Chuan Kien Thuc Ki Nang Vat Ly Lop 10

b gio d c v o t o
hng dn thc hin

chun kin thc, k nng mn vt l lp 10
Nh xut bn gio dc vit nam
Bin son : Phn th nht : V Gio dc Trung hc - B Gio dc v o to Phn th hai : nguyn trng su - nguyn vn phn nguyn sinh qun
Nhng t vit tt CTGDPT : chng trnh gio dc ph thng KT, KN : kin thc, k nng SGK : sch gio khoa CT-SGK : chng trnh - sch gio khoa PPDH : phng php dy hc MPPDH : i mi phng php dy hc GV : gio vin HS : hc sinh
M s 2
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L i gi i thi u
Ngy 5 thng 5 nm 2006, B tr ng B Gio d c v o t o k Quy t nh s 16/2006/Q-BGDT v vi c ban hnh Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng. Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng l k t qu c a s i u ch nh, hon thi n, t ch c l i cc chng trnh c ban hnh, lm cn c ch c d y h c v ki m tra, nh gi n c. Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng l m t k ho ch s ph m g m : - M c tiu gio d c ; - Ph m vi v c u trc n i dung gio d c ; - Chu n ki n th c, k nng v yu c u v c ph c; - Phng php v hnh th c t ch c gio d c ; - nh gi k t qu gio d c t ng mn h c hi n, c th ho m i l p, c p h c. Trong Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng, Chu n ki n th c, k nng c th cc ch c a chng trnh mn h c, theo t ng l p h c ; ng ph n cu i c a chng trnh m i c p h c. th i cng c th hi n B ti li u H ng d n th c hi n Chu n ki n th c, k nng cc mn h c Trung h c c s v Trung h c ph thng c s tham gia bin so n, th m nh, gp c a nhi u nh khoa h c, nh s ph m, cc cn b nghin c u v ch o chuyn mn, cc gio vin d y gi i a phng. thi c a t ng mn h c, cho vi c qu n l, ch o, t t t c cc c p h c, tr ng h c trn ph m vi c B ti li u ny c bin so n theo h ng chi ti t ho, t ng minh ho cc yu c u c b n, t i thi u v ki n th c, k nng c a Chu n ki n th c, k nng trong c ch tham kh o cc n i dung c trnh by trong SGK hi n hnh, t o i u ki n thu n l i hn n a cho gio vin v h c sinh trong qu trnh gi ng d y, h c t p v ki m tra, nh gi. C u trc chung c a b ti li u g m hai ph n chnh : Ph n th nh t : Gi i thi u chung v Chu n ki n th c, k nng c a Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng ; Ph n th hai : H ng d n th c hi n Chu n ki n th c, k nng c a t ng mn
h c trong Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng.
Hi v ng r ng, H ng d n th c hi n Chu n ki n th c, k nng s l b ti li u h u ch i v i cn b qu n l gio d c, gio vin v h c sinh trong c n c. Cc S Gio d c v o t o ch o tri n khai s d ng b ti li u v t o i u ki n cc c s gio d c, cc gio vin v h c sinh th c hi n t t yu c u i m i
C th ni, i m m i c a Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng l n ny l a Chu n ki n th c, k nng vo thnh ph n c a Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng, m b o vi c ch o d y h c, ki m tra, nh gi theo Chu n ki n th c, k nng, t o nn s th ng nh t trong c n c ; gp ph n kh c ph c tnh tr ng qu t i trong gi ng d y, h c t p ; gi m thi u d y thm, h c thm. Nhn chung, cc tr ng ph thng hi n nay, gio vin b c u v n d ng c Chu n ki n th c, k nng trong gi ng d y, h c t p, ki m tra, nh gi ; song v t ng th , gio vin v n cha p ng c yu c u c a i m i gio d c ph thng v c n ph i c ti p t c quan tm, ch tr ng hn n a. Nh m gp ph n kh c ph c h n ch ny, B Gio d c v o t o t ch c bin so n, xu t b n b ti li u H ng d n th c hi n Chu n ki n th c, k nng cho cc mn h c, l p h c c a cc c p Ti u h c, Trung h c c s v Trung h c ph thng.
phng php d y h c, i m i ki m tra, nh gi, gp ph n tch c c, quan tr ng vo vi c nng cao ch t l ng gio d c trung h c. L n u tin c xu t b n, b ti li u ny kh trnh kh i nh ng thi u st, h n ch . B Gio d c v o t o r t mong nh n c nh ng ki n nh n xt, ng gp c a cc th y c gio v b n c g n xa ti li u c ti p t c b sung, hon thi n hn cho l n xu t b n sau.
B GIO DC V O TO
Ph n th
nh t
gi i thi u chung v chu n ki n th c, k nng c a chng trnh gio d c ph thng

I - Gii thiu chung v chun
1. Chun l nhng yu cu, tiu ch (gi chung l yu cu) tun theo nhng nguyn tc nht nh, c dng lm thc o nh gi hot ng, cng vic, sn phm ca lnh vc no . t c nhng yu cu ca chun l t c mc tiu mong mun ca ch th qun l hot ng, cng vic, sn phm . Yu cu l s c th ho, chi tit ho, tng minh ho nhng ni dung, nhng cn c nh gi cht lng. Yu cu c th c o thng qua ch s thc hin. Yu cu c xem nh nhng "cht kim sot" nh gi cht lng u vo, u ra cng nh qu trnh thc hin. 2. Nhng yu cu c bn ca chun 2.1. C tnh khch quan, Chun khng l thuc vo quan im hay thi ch quan ca ngi s dng Chun. 2.2. C tnh n nh, ngha l c hiu lc c v phm vi ln thi gian p dng. 2.3. C tnh kh thi, ngha l Chun c th thc hin c (Chun ph hp vi trnh hay mc dung ho hp l gia yu cu pht trin mc cao hn vi nhng thc tin ang din ra). 2.4. C tnh c th, tng minh v c chc nng nh lng. 4
2.5. Khng mu thun vi cc chun khc trong cng lnh vc hoc nhng lnh vc c lin quan.
II - Chun kin thc, k nng ca Chng trnh Gio dc ph thng

Chun kin thc, k nng v yu cu v thi ca Chng trnh Gio dc ph thng (CTGDPT) c th hin c th trong cc chng trnh mn hc, hot ng gio dc (gi chung l mn hc) v cc chng trnh cp hc. 1. Chun kin thc, k nng ca Chng trnh mn hc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v kin thc, k nng ca mn hc m hc sinh cn phi v c th t c sau mi n v kin thc (mi bi, ch , ch im, m un). Chun kin thc, k nng ca mt n v kin thc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v kin thc, k nng ca n v kin thc m hc sinh cn phi v c th t c. Yu cu v kin thc, k nng th hin mc cn t v kin thc, k nng. Mi yu cu v kin thc, k nng c th c chi tit ho hn bng nhng yu cu v kin thc, k nng c th, tng minh hn ; c minh chng bng nhng v d th hin c c ni dung kin thc, k nng v mc cn t v kin thc, k nng. 2. Chun kin thc, k nng ca Chng trnh cp hc l cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v kin thc, k nng ca cc mn hc m hc sinh cn phi v c th t c sau tng giai on hc tp trong cp hc. 2.1. Chun kin thc, k nng chng trnh cc cp hc cp ti nhng yu cu ti thiu v kin thc, k nng m hc sinh (HS) cn v c th t c sau khi hon thnh chng trnh gio dc ca 5
tng lp hc v cp hc. Cc chun ny cho thy ngha quan trng ca vic gn kt, phi hp gia cc mn hc nhm t c mc tiu gio dc ca cp hc. 2.2. Vic th hin Chun kin thc, k nng cui chng trnh cp hc biu hin hnh mu mong i v ngi hc sau mi cp hc v cn thit cho cng tc qun l, ch o, o to, bi dng gio vin (GV). 2.3. Chng trnh cp hc th hin chun kin thc, k nng khng phi i vi tng mn hc m i vi tng lnh vc hc tp. Trong vn bn v chng trnh ca cc cp hc, cc chun kin thc, k nng c bin son theo tinh thn : a) Cc chun kin thc, k nng khng nhng c a vo cho tng mn hc ring bit m cn cho tng lnh vc hc tp nhm th hin s gn kt gia cc mn hc v hot ng gio dc trong nhim v thc hin mc tiu ca cp hc. b) Chun kin thc, k nng v yu cu v thi c th hin trong chng trnh cp hc l cc chun ca cp hc, tc l nhng yu cu c th m HS cn t c cui cp hc. Cch th hin ny to mt tm nhn v s pht trin ca ngi hc sau mi cp hc, i chiu vi nhng g m mc tiu ca cp hc ra. 3. Nhng c im ca Chun kin thc, k nng 3.1. Chun kin thc, k nng c chi tit ho, tng minh ho bng cc yu cu c th, r rng v kin thc, k nng. 3.2. Chun kin thc, k nng c tnh ti thiu, nhm m bo mi HS cn phi v c th t c nhng yu cu c th ny. 3.3. Chun kin thc, k nng l thnh phn ca CTGDPT.
Trong CTGDPT, Chun kin thc, k nng v yu cu v thi i vi ngi hc c th hin, c th ho cc ch ca chng trnh mn hc theo tng lp v cc lnh vc hc tp. ng thi, Chun kin thc, k nng v yu cu v thi cng c th hin phn cui ca chng trnh mi cp hc. Chun kin thc, k nng l thnh phn ca CTGDPT nn vic ch o dy hc, kim tra, nh gi theo Chun kin thc, k nng s to nn s thng nht ; hn ch tnh trng dy hc qu ti, a thm nhiu ni dung nng n, qu cao so vi chun kin thc, k nng vo dy hc, kim tra, nh gi ; gp phn lm gim tiu cc ca dy thm, hc thm ; to iu kin c bn, quan trng c th t chc ging dy, hc tp, kim tra, nh gi v thi theo Chun kin thc, k nng.
th tham kho thm phn loi Nikko gm 4 mc : nhn bit, thng hiu, vn dng mc thp, vn dng mc cao). 1. Nhn bit l s nh li cc d liu, thng tin c trc y ; l s nhn bit thng tin, ghi nh, ti hin thng tin, nhc li mt lot d liu, t cc s kin n gin n cc l thuyt phc tp. y l mc , yu cu thp nht ca trnh nhn thc, th hin ch HS c th v ch cn nh hoc nhn ra khi c a ra hoc da trn nhng thng tin c tnh c th ca mt khi nim, mt s vt, mt hin tng. HS pht biu ng mt nh ngha, nh l, nh lut nhng cha gii thch v vn dng c chng. C th c th ho mc nhn bit bng cc yu cu : - Nhn ra, nh li cc khi nim, nh l, nh lut, tnh cht. - Nhn dng c (khng cn gii thch) cc khi nim, hnh th, v tr tng i gia cc i tng trong cc tnh hung n gin. - Lit k, xc nh cc v tr tng i, cc mi quan h bit gia cc yu t, cc hin tng. 2. Thng hiu l kh nng nm c, hiu c ngha ca cc khi nim, s vt, hin tng ; gii thch, chng minh c ngha ca cc khi nim, s vt, hin tng. Thng hiu l mc cao hn nhn bit nhng l mc thp nht ca vic thu hiu s vt, hin tng, lin quan n ngha ca cc mi quan h gia cc khi nim, thng tin m HS hc hoc bit. iu c th c th hin bng vic chuyn thng tin t dng ny sang dng khc, bng cch gii thch thng tin (gii thch hoc tm tt) v bng cch c lng xu hng tng lai (d bo cc h qu hoc nh hng). C th c th ho mc thng hiu bng cc yu cu :
III - Cc mc v kin thc, k nng

Cc mc v kin thc, k nng c th hin c th trong Chun kin thc, k nng ca CTGDPT. V kin thc : Yu cu HS phi hiu r v nm vng cc kin thc c bn trong chng trnh, sch gio khoa t c th pht trin nng lc nhn thc cp cao hn. V k nng : Yu cu HS phi bit vn dng cc kin thc hc tr li cu hi, gii bi tp, lm thc hnh ; c k nng tnh ton, v hnh, dng biu ,... Kin thc, k nng phi da trn c s pht trin nng lc, tr tu HS cc mc , t n gin n phc tp, bao hm cc mc khc nhau ca nhn thc. Mc cn t c v kin thc c xc nh theo 6 mc : nhn bit, thng hiu, vn dng, phn tch, nh gi v sng to (c
- Din t bng ngn ng c nhn cc khi nim, nh l, nh lut, tnh cht, chuyn i c t hnh thc ngn ng ny sang hnh thc ngn ng khc (v d : t li sang cng thc, k hiu, s liu v ngc li). - Biu th, minh ho, gii thch c ngha ca cc khi nim, hin tng, nh ngha, nh l, nh lut. - La chn, b sung, sp xp li nhng thng tin cn thit gii quyt mt vn no . - Sp xp li cc tr li cu hi hoc li gii bi ton theo cu trc lgic. 3. Vn dng l kh nng s dng cc kin thc hc vo mt hon cnh c th mi nh vn dng nhn bit, hiu bit thng tin gii quyt vn t ra. Vn dng l kh nng i hi HS phi bit khai thc kin thc, bit s dng phng php, nguyn l hay tng gii quyt mt vn no . y l mc cao hn mc thng hiu trn, yu cu p dng c cc quy tc, phng php, khi nim, nguyn l, nh l, nh lut, cng thc gii quyt mt vn trong hc tp hoc ca thc tin. C th c th ho mc vn dng bng cc yu cu : - So snh cc phng n gii quyt vn . - Pht hin li gii c mu thun, sai lm v chnh sa c. - Gii quyt c nhng tnh hung mi bng cch vn dng cc khi nim, nh l, nh lut, tnh cht bit. - Bit khi qut ho, tru tng ho t tnh hung n gin, n l quen thuc sang tnh hung mi, phc tp hn. 4. Phn tch l kh nng phn chia mt thng tin ra thnh cc phn thng tin nh sao cho c th hiu c cu trc, t chc ca cc b 7
phn cu thnh v thit lp mi lin h ph thuc ln nhau gia chng. y l mc cao hn mc vn dng v n i hi s thu hiu c v ni dung ln hnh thi cu trc ca thng tin, s vt, hin tng. Mc phn tch yu cu ch ra c cc b phn cu thnh, xc nh c mi quan h gia cc b phn, nhn bit v hiu c nguyn l cu trc ca cc b phn cu thnh. C th c th ho mc phn tch bng cc yu cu : - Phn tch cc s kin, d kin tha, thiu hoc gii quyt c vn . - Xc nh c mi quan h gia cc b phn trong ton th. - C th ho c nhng vn tru tng. - Nhn bit v hiu c cu trc cc b phn cu thnh. 5. nh gi l kh nng xc nh gi tr ca thng tin : bnh xt, nhn nh, xc nh c gi tr ca mt t tng, mt ni dung kin thc, mt phng php. y l mt bc mi trong vic lnh hi kin thc c c trng bi vic i su vo bn cht ca i tng, s vt, hin tng. Vic nh gi da trn cc tiu ch nht nh ; c th l cc tiu ch bn trong (cch t chc) hoc cc tiu ch bn ngoi (ph hp vi mc ch). Mc nh gi yu cu xc nh c cc tiu ch nh gi (ngi nh gi t xc nh hoc c cung cp cc tiu ch) v vn dng c cc tiu ch nh gi. C th c th ho mc nh gi bng cc yu cu : - Xc nh c cc tiu ch nh gi v vn dng chng nh gi thng tin, s vt, hin tng, s kin.
- nh gi, nhn nh gi tr ca cc thng tin, t liu theo mt mc ch, yu cu xc nh. - Phn tch nhng yu t, d kin cho nh gi s thay i v cht ca s vt, s kin. - nh gi, nhn nh c gi tr ca nhn t mi xut hin khi thay i cc mi quan h c. Cc cng c nh gi c hiu qu phi gip xc nh c kt qu hc tp mi cp ni trn a ra mt nhn nh chnh xc v nng lc ca ngi c nh gi v chuyn mn lin quan. 6. Sng to l kh nng tng hp, sp xp, thit k li thng tin ; khai thc, b sung thng tin t cc ngun t liu khc sng lp mt hnh mu mi. Mc sng to yu cu to ra c mt hnh mu mi, mt mng li cc quan h tru tng (s phn lp thng tin). Kt qu hc tp trong lnh vc ny nhn mnh vo cc hnh vi, nng lc sng to, c bit l trong vic hnh thnh cc cu trc v m hnh mi. C th c th ho mc sng to bng cc yu cu : - M rng mt m hnh ban u thnh m hnh mi. - Khi qut ho nhng vn ring l, c th thnh vn tng qut mi. - Kt hp nhiu yu t ring thnh mt tng th hon chnh mi. - D on, d bo s xut hin nhn t mi khi thay i cc mi quan h c. y l mc cao nht ca nhn thc, v n cha ng cc yu t ca nhng mc nhn thc trn v ng thi cng pht trin chng.
IV - Chun kin thc, k nng ca Chng trnh gio dc ph thng va l cn c, va l mc tiu ca ging dy, hc tp, kim tra, nh gi
Chun kin thc, k nng v yu cu v thi ca CTGDPT bo m tnh thng nht, tnh kh thi, ph hp ca CTGDPT ; bo m cht lng v hiu qu ca qu trnh gio dc. 1. Chun kin thc, k nng l cn c 1.1. Bin son sch gio khoa (SGK) v cc ti liu hng dn dy hc, kim tra, nh gi, i mi phng php dy hc, i mi kim tra, nh gi. 1.2. Ch o, qun l, thanh tra, kim tra vic thc hin dy hc, kim tra, nh gi, sinh hot chuyn mn, o to, bi dng cn b qun l v GV. 1.3. Xc nh mc tiu ca mi gi hc, mc tiu ca qu trnh dy hc, m bo cht lng gio dc. 1.4. Xc nh mc tiu kim tra, nh gi i vi tng bi kim tra, bi thi ; nh gi kt qu gio dc tng mn hc, lp hc, cp hc. 2. Ti liu Hng dn thc hin Chun kin thc, k nng c bin son theo hng chi tit ho cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v kin thc, k nng ca Chun kin thc, k nng trong c tham kho cc ni dung c th hin trong SGK hin hnh. Ti liu gip cc cn b qun l gio dc, cc cn b chuyn mn, GV, HS nm vng v thc hin ng theo Chun kin thc, k nng. 3. Yu cu dy hc bm st Chun kin thc, k nng 8
3.1. Yu cu chung a) Cn c vo Chun kin thc, k nng xc nh mc tiu bi hc. Ch trng dy hc nhm t c cc yu cu c bn v ti thiu v kin thc, k nng, m bo khng qu ti v khng qu l thuc hon ton vo SGK. Mc khai thc su kin thc, k nng trong SGK phi ph hp vi kh nng tip thu ca HS. b) Cn c vo Chun kin thc, k nng sng to v phng php dy hc, pht huy tnh ch ng, tch cc, t gic hc tp ca HS. Ch trng rn luyn phng php t duy, nng lc t hc, t nghin cu ; to nim vui, hng khi, nhu cu hnh ng v thi t tin trong hc tp cho HS. c) Cn c vo Chun kin thc, k nng trong dy hc th hin c mi quan h tch cc gia GV v HS, gia HS vi HS ; tin hnh dy hc thng qua vic t chc cc hot ng hc tp ca HS, kt hp gia hc tp c th vi hc tp hp tc, lm vic theo nhm. d) Cn c vo Chun kin thc, k nng trong dy hc, ch trng n vic rn luyn cc k nng, nng lc hnh ng, vn dng kin thc, tng cng thc hnh v gn ni dung bi hc vi thc tin cuc sng. e) Cn c vo Chun kin thc, k nng trong dy hc, ch trng n vic s dng c hiu qu phng tin, thit b dy hc c trang b hoc do GV v HS t lm ; quan tm n ng dng cng ngh thng tin. g) Cn c vo Chun kin thc, k nng trong dy hc, ch trng n vic ng vin, khuyn khch kp thi s tin b ca HS trong qu trnh hc tp ; a dng ho ni dung, cc hnh thc, cch thc nh gi v tng cng hiu qu vic nh gi. 3.2. Yu cu i vi cn b qun l c s gio dc 9
a) Nm vng ch trng i mi gio dc ph thng ca ng, Nh nc ; nm vng mc ch, yu cu, ni dung i mi th hin c th trong cc vn bn ch o ca Ngnh, trong Chng trnh v SGK, phng php dy hc (PPDH), s dng phng tin, thit b dy hc, hnh thc t chc dy hc v nh gi kt qu gio dc. b) Nm vng yu cu dy hc bm st Chun kin thc, k nng trong CTGDPT, ng thi to iu kin thun li cho GV, ng vin, khuyn khch GV tch cc i mi PPDH. c) C bin php qun l, ch o t chc thc hin i mi PPDH trong nh trng mt cch hiu qu. Thng xuyn kim tra, nh gi cc hot ng dy hc theo nh hng dy hc bm st Chun kin thc, k nng ng thi vi tch cc i mi PPDH. d) ng vin, khen thng kp thi nhng GV thc hin c hiu qu ng thi vi ph bnh, nhc nh nhng ngi cha tch cc i mi PPDH, dy qu ti do khng bm st Chun kin thc, k nng. 3.3. Yu cu i vi gio vin a) Bm st Chun kin thc, k nng thit k bi ging, vi mc tiu l t c cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu v kin thc, k nng, dy khng qu ti v khng qu l thuc hon ton vo SGK. Vic khai thc su kin thc, k nng phi ph hp vi kh nng tip thu ca HS. b) Thit k, t chc, hng dn HS thc hin cc hot ng hc tp vi cc hnh thc a dng, phong ph, c sc hp dn ph hp vi c trng bi hc, vi c im v trnh HS, vi iu kin c th ca lp, trng v a phng. c) ng vin, khuyn khch, to c hi v iu kin cho HS c tham gia mt cch tch cc, ch ng, sng to vo qu trnh khm ph, pht hin, xut v lnh hi kin thc. Ch khai thc vn kin
thc, kinh nghim, k nng c ca HS. To nim vui, hng khi, nhu cu hnh ng v thi t tin trong hc tp cho HS. Gip HS pht trin ti a nng lc, tim nng ca bn thn. d) Thit k v hng dn HS thc hin cc dng cu hi, bi tp pht trin t duy v rn luyn k nng. Hng dn s dng cc thit b dy hc. T chc c hiu qu cc gi thc hnh. Hng dn HS c thi quen vn dng kin thc hc vo gii quyt cc vn thc tin. e) S dng cc phng php v hnh thc t chc dy hc mt cch hp l, hiu qu, linh hot, ph hp vi c trng ca cp hc, mn hc ; ni dung, tnh cht ca bi hc ; c im v trnh HS ; thi lng dy hc v cc iu kin dy hc c th ca trng, a phng. 4. Yu cu kim tra, nh gi bm st Chun kin thc, k nng 4.1. Quan nim v kim tra, nh gi Kim tra v nh gi l hai khu trong mt quy trnh thng nht nhm xc nh kt qu thc hin mc tiu dy hc. Kim tra l thu thp thng tin t ring l n h thng v kt qu thc hin mc tiu dy hc. nh gi l xc nh mc t c v thc hin mc tiu dy hc. nh gi kt qu hc tp thc cht l vic xem xt mc t c ca hot ng hc ca HS so vi mc tiu ra i vi tng mn hc, tng lp hc, cp hc. Mc tiu ca mi mn hc c c th ho thnh cc chun kin thc, k nng. T cc chun ny, khi tin hnh kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp mn hc, cn phi thit k thnh nhng tiu ch nhm kim tra c y c v nh tnh v nh lng kt qu hc tp ca HS. 4.2. Hai chc nng c bn ca kim tra, nh gi 10
a) Chc nng xc nh - Xc nh c mc cn t trong vic thc hin mc tiu dy hc, mc thc hin Chun kin thc, k nng ca chng trnh gio dc m HS t c khi kt thc mt giai on hc tp (kt thc mt bi, chng, ch , ch im, m un, lp hc, cp hc). - Xc nh c tnh chnh xc, khch quan, cng bng trong kim tra, nh gi. b) Chc nng iu khin : Pht hin nhng mt tt, mt cha tt, kh khn, vng mc v xc nh nguyn nhn. Kt qu nh gi l cn c quyt nh gii php ci thin thc trng, nng cao cht lng, hiu qu dy hc v gio dc thng qua vic i mi, ti u ho PPDH ca GV v hng dn HS bit t nh gi ti u ho phng php hc tp. Thng qua chc nng ny, kim tra, nh gi s l iu kin cn thit : - Gip GV nm c tnh hnh hc tp, mc phn ho v trnh hc lc ca HS trong lp, t c bin php gip HS yu km v bi dng HS gii ; gip GV iu chnh, hon thin PPDH ; - Gip HS bit c kh nng hc tp ca mnh so vi yu cu ca chng trnh ; xc nh nguyn nhn thnh cng cng nh cha thnh cng, t iu chnh phng php hc tp ; pht trin k nng t nh gi ; - Gip cn b qun l gio dc ra gii php qun l ph hp nng cao cht lng gio dc ; - Gip cha m HS v cng ng bit c kt qu gio dc ca tng HS, tng lp v ca c c s gio dc. 4.3. Yu cu kim tra, nh gi
a) Kim tra, nh gi phi cn c vo Chun kin thc, k nng ca tng mn hc tng lp ; cc yu cu c bn, ti thiu cn t v kin thc, k nng ca HS sau mi giai on, mi lp, mi cp hc. b) Kim tra, nh th hin c vai tr ch o, kim tra vic thc hin chng trnh, k hoch ging dy, hc tp ca cc nh trng. Cn tng cng i mi khu kim tra, nh gi thng xuyn, nh k; m bo cht lng kim tra, nh gi thng xuyn, nh k chnh xc, khch quan, cng bng ; khng hnh thc, i ph nhng cng khng gy p lc nng n. Kim tra thng xuyn v nh k theo hng va nh gi c ng Chun kin thc, k nng, va c kh nng phn ho cao ; kim tra kin thc, k nng c bn, nng lc vn dng kin thc ca ngi hc, thay v ch kim tra hc thuc lng, nh my mc kin thc. c) p dng cc phng php phn tch hin i tng cng tnh tng ng ca cc kim tra, thi. Kt hp tht hp l cc hnh thc kim tra, thi vn p, t lun v trc nghim nhm hn ch li hc t, hc lch, hc vt ; pht huy u im v hn ch nhc im ca mi hnh thc. d) nh gi chnh xc, ng thc trng. nh gi thp hn thc t s trit tiu ng lc phn u vn ln ; ngc li, nh gi kht khe qu mc hoc thi thiu thn thin, khng thy c s tin b, s c ch tnh cm, tr tu, gim vai tr tch cc, ch ng, sng to ca HS. e) nh gi kp thi, c tc dng gio dc v ng vin s tin b ca HS, gip HS sa cha thiu st. nh gi c qu trnh lnh hi tri thc ca HS, ch trng nh gi hnh ng, tnh cm ca HS : ngh v lm ; nng lc vn dng vo thc tin, th hin qua ng x, giao tip. Quan tm ti mc hot ng tch cc, ch 11
ng ca HS trong tng tit hc tip thu tri thc mi, n luyn cng nh cc tit thc hnh, th nghim. g) nh gi kt qu hc tp, thnh tch hc tp ca HS khng ch nh gi kt qu cui cng, m cn ch c qu trnh hc tp. Cn to iu kin cho HS cng tham gia xc nh tiu ch nh gi kt qu hc tp vi yu cu khng tp trung vo kh nng ti hin tri thc m ch trng kh nng vn dng tri thc trong vic gii quyt cc nhim v phc hp. C nhiu hnh thc v phn ho cao trong nh gi. h) nh gi hot ng dy hc khng ch nh gi thnh tch hc tp ca HS, m cn nh gi c qu trnh dy hc nhm ci tin hot ng dy hc. Ch trng phng php, k thut ly thng tin phn hi t HS nh gi qu trnh dy hc. i) Kt hp tht hp l gia nh gi nh tnh v nh lng : Cn c vo c im ca tng mn hc v hot ng gio dc mi lp hc, cp hc, quy nh nh gi bng im kt hp vi nhn xt ca GV hay nh gi bng nhn xt, xp loi ca GV. k) Kt hp nh gi trong v nh gi ngoi. c thm cc knh thng tin phn hi khch quan, cn kt hp hi ho gia nh gi trong v nh gi ngoi. C th l cn ch n : - T nh gi ca HS vi nh gi ca bn hc, ca GV, ca c s gio dc, ca gia nh v cng ng. - T nh gi ca GV vi nh gi ca ng nghip, ca HS, gia nh HS, ca cc c quan qun l gio dc v ca cng ng. - T nh gi ca c s gio dc vi nh gi ca cc c quan qun l gio dc v ca cng ng.
- T nh gi ca ngnh Gio dc vi nh gi ca x hi v nh gi quc t. l) Kim tra, nh gi phi l ng lc thc y i mi PPDH. i mi kim tra, nh gi to iu kin thc y v l ng lc ca i mi PPDH trong qu trnh dy hc, l nhn t quan trng nht m bo cht lng dy hc. 4.4. Cc tiu ch ca kim tra, nh gi a) m bo tnh ton din : nh gi c cc mt kin thc, k nng, nng lc, thc, thi , hnh vi ca HS. b) m bo tin cy : chnh xc, trung thc, minh bch, khch quan, cng bng trong nh gi, phn nh c cht lng thc ca HS, ca cc c s gio dc. c) m bo tnh kh thi : Ni dung, hnh thc, cch thc, phng tin t chc kim tra, nh gi phi ph hp vi iu kin HS, c s gio dc, c bit l ph hp vi mc tiu theo tng mn hc. d) m bo yu cu phn ho: Phn loi c chnh xc trnh , mc , nng lc nhn thc ca hc sinh, c s gio dc ; cn m bo di phn ho rng cho phn loi i tng. e) m bo hiu qu : nh gi c tt c cc lnh vc cn nh gi HS, c s gio dc ; thc hin c y cc mc tiu ra ; to ng lc i mi phng php dy hc, gp phn nng cao cht lng gio dc.
12
PHN TH HAI HNG DN THC HIN CHUN KIN THC, K NNG MN VT L LP 10 THPT
MT S IM CN LU KHI THC HIN CHUN KIN THC, K NNG 1. Phn Hng dn thc hin chun kin thc, k nng ca ti liu ny c trnh by theo tng lp v theo cc chng. Mi chng u gm hai phn l : a) Chun kin thc, k nng ca chng trnh : Phn ny nu li nguyn vn cc chun kin thc, k nng c quy nh trong chng trnh hin hnh tng ng i vi mi chng. b) Hng dn thc hin : Phn ny chi tit ho cc chun kin thc, k nng nu phn trn di dng mt bng gm c 4 ct v c sp xp theo cc ch ca mn hc. Cc ct ca bng ny gm : - Ct th nht (STT) ghi th t cc n v kin thc, k nng trong mi ch . - Ct th hai (Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh) nu li cc chun kin thc, k nng tng ng vi mi ch c quy nh trong chng trnh hin hnh. - Ct th ba (Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN) trnh by ni dung chi tit tng ng vi cc chun kin thc, k nng nu trong ct th hai. y l phn trng tm, trnh by nhng kin thc, k nng ti thiu m HS cn phi t c trong qu trnh hc tp. Cc kin thc, k nng c trnh by trong ct ny cc cp khc nhau v c trong du ngoc vung [ ]. Cc chun kin thc, k nng c chi tit ha trong ct ny l nhng cn c c bn nht kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh trong qu trnh hc tp cp THPT. - Ct th t (Ghi ch) trnh by nhng ni dung lin quan n nhng chun kin thc, k nng c nu ct th ba. l nhng kin thc, k nng cn tham kho v chng c s dng trong SGK hin hnh khi tip cn nhng chun kin thc, k nng quy nh trong chng trnh, hoc l nhng v d minh ho, nhng im cn ch khi thc hin. 2. i vi cc vng su, vng xa v nhng vng nng thn cn c nhng kh khn, GV cn bm st vo chun kin thc, k nng ca chng trnh chun, khng yu cu HS bit nhng ni dung v chun kin thc, k nng khc lin quan c trong cc ti liu tham kho. Ngc li, i vi cc vng pht trin nh th x, thnh ph, nhng vng c iu kin v kinh t, vn ho x hi, GV cn linh hot a vo nhng kin thc, k nng lin quan to iu kin cho HS pht trin nng lc. Trong qu trnh vn dng, GV cn phn ho trnh HS c nhng gii php tt nht trong vic t chc cc hot ng nhn thc cho HS. Trn y l nhng im cn lu khi thc hin chun kin thc, k nng. S Gio dc v o to ch o cc trng THPT t chc cho t chuyn mn r sot chng trnh, khung phn phi chng trnh ca B, xy dng mt khung gio n chung cho t chuyn mn t cc GV c c s son bi v nng cao cht lng dy hc. 13
CHNG TRNH CHUN

Chng I. NG HC CHT IM
1. Chun kin thc, k nng ca chng trnh CH a) Phng php nghin cu chuyn ng b) Vn tc, phng trnh v th to ca chuyn ng thng u Kin thc Nu c chuyn ng, cht im, h quy chiu, mc thi gian, vn tc l g. Nhn bit c c im v vn tc ca chuyn ng thng u. Nu c vn tc tc thi l g. Nu c v d v chuyn ng thng bin i u (nhanh dn u, chm dn u). r r v Vit c cng thc tnh gia tc a = ca mt chuyn ng bin i. t Nu c c im ca vect gia tc trong chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, trong chuyn ng thng chm dn u. Vit c cng thc tnh vn tc vt = v0 + at, phng trnh chuyn ng thng bin i 1 2 u x = x0 + v0t + at . T suy ra cng thc tnh qung ng i c. 2 Nu c s ri t do l g. Vit c cc cng thc tnh vn tc v ng i ca chuyn ng ri t do. Nu c c im v gia tc ri t do. Pht biu c nh ngha ca chuyn ng trn u. Nu c v d thc t v chuyn ng trn u. 14 Nu quy c chn r chiu ca v 0 l chiu dng ca chuyn ng, th qung ng i c trong chuyn ng bin i u c tnh l :
s = v0 t +
MC CN T
GHI CH Vn tc l mt i lng vect.
c) Chuyn ng thng bin i u. S ri t do d) Chuyn ng trn e) Tnh tng i ca chuyn ng. Cng vn tc
1 2 at ; 2
f) Sai s ca php o vt l
Vit c cng thc tc di v ch c hng ca vect vn tc trong chuyn ng trn u. Vit c cng thc v nu c n v o tc gc, chu k, tn s ca chuyn ng trn u. Vit c h thc gia tc di v tc gc. Nu c hng ca gia tc trong chuyn ng trn u v vit c biu thc ca gia tc hng tm. r r r Vit c cng thc cng vn tc v1,3 = v1,2 + v 2,3 .
Nu c sai s tuyt i ca php o mt i lng vt l l g v phn bit c sai s tuyt i vi sai s t i.
2 v 2 v 0 = 2as. t
K nng
Xc nh c v tr ca mt vt chuyn ng trong mt h quy chiu cho. Lp c phng trnh chuyn ng x = x0 + vt. Vn dng c phng trnh x = x0 + vt i vi chuyn ng thng u ca mt hoc hai vt. V c th to ca chuyn ng thng u. Vn dng c cc cng thc : vt = v0 + at, s = v0t + V c th vn tc ca chuyn ng bin i u. Gii c bi tp n gin v chuyn ng trn u. Gii c bi tp n gin v cng vn tc cng phng (cng chiu, ngc chiu). Xc nh c sai s tuyt i v sai s t i trong cc php o. Xc nh c gia tc ca chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u bng th nghim. Ch yu cu gii cc bi tp i vi vt chuyn ng theo mt chiu, trong chn chiu chuyn ng l chiu dng.
1 2 2 2 at ; v t v 0 = 2as. 2
15
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. CHUYN NG C Stt

1
Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Nu c cht im l g. Nu c h quy chiu l g. Nu c mc thi gian l g.
Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN
Ghi ch
Nu c chuyn ng c l g. [Thng hiu]
Ch phn bit v tr Chuyn ng c ca mt vt (gi tt l chuyn ng) l s thay v khong cch. i v tr ca vt so vi cc vt khc theo thi gian. Mt h ta gn vi Mt vt chuyn ng c coi l mt cht im nu kch thc vt mc v mt gc ca n rt nh so vi di ng i (hoc so vi nhng khong thi gian cng vi cch m ta cp n). mt ng h hp thnh mt h quy H quy chiu gm : chiu. Mt vt lm mc, mt h to gn vi vt lm mc ; Mt mc thi gian v mt ng h. Mc thi gian (gc thi gian) l thi im bt u o thi gian khi m t chuyn ng ca vt.
Xc nh c v tr ca mt [Vn dng] vt chuyn ng trong h quy Bit cch xc nh c to ng vi v tr ca vt trong khng chiu cho. gian (vt lm mc v h trc to ). Bit cch xc nh c thi im v thi gian ng vi cc v tr trn (mc thi gian v ng h).
16
2. CHUYN NG THNG U Stt

1
Ghi ch
HS hc cp THCS v tc v chuyn ng thng u.
Nhn bit c c im v [Thng hiu] vn tc ca chuyn ng Cng thc tnh qung ng i c trong chuyn ng thng u : thng u. s = vt Nu c vn tc l g. trong , v l tc ca vt, khng i trong sut thi gian chuyn ng. Vn tc ca chuyn ng thng u c ln bng tc ca vt, cho bit mc nhanh, chm.ca chuyn ng :
v= 2
s t
Lp c phng trnh [Thng hiu] chuyn ng ca chuyn ng Phng trnh chuyn ng ca chuyn ng thng u l thng u. x = x0 + s = x0 + vt trong , x l to ca cht im, x0 l to ban u ca cht im, s l qung ng vt i c trong thi gian t, v l vn tc ca vt.
[Vn dng]
Vn dng c phng trnh Bit cch vit c phng trnh v tnh c cc i lng trong x = x0 + vt i vi chuyn phng trnh chuyn ng thng u cho mt hoc hai vt. ng thng u ca mt hoc hai vt. 3 V c th to - thi [Vn dng] gian ca chuyn ng thng Bit cch v h trc to - thi gian, chn t xch, lp bng gi tr u tng ng x = x(t), biu din cc im v v x(t).
17
th to - thi gian ca chuyn ng thng u l mt ng thng ct trc tung (trc to ) ti gi tr x0. 3. CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U Stt
1

Nu c vn tc tc thi l g.
Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN [Thng hiu]
Ghi ch
Ti mi im trn qu o, vn tc Nu c v d v chuyn ng ln ca vn tc tc thi ti v tr M l i lng tc thi ca mi vt khng nhng c mt ln nht nh, m cn c thng bin i u (nhanh dn s v= phng v chiu xc nh. c u, chm dn u). t trong , s l on ng rt ngn vt i c trong trng cho chuyn ng v s khong thi gian rt ngn t . n v ca vn tc l nhanh, chm v v phng, chiu, mt trn giy (m/s). ngi ta ua ra khi nim vect Vect vn tc tc thi ca mt vt ti mt im l vn tc tc thi. mt vect c gc ti vt chuyn ng, c hng ca V d v chuyn ng thng nhanh chuyn ng v c di t l vi ln ca vn tc dn u : Mt vt chuyn ng tc thi theo mt t xch no . khng ma st xung dc trn mt Trong chuyn ng thng bin i u, ln ca phng nghing hoc chuyn ng vn tc tc thi hoc tng u, hoc gim u theo ca mt vt ri t do... thi gian. Chuyn ng thng c ln ca vn tc V d v chuyn ng thng chm tc thi tng u theo thi gian gi l chuyn ng dn u : Mt vt chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u. Chuyn ng thng c ln ca vn tc tc thi gim u theo thi gian gi l khng ma st ln dc trn mt phng nghing hoc chuyn ng chuyn ng thng chm dn u. lc i ln ca mt vt nm ln theo phng thng ng...
Nu c c im ca vect gia [Thng hiu]

18
Gia tc a ca chuyn ng l i
tc trong chuyn ng thng Gia tc ca chuyn ng thng l i lng xc nhanh dn u, trong chuyn nh bng thng s gia bin thin vn tc v v ng thng chm dn u. khong thi gian vn tc bin thin t . Vit c cng thc tnh gia tc v a= ca mt chuyn ng bin i. t trong v = v v0 l bin thin vn tc trong khong thi gian t = t t0. Gia tc l i lng vect : r u r r r v v0 v a= = t t0 t Khi mt vt chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, vect gia tc c gc vt chuyn ng, c phng v chiu trng vi phng v chiu ca vect vn tc, c di t l vi ln ca gia tc theo mt t xch no . Khi mt vt chuyn ng thng chm dn u, vect gia tc ngc chiu vi vect vn tc.
n v gia tc l mt trn giy bnh phng (m/s ). 3 Vit c cng thc tnh vn tc vt = v0 + at
2
lng xc nh bng thng s gia bin thin vn tc v (v = v v0) v khong thi gian vn tc bin thin t (t = t t0).
a= v t
V vn tc l i lng vect nn gia tc cng l i lng vect.
[Thng hiu]
Cng thc tnh vn tc ca chuyn ng bin i u : v = v0 + at Trong chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u th a dng, trong chuyn ng thng chm dn u th a m.
v vn dng c cc cng thc n y.
[Vn dng]
Bit cch lp cng thc v tnh c cc i lng trong cng thc tnh vn tc ca chuyn ng bin i u.
19
Vit c phng trnh chuyn [Thng hiu] ng thng bin i u Cng thc tnh qung ng i c ca chuyn ng bin i u: 1 2 x = x0 + v0t + at . 2 1 s = v0t + at2 2 T suy ra cng thc tnh i vi chuyn ng thng bin i u, th phng qung ng i c. trnh chuyn ng l 1 2 x = x0 + v0t + at 2 trong , x l to tc thi, x0 l to ban u, lc t=0. Cng thc lin h gia gia tc, vn tc v qung ng i c : 2 2 v v0 = 2as
i vi chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, t cng thc tnh vn tc s trung bnh v tb = , cng thc t v +v v tb = 0 v cng thc v = v0 + 2 at, ta suy ra c cng thc tnh qung ng i c l
1 2 at . 2 v cng thc lin h gia gia tc, vn tc v qung ng i c: v2 v02 = 2as

s = v0t +
Vn dng c cc cng thc : s = v0t +
[Vn dng]
Bit cch lp cng thc v tnh c cc i lng trong cng thc ca chuyn ng bin i u.
1 2 at , 2 2 v 2 v 0 = 2as. t
V c th vn tc ca [Vn dng] chuyn ng bin i u. Bit cch dng h to vn tc thi gian, chn t xch, lp bng gi tr tng ng v = v(t) = v0+at , biu din cc im, v th.
th vn tc thi gian l mt on thng ct trc

tung (trc vn tc) ti gi tr v0.
20
4. S RI T DO Stt
1

Nu c s ri t do l g.
Ghi ch
Vit c cc cng thc tnh vn S ri t do l s ri ch di tc dng ca trng lc. tc v qung ng i ca chuyn Chuyn ng ri t do l chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u vi 2 ng ri t do. gia tc ri t do (g 9,8 m/s ).
Nu vt ri t do, khng c vn tc ban u th:
v = gt v cng thc tnh qung ng i c ca vt ri t do l s=
1 2 gt 2
Nu c c im v gia tc ri [Thng hiu] t do. c im ca gia tc ri t do: Ti mt ni nht nh trn Tri t v gn mt t, cc vt u ri t do vi cng mt gia tc g gi l gia tc ri t do. Gia tc ri t do cc ni khc nhau trn Tri t th khc nhau cht t. 5. CHUYN NG TRN U
Stt
1
Ghi ch V d: Mt im trn cnh qut ng c in (chy vi tc n nh) l
Pht biu c nh ngha ca [Thng hiu] chuyn ng trn u. Tc trung bnh ca mt vt chuyn ng trn: 21
di cung trn m vt i c Nu c v d thc t v chuyn Tc trung bnh = thi gian chuyn ng ng trn u.
Chuyn ng trn u l chuyn ng c qu o trn v c tc trung bnh trn mi cung trn l nh nhau.
chuyn ng trn u...
Xt mt cht im chuyn ng theo Vit c cng thc tc di v [Thng hiu] ch c hng ca vect vn tc Tc di chnh l ln ca vn tc tc thi trong qu o bt k. Ti thi im t1, cht trong chuyn ng trn u. im v tr M1. Ti thi im t2, chuyn ng trn u : cht im v tr M2. Trong khong s v= thi gian t = t2 t1, cht im t v trong , v l tc di ca vt ti mt im, s l di tuuuuuu tr M1 n M2. Vect r r di cung rt ngn vt i c trong khong thi gian s = M1M 2 gi l vect di ca rt ngn t . cht im trong khong thi gian . Trong chuyn ng trn u, tc di ca vt khng i.
Vect vn tc trong chuyn ng trn u lun c phng tip tuyn vi ng trn qu o. r r s v= t r trong , v l vect vn tc ca vt ti im ang xt, r s l vect di trong khong thi gian rt ngn t , r c phng tip tuyn vi qu o. Khi , vect v r cng hng vi vect s .
Vit c cng thc v nu c [Thng hiu] n v o tc gc, chu k, tn Tc gc ca chuyn ng trn l i lng o s ca chuyn ng trn u. bng gc m bn knh OM qut c trong mt n 22
v thi gian :
t Tc gc ca chuyn ng trn u l mt i lng khng i. =

n v o tc gc l raian trn giy (rad/s).
Chu k T ca chuyn ng trn u l thi gian vt i c mt vng. 2 T = n v o chu k l giy (s). Tn s f ca chuyn ng trn u l s vng m vt i c trong 1 giy. 1 f = T n v ca tn s l vng/s hay hc (Hz).
Vit c h thc gia tc di [Thng hiu] v tc gc. Cng thc lin h gia tc di v tc gc : v = r trong , r l bn knh qu o trn.
Nu c hng ca gia tc trong chuyn ng trn u v vit c biu thc ca gia tc hng tm.
[Thng hiu]
Trong chuyn ng trn u, vn tc tuy c ln khng i, nhng hng li lun thay i, nn chuyn ng ny c gia tc. Gia tc trong chuyn ng trn u lun hng vo tm ca qu o nn gi l gia tc hng tm.
23
Cng thc xc nh vect gia tc : r r v a= t r r trong , vect a cng hng vi v , hng vo tm ng trn qu o.
ln ca gia tc hng tm :
a ht = v2 2 = r r
Gii c bi tp n gin v [Vn dng] chuyn ng trn u. Bit cch tnh tc gc, chu k, tn s, gia tc hng tm v cc i lng trong cc cng thc ca chuyn ng trn u.
6. TNH TNG I CA CHUYN NG. CNG THC CNG VN TC Stt

1

Vit c cng thc cng vn tc r r r v1,3 = v1,2 + v 2,3 .
Ghi ch
Qu o v vn tc Kt qu xc nhn ta v vn tc ca cng mt vt ph thuc ca cng mt vt vo h quy chiu. Ta (do qu o ca vt) v vn tc ca chuyn ng i vi cc h quy chiu khc mt vt c tnh tng i. nhau th khc nhau. Cng thc cng vn tc l : r r r v1,3 = v1,2 + v 2,3 trong : r v1,3 l vn tc ca vt i vi h quy chiu ng yn, gi l vn 24
tc tuyt i. r v1,2 l vn tc ca vt i vi h quy chiu chuyn ng, gi l vn tc tng i. r v 2,3 l vn tc ca h quy chiu chuyn ng i vi h quy chiu ng yn, gi l vn tc ko theo. Vn tc tuyt i bng tng vect ca vn tc tng i v vn tc ko theo. 2 Gii c bi tp n gin v [Vn dng] cng vn tc cng phng (cng Bit cch p dng c cng thc cng vn tc trong cc trng chiu, ngc chiu). hp:
Vn tc tng i cng phng, cng chiu vi vn tc ko theo. Vn tc tng i cng phng, ngc chiu vi vn tc ko theo.
7. SAI S CA PHP O CC I LNG VT L Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c sai s tuyt i ca [Thng hiu] php o mt i lng vt l l g Gi tr trung bnh A khi o n ln i lng A l : v phn bit c sai s tuyt i A + A 2 + ... + A n vi sai s t i A= 1 n
Sai s tuyt i ca ln o i l :
25
A i = A A i Sai s tuyt i trung bnh (sai s ngu nhin) ca n ln o l A = A1 + A 2 + ... + A n n
Sai s tuyt i ca php o l A = A + A ' , trong A ' l sai s dng c, thng thng ly bng na CNN.
Cch vit kt qu o : A = A A
Sai s t i ca mt php o : A = A .100% A
Xc nh c sai s tuyt i v [Thng hiu] sai s t i trong cc php o. Sai s ca php o gin tip :
Sai s tuyt i ca mt tng hay hiu, th bng tng cc sai s Y tuyt i ca cc s hng. Nu F = X , th F = Z Sai s t i ca mt tch hay thng, th bng tng cc sai s t X + Y + Z. i ca cc tha s.
V d : Nu F = X + Y Z , th F = X + Y + Z.
8. Thc hnh: KHO ST CHUYN NG RI T DO. XC NH GIA TC RI T DO Stt

1
Chun KT,KN quy nh trong chng trnh
Mc th hin c th ca chun KT,KN
Ghi ch
Xc nh c gia tc ca [Thng hiu] chuyn ng thng nhanh dn Hiu c c s l thuyt: u bng th nghim Trong chuyn ng ri t do, vn tc ban u bng 0. Do c th 2s xc nh g theo biu thc g = 2 . t 26
[Vn dng]
Bit cch s dng cc dng c o v b tr c th nghim:
- Bit mc ng h o thi gian hin s vi cng quang in v s dng c ch o ph hp. - Bit cch s dng ngun bin p. - Lp rp c cc thit b th nghim theo s .
Bit cch tin hnh th nghim:
- o thi gian ri nhiu ln ng vi cng qung ng ri. - Ghi chp cc s liu.

Bit tnh ton cc s liu thu c t th nghim a ra kt qu:
- Lp bng quan h gia s v t2. - V th biu din quan h s v t2. - Tnh g =

g=
2s v g , g theo cng thc : t2
g1 + g 2 + ... + g5 g + g 2 + ... + g5 ; g = 1 5 5
- V th s (t) v s (t2). - Nhn xt c kt qu th nghim v cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai s .
27
Chng II. NG LC HC CHT IM

1. Chun kin thc, k nng ca chng trnh
CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Lc. Quy tc tng hp Pht biu c nh ngha ca lc v nu c lc l i lng vect. v phn tch lc Nu c quy tc tng hp v phn tch lc. Pht biu c iu kin cn bng ca mt cht im di tc dng ca nhiu lc. Nu c qun tnh ca vt l g v k c mt s v d v qun tnh. b) Ba nh lut Niu-tn c) Cc loi lc c : lc Pht biu c nh lut I Niu-tn. hp dn, trng lc, lc Pht biu c nh lut vn vt hp dn v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny. n hi, lc ma st Nu c v d v lc n hi v nhng c im ca lc n hi ca l xo (im t, hng). d) Lc hng tm trong Pht biu c nh lut Hc v vit h thc ca nh lut ny i vi bin dng ca l xo. chuyn ng trn u Vit c cng thc xc nh lc ma st trt. Nu mi quan h gia lc, khi lng v gia tc c th hin trong nh lut II Niu-tn nh th no v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny.
Nu c gia tc ri t do l do tc dng ca trng lc v vit c h thc u r r P = mg . Nu c khi lng l s o mc qun tnh. Pht biu c nh lut III Niu-tn v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny. Nu c cc c im ca phn lc v lc tc dng. Nu c lc hng tm trong chuyn ng trn u l tng hp cc lc tc dng
lp 10, trng lc tc dng ln vt c hiu gn ng l lc hp dn ca Tri t tc dng ln vt.
ln vt v vit c cng thc F ht =
mv 2 2 = m r. r
28
K nng
Vn dng c nh lut Hc gii c bi tp n gin v s bin dng ca Khng yu cu gii cc bi tp v l xo. s tng, gim v Vn dng c cng thc ca lc hp dn gii cc bi tp n gin. mt trng lng Vn dng c cng thc tnh lc ma st trt gii c cc bi tp n gin. Biu din c cc vect lc v phn lc trong mt s v d c th. Vn dng c cc nh lut I, II, III Niu-tn gii c cc bi ton i vi mt vt hoc h hai vt chuyn ng. Vn dng c mi quan h gia khi lng v mc qun tnh ca vt gii thch mt s hin tng thng gp trong i sng v k thut. Gii c bi ton v chuyn ng ca vt nm ngang. Xc nh c lc hng tm v gii c bi ton v chuyn ng trn u khi vt chu tc dng ca mt hoc hai lc. Xc nh c h s ma st trt bng th nghim.
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. TNG HP V PHN TCH LC. IU KIN CN BNG CA CHT IM Stt
1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nh ngha ca [Thng hiu] n tp v cc tc lc v nu c lc l i lng Lc l i lng vect c trng cho tc dng ca vt ny ln vt dng ca lc vect. khc m kt qu l gy ra gia tc cho vt hoc lm cho vt bin dng. Chng trnh Vt l cp THCS.
29
Nu c quy tc tng hp v [Thng hiu] Ch khi bit mt lc phn tch lc. Tng hp lc l thay th cc lc tc dng ng thi vo cng mt c tc dng c th theo hai phng no vt bng mt lc c tc dng ging ht nh cc lc y. th mi phn tch lc Lc thay th ny gi l hp lc. theo hai phng y. Quy tc hnh bnh hnh : Nu hai lc ng quy lm thnh hai cnh ca mt hnh bnh hnh, th ng cho k t im ng quy biu din hp lc ca chng. u u r r u r V mt ton hc : F = F1 + F 2
Phn tch lc l thay th mt lc bng hai hay nhiu lc c tc dng ging ht lc . Cc lc thay th gi l cc lc thnh phn.
Phn tch mt lc thnh hai lc thnh phn ng quy phi tun theo quy tc hnh bnh hnh. 3 Pht biu c iu kin cn [Thng hiu] bng ca mt cht im di tc Mun cho mt cht im ng cn bng th hp lc ca cc lc tc dng ca nhiu lc. dng ln n phi bng khng. u u r r u r r F = F1 + F 2 + ... = 0
2. BA NH LUT NIU-TN Stt

1

Pht biu c nh lut I Niu-tn

Nu mt vt khng chu tc dng ca lc no hoc chu tc dng ca cc lc c hp lc bng khng, th vt ang ng yn s tip tc ng yn, vt ang chuyn ng s tip tc chuyn ng thng u. 30
Ghi ch
Nu c qun tnh ca vt l g [Thng hiu] v k c mt s v d v qun Qun tnh l tnh cht ca mi vt c xu hng bo tnh. ton vn tc c v hng v ln. Nu c khi lng l s o Khi lng dng ch mc qun tnh ca vt. Vt mc qun tnh. no c mc qun tnh ln hn th c khi lng ln hn v ngc li.
nh lut I Niu-tn c gi l nh lut qun tnh v chuyn ng thng u c gi l chuyn ng theo qun tnh.
Mt s v d v qun tnh:
Vn dng c mi quan h gia khi lng v mc qun tnh ca vt gii thch mt s hin tng thng gp trong i sng v k thut. 3 Nu c mi quan h gia lc, khi lng v gia tc c th hin trong nh lut II Niu-tn v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny.
Ngi ngi trong xe ang chuyn Khi lng l i lng c trng cho mc qun tnh ng thng u. Khi xe hm t ngt, ngi c xu hng b lao v ca vt. pha trc. [Vn dng] Hai t c khi lng khc nhau Bit cch gii thch mt s hin tng thng gp ang chuyn ng vi cng mt trong i sng v k thut lin quan n qun tnh. vn tc. Nu c hm vi cng mt lc th t c khi lng ln hn s lu dng li hn.
[Thng hiu]
Gia tc ca mt vt cng hng vi lc tc dng ln vt. ln ca gia tc t l vi ln ca lc v t l nghch vi khi lng ca vt. u r r u r r F hay F = ma a= m u r Trong trng hp vt chu nhiu lc tc dng th F l hp lc ca cc lc . Khi lng l i lng v hng, dng v khng i, i vi mi vt, c trng cho mc qun tnh ca vt. Khi lng c tnh cht cng c. n v ca khi lng l kilgam (kg).
31
Nu c gia tc ri t do l do [Thng hiu] tc dng ca trng lc v vit Trng lc l lc ht ca Tri t tc dng vo cc u r r vt, gy ra cho chng gia tc ri t do. Trng lc c h thc P = mg . u r c k hiu l P . ln ca trng lc tc dng ln mt vt gi l trng lng ca vt. u r r H thc ca trng lc l P = mg . Hai lc cng gi, cng ln, Pht biu c nh lut III Niu- [Thng hiu] tn v vit c h thc ca nh Trong mi trng hp, khi vt A tc dng ln vt B nhng ngc chiu l hai lc trc lut ny. mt lc, th vt B cng tc dng li vt A mt lc. i. Hai lc ny c cng gi, cng ln, nhng ngc chiu. u r u r u r u r F B A = F A B hay F BA = F AB Mt trong hai lc gi l lc tc dng cn lc kia gi l phn lc.
Nu c cc c im ca phn [Thng hiu] lc v lc tc dng. Lc v phn lc c nhng c im sau :

Lc v phn lc lun xut hin (hoc mt i) ng thi. Lc v phn lc l hai lc trc i. Lc v phn lc khng cn bng nhau v chng t vo hai vt khc nhau.
[Vn dng]
Biu din c cc vect lc v Bit cch biu din vect lc v phn lc trong cc phn lc trong mt s v d c trng hp nh: mt ngi i b c trn mt t, ba ng inh vo g, mt vt nm yn trn mt th. 32
bn,... 7 Vn dng c cc nh lut I, II, [Vn dng] III Niu-tn gii c cc bi Bit ch ra iu kin p dng cc nh lut Niu-tn. ton i vi mt vt hoc h hai Bit cch biu din c tt c cc lc tc dng ln vt chuyn ng. vt hoc h hai vt chuyn ng.
Bit cch tnh gia tc v cc i lng trong cng thc ca cc nh lut Niu-tn vit phng trnh chuyn ng cho vt hoc h vt.
3. LC HP DN. NH LUT VN VT HP DN Stt

1
Ghi ch
Mi vt trong v tr u ht nhau vi mt lc, gi l lc hp dn. Do G rt nh nn lc hp dn ch ng k khi t nht mt trong hai vt c khi lng ln.
Pht biu c nh lut vn vt [Thng hiu] hp dn v vit c h thc ca Lc hp dn gia hai cht im t l thun vi nh lut ny. tch hai khi lng ca chng v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia chng.
H thc ca lc hp dn l :
Fhd = G
m1m2 r2
iu kin p dng h thc cho cc vt thng thng :
Khong cch gia hai vt rt ln so trong m1, m2 l khi lng ca hai cht im, vi kch thc ca chng; r l khong cch gia chng, h s t l G c Cc vt ng cht v c dng hnh gi l hng s hp dn. cu. Khi y r l khong cch gia hai -11 2 2 G = 6,67.10 N.m /kg tm. Lc hp dn nm trn ng ni hai tm v t vo hai tm .
33
Vn dng c cng thc ca lc [Vn dng] Trng lc P m Tri t tc dng ln hp dn gii cc bi tp n Bit cch tnh lc hp dn v tnh c cc i mt vt khi lng m l lc hp dn gin lng trong cng thc ca nh lut vn vt hp gia Tri t v vt . dn. mM P = mg G . T , suy ra (R + h)2 g
GM (R + h)2
vi R l bn knh Tri t, h l cao ca vt so vi mt t. Nu vt gn mt t (h << R) th : g

GM R
2
9,806 m/s ( v 45 ).
im t ca trng lc l trng tm ca vt.
4. LC N HI CA L XO. NH LUT HC Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c v d v lc n hi v [Thng hiu] nhng c im ca lc n hi Lc n hi xut hin hai u ca l xo v tc ca l xo (im t, hng). dng vo cc vt tip xc (hay gn) vi l xo, lm n bin dng.
Hng ca lc n hi mi u l xo ngc vi hng ca ngoi lc gy bin dng. Khi l xo b gin,
34
lc n hi ca l xo hng theo trc l xo vo pha trong, cn khi l xo b nn, lc n hi ca l xo hng theo trc ca l xo ra ngoi. 2 Pht biu c nh lut Hc v [Thng hiu] vit h thc ca nh lut ny i nh lut Hc : Trong gii hn n hi, ln ca vi bin dng ca l xo. lc n hi ca l xo t l thun vi bin dng ca l xo. Fh = k l Gii hn n hi ca l xo l gi tr ln nht ca lc tc dng vo l xo (l xo bin dng nhiu nht) m khi thi tc dng, l xo vn ly li c hnh dng ban u.
i vi dy cao su, dy thp,... khi trong , l = l l0 l bin dng ca l xo. H s b ko th lc n hi gi l lc t l k gi l cng ca l xo (hay h s n hi). cng. i vi cc mt tip xc b bin dng khi p vo nhau th lc n v ca cng l niutn trn mt (N/m). n hi c phng vung gc vi [Vn dng] mt tip xc. Vn dng c nh lut Hc Bit cch tnh bin dng ca l xo v cc i lng Khng yu cu gii cc bi tp con gii c bi tp n gin v s trong cng thc ca nh lut Hc. lc l xo trong trng thi tng, bin dng ca l xo. gim v mt trng lng.
5. LC MA ST Stt
1
Ghi ch
Lc ma st ngh ch xut hin khi c ngoi lc tc dng ln vt, ngoi lc ny c xu hng lm cho vt chuyn ng nhng cha thng lc ma st. Gi ca lc ma st ngh nm trong
Vit c cng thc xc nh lc [Vn dng] ma st trt. Lc ma st trt xut hin mt tip xc ca vt ang Vn dng c cng thc tnh lc trt trn mt b mt, c tc dng cn tr chuyn ng ma st trt gii c cc bi ca vt trn b mt , c hng ngc vi hng ca vn tc. Lc ma st trt khng ph thuc din tch b tp n gin. 35
mt tip xc v tc ca vt, nhng ph thuc vo vt liu v tnh trng ca hai mt tip xc ( nhm, sch, kh, ). N c ln t l vi ln ca p lc theo cng thc
mt phng tip xc gia hai vt. Lc ma st lun ngc chiu vi ngoi lc. Lc ma st ngh lun cn bng vi ngoi lc. ln ca ngoi lc tng th lc ma st ngh tng.
Fmst = t N
trong , N l p lc tc dng ln vt , t l h s t l gi l h s ma st trt, ph thuc vo vt liu v tnh trng ca hai mt tip xc.
[Vn dng]
Ch xt bi tp c mt vt trt Bit tnh lc ma st trt v cc i lng trong cng trn b mt ca mt vt khc. thc tnh lc ma st.
6. LC HNG TM Stt
1
Ghi ch
Nu c lc hng tm trong [Thng hiu] chuyn ng trn u l hp lc Lc (hay hp lc ca cc lc) tc dng vo mt vt chuyn ng tc dng ln vt v vit c trn u v gy ra cho vt gia tc hng tm gi l lc hng tm. mv 2 2 Cng thc tnh lc hng tm ca vt chuyn ng trn u l cng thc F ht = = m r r mv 2 Fht = ma ht = = m2 r r trong , m l khi lng ca vt, r l bn knh qu o trn, l tc gc, v l vn tc di ca vt chuyn ng trn u.
Xc nh c lc hng tm v [Vn dng] gii c bi ton v chuyn Bit cch xc nh lc hng tm v gii c bi ton nh sau: 36
ng trn u khi vt chu tc a) Phn tch c cc lc gy ra gia tc hng tm, chng hn nh : dng ca mt hoc hai lc. Lc hp dn gia Tri t v v tinh nhn to ng vai tr lc hng tm.
Lc ma st ngh ng vai tr lc hng tm i vi mt vt ng yn trn bn quay. Hp lc ca trng lc v phn lc ng vai tr lc hng tm khi tu ho i vo khc ln cong, t chuyn ng trn cu cong ...
b) Tm hp lc v tnh ln ca lc hng tm, cc i lng trong cng thc.
7. CHUYN NG NM NGANG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Khi vt M chuyn ng th cc hnh chiu Mx, My ca n trn hai trc to cng chuyn ng ( l nhng chuyn ng thnh phn).
Gii c bi ton v [Vn dng] chuyn ng ca vt nm Bit cch gii bi ton v chuyn ng ca ngang mt vt nm ngang. Cc bc gii bi ton nh sau:
Vit phng trnh cho Mx chuyn ng u theo Bc 1 : Chn h to vung gc. Ox hng phng ngang vi vn tc ban u l v0x = v0. r theo vect vn tc v 0 . Oy hng theo vect u r ax = 0 ; vx = v0 ; x = v0t trng lc P . Vit phng trnh cho My chuyn ng ri t do Bc 2 : Phn tch chuyn ng nm ngang : theo phng trng lc : Vit phng trnh cho cc chuyn ng thnh 1 2 phn ca vt theo phng Ox v Oy. ay = g ; vy = gt ; y = gt 2 Bc 3 : Gii cc phng trnh tm cc i
lng nh : thi gian chuyn ng ca vt, tm nm xa. Phng trnh qu o ca vt nm ngang l 37
y=
g 2 x 2v 2 0
Qu o ca vt l mt na ng parabol.
8. Thc hnh: O H S MA ST Stt

1
Ghi ch
Xc nh c h s ma st [Thng hiu] trt bng th nghim. Hiu c c s l thuyt: Xy dng c cng thc tnh h s ma st theo gia tc ca vt trt trn mt nghing v gc nghing
t = tan
[Vn dng]
a gcos
Bit cch s dng cc dng c v b tr c th nghim:
- Bit mc ng h o thi gian hin s vi cng quang in v s dng c ch o ph hp. - Bit s dng ngun bin p, s dng thc o gc v qu ri. - Lp rp c th nghim theo s .
- o chiu di mt nghing. - Tin hnh o thi gian vt trt trn mt nghing nhiu ln. - Ghi chp cc s liu.
38
- Tnh gia tc theo cng thc cng thc a = - Tnh t theo cng thc t = tan xc nh cho trc. - Nhn xt kt qu th nghim.
2s . t2
a vi g c gi tr c gcos
39
Chng III. CN BNG V CHUYN NG CA VT RN

CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca hai hay ba lc khng song song. b) Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc song song. c) Cn bng ca vt rn c trc quay c nh. Quy tc momen lc. Ngu lc d) Chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn. e) Chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc c nh
Pht biu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca hai hay ba Trng tm ca mt vt l im lc khng song song. t ca trng lc. Pht biu c quy tc xc nh hp lc ca hai lc song song cng chiu. Nu c trng tm ca mt vt l g. Pht biu c nh ngha, vit c cng thc tnh momen lc v nu c n v o momen lc. Pht biu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt rn c trc quay c nh. Pht biu c nh ngha ngu lc v nu c tc dng ca ngu lc. Vit c cng thc tnh momen ngu lc. Nu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt c mt chn . Nhn bit c cc dng cn bng bn, cn bng khng bn, cn bng phim nh ca mt vt rn. Nu c c im nhn bit chuyn ng tnh tin ca mt vt rn. Nu c, khi vt rn chu tc dng ca mt momen lc khc khng, th chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc c nh ca n b bin i (quay nhanh dn hoc chm dn). Nu c v d v s bin i chuyn ng quay ca vt rn ph thuc vo s phn b khi lng ca vt i vi trc quay.
K nng
Vn dng c iu kin cn bng v quy tc tng hp lc gii cc bi tp i vi trng hp vt chu tc dng ca ba lc ng quy.
40
Vn dng c quy tc xc nh hp lc gii cc bi tp i vi vt chu tc dng ca hai lc song song cng chiu. Vn dng quy tc momen lc gii c cc bi ton v iu kin cn bng ca vt rn c trc quay c nh khi chu tc dng ca hai lc. Xc nh c trng tm ca cc vt phng ng cht bng th nghim.
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. CN BNG CA MT VT CHU TC DNG CA HAI LC V CA BA LC KHNG SONG SONG Stt
1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c iu kin cn [Thng hiu] bng ca mt vt rn chu tc iu kin cn bng ca mt vt chu tc dng ca hai lc : dng ca hai hoc ba lc Mun cho mt vt chu tc dng ca hai lc trng thi cn bng th khng song song. hai lc phi cng gi, cng ln v ngc chiu. Vn dng c iu kin cn u r u r F1 = F2 bng v quy tc tng hp lc gii cc bi tp i vi iu kin cn bng ca mt vt chu tc dng ca ba lc khng trng hp vt chu tc dng song song : ca ba lc ng quy. Ba lc phi c gi ng phng v ng quy
Hp lc ca hai lc phi cn bng vi lc th ba ur u r u r F1 + F2 = F3 Quy tc tng hp hai lc ng quy :
Mun tng hp hai lc c gi ng quy tc dng ln mt vt rn, trc ht ta trt hai vect lc trn gi ca chng n im ng 41
quy, ri p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh tm hp lc.
[Vn dng]
Bit cch ch ra cc lc v p dng iu kin cn bng, quy tc tng hp lc gii cc bi tp i vi trng hp vt chu tc dng ca ba lc ng quy. 2 Nu c trng tm ca mt [Thng hiu] vt l g. Trng tm l im t ca trng lc tc dng ln vt. Xc nh c trng tm ca xc nh trng tm ca vt phng, ng cht bng phng php cc vt phng, ng cht thc nghim, ta treo vt bng si dy ln lt hai v tr khc nhau. bng th nghim. Giao im ca phng si dy k trn vt gia hai ln treo chnh l trng tm ca vt. C th yu cu HS lm thc hnh xc nh trng tm ca vt rn phng, mng nh.
Vt phng, mng, ng cht hnh tam gic, hnh ch nht, hnh vung, i vi nhng vt rn phng ng tnh c dng hnh hc i xng hnh trn,... c trng tm th trng tm nm tm i xng ca vt. chnh l tm i xng hnh hc ca vt.
2. CN BNG CA MT VT C TRC QUAY C NH. MOMEN LC Stt

1

Pht biu c nh ngha, vit c cng thc tnh momen ca lc v nu c n v o momen ca lc.

Momen ca lc i vi mt trc quay l i lng c trng cho tc dng lm quay ca lc v c o bng tch ca lc vi cnh tay n ca n. Cng thc tnh momen ca lc:
Ghi ch
M = F.d trong , d l cnh tay n, l khong cch t trc quay n gi ca 42
u u r r lc F ( F nm trong mt phng vung gc vi trc quay).

Trong h SI, n v ca momen lc l niutn mt (N.m).
Pht biu c iu kin cn [Thng hiu] bng ca mt vt rn c trc Quy tc momen lc : quay c nh. Mun cho mt vt c trc quay c nh trng thi cn bng, th tng cc momen lc c xu hng lm vt quay theo chiu kim ng h phi bng tng cc momen lc c xu hng lm vt quay ngc chiu kim ng h. M = M trong , M l tng cc momen lc c xu hng lm cho vt quay theo chiu kim ng h, M l tng cc momen lc c xu hng lm cho vt quay ngc chiu kim ng h
Quy tc momen lc cn c p dng cho trng hp vt rn khng c trc quay c nh, nu trong mt tnh hung c th no , vt xut hin trc quay.
[Vn dng]
Vn dng quy tc momen lc Bit cch ch ra cc lc, tnh c momen ca cc lc tc dng ln gii c cc bi ton v vt v p dng quy tc momen lc gii bi tp. iu kin cn bng ca vt rn c trc quay c nh khi chu tc dng ca hai lc.
3. QUY TC HP LC SONG SONG CNG CHIU Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c quy tc xc [Thng hiu] nh hp lc ca hai lc Quy tc xc nh hp lc ca hai lc song song cng chiu : r r song song cng chiu. Hp lc ca hai lc F1 v F2 song song, cng chiu, tc dng vo vt 43
r rn l mt lc F song song, cng chiu vi hai lc v c ln bng tng ln ca hai lc : F = F1 + F2 r r r Gi ca F nm trong mt phng cha F1 , F2 v chia khong cch gia hai lc ny thnh nhng on t l nghch vi ln ca hai lc : F1 d = 2 F2 d1 r trong , d1 v d2 l khong cch t gi ca hp lc ti gi ca lc F1 v r gi ca lc F2 .
[Vn dng] Vn dng c quy tc xc Bit cch ch ra cc lc v p dng quy tc quy tc xc nh hp lc song nh hp lc song song song gii cc bi tp i vi vt chu tc dng ca hai lc. gii cc bi tp i vi vt chu tc dng ca hai lc 4. CC DNG CN BNG. CN BNG CA MT VT C MT CHN Stt
1
Ghi ch
Nhn bit c cc dng cn [Nhn bit] bng bn, cn bng khng Cn bng ca mt vt c mt im ta hoc mt trc quay c bn, cn bng phim nh ca nh: vt rn. Cn bng khng bn : Mt vt b lch khi v tr cn bng khng bn th vt khng th t tr v v tr c, v trng lc lm cho vt lch xa v tr cn bng.
Cn bng bn : Mt vt b lch khi v tr cn bng bn th di
44
tc dng ca trng lc, vt li tr v v tr .
Cn bng phim nh : Nu trng tm ca vt trng vi trc quay th vt trng thi cn bng phim nh. Trng lc khng cn tc dng lm quay v vt ng yn v tr bt k.
[Vn dng]
Bit cch nhn bit v ly c v d v cc dng cn bng ca mt vt c mt im ta hoc mt trc quay c nh trong trng trng lc.
2 Nu c iu kin cn bng [Nhn bit] ca mt vt c mt chn . iu kin cn bng ca mt vt c mt chn l gi ca trng lc phi xuyn qua mt chn (hay l trng tm ri trn mt chn ). Ch xt vt trong trng trng lc. Mt chn l hnh a gic li nh nht cha tt c cc din tch tip xc. Mc vng vng ca cn bng c xc nh bi cao ca trng tm v din tch ca mt chn . Trng tm ca vt cng cao v din tch ca mt chn cng nh th vt cng d b lt v ngc li.
5. CHUYN NG TNH TIN CA VT RN. CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT RN QUANH MT TRC C NH. Stt
1
Ghi ch
C th thay th vt bng mt cht im v p
Nu c c im nhn [Thng hiu] 45
bit chuy n ng tnh tin Chuyn ng tnh tin ca mt vt rn l ca m t v t rn chuyn ng trong ng thng ni hai im bt k ca vt lun lun song song vi chnh n. Trong chuyn ng tnh tin, tt c cc im ca vt u chuyn ng nh nhau, u c cng mt gia tc.
dng c nh lut II Niu-tn tnh gia tc ca vt : u r r F a= m u r trong , F l hp lc ca cc lc tc dng vo vt, m l khi lng ca vt.
Nu c, khi vt rn chu tc dng ca mt momen lc khc khng, th chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc c nh ca n b bin i (quay nhanh dn hoc chm dn). Nu c v d v s bin i chuyn ng quay ca vt rn ph thuc vo s phn b khi lng ca vt i vi trc quay.
Mi im ca vt u quay vi cng mt tc Momen lc tc dng vo mt vt quay quanh gc , gi l tc gc ca vt. Vt quay mt trc c nh lm thay i tc gc ca u th = const, vt quay nhanh dn th vt. Chuyn ng quay b bin i, tc l quay tng dn, vt quay chm dn th gim dn. nhanh dn hoc quay chm dn. V d : Khi biu din ng tc quay trn bng, ngi din vin cng gp tay li st thn th th quay cng nhanh, v ngc li, mun gim tc quay th dang tay ra. [Thng hiu]
6. NGU LC Stt
1

Pht biu c nh ngha ngu lc v nu c tc dng ca ngu lc. Vit c cng thc tnh momen ngu lc.
Ghi ch
Momen ca ngu lc khng H hai lc song song, ngc chiu, c ln bng nhau v ph thuc vo v tr ca trc quay vung gc vi mt cng tc dng vo mt vt gi l ngu lc. Ngu lc tc dng vo vt ch lm cho vt quay ch khng tnh phng cha ngu lc. tin. Nu ch c ngu lc tc dng v vt khng c trc quay c nh, th vt quay quanh trc i qua trng tm. Momen ca ngu 46
lc l M = Fd trong , F l ln ca mi lc : F = F1 = F2 , d l cnh tay n ca ngu lc (khong cch gia hai gi ca hai lc). n v ca momen ngu lc l niutn mt (N.m).
47
Chng IV. CC NH LUT BO TON

CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) ng lng. nh lut bo ton ng lng. Chuyn ng bng phn lc b) Cng. Cng sut c) ng nng
Vit c cng thc tnh ng lng v nu c n v o ng lng. Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh lut bo ton ng lng i vi h hai vt. Nu c nguyn tc chuyn ng bng phn lc. Pht biu c nh ngha v vit c cng thc tnh cng. Pht biu c nh ngha v vit c cng thc tnh ng nng. Nu c n v o ng nng.
Th nng ca mt vt Pht biu c nh ngha th nng trng trng ca mt vt v vit c cng thc trong trng trng tnh th nng ny. Nu c n v o th nng. c gi tt l th nng d) Th nng. Th Vit c cng thc tnh th nng n hi. trng trng. nng trng trng Pht biu c nh ngha c nng v vit c cng thc tnh c nng. v th nng n hi Pht biu c nh lut bo ton c nng v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny. e) C nng. nh lut bo ton c K nng Vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng gii c cc bi tp i vi hai vt va nng chm mm.
Vn dng c cc cng thc A = Fscos v P =
A . t
Vn dng nh lut bo ton c nng gii c bi ton chuyn ng ca mt vt.
Khng yu cu hc sinh thit lp cng thc tnh th nng n hi.
48
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. NG LNG. NH LUT BO TON NG LNG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Vit c cng thc tnh ng [Thng hiu] lng v nu c n v o ng lng ca mt vt khi lng m ang chuyn ng vi r ng lng vn tc v l i lng c xc nh bi cng thc : r r p = mv
ng lng l mt i lng vect cng hng vi vn tc ca vt. ng lng c n v o l kilgam mt trn giy (kg.m/s).
2 Pht biu v vit c h thc [Thng hiu] Mt h nhiu vt c gi ca nh lut bo ton ng nh lut bo ton ng lng : ng lng ca mt h c l h c lp (hay h kn) lng i vi h hai vt. khi khng c ngoi lc tc lp l mt i lng bo ton. dng ln h hoc nu c H thc ca nh lut bo ton ng lng i vi h hai vt th cc ngoi lc y cn r r l p1 + p 2 = khng i. bng nhau. ng lng ca h l tng ng lng Xt h c lp gm hai vt tng tc, th ta c: ca cc vt trong h. r r r r p1 + p 2 = p 1 ' + p 2 ' r r trong , p1 , p 2 l cc vect ng lng ca hai vt trc khi r r tng tc, p1', p 2' l cc vect ng lng ca hai vt sau khi tng tc. 3 Vn dng nh lut bo ton ng [Vn dng] 49
lng gii c cc bi tp i Bit cch gii bi tp i vi bi ton hai vt va chm mm: vi hai vt va chm mm. Vt khi lng m1 chuyn ng trn mt phng ngang, nhn r vi vn tc v1 , n va chm vi mt vt khi lng m2 ng yn trn mt phng ngang y. Sau va chm, hai vt nhp lm r mt, chuyn ng vi cng mt vn tc v . Va chm ny gi l va chm mm. H ny l h c lp. p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, ta c: r r r r m1 v1 m1 v1 = (m1 + m 2 )v , suy ra v = . m1 + m 2 4 Nu c nguyn tc chuyn [Thng hiu] ng bng phn lc. Mt tn la lc u ng yn. Sau khi lng kh vi khi r lng m pht ra pha sau vi vn tc v , th tn la vi khi u r lng M chuyn ng vi vn tc V . p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, ta tnh c : u r mr V= v M Tn la bay ln pha trc ngc vi hng kh pht ra, khng ph thuc vo mi trng bn ngoi l khng kh hay chn khng. l nguyn tc ca chuyn ng bng phn lc.
2. CNG V CNG SUT Stt Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN Ghi ch
50
Pht biu c nh ngha v vit [Thng hiu] u r c cng thc tnh cng. nh ngha cng trong trng hp tng qut: Khi lc F khng i tc dng ln mt vt v im t ca lc chuyn di mt on s theo hng hp vi hng ca lc mt gc , th cng thc hin bi lc c tnh theo cng thc : A = Fscos a) Nu nhn th A > 0 v khi A gi l cng pht ng.
n tp kin thc v cng chng trnh vt l cp THCS. Cng sut l i lng o bng cng sinh ra trong mt n v thi gian.
o b) Nu =90 th A = 0 v lc vung gc vi phng chuyn Cng thc tnh cng sut: di khng sinh cng. A c) Nu t th A < 0 v lc c tc dng cn tr li chuyn P= t ng, khi A gi l cng cn (hay cng m).
Trong h SI, n v cng l jun (J). 1 jun l cng thc hin bi Trong h SI, cng sut lc c ln 1 niutn khi im t ca lc c di 1 mt theo o bng ot, k hiu l ot (W). phng ca lc.
Vn dng c cc cng thc A A = Fscos v P = . t
[Vn dng] Bit cch tnh cng, cng sut v cc i lng trong cc cng thc tnh cng v cng sut.
3. NG NNG Stt
1
Ghi ch
n tp kin thc v ng nng hc chng trnh vt l cp THCS.
Pht biu c nh ngha v vit [Thng hiu] c cng thc tnh ng nng. Nng lng m mt vt c c do n ang chuyn Nu c n v o ng nng. ng gi l ng nng.
ng nng ca mt vt khi lng m ang chuyn ng vi vn tc v c xc nh theo cng thc :
51
1 2 mv 2 Trong h SI, n v ca ng nng l jun (J).

W =
4. TH NNG Stt
1

Pht biu c nh ngha th nng trng trng ca mt vt v vit c cng thc tnh th nng ny. Nu c n v o th nng.
Ghi ch
Cng ca trng lc khng ph Th nng trng trng ca mt vt l dng nng thuc hnh dng ng i ca vt lng tng tc gia Tri t v vt ; n ph thuc m ch ph thuc cc v tr u v cui. Trng lc c gi l lc th vo v tr ca vt trong trng trng. hay lc bo ton. Khi mt vt khi lng m t cao z so vi mt Khi tnh cao z, ta chn chiu ca t (trong trng trng ca Tri t) th th nng trc z hng ln trn. trng trng ca vt c nh ngha bng cng thc : Khi vt dch chuyn t v tr (1) n Wt = mgz v tr (2) bt k, ta lun c : Th nng trn mt t bng khng (z = 0). Ta ni, mt A12 = Wt1 Wt2 t c chn l mc (hay gc) th nng.
Trong h SI, n v o th nng l jun (J).
Cng A12 ca trng lc bng hiu th nng ca vt ti v tr u Wt1 v ti v tr cui Wt 2 , tc l bng
gim th nng ca vt.

2 Mi vt, khi bin dng n hi, u Vit c cng thc tnh th [Thng hiu] nng n hi. Th nng n hi bng cng ca lc n hi. Cng c kh nng sinh cng, tc l mang mt nng lng. Nng lng ny thc tnh th nng n hi l c gi l th nng n hi. 1 2 Wt = k (l) 2 Cng ca lc n hi ch ph thuc 52
trong , k l cng ca vt n hi, l = l l0 l bin dng u v bin dng cui ca l xo, vy lc n hi cng bin dng ca vt, Wt l th nng n hi. l lc th.
5. C NNG Stt
1
Ghi ch
n v ca c nng l jun (J). Pht biu c nh ngha c [Thng hiu] nng v vit c biu thc ca C nng ca mt vt bng tng ng nng v th nng c nng. ca n.
Biu thc ca c nng l W = W +Wt , trong W
l ng nng ca vt, Wt l th nng ca vt. 2 Pht biu c nh lut bo ton [Thng hiu] c nng v vit c h thc ca Khi mt vt chuyn ng trong trng trng ch chu nh lut ny. tc dng ca trng lc, th c nng ca vt l mt i lng bo ton: W= Nu vt cn chu tc dng thm ca lc cn, lc ma st, th c nng ca vt s bin i. Cng ca cc lc cn, lc ma st bng bin thin ca c nng.
1 mv2 + mgz = hng s. 2
Khi mt vt ch chu tc dng ca lc n hi, gy bi s bin dng ca mt l xo n hi, th trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca vt, c nng, c tnh bng tng ng nng ca vt v th nng n hi ca l xo, l mt i lng bo ton.
W= mv2 + 3 Vn dng nh lut bo ton c [Vn dng] 53
1 2
1 k(l)2 = hng s 2
Ch xt mt vt chu tc dng
nng gii c bi ton chuyn Bit cch tnh ng nng, th nng, c nng v p dng ca trng lc hoc lc n hi. ng ca mt vt. nh lut bo ton c nng tnh cc i lng trong cng thc ca nh lut bo ton c nng.
54
Chng V. CHT KH
CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Thuyt ng hc Pht biu c ni dung c bn ca thuyt ng hc phn t cht kh. phn t cht kh Nu c cc c im ca kh l tng.
Pht biu c cc nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t, Sc-l.
b) Cc qu trnh ng Nu c nhit tuyt i l g. nhit, ng tch, ng Nu c cc thng s p, V, T xc nh trng thi ca mt lng kh. p i vi kh l tng pV Vit c phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng = const . T c) Phng trnh trng K nng thi ca kh l tng Vn dng c phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng.
V c ng ng tch, ng p, ng nhit trong h to (p, V).
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. CU TO CHT. THUYT NG HC PHN T CHT KH Stt

1
Ghi ch
Khi va chm vo thnh bnh, cc phn t kh gy
Pht biu c ni dung c bn ca [Thng hiu] thuyt ng hc phn t cht kh. Ni dung c bn ca thuyt ng hc phn t cht kh: 55
Cht kh c cu to t cc phn t ring r, c kch ra p sut ln thnh bnh. thc rt nh so vi khong cch gia chng. Cc phn t kh chuyn ng hn lon khng ngng, chuyn ng ny cng nhanh th nhit cht kh cng cao. Khi chuyn ng hn lon, cc phn t kh va chm vo nhau v va chm vo thnh bnh.
Nu c cc c im ca kh l [Thng hiu] tng. Cht kh trong cc phn t c coi l cc cht im Kh l tng, theo quan im v m, l kh tun v ch tng tc khi va chm c gi l kh l tng. theo hai nh lut Bi-l c im ca kh l tng: Ma-ri-t v Sc-l. Kch thc cc phn t khng ng k (b qua).
Khi cha va chm vi nhau th lc tng tc gia cc phn t rt yu (b qua). Cc phn t chuyn ng hn lon, ch tng tc khi va chm vi nhau v va chm vo thnh bnh.
2. QU TRNH NG NHIT. NH LUT BI-L MA-RI-T Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nh lut Bi-l [Thng hiu] Qu trnh bin i trng Ma-ri-t Trong qu trnh ng nhit ca mt lng kh nht nh, p thi ca cht kh, trong 56
sut t l nghch vi th tch. p~ 2
1 hay pV = hng s. V
nhit c gi khng i gi l qu trnh ng nhit.
V c ng ng nhit trong [Vn dng] h to (p, V). Bit cch v c ng biu din s bin thin ca p sut theo th tch khi nhit khng i gi l ng ng nhit. Trong h to (p, V) ng ng nhit l ng hypebol.
3. QU TRNH NG TCH. NH LUT SC-L Stt

1

Pht biu c nh lut Sc-l
Ghi ch
Qu trnh bin i trng thi Trong qu trnh ng tch ca mt lng kh nht nh, p khi th tch khng i gi l qu trnh ng tch. sut t l thun vi nhit tuyt i. Cng thc tnh nhit p p ~ T hay = hng s. Ken-vin T theo nhit T Xen-xi-t t l Nu cht kh trng thi 1 ( p1, T1) bin i ng tch sang T = t + 273 trng thi 2 (p2 , T2) th theo nh lut Sc-l, ta c : (xem Vt l 8) p1 p 2 = T1 T2
Trong h to (p, V), V c ng ng tch trong [Vn dng] ng ny l mt phn h to (p, T). Bit cch v c ng biu din s bin thin ca p sut ng thng song song vi theo nhit khi th tch khng i gi l ng ng tch. trc p. Trong h to (p, T), ng ny l mt phn ca ng 57
thng c ng ko di i qua gc to .
4. PHNG TRNH TRNG THI CA KH L TNG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c cc thng s p, V, T [Nhn bit] xc nh trng thi ca mt lng Mi mt lng kh u c cc thng s p, V, T c kh. trng cho trng thi ca n. Cc thng s ny c mi lin h vi nhau thng qua mt phng trnh gi l phng trnh trng thi. Qu trnh bin i trng thi khi p Vit c phng trnh trng thi [Vn dng] pV Mt lng kh chuyn t trng thi 1 (p1, V1, T1) sut khng i gi l qu trnh ca kh l tng = hng s. T ng p. sang trng thi 2 (p2, V2, T2). Cc thng s p, V, T tho mn phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng hay phng trnh Cla-p-rn:
p1V1 p 2 V2 pV hay = hng s. = T T1 T2
[Vn dng]
Vn dng c phng trnh Bit cch phn tch, ch ra cc thng s ca cc trng trng thi ca kh l tng. thi cht kh v p dng phng trnh trng thi tnh c cc i lng cha bit.
V c ng ng p trong h [Vn dng] T phng trnh trng thi, nu p to (V, T). Bit cch v c ng biu din s bin thin ca sut khng i trong qu trnh th tch theo nhit khi p sut khng i gi l chuyn trng thi (p1 = p2), th: ng ng p.
58
Trong h to (V, T), ng ny l mt phn ca ng thng c ng ko di i qua gc to .
V V V = hng s, hay 1 = 2 T T1 T2
Trong qu trnh ng p ca mt lng kh nht nh, th tch t l thun vi nhit tuyt i. Trong h to (p, V) ng ny l mt phn ng thng song song vi trc V.
Nu c nhit tuyt i l g.
[Thng hiu]
Nhit tuyt i l nhit theo nhit giai Ken- tr vo khong 273,15 C. vin, c n v l K.
Nhit giai ca Ken-vin : Mi Nu gim nhit ti 0 K th p = 0 v V = 0. Ken- chia trong nhit giai ny c gi tr vin a ra mt nhit giai bt u bng nhit 0 K bng mi chia trong nhit giai Xen-xi-t. khng tuyt i c gi v 0 K gi l khng tuyt i.
o
59
Chng VI. C S CA NHIT NG LC HC

CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc a) Ni nng v s Nu c c lc tng tc gia cc nguyn t, phn t cu to nn vt. bin i ni nng Nu c ni nng gm ng nng ca cc ht (nguyn t, phn t) v th nng tng tc gia chng. b) Cc nguyn l ca Nu c v d v hai cch lm thay i ni nng. Nhit ng lc hc Pht biu c nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc. Vit c h thc ca nguyn l I
Nhit ng lc hc U = A + Q. Nu c tn, n v v quy c v du ca cc i lng trong h thc ny.
Pht biu c nguyn l II Nhit ng lc hc.
chng trnh ny, nguyn l II Nhit ng lc hc c pht biu l : Nhit lng khng th t truyn t mt vt sang vt nng hn.
K nng Vn dng c mi quan h gia ni nng vi nhit v th tch gii thch mt s hin tng n gin c lin quan. 2. Hng dn thc hin 1. NI NNG V S BIN THIN NI NNG Stt
1
Ghi ch
Nu c c lc tng tc gia cc [Thng hiu] nguyn t, phn t cu to nn vt. Do cc phn t chuyn ng khng ngng, nn chng c ng nng. ng nng phn t ph thuc vo vn tc ca 60
phn t. Do gia cc phn t c lc tng tc nn ngoi ng nng, cc phn t cn c th nng tng tc phn t, gi tt l th nng phn t. Th nng phn t ph thuc vo s phn b cc phn t. 2 Nu c ni nng gm ng nng [Nhn bit] ca cc ht (nguyn t, phn t) v Trong nhit ng lc hc, ngi ta gi tng ng nng v th nng tng tc gia chng. th nng ca cc phn t cu to nn vt l ni nng ca vt. Nu c v d v hai cch lm thay [Thng hiu] i ni nng. C hai cch lm thay i ni nng : Nhit lng (cn gi tt l nhit) l s o bin Thc hin cng : Qu trnh lm thay i ni nng, trong thin ca ni nng trong c s thc hin cng ca mt lc, gi l qu trnh thay i qu trnh truyn nhit. Ta ni nng bng cch thc hin cng. V d, khi ta c xt c: U = Q ming kim loi trn mt bn (thc hin cng c hc), ming kim loi nng ln. Ni nng ca ming kim loi trong , U l bin thay i do c s thc hin cng. thin ni nng ca vt trong qu trnh truyn nhit, Q l nhit lng vt nhn c t vt khc hay to ra cho vt khc.
Truyn nhit : Qu trnh lm thay i ni nng bng cch cho vt tip xc vi ngun nhit (khng c s thc hin cng) gi l qu trnh thay i ni nng bng cch truyn nhit. V d, nhng ming kim loi vo nc si, ming kim loi nng ln. Ni nng ca ming kim loi thay i do c s truyn nhit.
[Vn dng]
Vn dng c mi quan h gia ni Bit cch phn tch hin tng lin quan n ni nng v 61
nng vi nhit v th tch gii nhit , vn dng mi quan h gia ni nng vi nhit thch mt s hin tng n gin c gii thch hin tng c lin quan n s bin i ni nng bng thc hin cng hoc truyn nhit. Chng hn lin quan. gii thch cc nh lut cht kh.
2. CC NGUYN L CA NHIT NG LC HC Stt

1

Pht biu c nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc. Vit c h thc ca nguyn l I Nhit ng lc h c U = A + Q. Nu c tn, n v v quy c v du ca cc i lng trong h thc ny.

Nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc:
Ghi ch
bin thin ni nng ca h bng tng cng v nhit lng m h nhn c.

U = A + Q
n v ca cc i lng U, A, Q l jun (J).

Quy c : Nu Q > 0 th h nhn nhit lng. Nu Q < 0 th h truyn nhit lng. Nu A > 0 th h nhn cng. Nu A < 0 th h thc hin cng.
Pht biu c nguyn l II Nhit [Thng hiu] ng lc hc. Nguyn l II Nhit ng lc hc: a) Cch pht biu ca Clau-di-ut Nhit khng th t truyn t mt vt sang vt nng hn. b) Cch pht biu ca Cac-n
ng c nhit sinh cng dng tc l nhn mt cng A m.

Hiu sut ca ng c nhit:
H=
A Q1
lun nh hn 1,
ng c nhit khng th chuyn ho tt c nhit lng trong , Q1 l nhit lng ngun nng cung cp cho ng c. nhn c thnh cng c hc.
62
Chng VII. CHT RN V CHT LNG. S CHUYN TH

CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Cht rn kt tinh v Phn bit c cht rn kt tinh v cht rn v nh hnh v cu trc vi m v nhng cht rn v nh hnh tnh cht v m ca chng.
Phn bit c bin dng n hi v bin dng do.
b) Bin dng c ca Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh lut Hc i vi bin dng ca vt rn. vt rn Vit c cc cng thc n di v n khi.
Nu c ngha ca s n di, s n khi ca vt rn trong i sng v k thut. c) S n v nhit ca M t c th nghim v hin tng cng b mt. vt rn M t c th nghim v hin tng dnh t v khng dnh t.
d) Cht lng. Cc hin M t c hnh dng mt thong ca cht lng st thnh bnh trong trng hp tng cng b mt, cht lng dnh t v khng dnh t. dnh t, mao dn ca M t c th nghim v hin tng mao dn. cht lng K c mt s ng dng v hin tng mao dn trong i sng v k thut.
Vit c cng thc tnh nhit nng chy ca vt rn Q = m. e) S chuyn th : Phn bit c hi kh v hi bo ho. nng chy, ng c, Vit c cng thc tnh nhit ho hi Q = Lm. ho hi, ngng t Nu c nh ngha m tuyt i, m t i, m cc i ca khng kh. l nhit nng chy ring.
L l nhit ho hi ring.
f) m ca khng Nu c nh hng ca m khng kh i vi sc kho con ngi, i sng kh ng, thc vt v cht lng hng ho.
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K nng
Vn dng c cng thc n di v n khi ca vt rn gii cc bi tp n gin. Vn dng c cng thc Q = m, Q = Lm gii cc bi tp n gin. Gii thch c qu trnh bay hi v ngng t da trn chuyn ng nhit ca phn t. Gii thch c trng thi hi bo ho da trn s cn bng ng gia bay hi v ngng t. Xc nh c h s cng b mt bng th nghim.
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. CHT RN KT TINH. CHT RN V NH HNH Stt

1

Phn bit c cht rn kt tinh v cht rn v nh hnh v cu trc vi m v nhng tnh cht v m ca chng.

Phn bit cht rn kt tinh, cht rn v nh hnh v cu trc vi m : Cht rn kt tinh c cu trc tinh th: cu trc tinh th hay tinh th l cu trc to bi cc ht (nguyn t, phn t, ion) lin kt cht ch vi nhau bng nhng lc tng tc v sp xp theo mt trt t hnh hc khng gian xc nh gi l mng tinh th, trong mi ht lun dao ng nhit quanh v tr cn bng ca n. Chuyn ng nhit cht rn kt tinh chnh l dao ng ca mi ht quanh mt v tr cn bng xc nh. Cc cht khng c cu trc tinh th do khng c dng
Ghi ch
Vt rn c cu to t mt tinh th c gi l vt rn n tinh th. Vt rn c cu to t nhiu tinh th con gn kt hn n vi nhau gi l vt rn a tinh th. Tnh d hng ca mt vt th hin ch tnh cht vt l ca vt theo cc hng khc nhau th khng ging nhau.
64
hnh hc xc nh. Chuyn ng nhit cht rn v nh hnh l dao ng ca ca cc ht quanh v tr cn bng. Cc dao ng ni trn ph thuc vo nhit . Khi nhit tng th dao ng mnh ln.
Phn bit cht rn kt tinh v cht rn v nh hnh v mt v m : Cht kt tinh c dng hnh hc, cht rn v nh hnh khng c dng hnh hc xc nh. Cht rn n tinh th c tnh d hng, cht rn a tinh th khng c tnh d hng. Cht rn v nh hnh khng c tnh d hng. Cht rn kt tinh c nhit nng chy xc nh, cht rn v nh hnh th khng c.
2. BIN DNG C CA VT RN Stt

1
Ghi ch
Gii hn m trong vt rn cn gi Phn bit c bin dng n [Thng hiu] hi v bin dng do. S thay i kch thc v hnh dng ca vt rn do c tnh n hi ca n gi l gii hn tc dng ca ngoi lc gi l bin dng c. Nu n hi. vt rn ly li c kch thc v hnh dng ban u khi ngoi lc ngng tc dng, th bin dng ca vt rn gi l bin dng n hi v vt rn c tnh n hi. Khi vt rn chu tc dng ca lc qu ln th n b bin dng mnh, khng th ly li kch thc v hnh dng ban u. Trong trng hp ny, vt rn b mt tnh n hi, v bin dng ca n gi l 65
bin dng khng n hi hay bin dng do. 2 Xt vt rn hnh tr c tit din S, chu Pht biu v vit c h thc [Thng hiu] u r ca nh lut Hc i vi bin nh lut Hc: Trong gii hn n hi, bin tc dng ca lc ko (hoc nn) F . dng ca vt rn. dng t i ca vt rn (hnh tr ng cht) t l T nh lut Hc suy ra thun vi ng sut tc dng vo vt . F 1 l 1 = , k hiu = E s c biu = S l0 trong , =
l
l0
l bin dng t i, l h s
thc ca lc n hi Fh (c ln bng lc tc dng vo vt F) l Fh = E
t l ph thuc vo cht liu ca vt rn, =
ng sut tc dng vo vt rn.

n v ca l paxcan (Pa). 1 Pa = 1 N/m .
2
F l S
S l = k l l0 S l cng hay h l0
i lng k = E
s n hi ca vt rn, c n v l niutn trn mt (N/m).
1 gi l sut n hi (hay sut Y-ng) c trng cho tnh n hi ca cht rn, c n v o l paxcan (Pa).
i lng E =
3. S N V NHIT CA VT RN Stt
1
Ghi ch
Vit c cc cng thc n di [Thng hiu] 66
v n khi.
n di l ca thanh vt rn hnh tr ng cht, t l vi tng nhit t ca vt . l = l l0 = l0t
trong , gi l h s n di, ph thuc vo cht liu ca vt rn, c n v o l 1/K hay K , l0 l chiu di ca thanh nhit ban u t0.
n khi ca vt rn ng cht, ng hng c xc nh theo cng thc : V = V V0 = V0 t
-1
trong , V0, V ln lt l th tch ca vt rn nhit ban u t0 v nhit cui t , gi l h s n khi, 3 v c n v l 1/K hay K .
-1
[Vn dng]
Vn dng c cng thc n Bit cch tnh c n di, n khi v cc i lng trong di v n khi ca vt rn cng thc n di, n khi . gii cc bi tp n gin. 2 Nu c ngha ca s n [Thng hiu] di, s n khi ca vt rn Vt rn khi n ra hay co li u to nn mt lc kh ln tc dng ln cc vt khc tip xc vi n. Do ngi ta phi ch n s trong i sng v k thut n v nhit trong k thut. Khi lp t ng ray tu ha, cn khe h gia cc thanh ray ray c th dn n v nhit m khng b cn Trong k thut ch to v lp t my mc hoc xy dng cng tr, gy cong vnh trnh, ngi ta phi tnh ton khc phc tc dng c hi ca s Bng kp c cu to t n v nhit sao cho cc vt rn khng b cong hoc nt gy khi hai thanh kim loi khc nhit thay i. nhau c tn vi nhau, Li dng s n v nhit ca cc vt rn lng ghp ai st vo c tc dng ng m 67
cc bnh xe, ch to bng kp dng lm rle ng-ngt t ng mch in khi nhit mch in; hoc ch to cc ampe k nhit, hot ng da trn thay i. tc dng nhit ca dng in, dng o c dng mt chiu v xoay chiu...
4. CC HIN TNG B MT CA CHT LNG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Lc cng b mt tc dng ln mt on ng nh bt k trn b mt cht lng lun c phng vung gc vi on ng ny v tip tuyn vi b mt cht lng, c chiu lm gim din tch b mt cht lng v c ln f t l thun vi di l ca on ng :
M t c th nghim v hin [Thng hiu] tng cng b mt. M t th nghim: Nhng mt khung dy ng, trn c buc mt vng dy ch hnh dng bt k, vo nc x phng. Nhc khung dy ng ra ngoi to thnh mt mng x phng ph kn mt khung dy. Chc thng mng x phng bn trong vng dy ch.
f = l Kt qu : B mt phn mng x phng ng trn khung dy c tnh cht n hi ging nh mt mng Trong l h s t l gi l h s cng b mt v o bng n v N/m. n hi ang b ko cng, n lun c xu hng t Gi tr ca ph thuc vo bn cht co li gim din tch ti mc nh nht c th. v nhit ca cht lng. gim khi Hin tng ny chng t trn b mt phn mng x nhit tng. phng c cc lc nm tip tuyn vi b mt mng v ko n cng u theo mi phng vung gc vi vng dy ch, lm cho vng dy ch c dng mt ng trn. Nhng lc ko cng b mt cht lng gi l lc cng 68
b mt ca cht lng. 2 M t c th nghim v hin [Thng hiu] tng dnh t v khng dnh M t th nghim: t Ly hai bn thu tinh, trong c mt bn trn, mt bn ph lp nilon. Nh ln mt ca mi bn ny mt git nc.
Kt qu: Ta thy, bn thu tinh trn b dnh t nc, git nc trn ra, lan rng v bm vo mt thu tinh. Ngc li, bn ph nilon khng b dnh t nc, git nc vo trn li v b dt xung do tc dng ca trng lc. Vy khi cht lng tip xc vi vt rn, th tu theo bn cht ca cht lng v cht rn m c th xy ra hin tng dnh t hay khng dnh t.
M t c hnh dng mt thong ca cht lng st thnh bnh trong trng hp cht lng dnh t v khng dnh t
[Thng hiu]
Nu thnh bnh b dnh t, th phn b mt cht lng st thnh bnh s b ko dch ln pha trn mt cht v c dng mt khum lm. Nu thnh bnh khng b dnh t, th phn b mt cht lng st thnh bnh s b ko dch xung pha di mt cht v c dng mt khum li.
M t c th nghim v hin [Thng hiu] tng mao dn M t th nghim: Nhng ng mao dn vo cc cht lng khc nhau.
Kt qu: Nu thnh ng b dnh t, mc cht lng bn trong ng s dng cao hn b mt cht lng bn
Hin tng mc cht lng bn trong cc ng c ng knh trong nh lun dng cao hn, hoc h thp hn so vi b mt cht lng bn ngoi ng gi l hin tng mao dn.
69
ngoi ng v b mt cht lng bn trong ng c dng mt khum lm.

Nu thnh ng khng b dnh t, mc cht lng bn trong ng s h thp hn mc cht lng bn ngoi ng v b mt cht lng bn trong ng c dng mt khum li.
K c mt s ng dng v [Thng hiu] hin tng mao dn trong i Nh hin tng mao dn m nc c th dng ln t sng v k thut t, qua h thng cc ng mao dn trong b r cy v thn cy nui cy; du ho c th ngm theo cc si nh trong bc n ln n ngn bc chy; du nhn c th ngm qua cc lp pht hay mt xp bi trn lin tc cc vng trc quay ca cc ng c in... 5. S CHUYN TH CA CC CHT
Stt
1
Ghi ch
Vit c cng thc tnh nhit nng [Thng hiu] Mi cht rn kt tinh (ng vi mt chy ca vt rn Q = m. Nhit nng chy Q t l thun vi khi lng m ca cu trc tinh th) c mt nhit nng chy khng i xc nh cht rn : mi p sut cho trc. Q = m Nhit lng cung cp cho cht rn trong , m l khi lng ca vt, h s t l gi trong qu trnh nng chy gi l l nhit nng chy ring. nhit nng chy ca cht rn . [Vn dng] Nhit nng chy ring ca mt cht Vn dng c cng thc Q = m, Bit cch tnh nhit nng chy v cc i lng rn c ln bng nhit lng cn cung cp lm nng chy hon 70
gii cc bi tp n gin
trong cng thc.
ton 1 kg cht rn nhit nng chy. Gi tr ca ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht rn nng chy, n v o l jun trn kilgam (J/kg).
Phn bit c hi kh v hi bo [Thng hiu] ho. Khi tc bay hi ln hn tc ngng t, p sut hi tng dn v hi pha trn b mt cht lng l hi kh. Hi kh tun theo nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t.
Khi tc bay hi bng tc ngng t, hi pha trn b mt cht lng l hi bo ho, c p sut t gi tr cc i gi l p sut hi bo ha. p sut hi bo ho khng ph thuc th tch v khng tun theo nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t, n ch ph thuc bn cht v nhit ca cht lng bay hi.
Vit c cng thc tnh nhit ho [Thng hiu] hi Q = Lm. Nhit ho hi Q t l thun vi khi lng m ca phn cht lng bin thnh kh (hi) nhit si : Q = Lm
Nhit ho hi ring ca mt cht lng c ln bng nhit lng cn cung cp lm bay hi hon ton 1 kg cht nhit si.
Nhit lng cung cp cho khi cht trong , h s t l L l nhit ho hi ring ph lng trong qu trnh si c gi l thuc vo bn cht ca cht lng bay hi, c n v nhit ho hi ca khi cht lng o l jun trn kilgam (J/kg). nhit si.
[Vn dng] Vn dng c cng thc Q = Lm Bit cch tnh nhit ho hi v cc i lng trong gii cc bi tp n gin. cng thc tnh nhit ho hi.
71
Gii thch c qu trnh bay hi v [Thng hiu] ngng t da trn chuyn ng Trong qu trnh bay hi, cc phn t mt nhit ca phn t. thong ca cht lng c ng nng ln thng c lc ht gia cc phn t cht lng vi nhau v c vn tc hng ra pha ngoi mt thong s bt ra khi mt thong v tr thnh phn t hi ca cht .
Trong qu trnh ngng t, cc phn t hi pha trn mt thong chuyn ng hn lon. C nhng phn t sau va chm c chiu chuyn ng hng v pha mt thong b cc phn t cht lng nm trn b mt ht vo v tr thnh phn t trong khi cht lng.
Qua mt thong khi lng, lun c hai qu trnh ngc nhau: qu trnh phn t bay ra (s ho hi) v qu trnh phn t bay vo (s ngng t). Khi s phn t bay ra bng s phn t bay vo th ta c s cn bng ng.
Gii thch c trng thi hi bo [Vn dng] ho da trn s cn bng ng gia Trong mt n v thi gian, nu s phn t cht lng bay hi v ngng t. thot khi b mt bng s phn t b ht vo cht lng, th trn b mt cht lng xy ra s cn bng ng gia cht lng v hi. Hi trng thi ny l hi bo ho.
6. M CA KHNG KH Stt
1
Ghi ch
Nu c nh ngha m tuyt [Thng hiu] Khng kh cng m th m t i i, m t i, m cc i m tuyt i a ca khng kh trong kh quyn ca n cng cao. C th o m ca ca khng kh. l i lng o bng khi lng m (tnh ra gam) khng kh bng cc loi m k. 72
ca hi nc trong 1 m khng kh. n v ca
m tuyt i l gam trn mt khi (g/m ).

m cc i A l m tuyt i ca khng kh cha hi nc bo ho, gi tr ca n tng theo nhit . A c ln bng khi lng ring ca hi nc bo ho tnh theo n v l gam trn mt 3 khi (g/m ). m t i f ca khng kh l i lng o bng t s phn trm gia m tuyt i a v m cc i A ca khng kh cng nhit : a f = .100% A Nu c nh hng ca m [Thng hiu] m t i ca khng kh cng nh, khng kh i vi sc kho con Nhng nh hng ca m l: s bay hi qua lp da cng nhanh, ngi, i sng ng, thc vt v thn ngi cng d b lnh. m nh hng n bn vt liu. cht lng hng ho. m t i cao hn 80% to iu m nh hng n bo qun thc phm v kin cho cy ci pht trin, nhng li nng sn v hng ho. d lm m mc, h hng cc my v m nh hng n sc khe con ngi v dng c quang hc, in t, c kh, kh ti qun s, lng thc, thc phm ng vt. trong cc kho cha.
chng m, ngi ta phi thc hin nhiu bin php nh dng cht ht m, sy nng, thng gi, bi du m ln cc chi tit my bng kim loi, ph lp cht do ln cc bn mch in t...
73
7. Thc hnh: O H S CNG B MT CA CHT LNG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Xc nh c h s cng [Thng hiu] b mt bng th nghim Hiu c c s l thuyt : Xc nh c cc lc tc dng ln vng nhm, t rt ra c biu thc xc nh h s cng b mt ca nc.
[Vn dng]
Bit cch s dng cc dng c o v b tr c th nghim :
- Bit s dng thc kp o ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca vng nhm. - Bit cch c gi tr s ch ca lc k. - B tr c th nghim theo s .
- H thp dn mc nc trong bnh. - c gi tr cc i ca s ch lc k. - Ghi chp s liu.

Bit tnh ton cc s liu thu c t th nghim a ra kt qu.
- Tnh c h s cng b mt t s liu o c. - Tnh sai s . - Nhn xt c cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai s v xut gii php khc phc.
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CHNG TRNH NNG CAO

Chng I : NG HC CHT IM
CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Phng php nghin Nu c chuyn ng, cht im, h quy chiu, mc thi gian, vn tc l g. cu chuyn ng. Nhn bit c c im v vn tc ca chuyn ng thng u. b) Vn tc, phng Nu c v d v chuyn ng thng bin i u (nhanh dn u, chm dn u). trnh v th to ca chuyn ng thng Vit c cng thc tnh gia tc ca mt chuyn ng bin i u. Nu quy c chn u. r Nu c c im ca vect gia tc trong chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, chiu ca v 0 l chiu trong chuyn ng thng chm dn u. dng ca chuyn c) Chuyn ng thng Vit c cng thc tnh vn tc vt = v0 + at, phng trnh chuyn ng ng th qung ng bin i u. S ri 1 2 i c trong chuyn x = x0 + v0t + at . T suy ra cng thc tnh qung ng i c. t do. 2 ng thng bin i Nu c s ri t do l g v vit c cng thc tnh vn tc v ng i ca u c tnh l d) Chuyn ng trn. chuyn ng ri t do. Nu c c im v gia tc ri t do. 1 2 s = v0t + at ; 2 Pht biu c nh ngha v chuyn ng trn u. Nu c v d thc t v 2 e) Tnh tng i ca chuyn ng trn u. v2 v 0 = 2as. t chuyn ng. Cng thc Vit c cng thc tnh tc di v ch c hng ca vect vn tc trong cng vn tc. chuyn ng trn u.
Vit c cng thc v nu c n v o tc gc, chu k, tn s ca chuyn Nu c vn tc tc thi l g. Vn tc tc thi l mt i lng vect.
75
f) Sai s ca php o ng trn u. vt l. Vit c h thc gia tc di v tc gc.

Nu c hng ca gia tc trong chuyn ng trn u v vit c cng thc tnh gia tc hng tm. r r r Vit c cng thc cng vn tc: v1,3 = v1,2 + v 2,3 . Nu c sai s tuyt i ca php o mt i lng vt l l g v phn bit c sai s tuyt i vi sai s t i.
K nng
Xc nh c v tr ca mt vt chuyn ng trong mt h quy chiu cho. Lp c phng trnh to x = x0 + vt. Vn dng c phng trnh x = x0 + vt i vi chuyn ng thng u ca mt hoc hai vt. V c th to ca hai chuyn ng thng u cng chiu, ngc chiu. Da vo th to xc nh thi im, v tr ui kp hay gp nhau. Vn dng c phng trnh chuyn ng v cng thc : vt = v0 + at ; s = v0t + 1 2 2 2 at ; v t v 0 = 2as. 2 V c th vn tc ca chuyn ng thng bin i u v xc nh c cc c im ca chuyn ng da vo th ny. Gii c cc bi tp v chuyn ng trn u. Gii c bi tp v cng hai vn tc cng phng v c phng vung gc. Xc nh c cc sai s tuyt i v sai s t i trong cc php o trc tip v gin tip. Xc nh c gia tc ca chuyn ng nhanh dn u bng th nghim.
76
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. CHUYN NG C Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c chuyn ng, cht [Nhn bit] im, h quy chiu, mc thi Chuyn ng c l s di ch ca vt th theo thi gian. gian. Khi vt di ch th c s thay i khong cch gia vt v nhng vt khc c coi nh ng yn. Vt ng yn gi l vt mc. Chuyn ng c c tnh tng i.
Trong nhng trng hp kch thc ca vt nh so vi phm vi chuyn ng ca n, ta c th coi vt nh l mt cht im, ch nh mt im hnh hc v c khi lng ca vt. H quy chiu gm : Mt vt lm mc, mt h to gn vi vt lm mc ; Mt mc thi gian v mt ng h. Mc thi gian (gc thi gian) l thi im bt u o thi gian khi m t chuyn ng ca vt.
Xc nh c v tr ca mt vt [Vn dng] chuyn ng trong mt h quy Bit cch xc nh c to ng vi v tr ca vt trong chiu cho. khng gian (vt lm mc v h trc to ).
Bit cch xc nh c thi im v thi gian ng vi cc v tr trn (mc thi gian v ng h).
77
2. VN TC TRONG CHUYN NG THNG. CHUYN NG THNG U Stt

1
Ghi ch
Xt mt cht im chuyn ng theo qu o bt k. Ti thi im t1, cht im v tr M1. Ti thi im t2, cht im v tr M2. Trong khong thi gian t = t2 t1, cht im di t v tr M1 n M2. Vect r uuuuuu r s = M1M 2 gi l vect di ca cht
Nu c vn tc tc thi [Thng hiu] l g. Nu khong thi gian t rt nh, th i lng uuuu r r MM ' v= (khi t rt nh), gi l vect vn tc t tc thi ca cht im ti thi im t. Vn tc tc thi ti thi im t c trng cho chiu v nhanh hay chm ca chuyn ng ti thi im . Khi t rt nh, trong chuyn ng thng th x = s , nn ln ca vn tc tc thi lun
lun bng tc tc thi x s v = = (khi t rt nh) t t Vi chuyn ng thng, ta c: x x1 x v tb = 2 = x t t v= (khi t rt nh) r t Phng ca vect vn tc trung bnh v tb . n v ca vn tc trung bnh, vn tc tc thi trng vi ng thng qu o. uuuuu r l mt trn giy (m/s). Vect M1 M 2 gi l vect di ca cht
im trong khong thi gian . Vect vn tc trung bnh trong khong thi gian t = t2 t1 l uuuuu r r M1 M 2 v tb = t Vi chuyn ng thng, ta c:
im trong khong thi gian t. Trong chuyn ng thng, chn trc Ox trng vi chiu chuyn ng, th ta c gi tr i s ca vect di l:
x = x 2 x1
78
trong , x1, x2 ln lt l to ca M1 v M2 trn trc Ox. 2 Lp c phng trnh to [Thng hiu]
x = x0 + vt.
th vn tc thi gian: Chuyn ng thng u l chuyn ng thng, ng biu din v = v0 = hng s trong cht im c vn tc tc thi khng i. Gi x0 l to ca cht im ti thi im t0 , x l mt ng thng song song vi trc thi gian, ct trc v ti v0. l to ti thi im t, ta c: di (x x0) c tnh bng din tch x x0 hnh ch nht c cnh l v0 v t. v= = hng s. t T , x x0 = vt, ta c phng trnh chuyn ng thng u l : x = x0 + vt To x l hm bc nht ca thi gian.
th to - thi gian : ng biu din x = x0 + vt l mt ng thng xin gc xut pht t im (x0, 0), c h s gc l :
tan =
x x0 =v t
Trong chuyn ng thng u, h s gc ca ng biu din to theo thi gian c gi tr bng vn tc.
[Vn dng]
Vn dng c phng Bit cch tnh to , cc i lng trong trnh x = x0 + vt i vi phng trnh chuyn ng. chuyn ng thng u ca
79
mt hoc hai vt. V c th to ca hai chuyn ng thng u cng chiu, ngc chiu. Da vo th to xc nh thi im, v tr ui kp hay gp nhau.
Bit cch v th to ca hai chuyn ng thng u cng chiu, ngc chiu v da vo th to xc nh thi im, v tr ui kp hay gp nhau. C th nh sau: V h trc ta thi gian. V cc th ta thi gian ca vt chuyn ng theo phng trnh cho. Cn c vo th, bin lun, xc nh v tr hai vt chuyn ng gp nhau bng cch chiu ta giao im ca hai th ln cc trc to .
3. CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U Stt

1
Ghi ch i lng vt l c trng cho s bin i nhanh chm ca vn tc gi l gia tc.

V d v chuyn ng thng nhanh dn : vt ri t trn cao xung hoc t bt u khi hnh. V d v chuyn ng thng chm dn : vt chuyn ng trong khong thi gian c nm ln theo phng thng ng hoc t dng li khi hm phanh.
Vit c cng thc tnh [Thng hiu] r r gia tc ca mt chuyn Gi v1 , v 2 l cc vect vn tc ca cht im ng bin i u. chuyn ng trn ng thng ti cc thi im t1 Nu c v d v chuyn v t . Trong khong thi gian t = t t vect vn 2 1 2 r r r ng thng bin i tc bin i mt lng v = v 2 v1 . (nhanh dn, chm dn). Vect gia tc trung bnh, c nh ngha l uu uu uu r r r r v 2 v1 v a tb = = t 2 t1 t Gi tr i s l ca vect gia tc trong chuyn ng 80
thng l :
a tb =
v 2 v1 v = t 2 t 1 t
Vect gia tc tc thi ti thi im t, c nh ngha l uu uu uu r r r r v v v 1= (khi t rt nh) a= 2 t 2 t1 t
Vect gia tc tc thi c trng cho nhanh hay chm ca s bin i vect vn tc ca cht im. Vect gia tc tc thi cng phng vi qu o ca cht im chuyn ng thng. Gi tr i s ca vect gia tc tc thi l :
a=
v 2 v1 v (khi t rt nh) = t 2 t 1 t
v c gi tt l gia tc tc thi.
n v ca gia tc l mt trn giy bnh phng
(m/s ). 2 Nu c c im ca vect gia tc trong chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, trong chuyn ng thng chm dn u. Vit c cng thc tnh vn tc: vt = v0 + at.
[Thng hiu]
Chuyn ng thng bin i u l chuyn ng thng trong gia tc tc thi khng i. Cng thc vn tc trong chuyn ng thng bin i u :
v = v0 + at trong v0 l vn tc ca cht im ti thi im ban u t0 = 0 ; v l vn tc ti thi im t. 81
Nu ti thi im t, vn tc v cng du vi gia tc a th gi tr tuyt i ca v tng theo thi gian, chuyn ng l nhanh dn u. Nu ti thi im t, vn tc v khc du vi gia tc a th gi tr tuyt i ca v gim theo thi gian, chuyn ng l chm dn u. V c th vn tc ca chuyn ng thng bin i u v xc nh c cc c im ca chuyn ng da vo th ny.
[Vn dng] Bit cch v c th ca vn tc theo thi gian l mt ng thng xin gc, xut pht t im (v0, 0). H s gc ca ng thng ny c gi tr bng gia tc: v v0 tan = =a t
4. PHNG TRNH CHUYN NG THNG BIN I U Stt

1
Ghi ch
Cng thc lin h gia di, vn tc v
2 gia tc l v 2 v 0 = 2ax trong , v l
Vit c phng trnh chuyn [Thng hiu] 1 2 ng x = x0 + v0t + at . T Cng thc tnh qung ng i ca vt chuyn 2 ng bin i u l: suy ra cng thc tnh qung 1 2 ng i. s = v0t + at 2
vn tc ti thi im t, v0 l tc ban
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca cht im Chn chiu dng l chiu chuyn ng, chuyn ng thng bin i u l th di trng vi qung ng i c, x = s. Ta c cng thc:
u (t0 = 0), a l gia tc, x l di ca vt chuyn ng thng bin i u.
82
x = x 0 + v0 t +
Nu vt chuyn ng t trng thi ngh trong , to x l mt hm bc hai ca thi 1 2 (vn tc u v0 = 0) th s = at , gian t. 2 ng biu din s ph thuc to theo thi 2s gian c dng l mt phn ca ng parabol. thi gian i ht qung ng s l t = . a Vn dng c phng trnh [Vn dng] Vn tc v tnh theo gia tc v qung chuyn ng v cng thc : Bit tnh cc i lng gia tc, vn tc, qung ng i c theo cng thc: 1 2 ng i trong cc phng trnh ca chuyn vt = v0 + at ; s = v0t + at ; 2 v = 2as ng thng bin i u. 2 2 v t v 0 = 2as .
1 2 at 2
v 2 v 2 = 2as 0
5. S RI T DO Stt
1

Nu c s ri t do l g.
Ghi ch
Nu c c im v gia tc ri S ri t do l s ri ca vt ch chu tc dng ca trng lc. t do. c im :

Chuyn ng ri t do c thc hin theo phng thng ng, c chiu t trn xung di. Ri t do l mt chuyn ng nhanh dn u. cng mt ni trn Tri t, cc vt u ri t do vi cng 2 gia tc g. Gi tr ca g thng c ly g 9,8 m/s . Gia tc ri t do ph thuc v a l, cao v cu trc a cht ca ni o.
83
Vit c cng thc tnh vn tc [Thng hiu] Hiu c cch rt ra v ng i ca chuyn ng ri Khi vt ri t do, khng c vn tc ban u th cng thc tnh cc cng thc ca t do. chuyn ng ri t do. vn tc ca vt ti thi im t l: v = gt v cng thc tnh qung ng i c ca vt sau thi gian t l: 1 2 s = gt 2
6. CHUYN NG TRN U. TC DI V TC GC Stt

1

Pht biu c nh ngha v chuyn ng trn u. Nu c v d thc t v chuyn ng trn u.
Ghi ch
Vit c cng thc tnh tc di v ch c hng ca vect Ti mt im trn ng trn, vect vn tc ca cht vn tc trong chuyn ng trn im chuyn ng trn u c phng trng vi tip tuyn u. v c chiu ca chuyn ng. ln ca vect vn tc bng :
Chuyn ng ca mt im Chuyn ng cong c qu o trn gi l chuyn ng trn vnh bnh xe quay n trn. Chuyn ng trn l u khi cht im i c nhng nh, mt im trn cnh cung trn c di bng nhau trong nhng khong thi qut in quay n nh l chuyn ng trn u. gian bng nhau ty .
v=
s = hng s t
vi s l cung trn m cht im i c trong khong thi gian t.

Ta gi ln ca vect vn tc trong chuyn ng trn u l tc di.
84
Vit c cng thc v nu c [Thng hiu] n v o tc gc, chu k, tn s Trong chuyn ng trn, thi gian vt i ht mt vng ca chuyn ng trn u. trn l : 2r T= v trong , r l bn knh ng trn. V v khng i nn T l hng s, c gi l chu k. Chu k l mt c trng ca chuyn ng trn u. Sau mi chu k, cht im tr v v tr ban u v lp li chuyn ng nh trc. Chuyn ng nh th gi l tun hon vi chu k T.
Tn s ca chuyn ng trn u l s vng cht im i c trong mt giy: 1 f= T
n v tn s l hec (Hz). 1 Hz = 1 vng/s = 1 s .

Khi cht im i c mt cung s th bn knh ca n qut c mt gc . Tc gc l thng s gia gc qut v thi gian t :
trong , o bng raian trn giy (rad/s). Tc gc c trng cho s qut nhanh hay chm ca uuur vect tia OM ca cht im. 3 Vit c h thc gia tc di [Thng hiu] v tc gc. s =r Ta c, v = nn h thc gia tc di v tc t t 85
gc l v = r. H thc gia , T v f l =
trong , cn c gi l tn s gc.
2 = 2f , T
7. GIA TC TRONG CHUYN NG TRN U Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c hng ca gia tc trong [Thng hiu] chuyn ng trn u v vit c Trong chuyn ng trn u, vect gia tc vung gc vi r biu thc ca gia tc hng tm. vect vn tc v v hng vo tm ng trn. N c trng cho s bin i v hng ca vect vn tc v c gi l r vect gia tc hng tm, k hiu l a ht . ln ca vect gia tc hng tm l : v2 2 hay aht = r r Trong , v l ln vn tc ca cht im, r l bn knh qu o. a ht =
[Vn dng]
Bit cch tnh tc gc, chu k, tn s, gia tc hng tm Gii c cc bi tp v chuyn v cc i lng trong cc cng thc ca chuyn ng trn ng trn u. u.
8. TNH TNG I CA CHUYN NG. CNG THC CNG VN TC Stt Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN
86
Ghi ch
Vit c cng thc cng vn tc r r r v1,3 = v1,2 + v 2,3
[Thng hiu]
r r r Cng thc cng vn tc l: v1,3 = v1,2 + v 2,3 , trong : r v1,3 l vn tc ca vt i vi h quy chiu ng yn, gi l vn tc tuyt i. r v1,2 l vn tc ca vt i vi h quy chiu chuyn ng, gi l vn tc tng i. r v 2,3 l vn tc ca h quy chiu chuyn ng i vi h quy chiu ng yn, gi l vn tc ko theo. Vn tc tuyt i bng tng vect ca vn tc tng i v vn tc ko theo.
Kt qu xc nh ta v vn tc ca cng mt vt ph thuc vo h quy chiu. Ta (do qu o ca vt) v vn tc ca mt vt c tnh tng i.
Gii c bi tp v cng hai vn [Vn dng] tc cng phng v c phng Bit cch p dng c cng thc cng vn tc trong cc vung gc. trng hp:
Vn tc tng i cng phng, cng chiu vi vn tc ko theo. Vn tc tng i cng phng, ngc chiu vi vn tc ko theo. Vn tc tng i c phng vung gc vi vn tc ko theo.
9. SAI S TRONG TH NGHIM THC HNH Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c sai s tuyt i ca php [Thng hiu] 87
o mt i lng vt l l g v Mi php o u c sai s. Nguyn nhn gy ra sai s ca phn bit c sai s tuyt i vi php o c th l do dng c o, quy trnh o, ch quan ca sai s t i. ngi o...
Khi ta o mt di: Gi tr trung bnh: l Kt qu o l = l l
Sai s tuyt i : l = Sai s t i : l (%). l
lmax lmin . 2
Sai s h thng l loi Xc nh c cc sai s tuyt i [Thng hiu] v sai s t i trong cc php o S ch s c ngha trong kt qu o cng nhiu cho bit kt sai s c tnh quy lut n trc tip v gin tip. nh. V d, sai s do qu c sai s cng nh ( chnh xc cng cao). dng c thng c ly Cc php tnh sai s gin tip : bng na chia nh Sai s ca tng : (a b) = a + b nht ca dng c o. (ab) a b Sai s t i ca mt tch : = + . Sai s ngu nhin l sai ab a b s do tc ng ngu a nhin gy nn. b = a + b . Sai s t i ca mt thng : a a b b (a n ) a Sai s t i ca mt ly tha : =n . n a a
Sai s t i ca mt cn : ( n a )
n
1 a . n a
88
10. Thc hnh: XC NH GIA TC RI T DO Stt

1
Ghi ch
Xc nh c gia tc ca [Thng hiu] Chn 1 trong 2 phng n chuyn ng nhanh dn u Hiu c c s l thuyt: thc hin. bng th nghim. - Trong chuyn ng ri t do, vn tc ban u bng 0. Do c 2s th xc nh g theo biu thc g = 2 . t - Bit dng in xoay chiu dn dng c tn s 50 Hz.
[Vn dng]
Phng n 1 - Bit s dng an ton ngun in. - Bit s dng thc thng o khong cch. - Bit lp rp c th nghim theo s . Phng n 2 - Bit mc ng h o thi gian hin s vi cng quang in v s dng c ch o ph hp. - Bit s dng ngun bin p. - Lp rp c cc thit b th nghim theo s .
Phng n 1 - Treo qu nng vo u bng giy, lng bng giy vo di cn rung. - Bt cng tc b cn rung. 89
- Th qu nng ko theo bng giy ri t do. - Thu li bng giy, dng thc khong cch giu cc chm mc. - Ghi s liu. Phng n 2 - o thi gian ri nhiu ln ng vi cng qung ng ri. - Ghi chp cc s liu.
- Tnh cc gi tr trong bng s liu. - V th v(t) v s(t2). - Nhn xt v kt qu php o.
90
Chng II : NG LC HC CHT IM
CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Lc. Quy tc tng hp v phn tch lc. b) Ba nh lut Niu-tn. c) Cc lc c : lc hp dn, trng lc, lc n hi, lc ma st. d) Lc hng tm. e) H quy chiu phi qun tnh. Lc qun tnh.
Pht biu c nh ngha ca lc v nu c lc l i lng vect. Pht biu c quy tc tng hp cc lc tc dng ln mt cht im v phn tch mt lc thnh hai lc theo cc phng xc nh. Nu c qun tnh ca vt l g v k c mt s v d v qun tnh. Pht biu c nh lut I Niu-tn. Pht biu c nh lut vn vt hp dn v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny.
chng trnh ny, trng lc c hiu l hp lc ca lc hp dn m Tri t tc dng ln vt v lc qun tnh li tm do s quay ca Tri t.
Trng lng l Nu c v d v lc n hi v nhng c im ca lc n hi ca l xo (im t, ln ca trng lc. hng). Khi c cc lc qun Pht biu c nh lut Hc v vit h thc ca nh lut ny i vi bin dng tnh khc na, th ca l xo. hp lc ca lc hp dn ca Tri t v Nu c c im ma st trt, ma st ngh v ma st ln. Vit c cng thc tnh cc lc qun tnh tc lc ma st ngh cc i v lc ma st trt. dng ln vt c Nu c mi quan h gia lc, khi lng v gia tc c th hin trong nh lut II gi l trng lc biu Niu-tn nh th no v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny. kin v ln ca n r r Nu c gia tc ri t do l do tc dng ca trng lc v vit c h thc P = mg . l trng lng biu kin. Nu c khi lng l s o mc qun tnh.
Pht biu c nh lut III Niu-tn v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny.
91
Nu c cc c im ca phn lc v lc tc dng. Nu c lc hng tm trong chuyn ng trn u l tng hp cc lc tc dng ln vt v vit c h thc
Fht =
mv 2 2 = m r r
Nu c h quy chiu phi qun tnh l g v cc c im ca n. Vit c cng thc tnh lc qun tnh i vi vt ng yn trong h quy chiu phi qun tnh.
K nng
Vn dng c nh lut Hc gii c bi tp v s bin dng ca l xo. Vn dng c cng thc tnh lc hp dn gii cc bi tp. Vn dng c cc cng thc v lc ma st gii cc bi tp. Biu din c cc vect lc v phn lc trong mt s v d c th. Vn dng c cc nh lut I, II, III Niu-tn gii c cc bi ton i vi mt vt, i vi h hai vt chuyn ng trn mt nm ngang, nm nghing. Vn dng c mi quan h gia khi lng v mc qun tnh ca vt gii thch mt s hin tng thng gp trong i sng v k thut. Vn dng quy tc tng hp lc v phn tch lc gii bi tp i vi vt chu tc dng ca ba lc ng quy. Gii c bi ton v chuyn ng ca vt nm ngang, nm xin. Gii c bi tp v s tng, gim v mt trng lng ca mt vt. Xc nh c lc hng tm v gii c bi ton v chuyn ng trn u khi vt chu tc dng ca mt hoc hai lc. Gii thch c cc hin tng lin quan n lc qun tnh li tm. Xc nh c h s ma st trt bng th nghim.
92
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. LC. TNG HP V PHN TCH LC Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nh ngha ca [Thng hiu] n tp kin thc lc v nu c lc l i lng Lc l i lng c trng cho tc dng ca vt ny ln vt khc, bit v cc tc dng ca lc t chng vect. kt qu l gy gia tc cho vt hoc lm cho vt bin dng. trnh Vt l cp THCS. Lc l i lng vect c c trng bi c hng v ln. Pht biu c quy tc tng hp [Thng hiu] cc lc tc dng ln mt cht Tng hp lc l thay th nhiu lc tc dng ng thi vo mt vt im. bng mt lc c tc dng ging ht nh tc dng ca ton b nhng lc y. Lc thay th ny gi l hp lc. Cc lc c thay th c gi l cc lc thnh phn. Quy tc tng hp lc : Hp lc ca hai lc ng quy c biu din bng ng cho (k t im ng quy) ca hnh bnh hnh m hai cnh l nhng vect biu din hai lc thnh phn. u u r r u r F = F1 + F 2
l quy tc hnh bnh hnh. 3 Pht biu c quy tc phn tch [Thng hiu] lc. Phn tch lc l thay th mt lc bng hai hay nhiu lc tc dng ng thi v gy hiu qu ging ht nh lc y. Phn tch lc l vic lm ngc li vi tng hp lc, n cng tun theo quy tc hnh bnh hnh. Cn da vo iu kin c th ca mi
93
bi ton chn phng ca cc lc thnh phn cho thch hp.

4 Vn dng quy tc tng hp v phn tch lc gii bi tp i vi vt chu tc dng ca ba lc ng qui.
[Vn dng]
Bit nhn ra du hiu tc dng ca ba lc ng qui tc dng ln vt. Bit cch tng hp hoc phn tch lc theo quy tc. Bit cch tnh lc v cc i lng trong cc cng thc.
2. NH LUT I NIU-TN Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nh lut I Niu- [Thng hiu] tn. Nu mt vt khng chu tc dng ca lc no hoc chu tc dng ca cc lc c hp lc bng 0 th n gi nguyn trng thi ng yn hoc chuyn ng thng u.
Ta gi vt khng chu tc dng ca vt no khc l vt c lp. Trong thc t khng c vt no hon ton c lp.
nh lut I Niu-tn cn gi l Nu c qun tnh ca vt l [Thng hiu] g v k c mt s v d v Mi vt u c xu hng bo ton vn tc ca mnh. Tnh nh lut qun tnh. Chuyn ng thng u c gi l qun tnh. cht gi l qun tnh. Qun tnh c hai biu hin : chuyn ng theo qun tnh. Xu hng gi nguyn trng thi ng yn. Ta ni cc vt Mt s v d v qun tnh: c tnh . Ngi ngi trong xe ang Xu hng gi nguyn trng thi chuyn ng thng u. chuyn ng thng u. Khi Ta ni cc vt chuyn ng c . hm t ngt, ngi s c xu hng b lao v pha trc.
94
3. NH LUT II NIU-TN Stt

1

Nu c mi quan h gia lc, khi lng v gia tc c th hin trong nh lut II Niu-tn nh th no v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny.

Gia tc ca vt khng ch ph thuc vo lc tc dng ln vt m cn ph thuc vo khi lng ca chnh vt . nh lut II Niu-tn :
Ghi ch
Gia tc ca mt vt lun cng hng vi lc tc dng ln vt. ln ca vect gia tc t l thun vi ln ca vect lc tc dng ln vt v t l nghch vi khi lng ca vt. r u r r r F a= hoc l F = ma m r r trong , F l hp lc tc dng ln vt, a l gia tc
ca vt. Trong h SI, nu m = 1 kg, a = 1 m/s th F = 1 kg.m/s , c gi l 1 niutn (N). 1 N l lc truyn cho vt c khi lng 1 kg mt gia tc 1 m/s . 2 Khi hp lc ca cc lc tc dng Nu c khi lng l s o mc [Thng hiu] ln vt bng 0 : qun tnh. Vt no c khi lng cng ln th cng kh thay i r r r r r vn tc, tc l c mc qun tnh ln hn. F = F1 + F2 + .... + Fn = 0 Khi lng ca mt vt l i lng c trng cho th vect gia tc cng bng 0 r mc qun tnh ca vt. r F r (a = = 0 ). Khi , vt ng [Vn dng] m Vn dng c mi quan h gia Bit cch gii thch mt s hin tng thng gp yn hoc chuyn ng thng
2 2 2
95
khi lng v mc qun tnh ca vt trong i sng v k thut lin quan n qun tnh. gii thch mt s hin tng Vt c khi lng cng ln th tng tc cng chm. thng gp trong i sng v k thut.
u. Trng thi ca vt gi l trng thi cn bng. iu kin cn bng ca mt cht im l hp lc ca tt c cc lc tc dng ln n bng 0. H cc lc nh vy gi l h lc cn bng.
2 Nu c gia tc ri t do l do tc [Thng hiu] Nu g 9,8 m/s , mt vt c dng ca trng lc v vit c h Khi vt ri t do, n ch chu tc dng ca trng lc khi lng 1 kg th c trng r r r r thc P = mg . P v thu c gia tc g . Theo nh lut II Niu-tn lng P 9,8 N. c : r r P = mg
ln P ca trng lc gi l trng lng ca vt :

P = mg Ti mi im trn mt t, trng lng ca vt t l thun vi khi lng ca n.
4. NH LUT III NIU-TN Stt

1
Ghi ch
Hai lc cng gi, cng ln, Pht biu c nh lut III Niu- [Thng hiu] tn v vit c h thc ca nh nh lut III Niu-tn : nhng ngc chiu l hai lc lut ny. Khi vt A tc dng ln vt B mt lc, th vt B cng tc trc i. dng tr li vt A mt lc. Hai lc ny l hai lc trc i.
96
r r FAB = FBA
2 Nu c cc c im ca phn [Thng hiu] r r lc v lc tc dng. Trong hai lc FAB v FBA , ta gi mt lc l lc tc dng, lc kia l phn lc. c im ca lc v phn lc l : Lc v phn lc l hai lc trc i, nhng khng cn bng nhau, v chng tc dng vo hai vt khc nhau. Lc tc dng thuc loi g th phn lc cng thuc loi . 3 Vn dng c cc nh lut I, II, III Niu-tn gii c cc bi ton i vi mt vt, i vi h hai vt chuyn ng trn mt phng nm ngang, nm nghing. V d: Vt nm trn mt sn Bit ch ra iu kin p dng cc nh lut Niu-tn v nm ngang tc dng ln mt bit cch biu din c tt c cc lc tc dng ln vt sn mt p lc, mt sn cng tc dng li n mt lc, cng hoc h hai vt chuyn ng. gi, cng ln v ngc Bit cch tnh gia tc v cc i lng trong cng thc Biu din c cc vect lc v ca cc nh lut Niu-tn vit phng trnh chuyn chiu. phn lc trong mt s v d c th. ng cho vt hoc h vt.
[Vn dng]
Bit vn dng c php phn tch lc gii quyt bi ton vi cc bi ton vt chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing.
5. LC HP DN Stt
1
Ghi ch
Mi vt trong v tr u ht nhau vi mt lc, gi Pht biu c nh lut [Thng hiu] vn vt hp dn v vit nh lut : Lc hp dn gia hai vt (coi l lc hp dn. c h thc ca nh lut nh hai cht im) c ln t l thun vi 97
ny.
tch ca hai khi lng ca chng v t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch gia chng. mm Fhd = G 1 2 2 r trong m1, m2 l khi lng ca cc vt (kg), r l khong cch gia hai vt (m). G l hng s chung cho mi vt gi l hng s hp dn. Trong h SI, gi tr ca G l G = 6,67.10
-11
Do G rt nh nn lc hp dn ch ng k khi t nht mt trong hai vt c khi lng ln. Trng lng P ca mt vt c khi lng m l lc hp dn gia Tri t v vt . P = mg G , v i (R + h) (R + h)2 R l bn knh Tri t, h l cao ca vt so vi mt t. Nu vt gn mt t (h << R) th g GM 2 o 9,806 m/s ( v 45 ). 2 R
2
mM
. Suy ra g
GM
Nm 2 kg2
im t ca trng lc l trng tm ca vt. [Vn dng] Vn dng c cng thc iu kin p dng h thc cho cc vt thng ca lc hp dn gii cc Bit cch tnh lc hp dn v cc i lng thng : trong h thc ca nh lut vn vt hp dn. bi tp. Khong cch gia hai vt rt ln so vi kch thc ca chng;
Cc vt ng cht v c dng hnh cu. Khi y r l khong cch gia hai tm v lc hp dn nm trn ng ni hai tm v t vo hai tm .
6. CHUYN NG CA VT B NM Stt
1
Ghi ch
Gii c bi ton v chuyn [Vn dng] Chn mt phng xOy l mt phng thng ng ca vt nm xin. Bit cch gii bi ton v chuyn ng ca vt ng cha vect vn tc ban u. Gc ta trng vi im xut pht ca vt. Trc nm xin: Ox nm ngang theo chiu nm, trc Oy Bc 1 : Chn h to vung gc xOy thch 98
hng ln trn. Chn gc thi gian ti thi im nm. Biu thc nh lut II Niu-tn Bc 2 : Phn tch chuyn ng nm xin : u r r cho vt l P = mg Vit phng trnh cho cc chuyn ng thnh phn ca vt theo phng Ox v Oy. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt l
hp.
Bc 3 : Gii cc phng trnh tm cc i lng nh : thi gian chuyn ng ca vt, tm nm xa, phng trnh qu o,...
x = (v0cos)t y = (v0sin)t
gt 2 2
trong , v0 l ln vect vn tc ban u, l gc hp bi vect vn tc ban u v phng ngang, lc t=0. T hai phng trnh trn ta rt ra c phng trnh qu o ca vt l
y=
gx 2 + (tan )x 2v 2 cos2 0
Qu o ca vt l mt parabol. cao cc i m vt t ti gi l tm bay cao.
H=
v 2 sin 2 0 2g
Khong cch gia im nm v im ri (cng trn mt t) gi l tm bay xa.
L=
2 Gii c bi ton v chuyn [Vn dng] ng ca vt nm ngang t Vn dng nh trng hp gii bi ton v cao h. chuyn ng ca vt nm xin, trong vect 99
v 2 sin 2 0 g
vn tc ban u hp vi phng ngang mt gc = 0, lc t = 0.
7. LC N HI Stt
1
Ghi ch
Nu c v d v lc n hi v [Thng hiu] nhng c im ca lc n hi ca Lc n hi l lc xut hin khi mt vt b bin dng n l xo (im t, hng). hi, v c xu hng chng li nguyn nhn gy ra bin dng y.
V d: Lc n hi xut hin khi l xo, dy chun b bin dng. Nu ngoi lc ngng tc dng, l xo, c im ca lc n hi ca l xo b bin dng nn hay dy chun... ly li c gin : hnh dng c. C im t t ln hai u l xo. C phng trng vi trc ca l xo.
C chiu ngc vi chiu bin dng ca l xo. C ln t l thun vi bin dng ca l xo. 2 Pht biu c nh lut Hc v vit [Thng hiu] Ch xt lc n hi h thc ca nh lut ny i vi nh lut Hc : Trong gii hn n hi, lc n hi ca l l xo v v bi ton h l xo ng trc, hoc bin dng ca l xo. xo t l thun vi bin dng ca l xo. song song. Fh = kl. Nu lc tc dng ln l Trong , k l cng (hay h s n hi) ca l xo, c n xo vt qu mt gi tr v l niutn trn mt (N/m); l l bin dng ca l xo, c no , l xo s khng n v l mt (m). ly li c hnh dng Du tr () ch rng lc n hi lun ngc vi chiu bin ban u na. Khi ta 100
dng. Vn dng c nh lut Hc gii [Vn dng] c bi tp v s bin dng ca l Bit cch tnh bin dng ca l xo v cc i lng trong xo.. cng thc ca nh lut Hc.
ni lc tc dng vt qu gii hn n hi ca l xo.
8. LC MA ST Stt
1

Nu c c im ma st trt, ma st ngh v ma st ln. Vit c cng thc tnh lc ma st ngh cc i v lc ma st trt.

Lc ma st ngh ch xut hin khi c ngoi lc tc dng ln vt, ngoi lc ny c xu hng lm cho vt chuyn ng nhng cha thng lc ma st. Gi ca lc ma st ngh nm trong mt phng tip xc gia hai vt. Lc ma st lun ngc chiu vi ngoi lc. Lc ma st ngh lun cn bng vi ngoi lc. ln ca ngoi lc tng th lc ma st ngh tng. Cng thc tnh lc ma st ngh cc i l FM = nN ; trong N l ln p lc ln b mt tip xc. n l h s ma st ngh (khng c n v). Lc ma st trt xut hin trn b mt tip xc khi hai vt A v B trt trn b mt ca nhau. r B tc dng ln A mt lc Fmst ngc chiu vi vn tc ca A i r r vi B ( v AB ). Mt khc A tc dng ln B mt phn lc F 'mst ngc r chiu vi Fmst tc l ngc chiu vi vn tc ca B i vi A
Ghi ch
101
r ( v BA ).
Cng thc tnh lc ma st trt l Fmst = tN; trong N l ln p lc ln b mt tip xc, t l h s ma st trt (khng c n v) v hu nh khng ph thuc vo din tch mt tip xc. Lc ma st ln xut hin mt tip xc khi mt vt ln trn b mt vt khc v c tc dng cn tr chuyn ng ln. Lc ma st ln c ln t l vi p lc ging nh lc ma st trt, nhng h s ma st ln nh hn h s ma st trt nhiu ln.
[Vn dng]
Vn dng c cc cng thc v Bit cch tnh ln ca lc ma st v cc i lng trong cc cng thc tnh lc ma st ngh, ma st trt, ma st ln lc ma st gii cc bi tp.
9. H QUY CHIU C GIA TC. LC QUN TNH Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c h quy chiu phi qun [Thng hiu] tnh l g v cc c im ca n. H quy chiu chuyn ng c gia tc so vi h quy chiu qun tnh gi l h quy chiu phi qun tnh. Trong h quy chiu phi qun tnh, cc nh lut Niu-tn khng nghim ng na.
Vit c cng thc tnh lc qun [Thng hiu] r tnh i vi vt ng yn trong h Trong mt h quy chiu chuyn ng c gia tc a so vi h quy quy chiu phi qun tnh. chiu qun tnh, cc hin tng c hc xy ra ging nh l mi vt
102
r r c khi lng m chu thm lc tc dng Fqt = ma , gi l lc qun tnh. Lc qun tnh lun ngc chiu vi gia tc ca h v khng c phn lc.
10. LC HNG TM V LC QUN TNH LI TM. HIN TNG TNG, GIM, MT TRNG LNG Stt
1

Nu c lc hng tm trong chuyn ng trn u l tng hp cc lc tc dng ln vt v vit c h thc
Fht = mv 2 2 = m r r
Ghi ch
Lc qun tnh li tm l lc tc dng vo Khi vt chuyn ng trn u th hp lc tc vt xut hin do chuyn ng trn u, dng vo vt phi hng vo tm qu o v c c xu hng lm cho vt chuyn ng ra xa tm quay. gi l lc hng tm. u r u r H thc ca lc hng tm l Fht F q = F ht mv 2 2 = ma ht = = m r , trong , m l khi Lc qun tnh li tm c cng ln vi r lc hng tm. lng ca vt (kg), v l ln vn tc ca vt mv 2 2 (m/s), r l bn knh qu o chuyn ng trn ca Fq = = m r r vt (m), l tc gc ca chuyn ng trn u (rad/s).
[Vn dng]
Bit cch tnh lc hng tm v cc i lng Xc nh c lc hng tm trong biu thc ca lc hng tm. v gii c bi ton v chuyn ng trn u khi vt chu tc dng ca mt hoc hai lc. Gii thch c cc hin tng Bit cch gii thch c cc hin tng v ng v ng dng lin quan n lc dng n gin lin quan n lc qun tnh li tm nh vt qun o bng lng quay, quay trn x
103
qun tnh li tm. 2
nc m nc khng chy ra ngoi Mt ngi trong thang my, chuyn r ng vi gia tc a hng ln trn th u r r F qt = ma hng xung di. Ta c: P= P + Fqt = m (g + a). Ngi ln thang my mt lc ln hn mg (hin tng tng trng lng). Nu thang my chuyn ng i xung r u r r vi gia tc a th F qt = ma hng ln
Gii c bi tp v s tng, [Vn dng] gim v mt trng lng ca Bit cch gii bi tp v s tng, gim v mt mt vt. trng lng. Trng lc ca mt vt l hp lc ca lc hp dn m Tri t tc dng ln vt v lc qun tnh li tm xut hin do s quay ca Tri t quanh trc ca n. u u r r u r P = F hd + F q
Trng lng ca mt vt l ln ca trng lc trn. Ta c: ca vt y. F thay i theo v , do P cng thay i theo P= P Fqt = m (g a).
q
v . l nguyn nhn gia tc ri t do gim dn Ngi ln thang my mt lc nh hn mg (hin tng gim trng lng). t a cc n xch o. r r Fq rt nh so vi Fhd nn trong mt s trng hp Nu a = g th P=0. Lc ngi ta coi trng lc l lc hp dn m Tri t tc khng ln thang my na (trng thi dng ln vt. mt trng lng). S tng, gim v mt trng lng: Mt vt c t trong mt h chuyn ng c gia r tc a so vi Tri t. Khi vt cn chu thm tc u r r dng ca lc qun tnh F qt = ma do chuyn ng ca h gy ra. Vt s chu tc dng ca hp lc: u u u r r r P ' = P + F qt u r P ' gi l trng lc biu kin, ln P gi l r trng lng biu kin ca vt. Ty theo gia tc a 104
m v ln P > P (tng trng lng); P <P (gim trng lng) hoc P = 0 (mt trng lng).
11. Thc hnh: XC NH H S MA ST Stt

1
Ghi ch
Chn 1 trong 2 phng n thc hin.
Xc nh c h s ma st [Thng hiu] trt bng th nghim. Hiu c c s l thuyt:

Phng n 1
- Xy dng c cng thc tnh h s ma st theo gia tc ca vt trt trn mt nghing v gc nghing
t = tan
Phng n 2
a gcos
- Xy dng c biu thc tnh h s ma st ngh cc i khi vt cn nm cn bng trn mt phng nghing. - Xy dng c biu thc tnh h s ma st trt khi vt trt trn mt phng ngang di tc dng ca lc ko theo phng ngang = Fms/N = Fms/mg.
[Vn dng]
Bit cch s dng cc dng c v b tr c th nghim
Phng n 1
- Bit cch mc ng h o thi gian hin s vi cng quang in v t c ch o ph hp. - Bit s dng ngun bin p. - Bit s dng thc o gc v qu ri.
105
- Lp rp c cc thit b th nghim theo s .

Phng n 2
- Bit s dng lc k. - B tr c th nghim theo s . Bit cch tin hnh th nghim:

Phng n 1
- o chiu di mt nghing. - Tin hnh o thi gian vt trt trn mt nghing nhiu ln. - Ghi chp cc s liu.
Phng n 2
- i vi trng hp o h s ma st ngh cc i, o c cao h v hnh chiu c ca mt phng nghing v tr . - i vi trng hp o h s ma st ln, o c lc ma st v trng lng khi g. Bit tnh ton cc s liu thu c t th nghim a ra kt qu:
Phng n 1
- Tnh gia tc theo cng thc cng thc a = - Tnh t theo cng thc t = tan - Nhn xt kt qu th nghim.
Phng n 2 a gcos
2s . t2
- T s liu tnh c h s ma st ngh cc i trung bnh, h s ma st trt. - Tnh c cc sai s. - Nhn xt kt qu th nghim. 106
Chng III : TNH HC VT RN

CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song. b) Cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc song song. Quy tc tng hp v phn tch cc lc song song. Quy tc momen. Ngu lc. Pht biu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song (khi khng c chuyn ng quay). Pht biu c nh ngha, vit c cng thc tnh momen lc v nu c n v o momen lc. Nu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt rn c trc quay c nh. Pht biu c quy tc tng hp hai lc song song cng chiu v phn tch mt lc thnh hai lc song song cng chiu. Pht biu c nh ngha ngu lc v nu c tc dng ca ngu lc. Vit c cng thc tnh momen ngu lc. Nu c trng tm ca mt vt l g.
Nu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt c mt chn . Nhn bit c cc dng c) Trng tm. Cn bng cn bng bn, cn bng khng bn, cn bng phim nh ca vt rn c mt chn . ca mt vt t trn mt phng. Cc dng cn K nng Vn dng c iu kin cn bng v quy tc tng hp lc gii cc bi tp i bng ca vt rn. vi trng hp vt rn chu tc dng ca ba lc ng quy. Vn dng c quy tc tng hp hai lc song song cng chiu v phn tch mt lc thnh hai lc song song cng chiu. Vn dng quy tc momen lc gii c cc bi ton v iu kin cn bng ca vt rn c trc quay c nh khi chu tc dng ca hai lc. Xc nh c trng tm ca cc vt phng ng cht bng th nghim. Xc nh c hp lc ca hai lc song song cng chiu bng th nghim. 107
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. CN BNG CA VT RN DI TC DNG CA HAI LC. TRNG TM Stt

1
Ghi ch
Tc dng ca mt lc ln mt vt rn khng thay i khi im t ca lc di ch trn gi ca n.
Pht biu c iu kin cn bng [Thng hiu] ca mt vt rn (khi khng c iu kin cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca hai lc : chuyn ng quay). Mun cho mt vt rn chu tc dng ca hai lc cn bng th hai lc phi trc i r r r F1 + F2 = 0 Nu c trng tm ca mt vt l [Thng hiu] g. Trng lc ca vt rn c gi l ng thng ng c chiu hng xung di v t mt im xc nh, im y gi l trng tm ca vt.
Vt phng, mng, ng cht c dng hnh hc nh hnh tam gic, hnh ch nht, hnh vung, hnh trn,... th c trng tm [Vn dng] chnh l tm i xng hnh Bit cch xc nh trng tm mt vt phng ng cht bng Xc nh c trng tm ca cc hc ca vt. th nghim l: Treo vt bng si dy ln lt hai v tr vt phng ng cht bng th khc nhau trn vt. Mi ln, v trn vt ng thng ng nghim. i qua im treo. Giao im ca hai ng ny chnh l trng tm ca vt. Mt chn ca mt vt l iu kin cn bng ca vt c mt chn : ng thng hnh a gic li nh nht cha tt c cc din tch ng i qua trng tm ca vt gp mt chn . tip xc ca vt vi gi . Nhn bit c cc dng cn bng: Mc vng vng ca cn
Nu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt c mt chn . Nhn bit c cc dng cn bng bn, cn bng khng bn, cn bng phim nh ca vt rn.
[Thng hiu]
108
Ta a vt ri khi v tr cn bng mt khong ri th ra. Nu vt tr li v tr cn bng th vt v tr cn bng bn. Nu vt ri ra xa v tr cn bng th vt v tr cn bng khng bn. Nu vt cn bng bt c v tr no, vt v tr cn bng phim nh.
bng c xc nh bi cao ca trng tm v din tch ca mt chn . Trng tm ca vt cng cao v din tch ca mt chn cng nh th vt cng d b lt v ngc li.
2. CN BNG CA VT RN DI TC DNG CA BA LC KHNG SONG SONG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Vn dng c iu kin cn bng [Vn dng] v quy tc tng hp lc gii cc Bit cch gii bi tp i vi trng hp vt rn chu tc bi tp i vi trng hp vt rn dng ca ba lc ng quy. chu tc dng ca ba lc ng quy. Quy tc tng hp hai lc ng quy : Trt hai lc trn hai gi ca chng ti giao im ca hai gi. p dng quy tc hnh bnh hnh xc nh hp lc. iu kin cn bng ca vt chu tc dng ca ba lc khng song song l hp lc ca hai lc bt k cn bng vi lc th ba : r r r r F1 + F2 + F3 = 0
iu kin cn bng ny i hi ba lc phi ng phng v ng quy.
109
3. QUY TC HP LC SONG SONG. Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Pht biu c quy tc tng hp hai lc song song cng chiu v phn tch mt lc thnh hai lc song song cng chiu.
Stt
1

Quy tc tng hp hai lc song song cng chiu : r r Hp lc ca hai lc F1 v F2 song song, cng chiu, tc r dng vo vt rn l mt lc F song song, cng chiu vi hai lc v c ln bng tng ln ca hai lc : F = F1 + F2 r r r Gi ca F nm trong mt phng cha F1 , F2 v chia khong cch gia hai lc ny thnh nhng on t l nghch vi ln ca hai lc : F1 d = 2 F2 d1 trong , d1 v d2 l khong cch t gi ca hp lc ti gi r r ca lc F1 v gi ca lc F2 .
Ghi ch
phn tch mt lc thnh hai lc khng song song cng chiu, ta da vo quy tc tng hp hai lc song song cng chiu v iu kin c th ca bi ton xc nh cc gi, ln ca cc lc thnh phn. [Vn dng] Vn dng c quy tc tng hp Bit cch p dng quy tc tng hp hai lc song song cng hai lc song song cng chiu v chiu v phn tch mt lc thnh hai lc song song gii cc phn tch mt lc thnh hai lc bi tp. song song gii cc bi tp i vi vt rn chu tc dng ca hai
110
lc. 2 Pht biu c nh ngha ngu [Thng hiu] lc v nu c tc dng ca Ngu lc l h hai lc song song, ngc chiu, c cng ngu lc. ln F, tc dng vo vt. Vit c cng thc tnh Momen ca ngu lc l i lng c c trng cho tc momen ca ngu lc. dng lm quay ca ngu lc v c gi tr bng tch gia ln F ca lc v khong cch d gia hai gi ca hai lc : M = F.d trong , F l ln ca mt lc, d l khong cch gia hai gi ca hai lc. Ngu lc c tc dng lm vt rn quay.
n v ca momen ngu lc l niutn mt (N.m). Momen ca ngu lc khng ph thuc vo v tr ca trc quay vung gc vi mt phng cha ngu lc.
4. MOMEN CA LC. IU KIN CN BNG CA MT VT RN C TRC QUAY C NH Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nh ngha, vit [Thng hiu] r c cng thc tnh momen ca Xt mt lc F nm trong mt phng vung gc vi trc quay r lc v nu c n v o momen Oz. Momen ca lc F i vi trc quay l i lng c trng cho ca lc. tc dng lm quay ca lc quanh trc y v c o bng tch ln ca lc F vi cnh tay n d. Cng thc tnh momen ca lc l M = F.d. Trong h SI, n v momen ca lc l niutn mt (N.m).
Nu c iu kin cn bng ca [Thng hiu] mt vt rn c trc quay c nh. Quy tc momen lc :
Quy tc momen lc cn c p dng cho trng hp vt rn
111
cho mt vt c trc quay c nh trng thi cn bng, th tng cc momen lc c xu hng lm vt quay theo mt chiu phi bng tng cc momen lc c xu hng lm vt quay theo chiu ngc li.
khng c trc quay c nh, nu trong mt tnh hung c th no , vt xut hin Nu ta quy c momen lc lm vt quay theo mt chiu c gi tr trc quay. dng (chng hn ngc chiu kim ng h) v momen lc lm vt quay theo chiu ngc li c gi tr m (cng chiu kim ng h) th iu kin cn bng ca vt rn c trc quay c nh c vit di dng i s: M1 + M2 +... = 0 trong , M1, M2, ...l momen ca tt c cc lc t ln vt.
[Vn dng] Vn dng quy tc momen lc gii c cc bi ton v iu kin Bit cch ch ra cc lc, tnh c momen ca cc lc tc dng cn bng ca vt rn c trc quay ln vt v p dng quy tc momen ca lc gii bi tp. c nh khi chu tc dng ca hai lc. 5. Thc hnh: TNG HP HAI LC Stt
1
Ghi ch
Xc nh c hp lc ca hai [Thng hiu] lc song song cng chiu bng Hiu c c s l thuyt: th nghim. - Tng hp hai lc ng quy tun theo quy tc hnh bnh hnh. - Mi quan h gia hp lc vi hai lc song song cng chiu.
[Vn dng]
Bit cch s dng cc dng c o v b tr c th nghim 112
- Bit cch s dng lc k v thc o di. - Bit cch lp rp th nghim theo s . Bit cch tin hnh th nghim: - Tin hnh o cc lc, o khong cch gia cc gi ca cc lc. - Ghi chp s liu. Bit tnh ton cc s liu thu c t th nghim a ra kt qu: - Tnh ton cc gi tr, hon thnh bng s liu. - Nu kt lun rt ra t cc th nghim.
113
Chng IV : CC NH LUT BO TON

CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) ng lng. nh lut Vit c cng thc tnh ng lng v nu c n v o ng lng. bo ton ng lng. Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh lut bo ton ng lng i vi h hai vt. Chuyn ng bng phn Nu c nguyn tc chuyn ng bng phn lc. lc. Pht biu c nh ngha v vit c cng thc tnh cng. b) Cng. Cng sut. c) ng nng. Pht biu c nh ngha v vit c cng thc tnh ng nng. Nu c n v o ng nng. Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh l ng nng. Pht biu c nh ngha th nng ca mt vt trong trng trng v vit c cng thc tnh th nng ny. Nu c n v o th nng.
d) Th nng. Th nng trng trng v th nng Vit c cng thc tnh th nng n hi. n hi. Pht biu c nh ngha v vit c cng thc tnh c nng. e) C nng. nh lut Pht biu v vit c h thc ca ba nh lut K-ple. bo ton c nng. K nng
Pht biu c nh lut bo ton c nng v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny.
Vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, bo ton nng lng gii c cc bi h) Va chm n hi v tp i vi hai vt va chm mm, va chm n hi. khng n hi. A Vn dng c cc cng thc A = Fscos v P = . t Vn dng nh lut bo ton c nng gii c bi ton chuyn ng ca mt g) Ba nh lut K-ple. vt, ca h c hai vt. 114
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. NH LUT BO TON NG LNG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Vit c cng thc tnh ng [Thng hiu] r lng v nu c n v o ng ng lng p ca vt chuyn ng l i lng vect lng. c o bng tch ca khi lng m v vect vn tc r v ca vt. r r p = mv Trong h SI, n v ca ng lng l kilgam mt trn giy (kg.m/s).
Pht biu v vit c h thc ca [Thng hiu] nh lut bo ton ng lng i nh lut bo ton ng lng : Vect tng ng lng vi h hai vt. ca h kn c bo ton. r r p = p' r r p l ng lng ban u, p ' l ng lng lc sau. i vi h hai vt : r r r' r p1 + p 2 = p1 + p '2 r r trong , p1 , p 2 tng ng l ng lng ca hai vt lc r r trc tng tc, p '1 , p '2 tng ng l ng lng ca hai vt lc sau tng tc.
H kn (h c lp) l h ch c nhng lc ca cc vt trong h tc dng ln nhau (gi l ni lc) m khng c cc lc tc dng ca cc vt t bn ngoi h (gi l ngoi lc) hoc nu c th cc lc ny phi trit tiu ln nhau.
ng lng ca h l tng ng lng ca cc vt trong h .
2. CHUYN NG BNG PHN LC

115
Stt
1
Ghi ch
Nu c nguyn tc chuyn [Thng hiu] Mt tn la lc u ng yn. Sau khi lng r ng bng phn lc. Nguyn tc ca chuyn ng bng phn lc : kh khi lng m pht ra pha sau vi vn tc v , tn Trong h kn ng yn, nu mt phn ca h th u la khi lng M chuyn ng vi vn r bt u chuyn ng theo mt hng th theo tc V . nh lut bo ton ng lng, phn cn li p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, ta tnh ca h cng bt u chuyn ng theo hng c : ngc li. Chuyn ng theo nguyn tc nh u r mr V= v th c gi l chuyn ng bng phn lc. M Tn la bay ln pha trc ngc vi hng kh pht ra, khng ph thuc vo mi trng bn ngoi l khng kh hay chn khng.
3. CNG V CNG SUT Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nh ngha v vit [Thng hiu] n tp kin thc v cng u r c cng thc tnh cng. chng trnh vt l cp THCS. Cng thc hin bi mt lc F khng i l i lng o bng tch ln ca lc v hnh chiu ca Cng thc tnh cng sut: di im t trn phng ca lc. A P= t A = F.s.cos trong , F l ln lc tc dng , s l di im t Trong h SI, cng sut o bng ca lc, l gc to bi hng ca lc v hng ca ot, k hiu l ot (W). Biu thc khc ca cng sut : di. Cng l i lng v hng v c gi tr i s. Nu A 116
> 0 th A c gi l cng pht ng. Nu A < 0 th A c gi l cng cn.
P=
r Trong h SI, n v cng l jun (J). 1 jun l cng trong , v l vn tc ca vt thc hin bi lc c ln 1 niutn khi im t ca chuyn ng. lc c di 1 mt theo phng ca lc.
[Vn dng]
Vn dng c cc cng thc A = F.s.cos v P = Bit cch tnh cng, cng sut v cc i lng trong cc cng thc tnh cng v cng sut.
r A ur = Fv t
A . t
4. NG NNG. NH L NG NNG
Stt
1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nh ngha v vit [Thng hiu] n tp kin thc v ng nng c cng thc tnh ng nng. ng nng ca mt vt l nng lng do vt chuyn hc chng trnh vt l cp Nu c n v o ng nng. ng m c. ng nng c gi tr bng mt na tch THCS. khi lng v bnh phng vn tc ca vt.
mv 2 W = 2
trong , m l khi lng ca vt, o bng kilgam (kg); v l vn tc ca vt, o bng mt trn giy (m/s). Trong h SI, n v ca ng nng l jun (J). 2 Pht biu v vit c h thc ca [Thng hiu] nh l ng nng. nh l ng nng : bin thin ng nng ca mt
117
vt bng cng ca ngoi lc tc dng ln vt.
A12 = W2 W1
Nu cng ca ngoi lc l dng (cng pht ng) th ng nng ca vt tng. Nu cng ny m (cng cn) th ng nng ca vt gim.
5. TH NNG. TH NNG TRNG TRNG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Cng ca trng lc khng ph thuc hnh dng ng i ca vt m ch ph thuc cc v tr u v cui. Trng lc c gi l lc th hay lc bo ton. Khi tnh cao z, ta chn chiu ca trc z hng ln trn. Khi vt dch chuyn t v tr (1) n v tr (2) bt k, ta lun c : A12 = Wt1 Wt2 Cng A12 ca trng lc bng hiu th nng ca vt ti v tr u Wt1 v ti v tr cui Wt 2 , tc l bng gim th nng ca vt.
Pht biu c nh ngha th [Thng hiu] nng ca mt vt trong trng Th nng l nng lng ca mt h c c do trng v vit c cng thc tnh tng tc gia cc phn ca h. th nng ny. Th nng trng trng ca mt vt l dng nng Nu c n v o th nng. lng tng tc gia Tri t v vt ; nng lng ny ph thuc vo v tr ca vt trong trng trng. i lng Wt = mgz l th nng ca vt trong trng trng (gi tt l th nng trng trng), trong , m l khi lng ca vt, g l gia tc trng trng, z l cao ca vt so vi mc c chn. Th nng trn mt t bng khng (z = 0). Ta ni, mt t c chn l mc (hay gc) th nng. Trong h SI, n v ca th nng l jun (J).
118
6. TH NNG N HI Stt
1
Ghi ch
Mi vt khi bin dng n hi u c kh nng sinh cng, tc l mang mt nng lng. Nng lng ny c gi l th nng n hi.
Vit c cng thc tnh th [Thng hiu] nng n hi. Cng thc tnh th nng ca lc n hi : Wh =
kx 2 2
Cng ca lc n hi ch ph thuc trong , k l cng ca l xo, x l bin dng bin dng u v bin dng ca l xo. cui ca l xo, vy lc n hi cng Trong h SI, n v ca th nng n hi l jun (J). l lc th. Ta c : A12 = Wh1 Wh2 Cng ca lc n hi bng gim th nng.
7. NH LUT BO TON C NNG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nh ngha v vit [Thng hiu] c biu thc ca c nng. Tng ng nng v th nng gi l c nng ca vt. W = W + Wt ; trong , W l ng nng v Wt l th nng ca vt. 119
Pht biu c nh lut bo ton [Thng hiu] c nng v vit c h thc ca Trng hp trng lc : nh lut ny. Mt vt m ri t do ln lt qua hai v tr tng ng vi hai r r cao z1 v z2, ti c vn tc tng ng l v1 v v 2 , ta c :
2 2 mv1 mv 2 + mgz1 = + mgz 2 2 2
hay W1 + Wt1 = W2 + Wt 2 Trong qu trnh chuyn ng, nu vt ch chu tc dng ca trng lc, ng nng c th chuyn thnh th nng v ngc li, v tng ca chng, tc l c nng ca vt, c bo ton (khng i theo thi gian). Trng hp lc n hi : Th nng ca vt di tc dng ca lc n hi ca l xo cng l th nng n hi ca l xo. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng ca con lc l xo, khi ng nng ca vt tng th th nng gim v ngc li nhng tng ng nng v th nng, tc l c nng ca vt, th lun bo ton. mv 2 kx 2 W = W + Wh = + = hng s 2 2 Tng qut : C nng ca mt vt ch chu tc dng ca nhng lc th lun c bo ton. 3 Vn dng nh lut bo ton c [Vn dng] nng v bo ton ng lng Bit cch tnh ng nng, th nng, c nng v cc i gii c bi ton chuyn ng lng trong h thc ca nh lut bo ton c nng. 120
Khi ngoi lc th vt cn chu tc dng ca lc khng phi lc th (lc ma st, lc cn), c nng ca vt khng c bo ton v cng ca lc ny bng bin thin c nng ca h. Cng ca lc khng th l A12 = W2 W1 = W
ca mt vt, ca h c hai vt.
Bit cch tnh ng lng v cc i lng trong h thc ca nh lut bo ton ng lng. Bit lp h phng trnh theo cc h thc ca cc nh lut bo ton. Ch cc dng chuyn ng khi vn dng: Chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing, chuyn ng nm Chuyn ng ca con lc n Dao ng ca con lc l xo
8. VA CHM N HI V KHNG N HI Stt

1

Vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, bo ton nng lng gii c cc bi tp i vi hai vt va chm mm, va chm n hi.
Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN [Vn dng]
Ghi ch
Va chm n hi l va chm m ng nng ton phn trc v sau va chm Bit cch tnh ng nng, th nng, c nng v cc khng i. i lng trong h thc ca nh lut bo ton c Va chm mm l va chm m sau khi nng. va chm xy ra, hai vt dnh vo nhau Bit cch tnh ng lng v cc i lng trong v chuyn ng vi cng vn tc, tng h thc ca nh lut bo ton ng lng. ng nng khng c bo ton. Bit lp h phng trnh theo cc h thc ca cc nh lut bo ton. Ch cc dng chuyn ng khi vn dng: H hai vt va chm mm, va chm n hi xuyn tm hoc c cc phng chuyn ng vung gc vi nhau.
121
9. CC NH LUT K-PLE. CHUYN NG CA V TINH Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu v vit c h thc [Thng hiu] ca ba nh lut K-ple. nh lut K-ple I : Mi hnh tinh u chuyn ng theo cc qu o elip m Mt Tri l mt tiu im. nh lut K-ple II : on thng ni Mt Tri v mt hnh tinh bt k qut nhng din tch bng nhau trong nhng khong thi gian nh nhau. nh lut K-ple III : T s gia lp phng bn trc ln v bnh phng chu k quay l ging nhau cho mi hnh tinh quay quanh Mt Tri.
a1 T1 a = T 2 2
trong , a1 v a2 tng ng l bn trc ln cc qu o ca hai hnh tinh bt k, T1 v T2 tng ng l chu k quay ca mi hnh tinh quanh Mt Tri.
122
Chng V : C HC CHT LU
CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
p = khng i a) p sut thu tnh. Nu c p sut thy tnh l g v cc c im ca p sut ny. Nguyn l Pa-xcan. Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nguyn l Pa-xcan. b) S chy thnh dng Nu c cht lng l tng l g, ng dng l g. Nu c mi quan h ca cht lng. nh lut gia tc dng cht lng v tit din ca ng dng. Bc-nu-li. Pht biu c nh lut Bc-nu-li v vit c h thc ca nh ny.
K nng
Vn dng nguyn l Pa-xcan gii thch c nguyn l hot ng ca my nn thy lc. Vn dng nh lut Bc-nu-li gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca mt s dng c nh my phun sn, b ch ho kh... Vn dng c nh lut Bc-nu-li gii mt s bi tp n gin.
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. P SUT THU TNH. NGUYN L PA-XCAN Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c p sut thy tnh l g [Thng hiu] v cc c im ca p sut ny. Tng p sut ca kh quyn v p sut gy ra bi cht lng ti Trong h SI, n v p 123
mt im trong cht lng tnh gi l p sut thy tnh (hay p sut l N/m2, cng gi l sut tnh) ti im . paxcan (Pa). p = pa + gh trong pa l p sut kh quyn mt thong, h l su ca im ang xt so vi mt thong, g l gia tc trng trng. c im : p sut thy tnh ti mt im ph thuc vo p sut kh quyn, khi lng ring ca cht lng v su ca im ang xt. p sut trn cng mt mt nm ngang trong lng cht lng l nh nhau tt c cc im. 2 Pht biu v vit c h thc [Thng hiu] ca nguyn l Pa-xcan. Nguyn l Pa-xcan : tng p sut ln cht lng cha trong bnh kn c truyn nguyn vn cho mi im ca cht lng v cho thnh bnh. p = png + gh trong , png l p sut ngoi tc dng ln b mt cht lng, l khi lng ring ca cht lng, h l su ca im ang xt. 3 Vn dng nguyn l Pa-xcan [Vn dng] gii thch c nguyn l hot Nguyn l hot ng ca my nn thy lc da trn nh lut ng ca my nn thy lc. Pa-xcan. p sut do pittng xi-lanh nh gy nn c truyn nguyn vn n mi im trong lng cht lng v trn thnh bnh. p sut ny gy ra p lc ln ln pittng th hai c din tch ln hn pit-tng nh.
124
2. S CHY THNH DNG CA CHT LNG V CHT KH. NH LUT BC-NU-LI Stt
1

Nu c cht lng l tng l g, ng dng l g. Nu c mi quan h gia tc dng cht lng v tit din ca ng dng.
Ghi ch
Khi cht lng chy n nh, Cht lng l tng l cht lng chy thnh dng v khng mi phn t ca cht lng chuyn ng theo mt ng nn c. ng dng l mt phn ca cht lng chuyn ng, c mt nht nh gi l ng dng, cc ng dng khng giao bin to bi cc ng dng. nhau. Trong mi ng dng, tc ca cht lng t l nghch vi din tch ca ng dng.
v1 S 2 = v 2 S1
trong , v1 l vn tc ca phn t cht lng ni ng dng c tit din S1; v2 l vn tc ca phn t cht lng ni ng dng c tit din S2.
i lng A = v1S1 = v2S2 c gi tr nh nhau mi im trong ng dng v c gi l lu lng cht lng. Khi chy n nh, lu lng ca cht lng trong mt ng dng l khng i. Trong h SI, lu lng c tnh bng m3/s.
2 Tng p sut tnh v p sut Pht biu c nh lut Bc- [Thng hiu] ng ti mt im trn ng nu-li v vit c h thc ca nh lut Bc-nu-li: Trong ng dng nm ngang, tng p nh lut ny. sut tnh v p sut ng ti mt im bt k l mt hng s. dng gi l p sut ton phn. Ch no vn tc cht lng 1 p + v 2 = hng s ln, th p sut tnh nh. 2 trong , p l p sut tnh, l khi lng ring ca cht 125
lng, v l vn tc ca cht lng ti im ang xt. i lng 1 2 v c gi l p sut ng. 2
[Vn dng] Vn dng c nh lut Bcnu-li gii mt s bi tp n Bit tnh p sut tnh, p sut ng v cc i lng trong h thc ca nh lut Bec-nu-li. gin. 3. NG DNG CA NH LUT BC-NU-LI Stt
1

Vn dng nh lut Bcnu-li gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca mt s dng c nh my phun sn, b ch ho kh...
Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN [Vn dng]

Gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca mt s dng c nh vn dng nh lut Bec-nu-li: ng Ven-tu-ri dng o vn tc cht lng trong ng dn. N hot ng da trn vic o chnh lch p sut gia hai im ca ng dng c din tch tit din khc nhau.
Ghi ch
Nguyn tc o p sut tnh: p sut tnh t l vi cao ca ct cht lng trong lng ng thng hnh tr h hai u, t vung gc vi dng chy theo phng thng ng, sao cho mt u im cn o trong lng cht lng.
ng Pi-t dng o vn tc ca my bay, c gn vo cnh my bay. Da vo s chnh lch ca p sut ton phn v p Nguyn tc o p sut ton sut tnh ca dng khng kh, c th xc nh c vn tc ca phn: p sut ton phn t l dng khng kh. vi cao ca ct cht lng Gii thch c lc nng my bay: cnh my bay c mt trn trong lng ng hnh tr (un ca cnh cong hn mt di, nn khi bay, ng dng ca ch L), h hai u (mt u khng kh pha trn mau hn pha di, dn n p sut tnh c un vung gc), t pha trn nh hn p sut tnh pha di, do to nn mt lc vung gc vi dng chy theo nng my bay.Ngoi ra cnh my bay cn t chch ln trn to phng thng ng, sao cho nn lc nng ln hn. ming ng vung gc hng dng chy chy ca cht lng 126
Gii thch nguyn tc hot ng ca b ch ho kh: ng ht im cn o. khng kh c mt on tht li, p sut gim xung. ng ht xng c mt u v tr ny, nn xng b ht ln v phn tn thnh nhng ht nh, trn ln vi khng kh, to thnh hn hp i vo xilanh.
127
Chng VI : CHT KH
CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Thuyt ng hc Pht biu c ni dung c bn ca thuyt ng hc phn t cht kh. phn t. Nu c cc c im ca kh l tng. Nu c cc qu trnh ng nhit, ng tch, ng p l g v pht biu c cc b) Cc qu trnh ng nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t, Sc-l, Gay Luy-xc. nhit, ng tch v Nu c nhit tuyt i l g. ng p i vi kh l Nu c cc thng s p, V, T xc nh trng thi ca mt lng kh. tng. Vit c phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng. c) Phng trnh trng Vit c phng trnh Cla-p-rn Men--l-p. thi ca kh l tng. K nng Vn dng c thuyt ng hc phn t gii thch c im v hnh dng, th tch d) Phng trnh Cla- ca cc cht th kh, th lng, th rn. p-rn Men--l-p. V c cc ng ng nhit, ng tch, ng p trong h to (p, V). Vn dng phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng v phng trnh Cla-p-rn Men--l-p gii c cc bi tp n gin.
128
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. THUYT NG HC PHN T CHT KH. CU TO CHT Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c ni dung c [Thng hiu] bn ca thuyt ng hc phn Ni dung c bn ca thuyt ng hc phn t ca cht kh : t cht kh. a) Cht kh bao gm cc phn t. Kch thc ca phn t l rt nh. Trong phn ln cc trng hp c th b qua kch thc y v coi mi phn t nh mt cht im. b) Cc phn t chuyn ng hn lon khng ngng. Nhit cng cao th vn tc chuyn ng hn lon cng ln. Chuyn ng hn lon ca cc phn t gi l chuyn ng nhit. c) Khi chuyn ng, mi phn t va chm vi cc phn t khc v va chm vi thnh bnh. Gia hai va chm, phn t gn nh t do v chuyn ng thng u. Khi phn t ny va chm vi phn t khc, th c hai phn t tng tc, lm thay i phng chuyn ng v vn tc ca tng phn t. Khi va chm vi thnh bnh, phn t truyn ng lng cho thnh bnh. Rt nhiu phn t va chm ln thnh bnh v to nn lc y vo thnh bnh. Lc ny to ra p sut ca cht kh ln thnh bnh.
Nu c cc c im ca kh [Thng hiu] l tng. Kh l tng l kh, trong mi phn t coi nh cht im, chuyn ng hn lon khng ngng v ch tng tc vi nhau khi va chm.
Kh l tng, theo quan im v m, l kh tun theo hai nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t v Sc-l.
129
c im ca kh l tng: Kch thc cc phn t khng ng k (b qua). Khi cha va chm vi nhau th lc tng tc gia cc phn t rt yu (b qua). Cc phn t chuyn ng hn lon, ch tng tc khi va chm vi nhau v va chm vo thnh bnh. 3 Vn dng c thuyt ng hc phn t gii thch c im v hnh dng, th tch ca cc cht th kh, th lng, th rn.
[Vn dng]
Gii thch c im v hnh dng, th tch ca cc cht th kh, th lng, th rn nh sau :
th kh, trong phn ln thi gian cc phn t xa nhau, khi lc tng tc gia cc phn t rt yu, phn t chuyn ng h lon v mi pha, do cht kh chim ton b th tch bnh cha, khng c hnh dng v th tch xc nh. th rn v th lng, mi phn t lun lun c cc phn t khc gn (trong phm vi khong cch mt vi ln kch thc phn t); ngoi ra cc phn t c sp xp vi mt trt t nht nh, c thm lin kt gia nhng phn t ln cn. V phn t gn nhau v c thm lin kt, nn lc tng tc gia mt phn t v cc phn t ln cn lun lun l mnh, gi cho phn t y khng i ra xa m ch dao ng quanh mt v tr cn bng. Kt qu l cht rn v cht lng c th tch xc nh. th rn, cc v tr cn bng ca phn t l c nh, nn mi vt rn c hnh dng xc nh. th lng, v tr cn bng ca mi phn t c th di ch sau khong thi gian trung bnh vo c 1011s. V c s di ch ca
130
cc v tr cn bng nn cht lng khng c hnh dng xc nh m c th chy, v do c hnh dng ca phn bnh cha n.
2. NH LUT BI-L MA-RI-T Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c cc thng s p, V, T [Nhn bit] xc nh trng thi ca mt Trng thi ca mt lng kh xc nh c xc nh bi ba lng kh. i lng p, V, T, gi l cc thng s trng thi. Nu c qu trnh ng nhit [Thng hiu] l g v pht biu c nh Qu trnh ng nhit l qu trnh bin i trng thi trong lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t. nhit khng i. nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t : nhit khng i, tch ca th tch V v p sut p ca mt lng kh xc nh l mt hng s . pV = hng s
V c ng ng nhit trn [Vn dng] h trc ta (p, V). Bit cch v c ng biu din s bin thin ca p sut theo th tch khi nhit khng i gi l ng ng nhit.
Trong h to (p, V) ng ng nhit l ng hypebol.
3. NH LUT SC-L. NHIT TUYT I Stt Chun KT, KN quy nh Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN
131
Ghi ch
trong chng trnh

1 Nu c qu trnh ng tch g v [Thng hiu] pht biu c nh lut Sc-l. Qu trnh ng tch l qu trnh bin i trng thi trong th tch khng i. nh lut Sc-l: Vi mt lng kh c th tch khng i, th p sut p ph thuc vo nhit t theo biu thc : p = p0 (1 + t) trong , p0 l p sut ca khi kh 0 C, p l p sut ca khi kh nhit t; l h s tng p ng tch, c gi tr 1 nh nhau i vi mi cht kh, mi nhit v bng 273
o
.
2 Trong h to (p, V), V c ng ng tch trong h [Vn dng] to (p, T). Bit cch v c ng biu din s bin thin ca p sut ng ny l mt phn ng thng song song theo nhit khi th tch khng i gi l ng ng tch. vi trc p. Trong h to (p, T), ng ny l mt phn ca ng thng c ng ko di i qua gc to . Nu c nhit tuyt i l g. Mi chia trong nhit giai Ken-vin c gi tr o Ngi ta coi 273 C l nhit thp nht khng th t c bng mi chia trong v gi l khng tuyt i. nhit giai Xen-xi-t. Nu gi T l s o nhit trong nhit giai Ken-vin, t l s o khng tuyt i c gi tr o nhit trong nhit giai Xen-xi-t th vo khong 273,15 C.
[Nhn bit]
T = t + 273 Nhit o trong nhit giai Ken-vin c gi l nhit tuyt i. 132
4. PHNG TRNH TRNG THI CA KH L TNG. NH LUT GAY LUY-XC Stt

1
Ghi ch
Vit c phng trnh trng thi [Thng hiu] ca kh l tng. Phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng l
pV = hng s = C T
trong , p l p sut, V l th tch, T l nhit trong nhit giai Ken-vin ca mt khi lng kh xc nh. Gi tr ca hng s C ph thuc vo lng kh m ta xt. 2 Nu c qu trnh ng p g v [Thng hiu] Yu cu rt ra biu thc pht biu c nh lut Gay Luy- Qu trnh ng p l qu trnh bin i trng thi trong nh lut Gay Luy-xc t xc. phng trnh trng thi. p sut khng i. nh lut Gay Luy-xc : Th tch V ca mt lng kh c p sut p khng i th t l vi nhit tuyt i T ca kh.
V C = = hng s. T p
V c ng ng p trong h [Vn dng] to (V,T). Bit cch v c ng biu din s bin thin ca th tch theo nhit khi p sut khng i gi l ng ng p. Trong h to (V, T), ng ny l mt phn ca ng thng c ng ko di i qua gc to . 133
Trong h to (p, V) ng ny l mt phn ng thng song song vi trc V.
5. PHNG TRNH CLA-P-RN MEN--L-P Stt

1
Ghi ch
Vit c phng trnh Cla-p- [Thng hiu] rn Men--l-p. Phng trnh Cla-p-rn Men--l-p l pV = RT =
m RT
trong , p l p sut ca khi kh o bng N/m2, V l th tch ca khi kh o bng m , l lng cht ca khi kh o bng mol, m l khi lng ca khi kh o bng gam (g), l khi lng mol ca cht kh o bng gam trn mol (g/mol), R l hng s ca cc kh, c gi tr R = 8,31 J/(mol.K), T l nhit ca khi kh o bng K.
3
[Vn dng] Vn dng phng trnh trng Bit cch lp phng trnh Claperng-Menlep gii c cc thi ca kh l tng v phng bi tp: trnh Cla-p-rn Men--l-p gii c cc bi tp n Xc nh c mt thng s trng thi khi bit cc thng s cn li. gin.
Xc nh thng s trng thi sau qu trnh bin i. Tnh s mol hoc khi lng ca cht kh khi bit cc thng s trng thi ca n. Xc nh thng s trng thi khi bit s mol v mt s thng s trng thi cn li.
134
Chng VII : CHT RN V CHT LNG. S CHUYN TH

CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Cht rn kt tinh v Phn bit c cht rn kt tinh v cht rn v nh hnh v cu trc vi m v nhng cht rn v nh hnh. tnh cht v m ca chng. Phn bit c bin dng n hi v bin dng do. b) Bin dng c ca vt Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh lut Hc i vi bin dng ca vt rn. rn. Vit c cc cng thc n di v n khi. Nu c ngha ca s n di, s n khi ca vt rn trong i sng v k thut. c) S n v nhit ca vt M t c th nghim v hin tng cng b mt. rn. M t c th nghim v hin tng dnh t v khng dnh t. M t c hnh dng mt thong ca cht lng st thnh bnh trong trng hp d) Cht lng. Cc hin cht lng dnh t v khng dnh t. tng cng b mt ca cht lng, dnh t, mao M t c th nghim v hin tng mao dn. Vit c cng thc tnh chnh lch gia mt thong ca cht lng trong ng mao dn v mt thong bn ngoi. dn. K c mt s ng dng v hin tng mao dn trong i sng v k thut. e) S chuyn th : nng Vit c cng thc tnh nhit nng chy ca vt rn : Q = m. chy, ng c, ho hi, Phn bit c hi kh v hi bo ho. ngng t. Vit c cng thc tnh nhit ho hi : Q = Lm. f) m ca khng kh. Pht biu c nh ngha v m tuyt i, m t i, m cc i ca khng kh. Nu c nh hng ca m khng kh i vi sc kho con ngi, i sng 135
ng, thc vt v cht lng hng ho. K nng

Vn dng c cc cng thc n di v n khi ca vt rn gii cc bi tp. Vn dng c cc cng thc tnh nhit nng chy, nhit ho hi gii bi ton v s chuyn th ca cht. Gii thch c cc qu trnh bay hi v ngng t da trn chuyn ng nhit ca phn t. Gii thch c trng thi hi bo ho da trn s cn bng ng gia bay hi v ngng t. Xc nh c lc cng b mt bng th nghim.
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. CHT RN Stt

1
Ghi ch
Vt rn c cu to t mt tinh th c gi l vt rn n tinh th. Vt rn c cu to t nhiu tinh th con gn kt hn n vi nhau gi l vt rn a tinh th. Tnh d hng ca mt vt th hin ch tnh cht vt l ca vt theo cc hng khc nhau th khng ging nhau.
Phn bit c cht rn kt tinh [Thng hiu] v cht rn v nh hnh v cu Phn bit cht rn kt tinh, cht rn v nh hnh v cu trc trc vi m v nhng tnh cht v vi m : m ca chng. Cht rn kt tinh c cu trc tinh th: cu trc tinh th hay tinh th l cu trc to bi cc ht (nguyn t, phn t, ion) lin kt cht ch vi nhau bng nhng lc tng tc v sp xp theo mt trt t hnh hc khng gian xc nh gi l mng tinh th, trong mi ht lun dao ng nhit quanh v tr cn bng ca n. Chuyn ng nhit cht rn kt tinh chnh l dao ng ca mi ht quanh mt v tr cn bng xc nh. Cc cht khng c cu trc tinh th do khng c dng hnh 136
hc xc nh. Chuyn ng nhit cht rn v nh hnh l dao ng ca ca cc ht quanh v tr cn bng. Cc dao ng ni trn ph thuc vo nhit . Khi nhit tng th dao ng mnh ln. Phn bit cht rn kt tinh v cht rn v nh hnh v mt v m : Cht kt tinh c dng hnh hc, cht rn v nh hnh khng c dng hnh hc xc nh. Cht rn n tinh th c tnh d hng, cht rn a tinh th khng c tnh d hng. Cht rn v nh hnh khng c tnh d hng. Cht rn kt tinh c nhit nng chy xc nh, cht rn v nh hnh th khng c.
2. BIN DNG C CA VT RN Stt

1
Ghi ch
Phn bit c bin dng n [Thng hiu] hi v bin dng do. Bin dng n hi l bin dng ca mt vt m sau khi ngoi lc thi tc dng, vt phc hi li c hnh dng ban u. Bin dng do l bin dng m sau khi ngoi lc thi tc dng, vt khng ly li c hnh dng ban u. Cc vt rn n hi c gii hn n hi. Nu vt n hi b bin dng vt qu gii hn n hi th bin dng khng cn l n hi, m tr thnh bin dng do.
137
Pht biu v vit c h thc [Thng hiu] ca nh lut Hc i vi bin nh lut Hc : Trong gii hn n hi, bin dng t i dng ca vt rn. ko hay nn ca mt thanh rn, tit din u, t l thun vi ng sut gy ra n. l l F F : hay = E S l0 l0 S trong , F l ln lc tc dng vung gc vi tit din S ca vt rn, l l bin dng ca vt rn, l0 l chiu di ban u ca vt rn, E l sut n hi ca vt rn.
Vt rn hnh tr c tit din S, chu tc dng ca lc ko (hoc u r nn) F . V lc n hi Fh c ln bng lc F tc dng vo vt, nn ta suy ra Fh = E
S l = k l l0 S l cng l0
i lng =
hay h s n hi ca vt rn, 1 E= gi l sut n hi (hay sut Y-ng) c trng cho c n v l niutn trn mt (N/m). tnh n hi ca cht rn.. n v ca v E l paxcan (Pa). 1 Pa = 1 N/m .
2
F l ng sut tc dng vo vt rn. i lng S
i lng k = E
3. S N V NHIT CA VT RN Stt
1
Ghi ch
Vit c cc cng thc n di [Thng hiu] v n khi. Cng thc n di l l = l0[1 + (t t0)] trong , l l n di ca thanh, l0 l chiu di ca thanh nhit t0, l l chiu di ca thanh nhit t, l h s n di ca thanh o bng n v K . 138
-1
Cng thc n khi l V = V0[1 + (t t0)] trong , V l n khi ca vt, V0 l th tch ca vt nhit
t0, V l th tch ca vt nhit t, l h s n khi ca vt o bng n v K . a c 3. [Vn dng] Vn dng c cc cng thc n di v n khi ca vt rn gii Bit cch tnh c n di, n khi v cc i lng trong cng thc n di, n khi . cc bi tp.
2 Khi lp t ng ray Nu c ngha ca s n di, [Thng hiu] tu ha cn khe h s n khi ca vt rn trong i ngha ca s n di, s n khi ca vt rn trong i sng v gia cc thanh ray ray sng v k thut. k thut: c th dn n v nhit m Vt rn khi n ra hay co li u to nn mt lc kh ln tc khng b cn tr gy dng ln cc vt khc tip xc vi n. Do ngi ta phi ch cong vnh n s n v nhit trong k thut. Bng kp c cu to t Trong k thut ch to v lp t my mc hoc xy dng hai thanh kim loi khc cng trnh, ngi ta phi tnh ton khc phc tc dng c hi nhau c tn vi nhau, ca s n v nhit sao cho cc vt rn khng b cong hoc nt c tc dng ng m mch in khi nhit gy khi nhit thay i. thay i. Ngi ta li dng s n v nhit ca cc vt rn lng ghp ai st vo cc bnh xe, ch to bng kp dng lm rle ng-ngt t ng mch in; hoc ch to cc ampe k nhit, hot ng da trn tc dng nhit ca dng in, dng o c dng mt chiu v xoay chiu...
1
139
4. CHT LNG. HIN TNG CNG B MT CA CHT LNG Stt

1
Ghi ch ln lc cng b mt F tc dng ln mt on thng c di l ca ng gii hn b mt t l vi di l:

F = l trong , l h s t l, c ln ph thuc vo bn cht v nhit ca cht lng c gi l h s cng b mt v c n v l niutn trn mt (N/m). gim khi nhit tng.
M t c th nghim v hin [Thng hiu] tng cng b mt. Mt khung dy hnh ch U c mt thanh nh CD trt linh ng ang c gi bi mng x phng (lp mng dung dch x phng Hnh a). Nu by gi mng x phng nm ngang ta s quan st thy thanh CD b ko v pha cnh AB do mng x phng thu b din tch li (Hnh b).
a) Gii thch:
b)
Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn l do trn b mt cht lng xut hin mt lc tc dng ln thanh CD, l lc cng b mt. Lc cng b mt t ln ng gii hn ca b mt v vung gc vi n, c phng tip tuyn vi b mt ca khi lng v c chiu hng v pha mng b mt ca khi lng gy ra lc cng . Lc u mng t thng ng, lc cng b mt ti 140
thanh CD ca mng cn bng vi trng lc ca thanh. Khi mng nm ngang th tc dng trng lc ca thanh CD khng ng k, lc cng b mt ko thanh CD thu b li din tch ca mng x phng.
5. HIN TNG DNH T V KHNG DNH T. HIN TNG MAO DN Stt

1
Ghi ch
M t c th nghim v hin [Thng hiu] tng dnh t v khng dnh t. Nh mt git nc ln mt tm thu tinh sch th nc chy trn ra, cn nh mt git thu ngn ln mt thu tinh th li thu v dng hnh cu (hi dt do tc dng ca trng lc).
Khi lc ht gia cc phn t cht rn vi cc phn t cht lng mnh hn lc ht gia cc phn t cht lng vi nhau th Ngi ta ni nc dnh t thu tinh, cn thu ngn c hin tng dnh t. khng dnh t thu tinh. Vy khi cht lng tip xc vi vt rn, th tu theo bn cht ca cht lng v cht rn m c th xy ra hin tng dnh t hay khng dnh t.
M t c hnh dng mt thong ca cht lng st thnh bnh trong trng hp cht lng dnh t v khng dnh t.
[Thng hiu]
Nu thnh bnh b dnh t th phn b mt cht lng st thnh bnh s b ko dch ln pha trn mt cht v mt cht lng c dng mt khum lm. Nu thnh bnh khng b dnh t th phn b mt cht lng st thnh bnh s b ko dch xung pha di mt cht v mt cht lng c dng mt khum li.
M t c th nghim v hin [Thng hiu]
141
tng mao dn.
Hin tng mao dn l hin tng dng ln hay h xung ca mc cht lng bn trong cc ng c bn knh nh, trong cc vch hp, khe hp, cc vt xp so vi mc cht lng bn ngoi. Nhng cc ng thu tinh c bn knh nh khc nhau vo cc cht lng khc nhau (nc, thu ngn), ta thy mc cht lng dng ln hay h xung trong cc ng kch thc khc nhau l khc nhau v ph thuc vo cht lng.
Cng thc tnh dng ln hay h xung ca mc Vit c cng thc tnh chnh cht lng trong ng mao dn l lch gia mt thong ca cht lng 4 trong ng mao dn v mt thong h= gd bn ngoi. Trong , l h s cng mt ngoi ca cht lng, c n v o l N/m, l khi lng ring ca cht lng, c n v o l kg/m , d l ng knh ng mao dn, c n v o l mt (m). Trong trng hp dnh t th h l dng, trng hp khng dnh t h l h xung. 4 K c mt s ng dng v hin [Thng hiu] tng mao dn trong i sng v Nh hin tng mao dn m nc c th ngm qua k k thut. t r cy ht nc; du ho c th ngm theo cc si nh trong bc n ln n ngn bc chy; du nhn c th ngm qua cc lp pht hay mt xp bi trn lin tc cc vng trc quay ca cc ng c in, giy thm c th ht mc, mc thm theo rnh ngi bt...
3
142
6. S CHUYN TH. S NNG CHY V NG C Stt

1
Ghi ch
Mi cht rn kt tinh (ng vi mt cu trc tinh th) c mt nhit nng chy khng i xc nh mi p sut cho trc.
Vit c cng thc tnh nhit [Thng hiu] nng chy ca vt rn : Q = m . Cng thc tnh nhit nng chy ca vt rn l: Q = m
trong , m l khi lng ca vt, l nhit Nhit lng cung cp lm nng nng chy ring ca cht lm vt o bng n v chy hon ton mt n v khi lng J/kg. ca mt cht rn kt tinh nhit [Vn dng] nng chy gi l nhit nng chy ring Bit cch tnh nhit nng chy v cc i lng (hay gi tt l nhit nng chy), k hiu Vn dng c cc cng thc tnh nhit nng chy gii bi ton v trong cng thc tnh nhit lng ta ra hay thu l . vo trong qu trnh ng c v qu trnh nng s chuyn th ca cht. chy.
7. S HO HI V S NGNG T Stt
1
Ghi ch
S ha hi l s chuyn t th lng sang th hi, c th xy ra di hnh thc bay hi hoc si. S si l qu trnh bay hi xy ra khng phi ch mt thong ca cht lng m c trong lng cht lng. Di p sut ngoi xc nh, cht
Phn bit c hi kh v hi bo [Thng hiu] ho. Hi bo ha l hi trng thi cn bng ng vi cht lng ca n. Hi kh l hi c p sut thp hn p sut hi bo ha cng nhit . Hi kh tun theo nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t. Vi cng mt cht lng, p sut hi bo ha ph 143
lng si nhit m ti p sut hi bo ha ca cht lng bng p sut ngoi tc dng ln mt thong ca khi cht lng. Trong qu trnh Hi bo ho khng tun theo nh lut Bi-l si, nhit ca khi cht lng Ma-ri-t. p sut hi bo ho khng ph thuc th khng i. tch hi, m ch ph thuc bn cht v nhit ca cht lng bay hi. thuc vo nhit . Khi nhit tng th p sut hi bo ha cng tng. cng mt iu kin, p sut hi bo ha ca cc cht khc nhau th khc nhau. 2 Vit c cng thc tnh nhit ho [Thng hiu] hi : Q = Lm. Cng thc tnh nhit ho hi l: Q = Lm. trong , L l nhit ha hi ring ca cht, l nhit lng cn truyn cho mt n v khi lng cht lng mt nhit xc nh n ha hi hon ton. Nhit ho hi c n v l J/kg. Nhit ho hi cng ph thuc bn cht cht lng v vo nhit m khi lng bay hi.
[Vn dng] Vn dng c cc cng thc tnh Bit cch tnh nhit ho hi v cc i lng trong nhit ho hi gii bi ton v s cng thc tnh nhit ho hi. chuyn th ca cht.
3 Pht biu c nh ngha v [Nhn bit] m tuyt i, m t i, m Ngi ta gi m tuyt i a ca khng kh l i lng c gi tr bng khi lng hi nc tnh cc i ca khng kh. 3 ra gam cha trong 1 m khng kh. n v ca Khng kh cng m th m t i ca n cng cao. C th o m ca khng kh bng cc loi m k.
m tuyt i l gam trn mt khi (g/m ).

m cc i A ca khng kh mt nhit no l i lng c gi tr bng khi lng tnh 144
m t i cn gi l m tng i.
ra gam ca hi nc bo ho cha trong 1 m3 khng kh nhit y. n v ca m cc i l gam trn mt khi (g/m ) m t i f ca khng kh l i lng o bng t s phn trm gia m tuyt i a v m cc i A ca khng kh cng nhit : a f = .100% A 4 Gii thch c cc qu trnh bay [Vn dng] hi v ngng t da trn chuyn Trong qu trnh bay hi, cc phn t mt ng nhit ca phn t. thong ca cht lng c ng nng ln thng c lc ht gia cc phn t cht lng vi nhau v c vn tc hng ra pha ngoi mt thong, s bt ra khi mt thong v tr thnh phn t hi ca cht . Vy s bay hi l s ho hi xy ra trn b mt cht lng. Trong qu trnh ngng t, cc phn t hi pha trn mt thong chuyn ng hn lon. C nhng phn t sau va chm c chiu chuyn ng hng v pha mt thong v tr thnh phn t trong khi cht lng. 5 Gii thch c trng thi hi bo [Vn dng] ho da trn s cn bng ng Qua mt thong khi lng, lun c hai qu trnh gia bay hi v ngng t. ngc nhau: qu trnh phn t bay ra (s ho hi) v qu trnh phn t bay vo (s ngng t). Khi s phn t bay ra bng s phn t bay vo th ta c s 145
3
cn bng ng. Hi bo ho l hi trng thi cn bng ng vi cht lng ca n. 6
m t i ca khng kh cng nh, Nu c nh hng ca m [Thng hiu] s bay hi qua lp da cng nhanh, khng kh i vi sc kho con Nhng nh hng ca m l: thn ngi cng d b lnh. m ngi, i sng ng, thc vt v m nh hng n bn vt liu. cao qu li gip cho nm mc pht cht lng hng ho. m nh hng n bo qun thc phm v trin. nng sn v hng ho. m t i cao hn 80% to iu m nh hng n sc khe con ngi v kin cho cy ci pht trin, nhng li d lm m mc, h hng cc my v ng vt. dng c quang hc, in t, c kh, kh ti qun s, lng thc, thc phm trong cc kho cha. chng m, ngi ta phi thc hin nhiu bin php nh dng cht ht m, sy nng, thng gi, bi du m ln cc chi tit my bng kim loi, ph lp cht do ln cc bn mch in t... 8. Thc hnh: XC NH H S CNG B MT CA CHT LNG Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh
Stt
1
Ghi ch
Chn 1 trong 2 phng n thc hin.
Xc nh c lc cng mt [Thng hiu] ngoi bng th nghim Hiu c c s l thuyt:

Phng n 1
146
Lp c mi lin h gia lc cng b mt vi khi lng gia trng. T rt ra biu thc tnh h s cng b mt.
Phng n 2
Xc nh c cc lc tc dng ln vng nhm, t rt ra c biu thc xc nh h s cng b mt ca nc.
[Vn dng]
Phng n 1
- Bit s dng cn n. - Lp rp c th nghim theo s .

Phng n 2
- Bit s dng thc kp o ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca vng nhm. - Bit cch s dng lc k. - Lp rp c th nghim theo s . Bit cch tin hnh th nghim:
Phng n 1
- Mc thm cc gia trng cho n khi cn tr li v tr cn bng, ghi li khi lng phn gia trng mc thm. - Ghi s liu vo bng.
Phng n 2
- H thp dn mc nc trong bnh th 2. - c gi tr cc i s ch ca lc k. Bit tnh ton cc s liu thu c t th nghim a ra kt qu: - Tnh c h s cng b mt t s liu o c. 147
- Tnh sai s . - Nhn xt c cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai s.
148
Chng VIII : C S CA NHIT NG LC HC

CH MC CN T GHI CH
Kin thc
a) Ni nng v s bin Nu c ni nng gm ng nng ca cc ht (nguyn t, phn t) v th nng i ni nng. tng tc gia chng. Nu c ni nng ca mt vt ph thuc vo nhit v th tch ca vt . b) Cc nguyn l ca Nu c v d v hai cch lm thay i ni nng. Nhit ng lc hc. Pht biu c nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc. Vit c h thc ca nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc. Nu c tn, n v v quy c v du ca cc i lng trong h thc ny. Pht biu c nguyn l II Nhit ng lc hc.
K nng
Vn dng c mi quan h gia ni nng vi nhit v th tch gii thch mt s hin tng c lin quan. Gii thch c s chuyn ho nng lng trong ng c nhit v my lnh. Gii c bi tp vn dng nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc.
149
2. Hng dn thc hin 1. NGUYN L I NHIT NG LC HC Stt

1
Ghi ch
Nu c ni nng gm ng nng [Thng hiu] ca cc ht (nguyn t, phn t) v Ni nng l dng nng lng bn trong ca h, n ch ph th nng tng tc gia chng. thuc vo trng thi ca h. Ni nng bao gm tng ng nng chuyn ng nhit ca cc phn t cu to nn h v th nng tng tc gia cc phn t . Nu c ni nng ca mt vt ph [Thng hiu] thuc vo nhit v th tch ca Ni nng ph thuc vo ng nng ca cc phn t, ng vt . nng ca phn t tng theo vn tc ca chng, m vn tc ca cc phn t cng ln th nhit ca khi cht cng ln. V vy, ni nng ca vt ph thuc vo nhit ca vt. Th nng tng tc gia cc phn t ph thuc vo khong cch gia chng. Khi th tch ca khi kh thay i th khong cch gia cc phn t cng thay i. Nh vy ni nng ca phn t cng ph thuc vo th tch ca khi kh.
Nu c v d v hai cch lm thay [Thng hiu] i ni nng. Khi bm xe p bng bm tay, ta thy bm b nng ln. iu chng t khng kh trong bm nng ln, ngha l ni nng ca khng kh bin thin do ta thc hin cng. Khi ta c xt ming kim loi trn mt bn (thc hin cng 150
c hc), ming kim loi nng ln. Ni nng ca ming kim loi thay i do thc hin cng. C th lm cho khng kh trong bm nng ln bng cch h nng thn bm v lm cho ming kim loi nng ln bng cch th n vo nc nng. Khi ni nng ca khng kh hay ming kim loi tng ln khng do thc hin cng m do truyn nhit lng. 4 Pht biu c nguyn l I ca Nhit [Thng hiu] ng lc hc. Nguyn l I nhit ng lc hc : bin thin ni nng Vit c h thc ca nguyn l I U ca h bng tng i s nhit lng Q v cng A m ca Nhit ng lc hc. h nhn c. Nu c tn, n v v quy c v U = A +Q. du ca cc i lng trong h thc Nu Q > 0, th h nhn nhit lng. Nu Q < 0, th h ny. nh nhit lng. Nu A > 0, th h nhn cng. Nu A < 0, th h sinh cng. n v ca cc i lng U, A, Q l jun (J).
2. P DNG NGUYN L I NHIT NG LC HC CHO KH L TNG Stt

1
Ghi ch
Chu trnh l mt qu trnh m trng thi cui trng vi trng thi u.
Vn dng c mi quan h gia [Vn dng] ni nng vi nhit v th tch Gii thch cc qu trnh trong chu trnh ca kh l tng. gii thch mt s hin tng c Qu trnh ng tch (A = 0) : Q = U. lin quan. Qu trnh ng p: Q = U + A. Qu trnh ng nhit (U=0) : Q = A = A. 151
Trong cc cng thc trn, Q l nhit lng h nhn c, U l tng ni nng ca h, A l cng m h sinh ra, A l cng h nhn vo. Vi mt chu trnh v U = 0 nn Q = A =A (cng sinh ra) : Tng i s nhit lng m h nhn c trong c chu trnh chuyn ht thnh cng m h sinh ra trong chu trnh . Gii c bi tp vn dng nguyn Bit cch tnh cng v nhit lng trong cc qu trnh l I ca Nhit ng lc hc. nhit v c chu trnh ca cht kh l tng.
3. NGUYN TC HOT NG CA NG C NHIT V MY LNH. NGUYN L II NHIT NG LC HC Stt

1
Ghi ch
Pht biu c nguyn l II ca [Thng hiu] Nhit ng lc hc. Nhit khng t n truyn t mt vt sang vt khc nng hn. Khng th thc hin c ng c vnh cu loi hai. Ni cch khc, ng c nhit khng th bin i ton b nhit lng nhn c thnh ra cng.
Gii thch c s chuyn ho [Vn dng] ng c nhit l thit b nng lng trong ng c nhit v Gii thch s chuyn ho nng lng trong ng c nhit bin i nhit lng sang my lnh. cng. v my lnh: My lnh l mt thit b ng c nhit, tc nhn nhn nhit Q1 t ngun nng, dng ly nhit t mt bin mt phn thnh cng A v to phn nhit lng Q2 cho vt ny truyn sang vt ngun lnh. khc nng hn nh nhn my lnh, tc nhn nhn cng A v nhn nhit Q2 t cng t cc vt ngoi. 152
ngun lnh, v truyn nhit Q1 cho ngun nng.
Hiu nng ca my lnh bng t s gia lng nhit nhn t ngun lnh Q2 v cng tiu th A. =
Q2 A
Hiu sut ca ng c : nhit A ' Q1 Q 2 . H= = Q1 Q1
H max =
T1 T2 . T1
Hiu nng ca my lnh : =
Q2 Q2 . = A Q1 Q 2
max =
T2 . T1 T2
153
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Chng trnh gio dc ph thng mn Vt l. B Gio dc v o to. 2. Vt l 10. Lng Duyn Bnh (Tng ch bin kim Ch bin). Nh xut bn Gio dc Vit Nam. 3. Vt l lp 10, sch gio vin. Lng Duyn Bnh (Tng ch bin kim Ch bin). Nh xut bn Gio dc Vit Nam. 4. Vt l 10 Nng cao. Nguyn Th Khi (Tng ch bin). Nh xut bn Gio dc Vit Nam. 5. Vt l lp 10 Nng cao, sch gio vin. Nguyn Th Khi (Tng ch bin). Nh xut bn Gio dc Vit Nam. 6. Ti liu Bi dng gio vin mn Vt l lp 10. Nhiu tc gi.
154
MC LC
155
Chu trch nhim xut bn : Ch tch HQT kim Tng Gim c NG TRN I Ph Tng Gim c kim Tng bin tp NGUYN QU THAO T chc bn tho v chu trch nhim ni dung : ... ... Bin tp ni dung v sa bn in : PHM TH NGC THNG Thit k sch v bin tp k thut : KIU NGUYT VIN Trnh by ba : LU CH NG Ch bn : CNG TY C PHN THIT K V PHT HNH SCH GIO DC
HNG DN THC HIN CHUN KIN THC, K NNG MN VT L LP 10 (CHNG TRNH CHUN V NNG CAO) M s : In ............... cun, kh 29 20,5 cm, ti ......................................... S in : ............. S xut bn : ....................................... In xong v np lu chiu thng ..... nm 2010.
156

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b gio d c v o t o

hng dn thc hin

Nh xut bn gio dc vit nam

h c trong Chng trnh Gio d c ph thng.

gi i thi u chung v chu n ki n th c, k nng c a chng trnh gio d c ph thng

II - Chun kin thc, k nng ca Chng trnh Gio dc ph thng

III - Cc mc v kin thc, k nng

CHNG TRNH CHUN

GHI CH Vn tc l mt i lng vect.

2. Hng dn thc hin 1. CHUYN NG C Stt

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN

Nu c chuyn ng c l g. [Thng hiu]

2. CHUYN NG THNG U Stt

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN [Thng hiu]

Nu c c im ca vect gia [Thng hiu]

V vn tc l i lng vect nn gia tc cng l i lng vect.

v vn dng c cc cng thc n y.

1 2 at . 2 v cng thc lin h gia gia tc, vn tc v qung ng i c: v2 v02 = 2as

Vn dng c cc cng thc : s = v0t +

th vn tc thi gian l mt on thng ct trc

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN [Thng hiu]

v = gt v cng thc tnh qung ng i c ca vt ri t do l s=

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN

Ghi ch V d: Mt im trn cnh qut ng c in (chy vi tc n nh) l

chuyn ng trn u...

t Tc gc ca chuyn ng trn u l mt i lng khng i. =

6. TNH TNG I CA CHUYN NG. CNG THC CNG VN TC Stt

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN [Thng hiu]

7. SAI S CA PHP O CC I LNG VT L Stt

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN

A i = A A i Sai s tuyt i trung bnh (sai s ngu nhin) ca n ln o l A = A1 + A 2 + ... + A n n

8. Thc hnh: KHO ST CHUYN NG RI T DO. XC NH GIA TC RI T DO Stt

Chun KT,KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT,KN

- o thi gian ri nhiu ln ng vi cng qung ng ri. - Ghi chp cc s liu.

- Lp bng quan h gia s v t2. - V th biu din quan h s v t2. - Tnh g =

2s v g , g theo cng thc : t2

- V th s (t) v s (t2). - Nhn xt c kt qu th nghim v cc nguyn nhn gy ra sai s .

Chng II. NG LC HC CHT IM

lp 10, trng lc tc dng ln vt c hiu gn ng l lc hp dn ca Tri t tc dng ln vt.

ln vt v vit c cng thc F ht =

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN

2. BA NH LUT NIU-TN Stt

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN [Thng hiu]

Nu c cc c im ca phn [Thng hiu] lc v lc tc dng. Lc v phn lc c nhng c im sau :

3. LC HP DN. NH LUT VN VT HP DN Stt

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN

iu kin p dng h thc cho cc vt thng thng :

vi R l bn knh Tri t, h l cao ca vt so vi mt t. Nu vt gn mt t (h << R) th : g

im t ca trng lc l trng tm ca vt.

4. LC N HI CA L XO. NH LUT HC Stt

Chun KT, KN quy nh trong chng trnh

Mc th hin c th ca chun KT, KN