 nhit chuyn pha siu dn ca
4
He. l h qu ca thc t rng
3
He gm s l cc ht fermion (2 proton, 1 notron v 2 electron), v do

3
He cng l mt fermion. Khi ,
4
He nhiu hn
3
He mt notron, nn n l mt boson. V trong mt h
Bose, cc trng thi n ht c th chim gi nhiu lp. nhit thp, h ny c khuynh hng ngng
t thnh trng thi n ht nng lng thp nht (ngng t Bose-Einstein). (S chuyn pha siu chy ca
4
He l biu hin ca ngng t Bose-Einstein).
c tnh c bn ca ngng t Bose l bn pha ca n, tc l ht nng lng cao thun li ngng
t thnh trng thi n ht ca pha c hc lng t bn vng, ton b i xng chun v ph v t
pht.
Trong mt h Fermi, nguyn l loi tr Pauli ch cho php s chim ch n ca cc trng thi
fermion. Trong gn ng n gin nht, cc ht fermion chuyn ng trong trng th trung bnh chim
trng thi n ht thp nht cho trc-nng lng Fermi
F
. Cc ht fermion c nng lng gn
F
s to
cp tng tc d. Tng quan cp rt quan trng hiu cu trc cc trng thi di trong ht nhn, c
tnh ca sao notron, kim loi siu dn, heli lng
3
He nhit thp. Cc fermion thch hp l cc nuclon
trong ht nhn, v trong sao notron, cc electron trong siu dn v cc nguyn t
3
He trong cht lng heli.
Tng quan cp dn ti trng thi ghp cp ca cc fermion spin nguyn (0 hoc 1). Nhng cp
ny c cu trc tng th khc vi cc h vt l, chng nh cc boson, v c th ngng t Bose nhit
thp. C ch v h qu ca ngng t i vi ht nhn l ti ca cc chuyn hin nay.
Cn nhn mnh s tn ti ca nh hng kch thc lng t (quantal-size-effects)(QSE) l v ht
nhn l h nhiu ht hu hn m b mt ca n ng vai tr quan trng. Thc t, b mt ht nhn khng
ch l ngun lng t ha khng gian v nhng mc n ht gin on, m cn l m hnh b mt tp th
(bi dao ng tp th). Hn na, bi v di kt hp cc cp Cooper ln hn nhiu kch c ht nhn, nn
ht nhn siu chy hin th trong h khng chiu (zero-dimensional system). Bi v s lng cp ngng t
nh, nn s dao ng tr nn rt quan trng.
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
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ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -5-
2.2 Tnh siu chy ca
4
He
Nm 1938, F. London a ra gi thit cho rng s xut hin ca tnh siu chy lin quan vi s
ngng t Bose-Einstein ca cc nguyn t heli. Gi thit ny c pht trin bi Tisza - ngi xy
dng m hnh hai cht lng, hn hp ca cc nguyn t heli ngng t (trong khun kh ngng t Bose-
Einstein) v cc nguyn t heli kch thch (khng ngng t). l lun im c bn cho c ch siu chy
ca
4
He.
Trong rt nhiu trng hp, thnh phn ngng t ca heli siu dn c thuc tnh nh l n khng
tn ti; n c th chy khng c nht chng no cc nguyn t to thnh pha cn tn ti trng thi
c bn. Trong trng hp ny, nht ca heli siu chy (bao gm thnh phn ngng t v thnh phn
kch thch) bng khng nu ch c thnh phn ngng t c chuyn ng. iu ny ch xy ra khi cht
lng c chy qua cc ng c kch thc nh ( ngn cn s chuyn ng ca thnh phn khng ngng
t c nht) v ng thi vn tc ca heli phi thp hn vn tc ti hn. Khi vn tc heli vt qu vn
tc ti hn, tnh siu chy bin mt; chuyn pha t trng thi ngng t sang trng thi kch thch c th
xy ra do s tng tc gia dng chy ca cht lng vi s g gh ca thnh bnh.
S xut hin ca cc dng chy vnh cu l h qu u tin ca tnh cht siu chy: nu chng ta
khi ng mt dng chy ca thnh phn ngng t trong mt hnh xuyn c nhiu l xp nh vi vn tc
nh hn vn tc ti hn, vi nhit khng i, chuyn ng c bo ton vi thi gian. H qu th
hai c ch ra vi th nghim ca Andronikashvili: khi o tn s dao ng ca cc a t trong heli siu
chy, s thy rng chuyn ng ca cc a ny ch ko theo chuyn ng ca phn kch thch v khng
lm nh hng n thnh phn siu chy.
Mt khc, nu c hai thnh phn ca cht lng u c lm cho chuyn ng th mt nht no
s xut hin. l trng hp khi ta cho mt vt chuyn ng trong cht lng heli siu chy. Khi ,
thnh phn siu chy s khng gy ra bt c cn tr chuyn ng no, m ch c thnh phn thng tham
gia vo s cn tr (mc cn tr ty thuc vo hnh dng ca vt). Do vy ta s o c mt nht
khc khng, c nht gn vi nht ca heli thng.
2.3 S to cp trong ht nhn
Trong mu v, cc nuclon chuyn ng trong ht nhn trong trng trung bnh. Trong ht nhn
hnh cu, c thnh phn xuyn tm v spin-qu o, cc trng thi nuclon ring l c xc lp bi
momen ng lng qu o l, tng momen ng lng j (= l ) v j
z
c tr ring m (Brink v Satchler,
1968). Cc nuclon tng tc mnh trong c ly ngn ca lc ht nhn, trong c trng th mu v v tng
tc d gia cc nuclon. Hai notron (hoc hai proton) tng tc d chim u th, lm cc tiu ha nng
lng ca chng bng cch chuyn ng trong cc qu o nghch o thi gian (time-reversed orbits),
tc l trng thi cng j nhng m bng v tri du. Tng tc d (l lng bt bin nghch o thi gian
(time-reversed invariant)) duy tr chuyn ng nghch o thi gian, bi v khi mt cp nuclon tng tc,
chng phn tn thnh cc trng thi nghch o thi gian. Tng momen ng lng ca cp bng khng.
Trng thi c bn ca ht nhn c s notron v proton chn, c c sau khi ghp i cc nuclon
ging nhau trong cc trng thi nng lng gn nng lng Fermi, to cc cp momen ng lng
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -6-
bng khng. Trng thi kch thch c hnh thnh khi c hin tng ph v cp, v trng thi thp nht
t c sau khi ph v mt cp. Cc trng thi ny c nng lng kch thch khong 2nng lng lin
kt cp.
Trong ht nhn c s notron hay proton l th c mt nuclon l khng to cp. M t nh tnh
trng thi thp mt ht nuclon theo quan im qu o i vi nuclon khng to cp. Bc t do ca cc
nuclon to cp c th b qua c.
Khi xt n tng quan cp trong ht nhn l, th trng thi c bn nng lng lin kt c .
iu ny dn n s lch chn-l trong cht ht nhn v nng lng tch nuclon. Nu B(N,Z) l
nng lng lin kt ht nhn c Z proton v N notron th nng lng tch notron cui cng s l:
S
n
(N,Z) = B(N,Z) B(N-1,Z) (2.1)
Tng t, nng lng tch proton cui cng l:
S
p
(N,Z) = B(N,Z) B(N,Z-1) (2.2)
Ht nhn N chn c nng lng tch notron S
n
(N,Z) ln hn so vi ht nhn N l do nng lng
to cp notron 2. Hnh 2.1 cho thy nng lng tch notron ca dy ht nhn vi (N Z) = 21, 23 ; tc l
trong ln cn lp chim y N = 82. C huynh hng chung l S
n
tng khi N tng, nhng trn ht l
khuynh hng xa s lch chn-l nh s to cp.


Nng lng to cp notronkhe nng lngc tnh t nng lng tch notron theo ng thc
sau:

Hnh 2.1 Nng lng phn tch notron S
n
(2.3)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
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ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -7-
trong N chn.
Tng t, nng lng to cp proton;

Gi tr thc nghim ca nng lng to cp
n
v
p
c cho hnh 2.2. Gn ng c th coi:
12/

MeV. (2.5)



Nng lng to cp ph thuc s khi A th hin tnh tp th c biu th bi dao ng di b
mt ca cc ng v khc nhau hoc cc ht nhn ng notron khc nhau. Tng quan ny chng t thc
t rng, ngoi lc nuclon-nuclon trn, s chuyn i ca dao ng b mt tp th gia cc nuclon trong
cc trng thi nghch o thi gian gn nng lng Fermi cng ng gp cho tng quan cp ht nhn.
2.4 Tnh siu dn
Cc electron gn mt Fermi trong cht siu dn tng tc nhau trong dng cp tng quan. iu
ny ln u tin c ngh bi Cooper (1956), v cc cp c gi cp Cooper. Cp Cooper c
to nn t hai electron c tng spin bng khng, ng lng bng v tri du k v k. Tng quan cp
trong cht siu dn thng c to nn t tng tc ca hai electron thng qua cc ion dng mng
(2.4)
Hnh 2.2 Nng lng to cp notron v proton (da trn phn tch ca Zeldes v cng s)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -8-
tinh th bng lc tnh in. S bin dng ca mng tinh th nh hng n s chuyn ng ca cc
electron. Cc electron c th pht ra hoc hp th mt phonon o. S tng tc hiu dng gia cc
electron thng qua phonon c mt electron pht ra, v mt electron khc hp th phonon . Tng tc
ny gy ra s tn x mt cp electron t trng thi (k, -k) n trng thi (k

, -k

) vi ln V
kk
ph thuc
vo cp electron-phonon v ph thuc vo ph phonon.
Tng tc to ra tng quan cp trong cht siu dn thng l kt qu ca s cn bng tinh xo
gia li chn lc y Coulomb t hiu ng phn cc ng hc ca c cc electron v cc ion.
Trong trng hp ht nhn th hi khc, ngun gc chnh ca s to cp trong ht nhn l nh lc
tng tc mnh nuclon-nuclon.
Trong vic m t nh lng s to cp trong ht nhn, khng th b qua s dao ng b mt tp
th ca cc cp nuclon chuyn ng trong cc trng thi nghch o thi gian nm gn nng lng Fermi.
S khc nhau chnh gia s trao i phonon trong cht rn v trong ht nhn l dao ng ht nhn thng
qua chuyn ng nht qun ca cc nuclon.
Quay li trng hp cht siu dn, mi cp Cooper c nng lng lin kt 2nh hn nng lng
Fermi
F
. B phn chnh ca hm sng cp n t cc trng thi electron c nng lng trong ca
nng lng Fermi

F
< <
F
+ . (2.6)
chnh lch nng lng

2 tng ng vi khong ng lng


p
2/v
F
, trong v
F
l vn
tc Fermi. H thc bt nh nh gi kch thc cp Cooper :
x
/
p
v
F
/2.
ln :
=

(2.7)
gi l di kt hp (hay di tng quan) ca cht siu dn, v l php o kch thc cp Cooper.
di kt hp ln hn nhiu so vi khong cch mng tinh th (5

) trong siu dn loi I. Vn tc Fermi


ca electron trong cc vt liu ny thng ln (v
F
10
6
ms
1
) v khe nng lng nh, dn n di kt
hp ln. Cht siu dn loi II c di kt hp nh hn ( 50

). iu ny mt phn do cc electron
trong nhng vt liu ny c khi lng hiu dng ln v vn tc Fermi nh (v
F
10
4
ms
1
), khe nng
lng ln.
Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (1957) v Schrieffer (1964) pht trin l thuyt vi m v tnh
siu dn, a vo tng cp Cooper, v nht qun vi nguyn l Pauli. L thuyt ny c gi l l
thuyt BCS, cng miu t s to cp trong ht nhn (Bohr, Mottelson v Pines (1958)). Theo l thuyt
BCS, tt c cc electron gn mt Fermi trng thi c bn ca cht siu dn c dng tng quan cp
Cooper. Trng thi kch thch c hnh thnh t vic ph v cp v c mt khe nng lng 2 gia trng
thi c bn v trng thi kch thch thp hn, khe nng lng ny gip n nh trng thi siu dn. Hiu
ng nhit c th ph v cp, v trong l thuyt BCS cc electron khng to cp s lm gim lin kt ca
cc cp vi nhau. Do tham s nng lng khe 2 ph thuc nhit , n gim khi T tng. mt nhit
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -9-
ti hn th nng lng khe bng khng, cp b ph v v c mt s chuyn pha t pha siu dn thnh
pha thng. L thuyt BCS cho mi lin h gia nhit chuyn pha T
c
v khe nng lng (0) T = 0 :

(2.8)
Trong th gii ny, ht v phn ht (v d quark v phn quark) l b phn cu thnh cc cp
Cooper. Ph v mt trong cc cp ny sinh ra mt quark ln v mt phn quark ln. S phn b xo trn
ca cc cp to ra sng c th c gii thch v l cc ht boson (v d cc ht pion)
Mi cp Cooper c to nn t hai ht fermion v do cp ny nh mt boson, tun theo phn
b Bose-Einstein, nn tnh siu dn c c nh ngng t Bose-Einstein ca cc cp.




Mt t trng c cng mnh s ph v trng thi siu dn. Gi tr t trng ti hn B
c

l mt hm s ca nhit . Nm 1933, Meissner v Ochsenfel pht hin rng nu mt cht siu dn
c lm lnh trong t trng th T < T
c
t thng s b y ra khi cht siu dn . l hiu ng
Meissner.
i vi trng thi siu dn, t trng gim theo hm e-m, tnh t b mt ca n. Xt cht siu
dn l na mt phng v hn chim phn khng gian pha bn phi ca trc x. Nu gi B(0) l cng
t trng b mt, s bin i t trng bn trong cht siu dn s l
B(x) = B(0)exp(-x/
L
) (2.9)
(ta gi thit l t trng ngoi song song vi b mt mu). Do ,
L
l di thm su ca t trng
trong mu v c gi l di thm su London.
2.5 Tnh siu chy ca
3
He
Tnh siu chy ca
3
He c pht hin vo nm 1972 bi D.D. Osheroff, R.C. Richardson v D.M.
Lee: nhit T < 2,7 mK, heli 3 tn ti rt nhiu pha siu chy khc bit nhau. Cc pha ny c d
hng v c t tnh
Pht hin c tnh siu chy ca heli 3 l mt iu bt ng ln v heli 3 c spin bng nn chng
l cc ht fermion, nhng trong mt vi iu kin c th chng tng tc vi nhau bng mt lc ht yu
Hnh 2.3 C khong 10
18
cp Cooper trn cm
3
trong mt kim loi siu dn. Mt cp
Cooper c s m rng khng gian khong 10
-4
cm. Do , mt cp Cooper c ph
chng bi 10
6
cp Cooper khc, n n mt tng quan cp-cp mnh, nh hnh
v. iu ny tng ng nht qun cho cc cp Cooper (trng thi kt dnh)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -10-
v chnh iu ny cho php cc nguyn t heli 3 kt cp vi nhau. i vi cc cp nguyn t heli 3 nh
vy, s ngng t Bose-Einstein c th xy ra. L thuyt siu chy ca heli 3 phc tp hn l thuyt siu
chy ca heli 4 rt nhiu. C th phn chia thnh hai thnh phn siu chy. Pha siu chy A xut hin p
sut ln hn 20 atm v pha siu chy B xut hin p sut thng nhng nhit rt thp. Pha B cng c
th nhn c p sut cao (p = 2030 atm).
Ta bit, trong kim loi cc in t dn c in tch m bng nhau chuyn ng trong mng ca
cc ion dng. Nu b qua nh hng ca mng, cc in t chu cc lc tnh in v y nhau. Mng cc
ion dng to nn mt mn chn tnh in v cc in t khng y nhau na. nhit thp, cc in t
c th ht nhau v to iu kin cho cc in t kt hp (cp Cooper). l c ch vi m ca tnh siu
dn. Trong mt cp Cooper siu dn, cc spin ca hai gi ht nh hng ngc nhau to nn spin tng
cng bng khng v chuyn ng ca cp l chuyn ng n gin nht c th thc hin c tng
ng vi momen qu o bng khng (trng thi qu o s). Hn th na, trong cc cht siu dn, cc
cp Cooper lun trong trng thi c bn ging nhau vi spin bng khng. Do cc cp ny trong tnh
trng tng t nh tnh trng ca cc nguyn t heli 4 v c th tham gia vo s ngng t Bose-Einstein
(trng thi c bn vi s = 0)
Mt m hnh tng t cng c th p dng cho cc nguyn t heli 3 vi cch m t ca cc gi ht
c tng tc yu. Lc ht to nn s kt cp c ngun gc t tnh. Lc ny c th tr nn mnh to
thnh mt pha heli 3 mi di 2 mK, trong cc cp ca cc gi ht c hnh thnh (cp Cooper).
Tuy nhin, cc cp Cooper ca heli 3 c cc thuc tnh phc tp hn nhiu cc cp Cooper siu dn. Cc
cp ny khng phi l cc phn t; khong cch gia hai gi ht ca mt cp vo khong vi chc

ln
hn rt nhiu so vi khong cch gia cc nguyn t ca mt phn t (cha hai nguyn t). Nu ch n
mt ca cc phn t trong cht lng heli, c th gi thit rng cc cp c xp chng ln nhau v
khng th phn bit mt cch chnh xc cp no to bi nguyn t xc nh no. Ngoi ra nu tnh n
kch thc ca cc cp, khng th xut hin tnh siu chy ca cht lng ny trong cc ng c kch thc
nh hn kch thc ca cc cp ny.
2.6 So snh s to cp trong ht nhn vi tnh siu dn
Trong c cht siu dn loi I v loi II, di kt hp ln hn khong cch gia cc phn t trong
vt cht, nhng nh hn kch thc c trng ca mu vt liu siu dn. iu ny rt khc trong ht nhn.
S dng s sng Fermi thch ng (k
F
1,36 fm
-1
) ta c c v
F
= 54 MeV fm. Phng trnh (2.7) cho
di kt hp :

nng lng khe c MeV. Xt mt ht nhn c trng c A = 140, 1 MeV, 27 fm. So snh vi ht
nhn trung bnh (A 120) c bn knh R = 1,2A
1/3
fm 6,3 fm. Nh vy di kt hp ln hn bn knh
ht nhn. Kt qu ny cng ng cho tt c cc ht nhn trong bng h thng tun hon. Trong ht nhn,
kch thc cp Cooper c xc nh bi kch thc ht nhn hn l di kt hp.
nh hng kch thc lng t c th thay i c tnh ca cht siu dn nu kch thc ca n
(2.10)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -11-
nh. Thay i u tin xy ra khi kch thc nh hn di kt hp, nhng vn ln hn khong
cch gia cc nguyn t. Khe nng lng s bin mt khi cht siu dn t trong t trng mnh, tuy
nhin t trng ny hy cn cha mnh ph v cp Cooper v cc c tnh khc. Khi t trng tng
na s xut hin s chuyn pha cp hai trong trng thi thng (khng cn siu dn).
c tnh ca mu cht siu dn l ph thuc kch thc ca n. Mt dy kch thc hai lp hoc
mt lp s khc vi mu ba lp. Lp mng ngha l dy nh hn di kt hp. Tng t, dy l mt
lp hu hiu nu bn knh ca n nh hn di kt hp.
nh hng kch thc lng t cng ng k trong ht nhn v khng c s chuyn pha t ngt.
Tng quan cp c xc nh yu hn khi nng lng kch thch tng, nhng khng c s chuyn i
t ngt.
Mottelson v Valatin (1960) l lun rng c hnh thc gn tng ng gia phng trnh chuyn
ng trong mt t trng khng i v trong mt h quy chiu quay. H ngh t trng ti hn trong
cht siu dn nn c b sung thm trong ph quay ca ht nhn. Lc Coriolis ht nhn quay c xu
hng tch ri cp trong trng thi nghch o thi gian. Khi vn tc gc ln th tng quan cp b ph
hy hon ton. Mottelson v Valatin nh gi vn tc gc ti hn
c
khng di hn bt k tng quan cp
no. iu ny tng t vi t trng ti hn B
c
trong cht siu dn.
Khng hon ton tng ng gia nh hng ca t trng i vi cht siu dn v s quay ca
cc cp trong ht nhn. Khi khng c t trng ngoi, cc electron u to cp trong trng thi c bn siu
dn. Trng thi kch thch c hnh thnh khi ph v cp. T trng lm trng thi kch thch b phn
chia Zeeman v khe nng lng gim bt. S phn chia ln nht trong trng thi gi ht c momen ng
lng cc i. l k
F
R, trong R l bn knh ht v k
F
l ng lng Fermi, khi t trng c cng
B
1
th:

trng thi hai gi ht b suy bin, vi trng thi c bn c to cp hon ton. Lc ny t trng ngoi
mnh gim khe nng lng v khng, nhng khng mnh ph hy tnh siu dn.
Trng thi hai gi ht c momen ng lng ln nht c momen t (e/2m)2k
F
R , trong khi
momen t ln nht ca trng thi bn gi ht c ln gp hai ln gi tr ny. Do , khi t trng tng
yu, trng thi bn gi ht b suy bin vi trng thi to cp hon ton. Khi t trng tng na, th c cng
nhiu cp b ph v. Tng hp chung lm gim bt ln hiu dng ca tng quan cp v cui cng s
to cp bin mt. Perenboom v cng s (1981) da trn l thuyt BCS cho mt trng thi kh Fermi v
khng bao gm hiu ng v, xc nh t trng ti hn:
B
c
= 2,6B
1
(2.12)
nh hng kch thc trc tin l s quay trong ht nhn. Momen ng lng ln nht ca trng thi hai
gi ht l j
1
+ (j
1
1) = 2j
1
1, trong j
1
l gi tr momen ng lng ln nht ca trng thi n ht gn
mc Fermi. Thng thng n tng ng vi trng thi xm nhp vi j
max
= l
max
+ b ko xung lp tip
(2.11)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -12-
theo do tng tc spin-qu o. Trng thi hai gi ht ny b phn chia bi s quay v b suy bin vi
trng thi c to cp hon ton khi:

nh hng kch thc ny trong vt l c kt hp vi dy tn s ct ngang (band crossing) (hay ch
ngot li (backbend)) c xem xt trong s quay ca ht nhn v
1
c xc t dy tn s ct ngang.
Trng thi hai gi ht c canh chnh momen ng lng ca chng vi trc quay ca ht nhn. C s
chuyn pha sang trng thi khng to cp tn s quay ti hn
c
. Tng t trong trng hp tnh siu
dn, phng trnh (2.12) ta c
c
2,6
1
. S dng phng trnh (2.13) vi cc gi tr c trng 1,2
MeV v j
1
13/2 cho ht nhn trung bnh (A 150), dn n
c
0,5MeV.
nhit ti hn, hiu ng kch thc hu hn s lm bng phng bt k s chuyn pha t ngt.
Tng quan cp b gim bt khi vn tc gc tng nhng khng bin mt t ngt
c
.
Hiu ng lp v l h qu ca kch thc hu hn ca ht nhn. Khong cch

gia cc lp
chnh trong ht nhn c nh gi t ng thc (Bohr v Mottelson (1969))

trong ta ly R = 1,2A
1/3
fm. Phng trnh (2.10) v (2.14) cho mi lin h

Do iu kin bn knh ht nhn nh hn di kt hp lin h vi iu kin nng lng to cp 2
nh hn khong cch cc lp

. H qu l, s chuyn pha t trng thi thng sang siu chy xy ra


nhit T = 0, nh mt hm ca s ht. Thc t, trong lp y 0.5

trong khi lp cha y


0.5

/10 ( l khong cch trung bnh ca cc trng thi n ht cng spin). S lng t ha
khng gian trong ht nhn nguyn t dn n cc trng thi n ht c momen ng lng khc nhau.
Cp Cooper da trn mc momen ng lng ln v nm gn nng lng Fermi th hnh ng quay trong
ht nhn mnh hn so vi cp Cooper da trn mc momen ng lng thp. H qu, s ph v cp
Cooper xy ra trong ht nhn nguyn t nh mt hm ca tn s quay.
2.7 Sao notron
Cc nguyn t b ha tan khi vt cht thng thng b nn n mt rt cao, c th l khi khong
cch ca ht nhn nh hn kch thc nguyn t. Nu mt ln th thun tin cho cc electron kt
hp vi proton lin kt trong ht nhn hnh thnh notron bng cch phn r
-
. Lc Coulomb ng vai
tr yu hn trong ht nhn nguyn t c lp. Khi mt tng n 4 10
11
g cm
3
(ch l mt ht
nhn bo ha = 2.8 10
4
g cm
3
), t s n/p t n mc ti hn. Bt k s tng mt ln na dn n
notron nh git, ngha l h hai pha trong cc electron, ht nhn, v notron t do cng tn ti v cng
nhau xc nh trng thi nng lng thp nht. S tng mt trn 4 10
11
g cm
3
dn n t s n/p cao
(2.13)
(2.14)
(2.15)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -13-
hn v ngy cng nhiu c notron t do. Cui cng, khi mt vt qu khong 4 10
12
g cm
3
, p sut
c to bi notron nhiu hn bi electron.
Pulsars (sao notron) l cc vt th thin vn pht ra cc xung sng v tuyn mt cch chu k. Gn
nh cng mt lc c khm ph bi Crab v Vela pulsars (Hewish cng cng s. (1968), Gold (1969)),
cung cp bng chng v cu to sao notron trong s bng n siu sao mi.


S tnh ton xut t nht ba siu chy hadron hin din trong mt sao notron (Pines cng
cng s. (1980)):
1. lp v bn trong (4,3 10
11
g cm
3
< < 2 10
14
g cm
3
, cc notron t do to cp trong
trng thi
1
S
0
hnh thnh siu chy trong ht nhn giu notron)
2. trng thi cht lng lng t ( 2 10
14
g cm
3
), trong ht nhn b ha tan thnh cht
lng suy bin ca cc notron v proton, siu chy notron l s to cp trong trng thi
3
P
2
.
3. Cc proton trong cht lng lng t c tnh siu dn trong trng thi
1
S
0
.







Hnh 2.4 Tit din sao sotron
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -14-
3
NI DUNG MU TNG TC CP LOI SIU CHY

3.1 Dng Hamintonnien tng tc
Trc y, trong mu lp n ht, Yensen v Mayer gi thuyt c s tng tc gia tng cp
nuclon nm trn cng mt mc nng lng, tc hai ht c cng cc c trng lng t nh nhau ch c
ngc nhau v hnh chiu ca momen ng lng trn mt hng xc nh. y, trong mu tng tc
cp loi siu chy, tng t vi cc electron trong kim loi, lc cp, v c bn ch tc dng vi nuclon
nm trn lp khng chim y vi nng lng gn vi nng lng Fermi
F
. Lc tng tc ny l lc ht
th cu hnh thch hp nht v mt nng lng ca cc ht ny l kt qu ca s phn b cc cp trn mt
s mc ln cn ma Fermi. Thc vy, cc ht nm trn cc lp khng chim y tng i t do v c th
phn b trn cc mc nng lng gn nhau v chng t chu nh hng lin quan vi nguyn l loi tr
Pauli t pha cc ht khc. Ni cch khc, c s khuch tn cc cp nuclon nm trn cc lp khng chim
y gn mc Fermi. iu ny t c s cho vic miu t ton hc tng tc cp.
Phng php ton hc c bn xt trng thi siu chy nm trong hnh thc lun ca php lng t
ha ln hai. Hm sng bt k ca mt h cc Fermion trong hnh thc lun ny s t ng phn i xng.
Hamintonnien s biu din qua ton t sinh ht
q
a
o
+
v hy ht
q
a
o
. Tc dng cc ton t ny s lm tng
hay gim mt n v cc s nuclon trong trng thi bt k c trng bi cc s lng t qo . Bng php
bin i tuyn tnh chnh tc, ton t sinh v hy ny s dn n cc ton t mi trong trng hp tng
qut, chng khng phi l cc ton t sinh v hy thng thng ca cc nuclon ring bit m l sinh v
hy cc loi chun ht c c trng cho cc trng thi chng cht ca cc nuclon v cc l trng.
Tng tc ca cc nuclon trong ht nhn c tch thnh tng tc ca mi nuclon vi trng th
trung bnh v tng tc cp loi siu chy. i vi thnh phn tng tc th nht, ngi ta khng quan
tm n dng c th ca trng th trung bnh, do c th bt u bng cch thu cc phng trnh tng
qut c bn ri p dng cho cho dng c th ca cc ht nhn hnh cu hay bin dng. m t thnh
phn tng tc th hai - tng tc cp loi siu chy, ngi ta s dng tp hp cc s lng t c trng
cho cc mc mt ht trong trng th trung bnh, trong tp hp ny cn tch cc s lng t l o = ng
vi cc trng thi lin hp i vi ton t phn chiu thi gian, chng hn o c th l cc gi tr ngc
du ca hnh chiu momen trn trc i xng ca ht nhn. Nh vy, cc trng thi mt ht ca trng
trung bnh m t bi tp hp cc s lng t qo v nng lng E(q).
Cn ch thm rng vi cc ht nhn nng v trung bnh, ngi ta chng t rng khng c
tng quan cp loi siu chy gia mt notron v mt proton, do h cc notron v proton c th xt
ring, hay c th vit ring Hamintonnien cho h notron (hay h proton ) di dng:
( ) , ,
,
0
,
( ) ( ) 1
s s N
s s s s
s s s
H n E s a a G a a a a
o o
o
+ +
+ + +


=
`

)


(3.1)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -15-
vi E(s) l nng lng ca notron nm trng thi s ca trng th trung bnh.
H s G
N
vit y l mt hm s ca s lng t so :
, ,
( , , , ) G G s s s s
+ +
. N c trng cho
ln tng tc cp. V lc dn n tng quan cp ca cc nuclon c tc dng ngn, tc c th biu din
th s di dng
,
( ) r r o , nh vy mt cch gn ng c th xem n gin G = const. R rng thnh
phn th nht ca biu thc (3.1) m t chuyn ng trong trng th trung bnh. Tng tc cp loi siu
chy th hin trong thnh phn th hai ca biu thc (3.1). Thnh phn ny m t s hy ht v sinh hai
ht khc, ni cch khc n m t hin tng khuyt tn cp ht. Hamintonien (3.1) m t h vi s ht n
xc nh vi tr ring ca ton t ( )
q q q q
q
n a a a a
+ +
+ +
= +

. V nghim ca bi ton s n gin khi chuyn


n h vi s ht khng bo ton vi vic s dng php bin i chnh tc khng bo ton s ht, nn
cho thun tin ngi ta thay th H
0
bng H vi:
0

(2)
n
H H n =
trong tha s
n
c th xem nh th ha hc, n c chn t iu kin bo ton v trung bnh s
notron N ng vi phng trnh:
(3)
s s
s
N a a
o o
o
+
=


C th vit (3.2) li r rng nh sau:
{ } , ,
,
0
,
( ) ( ) (4)
n s s N
s s s s
s s s
H n E s a a G a a a a
o o
o

+ +
+ + +
=


Hon ton tng t, Hamintonient H(p) ca h proton c dng:
{ } , ,
,
0
,
( ) ( ) (5)
p N
H n E a a G a a a a
vo vo
v v v v
vo v v
v
+ +
+ + +
=


vi
p
l th ha hc ca h proton xc nh t trnh:
(6) Z a a
vo vo
vo
+
=


a vo cc i lng
n p
v cng c ngha l tnh nng lng ca mt ht theo gc t gi tr

n p
v , tc l gi tr gn vi nng lng mc Fermi ca h neutron v proton.
3.2 Bin i chnh tc Blliubov Cc gi ht
Chng ta s kho st ring tng h ht, chng hn h notron vi Hamintonnien xt trn (3.4).
Trong , cc ton t sinh v hy notron
s s
a v a
o o
+
tha mn h thc giao hon sau y:

(3.2)

(3.3)

(3.4)

(3.5)

(3.6)
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -16-
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
(7 )
0 (7 )
0 (7 )
s s
s s ss
s s
s s
s
s s s
a a a a a
a a a a b
a a a a a
o o
o o oo
o o
o o
o
o o o
o o
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ =
+ =
+ =

d dng gii bi ton, thc hin php bin i chnh tc chuyn cc ton t ht
s s
a v a
o o
+
thnh
cc ton t gi ht
s s
v
o o
o o
+

,
,
(8 )
(8 )
s s s s s
s s s s s
a u v a
a u v b
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
+

+ +

= +
= +

bin i Blliulov khng ph v tnh cht giao hon, th cc hm thc u
s
v v
s
a vo biu
thc trn phi tha mn cc iu kin:
2 2
2 2
1 0 (9 )
1 (9 )
s s s
s s
u v a
hay u v b
q = + =
+ =

Hm trng thi mt ht so c th biu din qua hm trng thi vacum
(10)
s v
s a o
o
o
+
=
Nu nh ngha trng thi c bn ca h
0
bao gm mt s chn notron nh l vacum ca gi ht,
th hm sng
0
phi tha mn iu kin sau y vi mi ( ) so :
*
0 0
0 ; 0 (11)
s s o o
o o
+
= =
Hm sng
0
s c dng nh a ra trong l thuyt siu chy:
( )
0
(12)
s s s s
s
u v a a
+ +
+
= +
[

T ta tnh c gi tr trung bnh ca H(n) theo trng thi
0
, tc tm nng lng trung bnh
ca trng thi chn khng ca h gi ht:
{ } ( )
2
2 4
0
0
( ) 2 ( ) 13
n s N s s N s
s s s
H n E s v G u v G v
| |
=
|
\ .


V thnh phn
4
N s
s
G v

cho s ng gp vo trng t hp nn c th chun ha:


2
0
( ) ( )
2
N
s
G
E s E s v , v thu c:
{ } ( )
2
2
0
0
( ) 2 ( ) 14
n
n s N s s
s s
H n E s v G u v
| |
=
|
\ .


(3.7a)
(3.7b)
(3.7c)

(3.8a)
(3.8b)


(3.9a)
(3.9b)


(3.10)


(3.11)


(3.12)


(3.13)

(3.14)

Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -17-
Cc hm thc u
s
v v
s
c th c xc nh t iu kin cc tiu nng lng trng thi c bn
(3.14):
0
0 (15)
s s
s
H o q

+ =
`
)


vi
s
l tha s Legendre. Thc hin php bin phn, tc l ly o hm ca
0
s s
s
H q +

theo u
s
v
v
s
v cho bng khng, ta thu c cc phng trnh:
{ }
{ }
, ,
,
, ,
,
4 ( ) 2 2 0
4 ( ) 2 2 0
n s N s s s
s s
s
n s N s s s
s s
s
E s v G u u v v
E s u G v u v v


+ =
+ =


Nhn phng trnh trn cho u
s
v phng trnh di cho v
s
v tr cho nhau, cui cng ta thu c:
{ } , ,
,
2 2
2 ( ) ( ) 0 (16)
n s s s s N
s s
s
E s u v u v G u v =


Mt khc, ta c:
2
2 (17)
s
s
N v =


th hin ngha ca i lng v
s
:
2
2
s
v l mt s ht trn mc s, cn i lng
2 2
2 2(1 )
s s
u v = bng
mt l trng.
Phng trnh (3.16) c hai nghim, mt nghim tm thng vi u
s
v
s
= 0 v nghim th hai vi
0
s s
u v = . Nghim tm thng c th vit di dng:
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 18
s F s F
u s v v s u u = =

vi:
1 ( )
( )
0 ( )
n
F
n
khi E s
s
khi E s

<
=

>


tm nghim khng tm thng, ta a vo hm tng quan:
(19)
n N s s
s
G u v A =


T (3.16) v (3.9) ta thu c:
( ) 1
1 (20 )
2 ( )
( ) 1
1 (20 )
2 ( )
n
s
n
s
E s
u a
s
E s
v b
s

c

= +
`
)

=
`
)


(3.15)


(3.16)


(3.17)


(3.18)


(3.19)


(3.20a)
(3.20b)

Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -18-
vi: | |
2
2
( )
n n n
E s c = A +
n y , ta c th thu c cc phng trnh i vi trng thi c bn ca h neutron.
| |
| |
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
( )
( )
1
( )
N
s
n n
n
s
n n
G
E s
E s
N
E s

=
A +


=
`
A +
)


y l h hai phng trnh xc nh cc i lng
n n
v A
Ngoi ra, ta c th thu c biu thc cho nng lng ca h notron trong trng thi c bn:
2
2
0
2 ( ) (21)
n n
s
s
N
E s v
G

A
=


Biu thc trn khng cho bit c gi tr tuyt i ca
0
n
, n ch dng tnh nng lng ca
trng thi kch thch hoc nghin cu s ph thuc nng lng ca trng thi c bn vo G
N
hay vo
thng s bin dng
3.3 Hm sng trng thi v ngha vt l ca cc hm s


Hm sng c bn (3.12) biu din qua cc hm sng ht v cc i lng u
s
v v
s
. Nu ni mt
cch cht ch, ta ch c th gi thit tng t vi l thuyt BCS hm sng ca trng thi c bn biu din
qua hm sng ca vacum nh cc ton t sinh ht :
( ) , , , ,
, ,
0
0
s s s s
s
u v a a
+ +
+
= +
[

y
, ,
, ,

s s
u v v ch l cc h s khng c ngha vt l c sc no. Ta c th chng minh rng cc h s
, ,
, ,

s s
u v v chnh l cc hm s u
s
v v
s
. T suy ra rng hm sng ca trng thi c bn c dng :
( )
0
0
s s s s
s
u v a a
+ +
+
= +
[

Khi kho st h proton cng thu c cc biu thc tng t vi h notron.
ngha vt l ca hm s
2 2

s s
u v v :
2
s
v l xc sut trong trng thi c bn
0
ng vi vacum gi ht c mt cp nucleon s+ v s- ;
v
2
s
u l xc sut m trng thi vacum c cp l (s+,s-) khng chim y. Trong mu cc ht c lp
khng c tng tc cp loi siu chy (hm 0
n
A = ),
2 2
1 ( ) 0 ( )
s n s n
v khi E s v v khi E s = < = > , tc l
tt c cc mc tn n mc mt Fermi u chim y, cn cc mc khc th trng. Tng quan cp
( 0)
n
khi A = dn n lm nhe cc i lng
2
s
v , tc lm khuch tn cc ht trn mt Fermi. Lc tng

(3.21)

Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -19-
cp ht trong mt khong thi gian no nm trn cc mc cao hn mt Fermi. Thi gian lu li ny
hay xc sut cp ht nm trn cc mc cng gim dn khi cng xa mc Fermi.

Thc nghim cho kt qu ph hp vi l thuyt v s phn b cc nuclon theo quan nim ca
tng tc cp loi siu chy. Thc vy, xc xut hay tit din phn ng (d,p) t l vi
2
s
u , cn xc sut ca
phn ng t l vi
2
s
v nu ta dng bia l ht nhn chn-chn. y, k hiu s ch cc s lng t ca
trng thi kch thch ht nhn l to thnh sau phn ng. Nhng gi tr thc nghim rt ph hp vi ng
cong m t hm
2 2

s s
u v v nu ta ch rng khi lng ca bia tng ng gim nng lng ca trng thi.

3.4 Trng thi kch thch gi ht Khe nng lng

(b)
(a)















Hnh 3.2 S phn b cc ht trn cc mc n ht ca trng th trung bnh theo mu cc
ht c lp (a), v mu cc gi ht c lp (b)
0 A =

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Hnh 3.1 Phn b mt cp theo cc mc n ht ca trng th trung bnh
0 A =

Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -20-
Mt kt qu quan trng ca mu tng quan cp ht siu chy l m t trng thi kch thch v tm
li gii thch v hin tng "khe nng lng".
Ta c:
( )
1 2
1 2
2 (22)
n
n s s
c c = + > A
T phng trnh trn ta thy r rng cc trng thi kch thch ca h gm s chn notron nm cch xa
trng thi c bn mt khe nng lng bng 2
n
A . Tng t (3.22) ta c biu thc cho nng lng trng
thi kch thch hai gi ht ca h gm s chn proton. Trong trng hp ny khe nng lng bng 2
p
A .
Tri vi ht nhn chn - chn, trong cc ht nhn l nng lng cc trng thi kch thch c th l
ty , hay ni cch khc khng c "khe nng lng" trong ph cc mc.
Hin tng "khe nng lng" cng nh cc tnh cht khc ca ht nhn hnh cu hoc ht nhn
bin dng u c th m t bng phng php tng quan cp loi siu chy.
3.5 Hiu ng cn
nh hng ca ht l cp n tnh cht siu chy ca cc trng thi ca ht nhn gi l hiu ng
cn. Vi trng thi siu chy ca ht nhn, tng tc ca cc nuclon m t bi Hamintonien (3.4) v (3.5).
Tnh cht c sc ca Hamintonien nm ch cc nuclon nhy t mc ny sang mc khc theo tng cp.
Do nu mt mc suy bin bc 2 ca trng th trung bnh c mt nuclon th theo nguyn l loi tr
Pauli th mc ny khng th cha mt cp. Hiu ng ny cho php khi tnh ton tnh cht siu chy ca
nhng trng thi xc nh khng cn ch nhng mc ca trng th c cha cc gi ht. iu ny dn
n thay i gi tr ca hm tng quan
,
( )
n
s A v th ha hc
,
( )
n
s so vi trng thi khng c gi ht.
Hiu ng ny th hin rt r trong cc ht nhn bin dng mnh, mt mc ca trng th trung
bnh khng ln.
Hm sng v nng lng ca h vi gi ht nm mc mt ht s
2
c vit:
{ }
2 2
2
2
0 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 (23)
( )
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) (24)
s s s
s s
s s
n n
s
s s
N
s a u s v s a a
s
s E s E s v s
G
o

+
+ + +
=
=
= +
A
= +
[


i vi h gm s chn notron th hm trng thi, nng lng v cc phng trnh c bn i vi
cc trng thi kch thch hai gi ht c dng sau:
{ }
1 1 2 2
1 2
1 2
0 1 2 1 2 1 2
,
2
2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
,
( , ) ( , ) ( , ) 0 (25)
( , )
( , ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( , ) ( 26)
s s s s
s s
s s s
n n
s
s s s
N
s s a a u s s v s s a a
s s
s s E s E s E s v s s
G
o o

+
+ + + +
=
=
= +
A
= + +
[


Bng phng php tng t, c th thu c cc biu thc v phng trnh tng ng cho h gm
nhiu gi ht.

(3.22)

(3.23)

(3.24)

(3.25)

(3.26)

Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -21-

4
MT VI NG DNG CA MU CC GI HT SIU CHY

Mu tng tc cp loi siu chy nu khng tnh n tng tc gia cc gi ht c gi l mu
cc gi ht c lp. Trn c s ca mu ny c th tnh cc c trng ca ht nhn nh momen qun tnh,
momen t cc, cc thng s bin dng Trong phm vi mu cc gi ht c lp cng c th tnh cc c
trng ca mt s trng thi ht nhn, xc sut cc dch chuyn anpha, bta, gamma, cc tha s ph trong
cc phn ng ht nhn trc tip. Sau y s cp n mt vi ng dng ca mu cc gi ht siu chy.
4.1 Cc trng thi kch thch gi ht
Xem xt cu trc ca trng thi ht nhn trn quan im ca mu cc gi ht c lp. Bn cht ca
cc trng thi c bn hay kch thch c th l loi khng phi gi ht hoc loi mt, hai hay ba Hm
sng ca trng thi cc gi ht biu din qua cc ton t ca ht nm trn cc mc mt ht q
1
, q
2
, ngha
l spin, s chn-l v cc c trng lng t khc nhau m t cc trng thi gi ht c xc nh bi cc
mc nng lng n ht ca trng trung bnh, c cc nuclon l cp.
Trong trng hp ht nhn l, cc trng thi kch thch thp c th m t bi hm sng mt gi ht
(3.23) v nng lng (3.24). i vi ht nhn chn-chn, cc trng thi kch thch thp c th xem l trng
thi hai gi ht vi hm trng thi (3.25) v nng lng (3.26).
Cng thc (3.24), (3.26) tnh ph cc trng thi gi ht. y, phi dng n gi tr nng lng
cc mc mt ht thu c trong trng th trung bnh. Cn gi tr ca hm tng quan G
N
(hay G
Z
) thu
c bng thc nghim da vo hiu s khi lng ca ht nhn chn-chn v chn-l (hoc l-chn) ln
cn. S phn tch cc s liu thc nghim chng t rng gi thit gn ng G
N
, G
Z
= const l kh tt.
Nng lng tnh ton cc trng thi mt gi ht ca cc ht nhn bin dng l ph hp vi s liu
thc nghim tt hn nng lng thu c theo s cc mc mt ht Nilsson hay Wood - Saxon. Mu
gi ht c lp cho mt hnh nh tng qut kh ng vi ph nng lng cc ht nhn bin dng l. y,
th t cc mc mt ht ca trng th trung bnh th hin trong th t cc mc mt gi ht. Mt trung
bnh cc mc mt gi ht trong cc ht nhn bin dng l tm c t thc nghim gp khong 2 ln mt
mc mt ht trong s Nilsson v Wood - Saxon. Cc mc kch thch cao c th c m t nh l
trng thi ba gi ht.
i vi cc ht nhn chn - chn, theo quan im mu gi ht, trng thi c bn l trng thi khng
gi ht, cn trong s mc kch thch c c trng thi hai gi ht v bn gi ht. Phn tch cc trng thi hai
gi ht trong cc ht nhn chn - chn bin dng thc hin trong nhiu cng trnh nghin cu. Khng
c s liu thc nghim no chng li kt lun suy ra t mu cc gi ht c lp. Tt nhin iu ch xy
ra vi cc mc c nng lng nm trong khong 1,5 - 2,5 MeV, khi m nh hng ca cc chuyn ng
tp th cn cha ng k.
Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -22-
Cn lu rng cc cng thc tnh nng lng cc mc kch thch ht nhn a ra cc phn
trn ch ph hp vi trng hp ht nhn bin dng. D nhin i vi cc ht nhn hnh cu cng c
nhng kin thc tng t, v cc s liu tnh ton cho trng thi mt, ba gi ht (cho ht nhn l) v hai,
bn gi ht (cho ht nhn chn-chn) cng kh ph hp vi thc nghim.
4.2 Momen qun tnh ca ht nhn
So vi mu cc ht c lp th mu gi ht cho kt qu tnh ton momen qun tnh ph hp vi
thc nghim hn nhiu, mc d cng thp hn gi tr thc nghim khong 5 - 20%. Ngoi ra gi tr
momen qun tnh ca trng thi mt gi ht v hai gi ht ph hp vi thc nghim trong phm vi 10 -
30%. S tng momen qun tnh ca ht nhn l so vi ht nhn chn-chn bn cnh l kt qu c bn ca
hin ng cn lm gim hm tng quan A.
4.3 Tng quan cp v phn r bta
Xt nh hng ca tng quan cp loi siu chy n xc sut dch chuyn bta. Phn tch mt
cch h thng gi tr ft ca cc dch chuyn bta chng t rng c s sai khc gia gi tr thc nghim v
gi tr tnh theo mu cc ht c lp. S tnh ton n tng tc cp loi siu chy gim s sai khc ny
mt cch ng k. Chng hn, i vi cc ht nhn bin dng, trong cc dch chuyn cho php theo cc s
lng t bt i xng cu, gia gi tr ft thc nghim v gi tr tnh theo mu Nilsson hay Wood - Saxon
c s sai khc n 20 ln, nhng khi tnh n tng quan cp lm gim s sai lch ny t 20 n 8 ln.
y l mt bng chng na v vai tr tch cc ca mu siu chy trong vic m t cc qu trnh v cu
trc ht nhn.














Tiu lun mn hc: Cu trc ht nhn
Ging vin ging dy: TS. V Xun n


ti tiu lun: Ht nhn siu chy -23-
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Nuclear Superfluidity (Pairing in Finite Systems) D.M. BRINK, R. A. BROGLIA Cambridge
Monographs on Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Cosmology
[2] Cc mu cu trc ht nhn , Trn Thanh Minh, Phan Huy Thin i Hc Lt 1982
[3] Vt l chuyn pha , Nguyn Hu c NXB HQG H Ni 2003

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