B gio dc v o to

Chng trnh gio dc ph thng Mn Vt l (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 16/2006/Q-BGDT ngy 05 thng 5 nm 2006 ca B trng B Gio dc v o to)

B gio dc v o to

cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam c lp T do Hnh phc

Chng trnh gio dc ph thng Mn Vt l (Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh s 16/2006/Q-BGDT ngy 05 thng 5 nm 2006 ca B trng B Gio dc v o to)

3512006/CXB/19699/GD 2

M s : PGB23B6

Li ni u
i mi gio dc ph thng theo Ngh quyt s 40/2000/QH10 ca Quc hi l mt qu trnh i mi v nhiu lnh vc ca gio dc m tm im ca qu trnh ny l i mi chng trnh gio dc t Tiu hc ti Trung hc ph thng. Qu trnh trin khai chnh thc chng trnh gio dc Tiu hc, Trung hc c s v th im Trung hc ph thng cho thy c mt s vn cn c tip tc iu chnh hon thin. Lut Gio dc nm 2005 quy nh v chng trnh gio dc ph thng vi cch hiu y v ph hp vi xu th chung ca th gii. Do vy, chng trnh gio dc ph thng cn phi tip tc c iu chnh hon thin v t chc li theo quy nh ca Lut Gio dc. T thng 12 nm 2003, B Gio dc v o to t chc hon thin b Chng trnh gio dc ph thng vi s tham gia ca ng o cc nh khoa hc, nh s phm, cn b qun l gio dc v gio vin ang ging dy ti cc nh trng. Hi ng Quc gia thm nh Chng trnh gio dc ph thng c thnh lp v dnh nhiu thi gian xem xt, thm nh cc chng trnh. B Chng trnh gio dc ph thng c ban hnh ln ny l kt qu ca s iu chnh, hon thin, t chc li cc chng trnh c ban hnh trc y, lm cn c cho vic qun l, ch o v t chc dy hc tt c cc cp hc, trng hc trn phm vi c nc. B Chng trnh gio dc ph thng bao gm : 1. Nhng vn chung ; 2. Chng trnh chun ca 23 mn hc v hot ng gio dc ; 3. Chng trnh cc cp hc : Chng trnh Tiu hc, Chng trnh Trung hc c s, Chng trnh Trung hc ph thng. i vi 8 mn hc c ni dung nng cao (Ton, Vt l, Ho hc, Sinh hc, Ng vn, Lch s, a l, Ngoi ng), ngoi chng trnh chun cn c chng trnh nng cao ca cc mn hc ny cp Trung hc ph thng. Chng trnh nng cao ca 8 mn hc ny c trnh by trong vn bn chng trnh cp Trung hc ph thng. Nhn dp ny, B Gio dc v o to xin trn trng cm n cc nh khoa hc, nh s phm, nh gio v cn b qun l gio dc tham gia tch cc vo qu trnh bin son, hon thin cc chng trnh. B Gio dc v o to xin by t s cm n ti cc c quan, cc t chc v nhng c nhn ng gp nhiu kin qu bu cho vic hon thin b Chng trnh gio dc ph thng ny.

Mc lc
Trang Li ni u..........................................................................................................................................................3 I V tr ..............................................................................................................................................................5 II Mc tiu .......................................................................................................................................................5 III Quan im xy dng v pht trin chng trnh ........................................................................................7 IV Ni dung.....................................................................................................................................................8 A. Mch ni dung ......................................................................................................................................8 B. K hoch dy hc ................................................................................................................................10 C. Ni dung dy hc tng lp ..................................................................................................................13 V Gii thch - Hng dn ..............................................................................................................................24 VI Chun kin thc, k nng..........................................................................................................................28

Chng trnh mn vt l

i v tr
1. Vt l hc l c s ca nhiu ngnh k thut v cng ngh quan trng. S pht trin ca khoa hc Vt l gn b cht ch v c tc ng qua li, trc tip vi s tin b ca khoa hc, k thut v cng ngh. V vy, nhng hiu bit v nhn thc v Vt l c gi tr to ln trong i sng v sn xut, c bit trong cng cuc cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc. 2. Mn Vt l c vai tr quan trng trong vic thc hin cc mc tiu ca Gio dc Ph thng. Vic ging dy mn Vt l c nhim v cung cp cho hc sinh mt h thng kin thc vt l c bn trnh ph thng, bc u hnh thnh cho hc sinh nhng k nng v thi quen lm vic khoa hc ; gp phn to ra h cc nng lc nhn thc, nng lc hnh ng v cc phm cht v nhn cch m mc tiu gio dc ra ; chun b cho hc sinh tip tc tham gia lao ng sn xut, c th thch ng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, hc ngh, trung cp chuyn nghip hoc i hc. Mn Vt l c nhng kh nng to ln trong vic rn luyn cho hc sinh t duy lgic v t duy bin chng, hnh thnh h nim tin v bn cht khoa hc ca cc hin tng t nhin cng nh kh nng nhn thc ca con ngi, kh nng ng dng khoa hc y mnh sn xut, ci thin i sng. Mn Vt l c mi quan h gn b cht ch, qua li vi cc mn hc khc nh Ton hc, Cng ngh, Ho hc, Sinh hc...

ii mc tiu
Mn Vt l nh trng ph thng nhm gip hc sinh : 1. V kin thc t c mt h thng kin thc vt l ph thng, c bn v ph hp vi nhng quan im hin i, bao gm : a) Cc khi nim v cc s vt, hin tng v qu trnh vt l thng gp trong i sng v sn xut. 5

b) Cc i lng, cc nh lut v nguyn l vt l c bn. c) Nhng ni dung chnh ca mt s thuyt vt l quan trng nht. d) Nhng ng dng ph bin ca Vt l trong i sng v trong sn xut. e) Cc phng php chung ca nhn thc khoa hc v nhng phng php c th ca Vt l, trc ht l phng php thc nghim v phng php m hnh. 2. V k nng a) Bit quan st cc hin tng v qu trnh vt l trong t nhin, trong i sng hng ngy hoc trong cc th nghim ; bit iu tra, su tm, tra cu ti liu t cc ngun khc nhau thu thp thng tin cn thit cho vic hc tp mn Vt l. b) S dng c cc dng c o ph bin ca Vt l ; bit lp rp v tin hnh cc th nghim vt l n gin. c) Bit phn tch, tng hp v x l cc thng tin thu c rt ra kt lun, ra cc d on n gin v cc mi quan h hay v bn cht ca cc hin tng hoc qu trnh vt l, cng nh xut phng n th nghim kim tra d on ra. d) Vn dng c kin thc m t v gii thch cc hin tng v qu trnh vt l, gii cc bi tp vt l v gii quyt cc vn n gin trong i sng v sn xut mc ph thng. e) S dng c cc thut ng vt l, cc biu, bng, th trnh by r rng, chnh xc nhng hiu bit, cng nh nhng kt qu thu c qua thu thp v x l thng tin. 3. V thi a) C hng th hc Vt l, yu thch tm ti khoa hc ; trn trng i vi nhng ng gp ca Vt l cho s tin b ca x hi v i vi cng lao ca cc nh khoa hc. b) C thi khch quan, trung thc ; c tc phong t m, cn thn, chnh xc v c tinh thn hp tc trong vic hc tp mn Vt l, cng nh trong vic p dng cc hiu bit t c. c) C thc vn dng nhng hiu bit vt l vo i sng nhm ci thin iu kin sng, hc tp cng nh bo v v gi gn mi trng sng t nhin. 6

iiI quan im xy dng v pht trin chng trnh

1. Cc kin thc c la chn a vo chng trnh ch yu l nhng kin thc ca Vt l hc c in. l nhng kin thc ph thng v c bn, cn thit cho vic nhn thc ng cc hin tng t nhin, cho cuc sng hng ngy v cho vic lao ng trong nhiu ngnh k thut. Chng trnh cng cp ti mt s kin thc ca Vt l hc hin i c lin quan ti nhiu dng c v thit b k thut hin ang c s dng ph bin trong cuc sng v sn xut. Chng trnh coi trng kin thc v cc phng php nhn thc c th ca Vt l hc nh phng php thc nghim, phng php m hnh. 2. Ni dung kin thc m chng trnh quy nh phi c trnh by mt cch tinh gin trong cc ti liu dy hc v thi lng dnh cho vic dy hc phi ph hp vi kh nng tip thu ca hc sinh. Khi lng kin thc v k nng ca mi tit hc cn c la chn cn i vi vic thc hin cc nhim v ca dy hc Vt l, c bit l vi vic t chc cc hot ng hc tp tch cc, t lc v a dng ca hc sinh. 3. Cc kin thc ca chng trnh c cu trc theo h thng xoy c, trong kin thc ca cng mt phn mn c la chn v phn chia dy v hc cc lp khc nhau, nhng m bo khng trng lp, m lun c s k tha v pht trin t lp di ln lp trn, t cp hc di ln cp hc trn v c s phi hp cht ch vi cc mn hc khc. lp 6 v 7, cc kin thc c trnh by ch yu theo cch kho st hin tng lun. T lp 8 tr ln, ngoi cch kho st hin tng lun, cc kin thc cn c trnh by theo quan im nng lng v theo c ch vi m. 4. Chng trnh coi trng nhng yu cu i vi vic rn luyn v pht trin cc k nng cho hc sinh, nh nu trong mc tiu. 5. Chng trnh m bo t l phn trm i vi cc loi tit hc nh : i vi Trung hc c s : S tit hc l thuyt, kt hp vi th nghim do hc sinh tin hnh v bi tp vn dng, chim khong t 60% n 70% ; S tit bi tp chim khong t 5% n 10% ; 7

 S tit thc hnh chim khong t 5% n 10% ; S tit n tp, tng kt chim khong t 5% n 10% ; S tit kim tra chim khong 5% n 10% ; i vi Trung hc ph thng : S tit hc l thuyt chim khong t 60% n 70%, trong c 30% s tit hc l thuyt kt hp vi th nghim ; S tit bi tp chim khong t 15% n 20% ; S tit thc hnh chim khong t 5% n 10% ; S tit n tp, tng kt chim khong 5% n 10% ; S tit kim tra chim khong 5% n 10%.

iv ni dung
a. mch ni dung 1. Tiu hc, hc sinh bc u tm hiu mt s ni dung vt l sau y : a) V C hc : c lng v o di ; c lng khi lng v cn ; tnh din tch, th tch ; vai tr ca m, s pht v lan truyn m ; o thi gian ; khi nim ban u v tc , mi quan h gia tc , thi gian chuyn ng v qung ng i c ; s dng nng lng gi, nc. b) V Nhit hc : Cm gic nng, lnh ; tnh cht v s chuyn th ca nc, tnh cht ca khng kh ; nhit , nhit k, ngun nhit, vt liu dn nhit, cch nhit, vai tr ca nhit. c) V in hc : Lp mch in thp sng bng n ; s dng nng lng in ; an ton v tit kim in. d) V Quang hc : Ngun sng ; nh sng v s nhn thy ; vt cho v khng cho nh sng truyn qua ; bng ti. e) V Thin vn : Tri t v h Mt Tri, bu tri, Mt Trng v cc v sao ; chuyn ng ca Tri t ; hin tng nng, ma, gi ; ngy, m, thng, nm, ma. 8

2. Bng phn b ni dung cho cc lp ca Trung hc c s v Trung hc ph thng

Phn mn Ch Lp 6 Lp 7 Lp 8 Lp 9 Lp 10 Lp 11 Lp 12

1. c hc

1. ng hc v ng lc hc cht im 2. Tnh hc 3. C hc vt rn 4. p sut cht lng, cht kh 5. C nng. Cc my c. Cc nh lut bo ton 6. Dao ng c, sng c. m hc

* *

* * *

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

* * * * * * *

* * * *

2. Nhit hc

1. Nhit . Ni nng. Nhit lng 2. ng hc phn t cc cht 3. Tnh cht nhit ca cht rn, cht lng, cht kh. S chuyn th 4. Nhit ng lc hc. Cc my nhit

3. In hc

1. in tch, in trng, nng lng in trng 2. Dng in khng i. in nng 3. Dng in trong cc mi trng 4. T trng. Nng lng t trng 5. Cm ng in t. Cc my in 6. Dao ng in t, dng in xoay chiu. in t trng. Sng in t

* *

4. quang hc

1. S truyn nh sng 2. Cc dng c quang 3. Sng nh sng 4. Lng t nh sng

* *

* *

* * * * * *

5. Phn ng ht nhn

1. Lc ht nhn. Nng lng lin kt ht nhn 2. Phn ng ht nhn. Phng x 3. Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn 4. T vi m n v m

Ch thch :

Nhng kin thc v cu to nguyn t v ht nhn c hc mn Ho hc, lp 10. ti T vi m n v m c a vo cui lp 12 nh mt tng quan v th gii vt l.

b. k hoch dy hc Trong cc bng di y ghi tng s tit dnh cho dy hc tng ch , bao gm cc tit dy hc l thuyt, bi tp, luyn tp, thc hnh, n tp, tng kt v kim tra theo t l nu mc III 5. Vic bin son sch gio khoa, vic ch o dy hc cn m bo t l phn chia ny. 1. Trung hc c s : Thi lng mi tit l 45 pht. a) Lp 6 : 1 tit/ tun 35 tun = 35 tit Ch 1. C hc 2. Nhit hc S tit 20 15

b) Lp 7 : 1 tit/ tun 35 tun = 35 tit Ch 1. Quang hc 2. m hc 3. in hc S tit 9 9 17

10

c) Lp 8 : 1 tit/ tun 35 tun = 35 tit Ch 1. C hc 2. Nhit hc d) Lp 9 : 2 tit/ tun 35 tun = 70 tit Ch 1. Dng in 2. T trng v cm ng in t 3. Quang hc 4. S chuyn ho v bo ton nng lng 2. Trung hc ph thng : Thi lng mi tit l 45 pht. a) Lp 10 : 2 tit/tun 35 tun = 70 tit Ch 1. ng hc cht im 2. ng lc hc cht im 3. Cn bng v chuyn ng ca vt rn 4. Cc nh lut bo ton 5. Cht kh 6. C s ca nhit ng lc hc 7. Cht rn v cht lng. S chuyn th S tit 15 12 11 11 6 5 10 11 S tit 21 20 21 8 S tit 21 14

b) Lp 11 : 2 tit/ tun 35 tun = 70 tit Ch 1. in tch. in trng 2. Dng in khng i 3. Dng in trong cc mi trng 4. T trng 5. Cm ng in t 6. Khc x nh sng 7. Mt. Cc dng c quang c) Lp 12 : 2 tit/ tun 35 tun = 70 tit Ch 1. Dao ng c 2. Sng c 3. Dng in xoay chiu 4. Dao ng v sng in t 5. Sng nh sng 6. Lng t nh sng 7. Phn ng ht nhn 8. T vi m n v m S tit 10 9 14 7 10 9 8 3 S tit 9 13 12 12 6 5 13

12

C. ni dung dy hc tng lp

Lp 6

(1 tit / tun 35 tun = 35 tit) Chng I : C hc o di. o th tch. Khi lng. o khi lng. Khi nim lc. Hai lc cn bng tc dng ln vt ng yn. Trng lc (trng lng). n v lc. Lc n hi. o lc. Khi lng ring. Trng lng ring. My c n gin : n by, mt phng nghing, rng rc. Thc hnh : Xc nh khi lng ring ca mt cht. Chng II : Nhit hc S n v nhit. Cc loi nhit k thng dng. Thang o nhit . S nng chy. S ng c. S bay hi. S ngng t. S si. Thc hnh : o nhit . 13

Lp 7

(1 tit / tun 35 tun = 35 tit) Chng I : Quang hc Ngun sng. S truyn thng ca nh sng. Tia sng. Chm sng. Nht thc v nguyt thc. Hin tng phn x nh sng. nh lut phn x nh sng. nh ca mt vt to bi gng phng. Gng cu. Thc hnh : Xc nh nh ca mt vt to bi gng phng. Chng II : m hc Ngun m. cao, to ca m. Mi trng truyn m. Phn x m. Ting vang. Chng nhim do ting n. Chng III : in hc S nhim in do c xt. Hai loi in tch. S lc v cu to nguyn t. Dng in. Ngun in. S mch in. Vt liu dn in v cch in. S lc v dng in trong kim loi. Cc tc dng ca dng in. Cng dng in. o cng dng in. Hiu in th. o hiu in th. Cng dng in v hiu in th i vi on mch ni tip v on mch song song. 14

An ton khi s dng in. Thc hnh : o cng dng in v hiu in th i vi on mch ni tip v on mch song song.

Lp 8

(1 tit / tun 35 tun = 35 tit) Chng I : C hc Chuyn ng c. Cc dng chuyn ng c. Tnh tng i ca chuyn ng c. Tc ca chuyn ng. Chuyn ng u. Chuyn ng khng u. Tc trung bnh. Tc dng ca lc lm bin i chuyn ng. Biu din lc bng on thng c hng. Cn bng lc. Qun tnh. Lc ma st. ngha ca lc ma st. p sut. p sut cht lng. p sut kh quyn. Bnh thng nhau. My nn thu lc. Lc y c-si-mt. Vt ni, vt chm. Cng ca lc. Cng sut. C nng. ng nng. Th nng do trng lc. Th nng do lc n hi. nh lut bo ton c nng. Thc hnh : Nghim li lc y c-si-mt.

15

Chng II : Nhit hc Cu to phn t ca cc cht. Nhit v chuyn ng phn t. Nhit nng. Nhit lng. Cc cch truyn nhit (dn nhit, i lu, bc x nhit). Cng thc tnh nhit lng. Phng trnh cn bng nhit. Thc hnh : Xc nh nhit lng trao i gia hai vt.

Lp 9

(2 tit/ tun 35 tun = 70 tit) Chng I : Dng in nh lut m. in tr ca dy dn. in tr ca on mch ni tip, on mch song song. in tr ca dy dn ph thuc vo di, tit din v vt liu dy dn. Bin tr. Cng ca dng in. in nng tiu th. Cng sut ca dng in. nh lut Jun Len-x. S dng an ton in v tit kim in nng. Thc hnh : Xc nh in tr ca mt dy dn bng ampe k v vn k. Xc nh cng sut ca mt dng c in. Kim nghim nh lut Jun Len-x. 16

Chng II : T trng v cm ng in t Nam chm vnh cu. Nam chm in. T trng. T ph. ng sc t. Quy tc nm tay phi. Lc t. Quy tc bn tay tri. ng c in. Hin tng cm ng in t. My pht in. S lc v dng in xoay chiu. My bin p. Truyn ti in nng i xa. Thc hnh : Ch to kim la bn. Kim nghim t tnh ca ng dy c dng in chy qua. Vn hnh my pht in v my bin p n gin. Chng III : Quang hc Hin tng khc x nh sng. Thu knh hi t. nh ca mt vt to bi thu knh hi t. Thu knh phn k. nh ca mt vt to bi thu knh phn k. My nh dng phim. Mt. Mt cn. Mt lo. Knh lp. Phn tch nh sng trng. nh sng mu. Lc nh sng mu. Trn nh sng mu. Mu sc cc vt. Cc tc dng ca nh sng. 17

Thc hnh : Xc nh tiu c ca thu knh hi t. Phn tch nh sng v trn nh sng mu. Chng IV : S chuyn ho v bo ton nng lng S chuyn ho cc dng nng lng. nh lut bo ton nng lng. Vic khai thc v s dng hp l, tit kim nng lng. ng c nhit. Nng sut to nhit ca nhin liu. Hiu sut ca ng c nhit. Cc loi my pht in.
Lp 10

(2 tit/tun 35 tun = 70 tit) Chng I : ng hc cht im Chuyn ng ca cht im. H quy chiu. Phng trnh v th ca chuyn ng thng u. Chuyn ng thng bin i u. Vn tc tc thi. Gia tc. Phng trnh v th ca chuyn ng thng bin i u. S ri t do. Chuyn ng trn. Tc gc. Chuyn ng trn u. Chu k. Tn s. Gia tc hng tm. Tnh tng i ca chuyn ng. Cng vn tc. Sai s ca php o vt l. Thc hnh : Kho st chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u hoc s ri t do. Xc nh gia tc ca chuyn ng.

18

Chng II : ng lc hc cht im Lc. Quy tc tng hp v phn tch lc. Ba nh lut Niu-tn. Khi lng. Lc hp dn. Trng lc. Lc ma st. H s ma st. Lc n hi. nh lut Hc. Lc hng tm trong chuyn ng trn u. Thc hnh : Xc nh h s ma st trt bng th nghim. Chng III : Cn bng v chuyn ng ca vt rn Cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc khng song song. Cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc song song. Quy tc tng hp cc lc song song. Quy tc momen. Ngu lc. Chuyn ng tnh tin ca vt rn. Chuyn ng quay ca vt rn quanh mt trc c nh. Chng IV : Cc nh lut bo ton ng lng. nh lut bo ton ng lng. Chuyn ng bng phn lc. Cng. Cng sut. ng nng. Th nng. Th nng trng trng. Th nng n hi. C nng. nh lut bo ton c nng. Chng V : Cht kh Thuyt ng hc phn t cht kh. 19

Cc qu trnh ng nhit, ng tch v ng p i vi kh l tng. Phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng. Chng VI : C s ca nhit ng lc hc Ni nng v s bin i ni nng. Nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc. S lc v nguyn l II Nhit ng lc hc. Chng VII : Cht rn v cht lng. S chuyn th Cht rn kt tinh v cht rn v nh hnh. Bin dng c ca vt rn. S n v nhit ca vt rn. Cht lng. Hin tng cng b mt. Hin tng dnh t. Hin tng mao dn. S ho hi. Hi kh v hi bo ho. m ca khng kh. S chuyn th. Thc hnh : Xc nh h s cng b mt.
Lp 11

(2 tit/tun 35 tun = 70 tit) Chng I : in tch. in trng in tch. nh lut bo ton in tch. nh lut Cu-lng.

20

Thuyt lectron. in trng. Cng in trng. ng sc in. in th. Hiu in th. Lin h gia cng in trng v hiu in th. T in. Nng lng in trng trong t in. Chng II : Dng in khng i Dng in khng i. Ngun in. Sut in ng ca ngun in. S lc v pin v acquy. Cng sut ca ngun in. nh lut m i vi ton mch. Ghp cc ngun in thnh b. Thc hnh : Xc nh sut in ng v in tr trong ca mt pin. Chng III : Dng in trong cc mi trng Dng in trong kim loi. S ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit . Hin tng nhit in. Hin tng siu dn. Dng in trong cht in phn. nh lut Fa-ra-y v in phn. Dng in trong cht kh. Dng in trong chn khng. Dng in trong cht bn dn. Lp chuyn tip p n. it v trandito. Thc hnh : Kho st c tnh chnh lu ca it bn dn v c tnh khuch i ca trandito. Chng IV : T trng T trng. ng sc t. Lc t tc dng ln dng in. Cm ng t. T trng ca dng in thng di, ca dng in trn, ca dng in chy qua ng dy. 21

Lc Lo-ren-x. T trng Tri t. Chng V : Cm ng in t Hin tng cm ng in t. T thng. Sut in ng cm ng. nh lut cm ng in t. Hin tng t cm. Sut in ng t cm. t cm. Nng lng ca t trng trong lng ng dy. Chng VI : Khc x nh sng nh lut khc x nh sng. Tnh cht thun nghch ca s truyn nh sng. Hin tng phn x ton phn. Cp quang. Chng VII : Mt. Cc dng c quang Lng knh. Thu knh mng. t. Mt. Cc tt ca mt. Knh lp, knh hin vi, knh thin vn. Thc hnh : Xc nh tiu c ca thu knh phn k.
Lp 12

(2 tit/tun 35 tun = 70 tit) Chng I : Dao ng c. Sng c Dao ng iu ho ca con lc l xo. Cc i lng c trng ca dao ng iu ho. Con lc n. Dao ng tt dn. Dao ng duy tr. Dao ng cng bc. Hin tng cng hng.

22

Phng php gin Fre-nen. Tng hp cc dao ng iu ho cng phng v cng chu k. Sng c. Sng ngang. Sng dc. Cc c trng ca sng : tc sng, bc sng, tn s sng, bin sng, nng lng sng. Phng trnh sng. S giao thoa ca hai sng. Sng dng. Sng m. m thanh, siu m, h m. cao ca m. m sc. to ca m. Cng hng m. Thc hnh : Kho st quy lut dao ng ca con lc n v xc nh gia tc ri t do. Chng II : Dng in xoay chiu Dng in xoay chiu v in p xoay chiu. Cc gi tr hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu. nh lut m i vi on mch xoay chiu RLC mc ni tip. Khi nim v dung khng, cm khng, tng tr. Cng hng in. Cng sut ca dng in xoay chiu. H s cng sut. My pht in xoay chiu. ng c khng ng b ba pha. My bin p. Thc hnh : Kho st on mch xoay chiu RLC mc ni tip. Chng III : Dao ng in t. Sng in t Dao ng in t trong mch LC. in t trng. Sng in t. Cc tnh cht ca sng in t. Nguyn l pht v thu sng v tuyn in. Chng IV : Sng nh sng. Lng t nh sng Tn sc nh sng. S lc v hin tng nhiu x nh sng. Hin tng giao thoa nh sng. Cc loi quang ph. Tia hng ngoi. Tia t ngoi. Tia X. 23

Thuyt in t nh sng. Thang sng in t. Hin tng quang in ngoi. nh lut v gii hn quang in. Thuyt lng t nh sng. Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng. Hin tng quang in trong. Quang ph vch ca nguyn t hir. S pht quang. S lc v lade. Thc hnh : Xc nh bc sng nh sng lade bng phng php giao thoa. Chng V : Phn ng ht nhn Lc ht nhn. ht khi. H thc Anh-xtanh gia nng lng v khi lng. Nng lng lin kt ht nhn. Phn ng ht nhn. Nng lng ca phn ng ht nhn. S phng x. ng v phng x. nh lut phng x. Phn ng phn hch. Phn ng dy chuyn. Phn ng nhit hch. T vi m n v m : Ht s cp. H Mt Tri. Sao. Thin h.

v gii thch - hng dn

1. V phng php dy hc a) Cc phng php, hnh thc t chc dy hc Vt l nhm t c mc tiu ca b mn. Cc phng php dy hc cn pht huy tnh tch cc, t gic, ch ng, sng to ca hc sinh, bi dng phng php t hc cng nh rn luyn nng lc vn dng kin thc vo thc tin cho hc sinh.

24

b) Vic dy hc mi ch , mi bi cn khi dy hng th nhn thc ca hc sinh. t c iu ny, gio vin cn xut pht t kinh nghim, vn hiu bit v nhu cu nhn thc ca hc sinh m tm ra phng php dy hc thch hp. c) Tng cng phng php tm ti nghin cu, pht hin v gii quyt vn . To tnh hung hc sinh pht hin ra vn (thc mc, hoi nghi) v t pht biu kin, suy ngh ca mnh. Gio vin cn h tr, ng vin khuyn khch hc sinh bng cc nhn xt theo kiu phn bin, c gng hn ch vic thng bo kt qu c tnh cht p t. Bng cch , pht trin hc sinh kh nng phn tch, so snh, lp lun, kh nng ph phn nh gi. T chc cho hc sinh tho lun vi nhau trong nhm khi tm cch gii quyt vn . d) Rn luyn tng bc cho hc sinh cc k nng thc hin tin trnh khoa hc, bao gm cc k nng thu thp, x l v truyn t thng tin. Cc k nng ny dn dn phi tr thnh thi quen lm vic khoa hc ca hc sinh. e) Coi trng phng php thc nghim v phng php m hnh trong dy hc Vt l. Tng cng v tn dng mi kh nng hc sinh t lc tin hnh cc th nghim vt l n gin bng thit b v cc vt liu c sn trong phng th nghim hoc do hc sinh t tm kim. Khuyn khch hc sinh tin hnh th nghim vt l nh. f) S dng hp l hnh thc v phng php hc tp theo nhm, rn luyn cho hc sinh cch thc ng x v cng tc trong vic thc hin nhim v c giao : phn cng cng vic trong nhm ; trao i thng tin, tho lun v tranh lun, trong mnh dn nu ln v bo v kin ring cng nh cu th, tn trng kin ca ngi khc. g) T chc tham quan, to iu kin hc sinh quan st trc tip trong t nhin, i sng v k thut. h) Vi mt s ch thch hp, c th giao cho hc sinh nhng ti nghin cu nh, theo nhm ; trong hc sinh cn phi su tm, c ti liu, lm th nghim, hon thnh bo co. 2. V cc iu kin m bo vic dy hc mn Vt l t c cc mc tiu a) V chng trnh v sch gio khoa Chng trnh phi to iu kin tt cho vic p dng cc phng php dy hc nhm pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng v sng to ca hc sinh trong hc tp. iu c ngha l, chng trnh v sch gio khoa phi to ra cc iu kin gio vin tin hnh t chc cc tit hc vi vic tp trung vo cc hot ng hc tp ca hc sinh theo nh hng ny, mc cao nht c th c.

25

b) V gio vin Khi lng v mc kin thc ca chng trnh ny, v c bn, khng c nhng thay i ln so vi chng trnh Ci cch gio dc. S thay i chnh l yu cu i mi phng php dy hc. V th, gio vin c vai tr quyt nh trong vic thc hin chng trnh ny t c cc mc tiu c xc nh. Do , cn phi i mi vic o to gio vin cho nhng nm ti y v nht l trong vic bi dng i ng gio vin hin c, h thay i np dy quen thuc lu nay (trong gio vin hot ng l ch yu) v h tng bc i mi phng php dy hc (trong gio vin tp trung vo vic t chc, hng dn cho hc sinh cc hot ng hc tp t lc, tch cc v sng to). c) V thit b dy hc Cn u t kinh ph ng mc cung cp nhng c s vt cht ti thiu, cn thit cho vic ging dy ca gio vin v hc tp ca hc sinh. Cung cp cc vt liu tiu hao mt cch kp thi. Xy dng phng hc b mn. Vic dy hc Vt l phng hc b mn to iu kin thun li t chc cho cc nhm hc sinh quan st, tin hnh th nghim ngay trong gi hc, trnh c vic phi di chuyn cc thit b t phng hc ny ti phng hc khc ; to thun li cho vic bo qun cc thit b th nghim v vic s dng cc thit b dy hc khc nh my chiu, phim n chiu, vi, v tuyn truyn hnh, phng ti... C cn b chuyn trch v th nghim. Cc cn b ny phi c o to c bn c kin thc vt l ph thng tng i chc chn ; c k nng bo qun cc dng c v thit b ca phng th nghim vt l ; c kh nng sa cha nhng hng hc n gin i vi cc dng c v thit b ny ; c kh nng lp rp, b tr cc th nghim theo ng lch trnh dy hc. Xy dng danh mc cc bi hc Vt l c th ng dng cng ngh thng tin v xy dng cc phn mm dy hc tng ng km theo hng dn s dng. 3. V nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh a) Vic kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh cn cn c vo mc tiu ca b mn. Mc tiu ny c c th ho bng chun kin thc v k nng. nh gi y kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh, phi coi trng khng nhng kin thc m c k nng v, trong iu kin cho php, c thi ca h. 26

b) Cc hnh thc v phng php nh gi nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh thng qua : Cc hot ng ca hc sinh trong gi hc : pht biu, tho lun, tranh lun, lm vic theo nhm ; Kim tra ming ; Kim tra vit 15 pht, mt tit v cui hc k ; Cc bi thc hnh. c) Cc bi tp, cc kim tra v thi cn c ni dung lin quan n th nghim. d) nh gi cao kh nng vn dng kin thc v k nng ca hc sinh trong vic x l v gii quyt sng to nhng tnh hung mi hoc nhng tnh hung c t nhiu thay i. e) To iu kin hc sinh t nh gi kt qu hc tp ca mnh v cc hc sinh nh gi kt qu hc tp ln nhau. f) Phi hp kim tra bng trc nghim t lun v trc nghim khch quan. g) Thc hin vic nh gi cng khai v khch quan kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh. 4. V vic vn dng chng trnh theo vng min v cc i tng hc sinh Tu theo c im ca a phng, iu kin c s vt cht, trang thit b dy v hc v i tng hc sinh, nh trng v gio vin vt l c th vn dng chng trnh mt cch linh hot, sao cho t c y nhng mc tiu ca chng trnh (c c th ho qua chun kin thc v k nng). C th l : a) Phn b v xc nh thi lng thch hp cho vic dy v hc mi bi trong phm vi tng chng. b) C th thay i trnh t, thi lng ca mt s bi trong tng chng v nn c thng nht trong tng khi lp. c) C th a thm nhng kin thc gn vi thc tin a phng trong phn lin h, m rng. d) Gio vin cn la chn phng php dy hc ph hp vi kh nng v nhp hc tp ca hc sinh, ph hp vi iu kin c th ca nh trng. V d, nu c iu kin v thit b th nghim th nn t chc cho cc nhm hc sinh tin hnh th nghim trong gi hc, nu khng iu kin, th t nht, gio vin cng lm th nghim biu din cho hc sinh quan st. Tu theo iu kin v thit b th nghim ca trng, gio vin c th la chn v chun b phng n th nghim khc so vi phng n c 27

trnh by trong sch gio khoa. nhng phn ca bi hc c vn cn trao i, tho lun th gio vin nn t chc hc tp theo nhm. Gio vin c th la chn nhng phn ca bi hc khng qu phc tp hc sinh t c v t hc, sau cn kim tra, nh gi kt qu t hc ny. Nu iu kin cho php, gio vin c th s dng cc phn mm my tnh thch hp trong qu trnh dy hc Vt l... e) Nhng hc sinh c nng khiu hoc c nhu cu hc su hn v Vt l c khuyn khch v c to iu kin pht trin tt nng lc ca h.

VI Chun kin thc, k nng

Lp 6 : C hc
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. o di. o th tch

Ch dng cc n v hp php Kin thc Nu c mt s dng c o di, o th tch vi gii hn do Nh nc quy nh. Hc sinh phi thc hnh o o v chia nh nht ca chng. di, th tch theo ng quy trnh K nng chung ca php o, bao gm : Xc nh c gii hn o v chia nh nht ca dng c c lng c gi tr cn o ; la o di, o th tch. chn dng c o thch hp ; o Xc nh c di trong mt s tnh hung thng thng. v c gi tr o ng quy nh ; tnh gi tr trung bnh. o c th tch mt lng cht lng. Xc nh c th tch vt rn khng thm nc bng bnh chia , bnh trn. Kin thc Nu c khi lng ca mt vt cho bit lng cht to nn vt. Nu c v d v tc dng y, ko ca lc.

2. Khi lng v lc a) Khi lng b) Khi nim lc c) Lc n hi 28

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

Nu c v d v tc dng ca lc lm vt bin dng hoc e) Trng lng ring. Khi bin i chuyn ng (nhanh dn, chm dn, i hng). lng ring Nu c v d v mt s lc. d) Trng lc Nu c v d v vt ng yn di tc dng ca hai lc cn bng v ch ra c phng, chiu, mnh, yu ca hai lc . Nhn bit c lc n hi l lc ca vt b bin dng tc dng ln vt lm n bin dng. So snh c mnh, yu ca lc da vo tc dng lm bin dng nhiu hay t. Nu c n v o lc. Nu c trng lc l lc ht ca Tri t tc dng ln vt v Trung hc c s, coi trng lc ln ca n c gi l trng lng. gn ng bng lc ht ca Tri Vit c cng thc tnh trng lng P = 10m, nu c t v chp nhn mt vt Tri t c khi lng l 1kg th c ngha v n v o P, m. trng lng xp x 10N. V vy Pht biu c nh ngha khi lng ring (D), trng lng P = 10m, trong m tnh bng ring (d) v vit c cng thc tnh cc i lng ny. Nu kg, P tnh bng N. c n v o khi lng ring v o trng lng ring. Nu c cch xc nh khi lng ring ca mt cht. K nng o c khi lng bng cn. Vn dng c cng thc P = 10m. o c lc bng lc k. 29

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

Bi tp n gin l nhng bi tp m khi gii chng, ch i m P v d = gii cc hi s dng mt cng thc hoc Vn dng c cc cng thc D = V V tin hnh mt hay hai lp lun bi tp n gin. (suy lun). 3. My c n gin : mt Kin thc phng nghing, n by, Nu c cc my c n gin c trong cc vt dng v thit rng rc b thng thng.
Nu c tc dng ca my c n gin l gim lc ko hoc y vt v i hng ca lc. Nu c tc dng ny trong cc v d thc t. K nng S dng c my c n gin ph hp trong nhng trng hp thc t c th v ch r c li ch ca n.

Tra c bng khi lng ring ca cc cht.

Lp 6 : Nhit hc
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. S n v nhit

Kin thc M t c hin tng n v nhit ca cc cht rn, lng, kh. Nhn bit c cc cht khc nhau n v nhit khc nhau. Nu c v d v cc vt khi n v nhit, nu b ngn cn th gy ra lc ln.

30

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

K nng Vn dng kin thc v s n v nhit gii thch c mt s hin tng v ng dng thc t. 2. Nhit . Nhit k. Thang nhit Kin thc M t c nguyn tc cu to v cch chia ca nhit k Khng yu cu lm th nghim tin hnh chia khi ch to dng cht lng. nhit k, ch yu cu m t bng Nu c ng dng ca nhit k dng trong phng th hnh v hoc nh chp th nghim, nhit k ru v nhit k y t. nghim ny. Nhn bit c mt s nhit thng gp theo thang nhit Mt s nhit thng gp nh Xen-xi-t. nhit ca nc ang tan, nhit si ca nc, nhit K nng Xc nh c gii hn o v chia nh nht ca mi loi c th ngi, nhit phng Khng yu cu hc sinh tnh nhit k khi quan st trc tip hoc qua nh chp, hnh v. ton i t thang nhit Bit s dng cc nhit k thng thng o nhit theo ny sang thang nhit kia. ng quy trnh. Lp c bng theo di s thay i nhit ca mt vt theo thi gian. 3. S chuyn th Kin thc

Ch dng li mc m t hin tng, khng i su vo mt c M t c cc qu trnh chuyn th : s nng chy v ng ch cng nh v mt chuyn c, s bay hi v ngng t, s si. Nu c c im v nhit ho nng lng ca cc qu ca mi qu trnh ny. trnh ny.

31

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

Nu c phng php tm hiu s ph thuc ca mt hin tng ng thi vo nhiu yu t, chng hn qua vic tm hiu tc bay hi. K nng Da vo bng s liu cho, v c ng biu din s Cht rn y c hiu l cht thay i nhit trong qu trnh nng chy ca cht rn v qu rn kt tinh. trnh si. Nu c d on v cc yu t nh hng n s bay hi v xy dng c phng n th nghim n gin kim chng tc dng ca tng yu t. Vn dng c kin thc v cc qu trnh chuyn th gii thch mt s hin tng thc t c lin quan.

32

Lp 7 : Quang hc
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. S truyn thng nh sng a) iu kin nhn thy mt vt b) Ngun sng. Vt sng c) S truyn thng nh sng d)Tia sng

Hiu ngun sng l cc vt t Nhn bit c rng, ta nhn thy cc vt khi c nh sng t pht ra nh sng, vt sng l mi vt c nh sng t truyn cc vt truyn vo mt ta. n mt ta. Cc vt c cp Nu c v d v ngun sng v vt sng. trong phn Quang hc cp Pht biu c nh lut truyn thng ca nh sng. Trung hc c s u c hiu Nhn bit c ba loi chm sng : song song, hi t v l cc vt sng. Khng yu cu gii thch cc phn k. khi nim mi trng trong sut, K nng ng tnh, ng hng. Biu din c ng truyn ca nh sng (tia sng) bng Ch xt cc tia sng thng. on thng c mi tn.
Kin thc Gii thch c mt s ng dng ca nh lut truyn thng nh sng trong thc t : ngm ng thng, bng ti, nht thc, nguyt thc...

2. Phn x nh sng

Kin thc Nu c v d v hin tng phn x nh sng. Pht biu c nh lut phn x nh sng. Nhn bit c tia ti, tia phn x, gc ti, gc phn x, php tuyn i vi s phn x nh sng bi gng phng. Nu c nhng c im chung v nh ca mt vt to bi gng phng : l nh o, c kch thc bng vt, khong cch t gng n vt v nh bng nhau.

a) Hin tng phn x nh sng b) nh lut phn x nh sng c) Gng phng d) nh to bi gng phng

33

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

K nng Biu din c tia ti, tia phn x, gc ti, gc phn x, php tuyn trong s phn x nh sng bi gng phng. V c tia phn x khi bit tia ti i vi gng phng, v ngc li, theo hai cch l vn dng nh lut phn x nh sng hoc vn dng c im ca nh to bi gng phng. Dng c nh ca mt vt t trc gng phng. 3. Gng cu a) Gng cu li Kin thc Nu c nhng c im ca nh o ca mt vt to bi Khng xt n nh tht to bi gng cu lm. gng cu lm v to bi gng cu li. Nu c ng dng chnh ca gng cu li l to ra vng nhn thy rng v ng dng chnh ca gng cu lm l c th bin i mt chm tia ti song song thnh chm tia phn x tp trung vo mt im, hoc c th bin i mt chm tia ti phn k thch hp thnh mt chm tia phn x song song.

b) Gng cu lm

34

Lp 7 : M hc
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. Ngun m

Kin thc Nhn bit c mt s ngun m thng gp. Nu c ngun m l mt vt dao ng. K nng Ch ra c vt dao ng trong mt s ngun m nh trng, kng, ng so, m thoa. Kin thc Nhn bit c m cao (bng) c tn s ln, m thp (trm) c tn s nh. Nu c v d. Nhn bit c m to c bin dao ng ln, m nh c bin dao ng nh. Nu c v d.

2. cao, to ca m

3. Mi trng truyn m

Kin thc Nu c m truyn trong cc cht rn, lng, kh v khng lp 7, chn khng c hiu l khong khng gian khng c hi truyn trong chn khng. Nu c trong cc mi trng khc nhau th tc truyn hoc kh. m khc nhau. Kin thc Nu c ting vang l mt biu hin ca m phn x. Nhn bit c nhng vt cng, c b mt nhn phn x m tt v nhng vt mm, xp, c b mt g gh phn x m km. K c mt s ng dng lin quan ti s phn x m.

4. Phn x m. Ting vang

35

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

K nng Gii thch c trng hp nghe thy ting vang l do tai nghe c m phn x tch bit hn vi m pht ra trc tip t ngun. Kin thc Nu c mt s v d v nhim do ting n. K tn c mt s vt liu cch m thng dng chng nhim do ting n. K nng ra c mt s bin php chng nhim do ting n trong nhng trng hp c th. K c tn mt s vt liu cch m thng dng chng nhim do ting n.

5. Chng nhim do ting n

Lp 7 : in hc
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. Hin tng nhim in a) Hin tng nhim in do c xt b) Hai loi in tch c) S lc v cu to nguyn t

Kin thc M t c mt vi hin tng chng t vt b nhim in do Khng yu cu hc sinh nu c vt no mang in dng, c xt. Nu c hai biu hin ca cc vt nhim in l ht cc vt no mang in m trong th nghim c xt hai vt. vt khc hoc lm sng bt th in.

36

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

Nu c du hiu v tc dng lc chng t c hai loi in Khng yu cu gii thch bn cht ca hin tng nhim in tch v nu c l hai loi in tch g. Nu c s lc v cu to nguyn t : ht nhn mang in do c xt.

tch dng, cc lectron mang in tch m chuyn ng xung V d : Khi bc v nha bc ming chai nc khong th quanh ht nhn, nguyn t trung ho v in. mnh v nha c bc ra dnh K nng vo tay. Gii thch c mt s hin tng thc t lin quan ti s nhim in do c xt.
2. Dng in. Ngun in Kin thc M t c th nghim dng pin hay acquy to ra dng in v nhn bit dng in thng qua cc biu hin c th nh n bt th in sng, n pin sng, qut quay Nu c dng in l dng cc in tch dch chuyn c hng. Nu c tc dng chung ca cc ngun in l to ra dng in v k c tn cc ngun in thng dng l pin v acquy. Nhn bit c cc dng v cc m ca cc ngun in qua cc k hiu (+), () c ghi trn ngun in. K nng Mc c mt mch in kn gm pin, bng n pin, cng tc v dy ni.

37

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

3. Vt liu dn in v Kin thc vt liu cch in. Dng Nhn bit c vt liu dn in l vt liu cho dng in i in trong kim loi qua, vt liu cch in l vt liu khng cho dng in i qua. Khng yu cu hc sinh gii thch lectron t do trong kim K tn c mt s vt liu dn in v vt liu cch in loi l g. thng dng. Nu c dng in trong kim loi l dng cc lectron t do dch chuyn c hng. 4. S mch in. Kin thc Chiu dng in Nu c quy c v chiu dng in. K nng V c s ca mch in n gin c mc sn bng Mch in n gin gm ngun cc k hiu c quy c. in, mt bng n, dy dn, cng tc. Mc c mch in n gin theo s cho. Ch c chiu dng in chy trong mch in. Biu din c bng mi tn chiu dng in chy trong s mch in. 5. Cc tc dng ca dng in Kin thc K tn cc tc dng nhit, quang, t, ho, sinh l ca dng in v nu c biu hin ca tng tc dng ny. Nu c v d c th v mi tc dng ca dng in. Kin thc Nu c tc dng ca dng in cng mnh th s ch ca Khng yu cu pht biu nh ampe k cng ln, ngha l cng ca n cng ln. ngha cng dng in. Nu c n v o cng dng in l g.

6. Cng dng in

38

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

K nng S dng c ampe k o cng dng in.

Hiu in th cn c gi l 7. Hiu in th Kin thc in p. a) Hiu in th gia hai Nu c : gia hai cc ca ngun in c mt hiu in th. cc ca ngun in. Nu c : khi mch h, hiu in th gia hai cc ca pin b) Hiu in th gia hai hay acquy (cn mi) c gi tr bng s vn ghi trn v mi u dng c dng in. ngun in ny.
Nu c n v o hiu in th. Nu c khi c hiu in th gia hai u bng n th c dng in chy qua bng n. Nu c rng mt dng c in s hot ng bnh thng khi s dng n ng vi hiu in th nh mc c ghi trn dng c . K nng S dng c vn k o hiu in th gia hai cc ca pin hay acquy trong mt mch in h. S dng c ampe k o cng dng in v vn k o hiu in th gia hai u bng n trong mch in kn. 8. Cng dng in v Kin thc hiu in th i vi on Nu c mi quan h gia cc cng dng in trong mch ni tip, on mch on mch ni tip, on mch song song. song song Nu c mi quan h gia cc hiu in th trong on mch ni tip, on mch song song.

39

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

K nng Mc c hai bng n ni tip, song song v v c s Ch xt on mch gm hai bng n. tng ng. Xc nh c bng th nghim mi quan h gia cc cng dng in v hiu in th trong on mch ni tip, on mch song song. 9. An ton khi s dng Kin thc in Nu c gii hn nguy him ca hiu in th v cng dng in i vi c th ngi. K nng Nu v thc hin c mt s quy tc m bo an ton khi s dng in.

40

Lp 8 : C hc
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. Chuyn ng c Kin thc a) Chuyn ng c. Cc Nu c du hiu nhn bit chuyn ng c. Nu c Chuyn ng c l s thay i v tr theo thi gian ca mt vt dng chuyn ng c v d v chuyn ng c. so vi vt mc. b) Tnh tng i ca Nu c v d v tnh tng i ca chuyn ng c. chuyn ng c Nu c ngha ca tc l c trng cho s nhanh, chm c) Tc ca chuyn ng v nu c n v o tc . Nu c tc trung bnh l g v cch xc nh tc trung bnh. Phn bit c chuyn ng u, chuyn ng khng u da vo khi nim tc . K nng

2. Lc c a) Lc. Biu din lc b) Qun tnh ca vt c) Lc ma st

s Vn dng c cng thc v = . t Xc nh c tc trung bnh bng th nghim. Tnh c tc trung bnh ca chuyn ng khng u. Kin thc Nu c v d v tc dng ca lc lm thay i tc v hng chuyn ng ca vt. Nu c lc l i lng vect. Nu c v d v tc dng ca hai lc cn bng ln mt vt chuyn ng. Nu c qun tnh ca mt vt l g. Nu c v d v lc ma st ngh, trt, ln. 41

Ch

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Ghi ch

K nng Biu din c lc bng vect. Gii thch c mt s hin tng thng gp lin quan ti qun tnh. ra c cch lm tng ma st c li v gim ma st c hi trong mt s trng hp c th ca i sng, k thut. Kin thc 3. p sut Nu c p lc, p sut v n v o p sut l g. a) Khi nim p sut b) p sut ca cht lng. M t c hin tng chng t s tn ti ca p sut cht lng, p sut kh quyn. My nn thu lc Nu c p sut c cng tr s ti cc im cng mt c) p sut kh quyn cao trong lng mt cht lng. d) Lc y c-si-mt. Vt Nu c cc mt thong trong bnh thng nhau cha mt ni, vt chm loi cht lng ng yn th cng mt cao. M t c cu to ca my nn thu lc v nu c Khng yu cu tnh ton nh nguyn tc hot ng ca my ny l truyn nguyn vn lng i vi my nn thu lc. tng p sut ti mi ni trong cht lng. M t c hin tng v s tn ti ca lc y c-si-mt. Nu c iu kin ni ca vt. K nng

F . S Vn dng cng thc p = dh i vi p sut trong lng cht lng. Vn dng cng thc v lc y c-si-mt F = Vd. Tin hnh c th nghim nghim li lc y c-si-mt.
Vn dng c cng thc p =

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4. C nng a) Cng v cng sut b) nh lut bo ton cng c) C nng. nh lut bo ton c nng

Kin thc Nu c v d trong lc thc hin cng hoc khng thc hin cng. Vit c cng thc tnh cng cho trng hp hng ca lc trng vi hng dch chuyn ca im t lc. Nu c n v o cng. Pht biu c nh lut bo ton cng cho my c n gin. Nu c v d minh ho. Nu c cng sut l g. Vit c cng thc tnh cng sut v nu c n v o cng sut. Nu c ngha s ghi cng sut trn cc my mc, dng c hay thit b. Nu c vt c khi lng cng ln, vn tc cng ln th ng nng cng ln. Nu c vt c khi lng cng ln, cao cng ln th th nng cng ln. Nu c v d chng t mt vt n hi b bin dng th c th nng. Pht biu c nh lut bo ton v chuyn ho c nng. Nu c v d v nh lut ny. K nng Vn dng c cng thc A = Fs. Vn dng c cng thc P =

S ghi cng sut trn mt thit b cho bit cng sut nh mc ca thit b , tc l cng sut sn ra hoc tiu th ca thit b ny khi n hot ng bnh thng. Th nng ca vt c xc nh i vi mt mc chn.

A . t 43

Lp 8 : Nhit hc
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. Cu to phn t ca cc cht a) Cu to phn t ca cc cht b) Nhit v chuyn ng phn t c) Hin tng khuch tn

Kin thc Nu c cc cht u cu to t cc phn t, nguyn t. Nu c gia cc nguyn t, phn t c khong cch. Nu c cc nguyn t, phn t chuyn ng khng ngng. Nu c nhit cng cao th cc phn t chuyn ng cng nhanh. K nng Gii thch c mt s hin tng xy ra do gia cc nguyn t, phn t c khong cch hoc do chng chuyn ng khng ngng. Gii thch c hin tng khuch tn.

2. Nhit nng a) Nhit nng v s truyn nhit b) Nhit lng. Cng thc tnh nhit lng

Kin thc Pht biu c nh ngha nhit nng. Nu c nhit ca Nhit nng l tng ng nng ca cc phn t cu to nn vt. mt vt cng cao th nhit nng ca n cng ln. Nu c tn hai cch lm bin i nhit nng v tm c v d minh ho cho mi cch.

Nu c tn ca ba cch truyn nhit (dn nhit, i lu, c) Phng trnh cn bng bc x nhit) v tm c v d minh ho cho mi cch. nhit Pht biu c nh ngha nhit lng v nu c n v o nhit lng l g.

44

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Nu c v d chng t nhit lng trao i ph thuc vo khi lng, tng gim nhit v cht cu to nn vt. Ch ra c nhit ch t truyn t vt c nhit cao sang vt c nhit thp hn. K nng Vn dng c cng thc Q = mct . Vn dng c kin thc v cc cch truyn nhit gii Ch yu cu hc sinh gii cc bi tp n gin v trao i nhit thch mt s hin tng n gin. Vn dng c phng trnh cn bng nhit gii mt s gia ti a l ba vt.
o

bi tp n gin.

45

Lp 9 : dng in
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. in tr ca dy dn. Kin thc nh lut m Nu c in tr ca mi dy dn c trng cho mc cn a) Khi nim in tr. tr dng in ca dy dn . nh lut m Nu c in tr ca mt dy dn c xc nh nh th b) on mch ni tip. no v c n v o l g. on mch song song Pht biu c nh lut m i vi mt on mch c

c) S ph thuc ca in tr in tr. dy dn vo di, tit din Vit c cng thc tnh in tr tng ng i vi v vt liu lm dy dn on mch ni tip, on mch song song gm nhiu nht ba d) Bin tr v cc in tr in tr. trong k thut Nu c mi quan h gia in tr ca dy dn vi di, tit din v vt liu lm dy dn. Nu c cc vt liu khc nhau th c in tr sut khc nhau.
Nhn bit c cc loi bin tr. K nng Xc nh c in tr ca mt on mch bng vn k v ampe k. Xc nh c bng th nghim mi quan h gia in tr tng ng ca on mch ni tip hoc song song vi cc in tr thnh phn.

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Vn dng c nh lut m cho on mch gm nhiu nht ba in tr thnh phn. Xc nh c bng th nghim mi quan h gia in tr ca dy dn vi di, tit din v vi vt liu lm dy dn. Vn dng c cng thc R =

l v gii thch c cc hin S tng n gin lin quan ti in tr ca dy dn.

Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng ca bin tr con chy. S Khng yu cu hc sinh xc nh dng c bin tr iu chnh cng dng in trong mch. tr s in tr theo cc vng mu. l Vn dng c nh lut m v cng thc R = gii S bi ton v mch in s dng vi hiu in th khng i, trong c mc bin tr. 2. Cng v cng sut ca Kin thc dng in Nu c ngha cc tr s vn v oat c ghi trn cc thit b a) Cng thc tnh cng v tiu th in nng. cng sut ca dng in Vit c cc cng thc tnh cng sut in v in nng tiu

th ca mt on mch.
Nu c mt s du hiu chng t dng in mang nng lng.

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b) nh lut Jun Len-x Ch ra c s chuyn ho cc dng nng lng khi n in, c) S dng an ton v tit bp in, bn l, nam chm in, ng c in hot ng. kim in nng Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh lut Jun Len-x.
Nu c tc hi ca on mch v tc dng ca cu ch. K nng Xc nh c cng sut in ca mt on mch bng vn k v ampe k. Vn dng c cc cng thc P = UI,

A = P t = UIt i vi on mch tiu th in nng.

Vn dng c nh lut Jun Len-x gii thch cc hin tng n gin c lin quan. Gii thch v thc hin c cc bin php thng thng s dng an ton in v s dng tit kim in nng.

Lp 9 : t trng v cm ng in t
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. T trng a) Nam chm vnh cu v nam chm in

Kin thc M t c hin tng chng t nam chm vnh cu c t tnh. Nu c s tng tc gia cc t cc ca hai nam chm. M t c cu to v hot ng ca la bn.

b) T trng, t ph, ng sc t

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c) Lc t. ng c in

M t c th nghim ca -xtt pht hin dng in c tc dng t. M t c cu to ca nam chm in v nu c li st c Khng gii thch c ch vi m v tc dng ca li st lm tng tc vai tr lm tng tc dng t. Pht biu c quy tc nm tay phi v chiu ca ng sc t dng t ca nam chm in.

trong lng ng dy c dng in chy qua.

Nu c mt s ng dng ca nam chm in v ch ra tc dng ca nam chm in trong nhng ng dng ny. Pht biu c quy tc bn tay tri v chiu ca lc t tc dng ln dy dn thng c dng in chy qua t trong t trng u. Nu c nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca ng c in mt chiu. K nng Xc nh c cc t cc ca kim nam chm. Xc nh c tn cc t cc ca mt nam chm vnh cu trn c s bit cc t cc ca mt nam chm khc. Bit s dng la bn tm hng a l. Gii thch c hot ng ca nam chm in. Bit dng nam chm th pht hin s tn ti ca t trng. V c ng sc t ca nam chm thng, nam chm ch U v ca ng dy c dng in chy qua.

49

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Vn dng c quy tc nm tay phi xc nh chiu ca ng sc t trong lng ng dy khi bit chiu dng in v ngc li. Vn dng c quy tc bn tay tri xc nh mt trong ba Ch xt trng hp dy dn yu t khi bit hai yu t kia. thng c dng in chy qua Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng (v mt tc dng lc v c t vung gc vi cc ng sc t. v mt chuyn ho nng lng) ca ng c in mt chiu. 2. Cm ng in t a) iu kin xut hin dng in cm ng Kin thc M t c th nghim hoc nu c v d v hin tng Khng yu cu hc sinh nu c cu to v hot ng ca b cm ng in t. phn gp in ca my pht in Nu c dng in cm ng xut hin khi c s bin thin vi khung dy quay. Ch yu cu ca s ng sc t xuyn qua tit din ca cun dy dn kn. hc sinh bit rng, tu theo loi Nu c nguyn tc cu to v hot ng ca my pht in b phn gp in m c th a xoay chiu c khung dy quay hoc c nam chm quay. dng in ra mch ngoi l dng Nu c cc my pht in u bin i c nng thnh in xoay chiu hay dng in mt chiu. in nng. Nu c du hiu chnh phn bit dng in xoay chiu vi Du hiu chnh phn bit dng dng in mt chiu v cc tc dng ca dng in xoay chiu. in xoay chiu vi dng in mt chiu l dng in xoay Nhn bit c ampe k v vn k dng cho dng in mt chiu c chiu thay i lun chiu v xoay chiu qua cc k hiu ghi trn dng c. phin, cn dng in mt chiu Nu c cc s ch ca ampe k v vn k xoay chiu cho l dng in c chiu khng i. bit gi tr hiu dng ca cng hoc ca in p xoay chiu.

b) My pht in. S lc v dng in xoay chiu c) My bin p. Truyn ti in nng i xa

50

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Ghi ch

Nu c cng sut in hao ph trn ng dy ti in t l nghch vi bnh phng ca in p hiu dng t vo hai u ng dy. Nu c nguyn tc cu to ca my bin p. Nu c in p hiu dng gia hai u cc cun dy ca my bin p t l thun vi s vng dy ca mi cun v nu c mt s ng dng ca my bin p. K nng Gii c mt s bi tp nh tnh v nguyn nhn gy ra dng in cm ng. Pht hin c dng in l dng in mt chiu hay xoay chiu da trn tc dng t ca chng. Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng ca my pht in xoay chiu c khung dy quay hoc c nam chm quay. Gii thch c v sao c s hao ph in nng trn dy ti in. Mc c my bin p vo mch in s dng ng theo yu cu. Nghim li c cng thc

U1 n1 = bng th nghim. U 2 n2

Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng ca my bin p v vn U n dng c cng thc 1 = 1 . U 2 n2

51

Lp 9 : Quang hc
Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. Khc x nh sng a) Hin tng khc x nh sng

Kin thc

b) nh to bi thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k c) My nh. Mt. Knh lp

M t c hin tng khc x nh sng trong trng hp nh sng truyn t khng kh sang nc v ngc li. Ch ra c tia khc x v tia phn x, gc khc x v gc phn x. Nhn bit c thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k. M t c ng truyn ca cc tia sng c bit qua thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k. Nu c tiu im (chnh), tiu c ca thu knh l g. Nu c cc c im v nh ca mt vt to bi thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k. Nu c my nh dng phim c cc b phn chnh l vt knh, bung ti v ch t phim. Nu c mt c cc b phn chnh l th thu tinh v mng li. Nu c s tng t gia cu to ca mt v my nh. Nu c mt phi iu tit khi mun nhn r vt cc v tr xa, gn khc nhau. Nu c c im ca mt cn, mt lo v cch sa. Nu c knh lp l thu knh hi t c tiu c ngn v c dng quan st vt nh. Nu c s ghi trn knh lp l s bi gic ca knh lp v khi dng knh lp c s bi gic cng ln th quan st thy nh cng ln.

Khng cp ti nh lut khc x nh sng.

Ch yu cu nu c vt knh ca my nh l thu knh hi t v ch xt my nh dng phim.

Khng yu cu gii thch l do phi eo knh sa tt cn th, lo th.

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K nng

Xc nh c thu knh l thu knh hi t hay thu knh phn k qua vic quan st trc tip cc thu knh ny v qua quan st nh ca mt vt to bi cc thu knh . V c ng truyn ca cc tia sng c bit qua thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k. Dng c nh ca mt vt to bi thu knh hi t, thu knh phn k bng cch s dng cc tia c bit.
2. nh sng mu

Nhn bit thu knh hi t qua vic quan st nh to bi thu knh ny i vi mt vt sng xa v i vi mt vt sng rt gn. Nhn bit thu knh phn k qua vic quan st kch thc ca nh to bi thu knh ny i vi mt vt sng mi v tr.

Xc nh c tiu c ca thu knh hi t bng th nghim. Kin thc K tn c mt vi ngun pht ra nh sng trng thng thng, ngun pht ra nh sng mu v nu c tc dng ca tm lc nh sng mu. Nu c chm nh sng trng c cha nhiu chm nh sng mu khc nhau v m t c cch phn tch nh sng trng thnh cc nh sng mu. Nhn bit c rng, khi nhiu nh sng mu c chiu vo cng mt ch trn mn nh trng hoc ng thi i vo mt th chng c trn vi nhau v cho mt mu khc hn, c th trn mt s nh sng mu thch hp vi nhau thu c nh sng trng. Nhn bit c rng, vt tn x mnh nh sng mu no th c mu v tn x km cc nh sng mu khc. Vt mu trng c kh nng tn x mnh tt c cc nh sng mu, vt mu en khng c kh nng tn x bt k nh sng mu no. 53

a) nh sng trng v nh sng mu b) Lc mu. Trn nh sng mu. Mu sc cc vt c) Cc tc dng ca nh sng

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

Nu c v d thc t v tc dng nhit, sinh hc v quang in ca nh sng v ch ra c s bin i nng lng i vi mi tc dng ny.
K nng

Gii thch c mt s hin tng bng cch nu c nguyn V d hin tng cu vng l do nhn l do c s phn tch nh sng, lc mu, trn nh sng mu c s phn tch nh sng. hoc gii thch mu sc cc vt l do nguyn nhn no. Xc nh c mt nh sng mu, chng hn bng a CD, c phi l mu n sc hay khng. Tin hnh c th nghim so snh tc dng nhit ca nh sng ln mt vt c mu trng v ln mt vt c mu en.

Lp 9 : s chuyn ho v bo ton nng lng

Ch Mc cn t Ghi ch

1. S chuyn ho v bo ton nng lng a) S chuyn ho cc dng nng lng b) nh lut bo ton nng lng

Kin thc Nu c mt vt c nng lng khi vt c kh nng thc hin cng hoc lm nng cc vt khc. K tn c cc dng nng lng hc. Nu c v d hoc m t c hin tng trong c s chuyn ho cc dng nng lng hc v ch ra c rng mi qu trnh bin i u km theo s chuyn ho nng lng t dng ny sang dng khc. Pht biu c nh lut bo ton v chuyn ho nng lng.

Khng a ra nh ngha nng lng. Ch yu cu hc sinh nhn bit mt vt c nng lng da vo kh nng thc hin cng c hc hoc lm nng cc vt khc.

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2. ng c nhit. Hiu sut ca ng c nhit. S chuyn ho in nng trong cc loi my pht in

Kin thc

Nu c ng c nhit l thit b trong c s bin i t nhit nng thnh c nng. ng c nhit gm ba b phn c bn l ngun nng, b phn sinh cng v ngun lnh. Nhn bit c mt s ng c nhit thng gp. Nu c hiu sut ng c nhit v nng sut to nhit ca nhin liu l g. Nu c v d hoc m t c thit b minh ho qu trnh chuyn ho cc dng nng lng khc thnh in nng.
K nng

Vn dng c cng thc tnh hiu sut H = cc bi tp n gin v ng c nhit.

A gii c Q

Vn dng c cng thc Q = qm, trong q l nng sut to nhit ca nhin liu. Gii thch c mt s hin tng v qu trnh thng gp trn c s vn dng nh lut bo ton v chuyn ho nng lng.

55

Lp 10

Ch

Mc cn t

Ghi ch

1. ng hc cht im Kin thc a) Phng php nghin cu Nu c chuyn ng, cht im, h quy chiu, mc thi chuyn ng gian, vn tc l g.

Nhn bit c c im v vn tc ca chuyn ng b) Vn tc, phng trnh v thng u. th to ca chuyn Nu c vn tc tc thi l g. ng thng u Nu c v d v chuyn ng thng bin i u (nhanh dn u, chm dn u). c) Chuyn ng thng bin v i u. S ri t do Vit c cng thc tnh gia tc a = ca mt chuyn t ng bin i. d) Chuyn ng trn Nu c c im ca vect gia tc trong chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, trong chuyn ng thng chm dn u. e) Tnh tng i ca chuyn ng. Cng vn tc Vit c cng thc tnh vn tc vt = v0 + at, phng trnh 1 2 chuyn ng thng bin i u x = x0 + v0t + at . T suy 2 f) Sai s ca php o vt l ra cng thc tnh qung ng i c.

Vn tc l mt i lng vect.

Nu quy c chn chiu ca v0 l chiu dng ca chuyn ng, th qung ng i c trong chuyn ng bin i u c tnh l :

Nu c s ri t do l g. Vit c cc cng thc tnh vn s = v t + 1 at2 ; 0 2 tc v ng i ca chuyn ng ri t do. Nu c c im v gia tc ri t do. v 2 v 2 = 2as. t 0

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Pht biu c nh ngha ca chuyn ng trn u. Nu c v d thc t v chuyn ng trn u. Vit c cng thc tc di v ch c hng ca vect vn tc trong chuyn ng trn u. Vit c cng thc v nu c n v o tc gc, chu k, tn s ca chuyn ng trn u. Vit c h thc gia tc di v tc gc. Nu c hng ca gia tc trong chuyn ng trn u v vit c biu thc ca gia tc hng tm. Vit c cng thc cng vn tc v1,3 = v1,2 + v 2,3 .

Nu c sai s tuyt i ca php o mt i lng vt l l g v phn bit c sai s tuyt i vi sai s t i.

K nng

Xc nh c v tr ca mt vt chuyn ng trong mt h Ch yu cu gii cc bi tp i quy chiu cho. vi vt chuyn ng theo mt chiu, trong chn chiu Lp c phng trnh chuyn ng x = x0 + vt. chuyn ng l chiu dng. Vn dng c phng trnh x = x0 + vt i vi chuyn ng thng u ca mt hoc hai vt. V c th to ca chuyn ng thng u.

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Vn dng c cc cng thc : vt = v0 + at ; s = v0t + 1 2 2 at ; v t v 2 = 2as. 0 2

V c th vn tc ca chuyn ng bin i u. Gii c bi tp n gin v chuyn ng trn u. Gii c bi tp n gin v cng vn tc cng phng (cng chiu, ngc chiu). Xc nh c sai s tuyt i v sai s t i trong cc php o. Xc nh c gia tc ca chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u bng th nghim.
2. ng lc hc cht im Kin thc a) Lc. Quy tc tng hp Pht biu c nh ngha ca lc v nu c lc l i v phn tch lc lng vect.

Nu c quy tc tng hp v phn tch lc. b) Ba nh lut Niu-tn Pht biu c iu kin cn bng ca mt cht im di tc dng ca nhiu lc. Nu c qun tnh ca vt l g v k c mt s v d v qun tnh. Pht biu c nh lut I Niu-tn. Pht biu c nh lut vn vt hp dn v vit c h thc lp ny, trng lc tc dng ln vt c hiu gn ng l lc ca nh lut ny. hp dn ca Tri t. 58

Ch

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c) Cc loi lc c : lc hp Nu c v d v lc n hi v nhng c im ca lc n dn, trng lc, lc n hi, hi ca l xo (im t, hng). lc ma st Pht biu c nh lut Hc v vit h thc ca nh lut ny i vi bin dng ca l xo. d) Lc hng tm trong Vit c cng thc xc nh lc ma st trt. chuyn ng trn u Nu mi quan h gia lc, khi lng v gia tc c th hin trong nh lut II Niu-tn nh th no v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny. Nu c gia tc ri t do l do tc dng ca trng lc v vit c h thc P = mg. Nu c khi lng l s o mc qun tnh. Pht biu c nh lut III Niu-tn v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny. Nu c cc c im ca phn lc v lc tc dng. Nu c lc hng tm trong chuyn ng trn u l tng hp cc lc tc dng ln vt v vit c cng thc

mv 2 2 Fht = = m r r
K nng

Vn dng c nh lut Hc gii c bi tp n gin v s bin dng ca l xo. Vn dng c cng thc ca lc hp dn gii cc bi tp Khng yu cu gii cc bi tp v n gin. s tng, gim v mt trng lng 59

Ch

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Ghi ch

Vn dng c cng thc v ma st trt gii c cc bi tp n gin. Biu din c cc vect lc v phn lc trong mt s v d c th. Vn dng c cc nh lut I, II, III Niu-tn gii c cc bi ton i vi mt vt hoc h hai vt chuyn ng. Vn dng c mi quan h gia khi lng v mc qun tnh ca vt gii thch mt s hin tng thng gp trong i sng v k thut. Gii c bi ton v chuyn ng ca vt nm ngang. Xc nh c lc hng tm v gii c bi ton v chuyn ng trn u khi vt chu tc dng ca mt hoc hai lc. Xc nh c h s ma st trt bng th nghim.
3. Cn bng v chuyn ng ca vt rn a) Cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca hai hoc ba lc khng song song. b) Cn bng ca vt rn chu tc dng ca cc lc song song Kin thc

Pht biu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt rn chu tc dng ca hai hoc ba lc khng song song. Pht biu c quy tc xc nh hp lc ca hai lc song song cng chiu.

Trng tm ca mt vt l im Pht biu c nh ngha, vit c cng thc tnh momen t ca trng lc. lc v nu c n v o momen lc.
Pht biu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt rn c trc quay c nh.

Nu c trng tm ca mt vt l g.

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c) Cn bng ca vt rn c Pht biu c nh ngha ngu lc v nu c tc dng ca trc quay c nh. Quy tc ngu lc. Vit c cng thc tnh momen ngu lc. momen lc. Ngu lc Nu c iu kin cn bng ca mt vt c mt chn . Nhn bit c cc dng cn bng bn, cn bng khng bn, d) Chuyn ng tnh tin cn bng phim nh ca vt rn c mt chn . ca vt rn. Nu c c im nhn bit chuyn ng tnh tin ca mt vt rn. e) Chuyn ng quay ca Nu c, khi vt rn chu tc dng ca mt momen lc khc vt rn quanh mt trc c khng, th chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc c nh ca n b nh bin i (quay nhanh dn hoc chm dn).
Nu c v d v s bin i chuyn ng quay ca vt rn ph thuc vo s phn b khi lng ca vt i vi trc quay.
K nng

Vn dng c iu kin cn bng v quy tc tng hp lc gii cc bi tp i vi trng hp vt chu tc dng ca ba lc ng quy. Vn dng c quy tc xc nh hp lc gii cc bi tp i vi vt chu tc dng ca hai lc song song cng chiu. Vn dng quy tc momen lc gii c cc bi ton v iu kin cn bng ca vt rn c trc quay c nh khi chu tc dng ca hai lc. Xc nh c trng tm ca cc vt phng ng cht bng th nghim.

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4. Cc nh lut bo ton a) ng lng. nh lut bo ton ng lng. Chuyn ng bng phn lc

Kin thc

Vit c cng thc tnh ng lng v nu c n v o ng lng. Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh lut bo ton ng lng i vi h hai vt. Nu c nguyn tc chuyn ng bng phn lc. Pht biu c nh ngha v vit c cng thc tnh cng.

Pht biu c nh ngha v vit c cng thc tnh ng nng. Nu c n v o ng nng. d) Th nng. Th nng Pht biu c nh ngha th nng trng trng ca mt vt Th nng ca mt vt trong trng trng trng v th nng v vit c cng thc tnh th nng ny. Nu c n v o trng c gi tt l th nng trng trng. n hi th nng. e) C nng. nh lut bo Vit c cng thc tnh th nng n hi. ton c nng Pht biu c nh ngha c nng v vit c cng thc tnh c nng. Pht biu c nh lut bo ton c nng v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny.
K nng

b) Cng. Cng sut c) ng nng

Vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng gii c cc bi tp i vi hai vt va chm mm. A Vn dng c cc cng thc A = Fscos v P = . t Vn dng nh lut bo ton c nng gii c bi ton Khng yu cu hc sinh thit lp chuyn ng ca mt vt. cng thc tnh th nng n hi.

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5. Cht kh Kin thc a) Thuyt ng hc phn t Pht biu c ni dung c bn ca thuyt ng hc phn t cht kh cht kh. Nu c cc c im ca kh l tng. b) Cc qu trnh ng Pht biu c cc nh lut Bi-l Ma-ri-t, Sc-l. nhit, ng tch, ng p Nu c nhit tuyt i l g. i vi kh l tng Nu c cc thng s p, V, T xc nh trng thi ca mt lng kh. c) Phng trnh trng thi pV ca kh l tng Vit c phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng = const. T K nng Vn dng c phng trnh trng thi kh l tng.

V c ng ng tch, ng p, ng nhit trong h to (p, V). 6. C s ca nhit ng Kin thc lc hc Nu c c lc tng tc gia cc nguyn t, phn t cu a) Ni nng v s bin i to nn vt. ni nng Nu c ni nng gm ng nng ca cc ht (nguyn t,

phn t) v th nng tng tc gia chng. b) Cc nguyn l ca Nhit Nu c v d v hai cch lm thay i ni nng. ng lc hc Pht biu c nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc. Vit c h chng trnh ny, nguyn l II Nhit ng lc hc c pht thc nguyn l I Nhit ng lc hc U = A + Q. Nu c tn, biu l : Nhit lng khng th n v v quy c v du ca cc i lng trong h thc ny. t truyn t mt vt sang vt Pht biu c nguyn l II Nhit ng lc hc. nng hn. 63

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K nng Vn dng c mi quan h gia ni nng vi nhit v th tch gii thch mt s hin tng n gin c lin quan. 7. Cht rn v cht lng. S chuyn th a) Cht rn kt tinh v cht rn v nh hnh Kin thc

Phn bit c cht rn kt tinh v cht rn v nh hnh v cu trc vi m v nhng tnh cht v m ca chng. Phn bit c bin dng n hi v bin dng do. Pht biu v vit c h thc ca nh lut Hc i vi bin dng ca vt rn.

b) Bin dng c ca vt rn Vit c cc cng thc n di v n khi.

Nu c ngha ca s n di, s n khi ca vt rn trong i sng v k thut.

c) S n v nhit ca vt rn M t c th nghim v hin tng cng b mt.

M t c th nghim v hin tng dnh t v khng dnh t.

d) Cht lng. Cc hin M t c hnh dng mt thong ca cht lng st thnh tng cng b mt, dnh bnh trong trng hp cht lng dnh t v khng dnh t. t, mao dn M t c th nghim v hin tng mao dn.
K c mt s ng dng v hin tng mao dn trong i sng v k thut. Vit c cng thc tnh nhit nng chy ca vt rn Q = m. Phn bit c hi kh v hi bo ho. Vit c cng thc tnh nhit ho hi Q = Lm. l nhit nng chy ring.

L l nhit ho hi ring.

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e) S chuyn th : nng Nu c nh ngha m tuyt i, m t i, m chy, ng c, ho hi, cc i ca khng kh. ngng t Nu c nh hng ca m khng kh i vi sc kho con ngi, i sng ng, thc vt v cht lng hng ho. f) m ca khng kh
K nng

Vn dng c cng thc n di v n khi ca vt rn gii cc bi tp n gin. Vn dng c cng thc Q = m, Q = Lm gii cc bi tp n gin. Gii thch c qu trnh bay hi v ngng t da trn chuyn ng nhit ca phn t. Gii thch c trng thi hi bo ho da trn s cn bng ng gia bay hi v ngng t. Xc nh c h s cng b mt bng th nghim.

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1. in tch. in trng a) in tch. nh lut bo ton in tch. Lc tc dng gia cc in tch. Thuyt lectron

Kin thc Nu c cc cch nhim in mt vt (c xt, tip xc v hng ng). Pht biu c nh lut bo ton in tch.

Pht biu c nh lut Cu-lng v ch ra c im ca lc in gia hai in tch im. Nu c cc ni dung chnh ca thuyt lectron. Nu c in trng tn ti u, c tnh cht g.

b) in trng. Cng Pht biu c nh ngha cng in trng. in trng. ng sc Nu c trng tnh in l trng th. in Pht biu c nh ngha hiu in th gia hai im ca in trng v nu c n v o hiu in th. c) in th v hiu in th Nu c mi quan h gia cng in trng u v hiu in th gia hai im ca in trng . Nhn bit c n v o cng in trng. Nu c nguyn tc cu to ca t in. Nhn dng c d) T in cc t in thng dng v nu c ngha cc s ghi trn mi t in. e) Nng lng ca in Pht biu c nh ngha in dung ca t in v nhn bit c n v o in dung. trng trong t in Nu c in trng trong t in v mi in trng u mang nng lng. 66

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K nng

Vn dng c thuyt lectron gii thch cc hin tng nhim in. Vn dng c nh lut Cu-lng v khi nim in trng gii c cc bi tp i vi hai in tch im. Gii c bi tp v chuyn ng ca mt in tch dc theo ng sc ca mt in trng u.
2. Dng in khng i Kin thc

a) Dng in khng i b) Ngun in. Sut in ng ca ngun in. Pin, acquy c) Cng sut ca ngun in d) nh lut m i vi ton mch e) Ghp cc ngun in thnh b

Nu c dng in khng i l g. Nu c sut in ng ca ngun in l g. Nu c cu to chung ca cc ngun in ho hc (pin, acquy). Vit c cng thc tnh cng ca ngun in :

Ang = Eq = EIt
Vit c cng thc tnh cng sut ca ngun in :
Png = EI

Ch xt nh lut m i vi mch in khng cha my thu in.

Ch xt cc b ngun mc n gin gm ti a bn (4) ngun Vit c cng thc tnh sut in ng v in tr trong ca ging nhau c mc thnh cc b ngun mc ni tip, mc song song n gin. dy nh nhau.
Pht biu c nh lut m i vi ton mch.

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E hoc U = E Ir gii cc R+r bi tp i vi ton mch, trong mch ngoi gm nhiu nht l ba in tr.

Vn dng c h thc I =

Vn dng c cng thc Ang = EIt v Png = EI. Tnh c hiu sut ca ngun in. Nhn bit c, trn s v trong thc t, b ngun mc ni tip hoc mc song song n gin. Tnh c sut in ng v in tr trong ca cc loi b ngun mc ni tip hoc mc song song n gin. Tin hnh c th nghim o sut in ng v xc nh in tr trong ca mt pin.
3. Dng in trong cc mi trng a) Dng in trong kim loi. S ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit . Hin tng nhit in. Hin tng siu dn b) Dng in trong cht in phn. nh lut Fa-ra-y v in phn Kin thc

Nu c in tr sut ca kim loi tng theo nhit . Nu c hin tng nhit in l g. Nu c hin tng siu dn l g. Nu c bn cht ca dng in trong cht in phn. M t c hin tng dng cc tan. Pht biu c nh lut Fa-ra-y v in phn v vit c h thc ca nh lut ny.

Khng yu cu hc sinh gii thch bn cht ca sut in ng nhit in.

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c) Dng in trong cht kh Nu c mt s ng dng ca hin tng in phn.

Nu c bn cht ca dng in trong cht kh.

d) Dng in trong chn khng e) Dng in trong cht bn dn. Lp chuyn tip pn

Khng yu cu hc sinh gii Nu c iu kin to ra h quang in v ng dng ca h thch cc dng phng in trong cht kh. quang in.
Nu c iu kin c dng in trong chn khng v c im v chiu ca dng in ny. Nu c dng in trong chn khng c ng dng trong cc ng phng in t. Nu c bn cht ca dng in trong bn dn loi p v bn dn loi n. Nu c cu to ca lp chuyn tip p n v tnh cht chnh lu ca n. Nu c cu to, cng dng ca it bn dn v ca trandito.
K nng

Nu c iu kin to ra tia la in.

Vn dng nh lut Fa-ra-y gii c cc bi tp n gin v hin tng in phn. Tin hnh th nghim xc nh c tnh cht chnh lu ca it bn dn v c tnh khuch i ca trandito.

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4. T trng Kin thc a) T trng. ng sc t. Nu c t trng tn ti u v c tnh cht g. Cm ng t Nu c cc c im ca ng sc t ca thanh nam chm thng, ca nam chm ch U, ca dng in thng di, b) Lc t. Lc Lo-ren-x ca ng dy c dng in chy qua.

c) T trng Tri t

Pht biu c nh ngha v nu c phng, chiu ca cm ng t ti mt im ca t trng. Nu c n v o cm ng t. Vit c cng thc tnh cm ng t ti mt im trong t trng gy bi dng in thng di v hn v ti mt im trong lng ng dy c dng in chy qua. Vit c cng thc tnh lc t tc dng ln on dy dn c dng in chy qua t trong t trng u. Nu c lc Lo-ren-x l g v vit c cng thc tnh lc ny.
K nng

V c cc ng sc t biu din t trng ca thanh nam chm thng, ca dng in thng di, ca ng dy c dng in chy qua v ca t trng u. Xc nh c ln, phng, chiu ca vect cm ng t ti mt im trong t trng gy bi dng in thng di v ti mt im trong lng ng dy c dng in chy qua.

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Xc nh c vect lc t tc dng ln mt on dy dn thng c dng in chy qua c t trong t trng u. Xc nh c cng , phng, chiu ca lc Lo-ren-x tc dng ln mt in tch q chuyn ng vi vn tc v trong mt phng vung gc vi cc ng sc ca t trng u.
5. Cm ng in t Kin thc

a) Hin tng cm ng M t c th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t. in t. T thng. Sut in Vit c cng thc tnh t thng qua mt din tch v nu ng cm ng c n v o t thng. Nu c cc cch lm bin i t thng. b) Hin tng t cm. Sut Pht biu c nh lut Fa-ra-y v cm ng in t, nh in ng t cm. t cm lut Len-x v chiu dng in cm ng v vit c h thc : c) Nng lng t trng trong ng dy
E=

Nu c dng in Fu-c l g. Nu c hin tng t cm l g. Nu c t cm l g v n v o t cm. Nu c t trng trong lng ng dy c dng in chy qua v mi t trng u mang nng lng.

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K nng

Lm c th nghim v hin tng cm ng in t. Tnh c sut in ng cm ng trong trng hp t thng qua mt mch kn bin i u theo thi gian. Xc nh c chiu ca dng in cm ng theo nh lut Len-x. Tnh c sut in ng t cm trong ng dy khi dng in chy qua n c cng bin i u theo thi gian.
6. Khc x nh sng Kin thc

a) nh lut khc x nh Pht biu c nh lut khc x nh sng v vit c h sng. Chit sut. Tnh cht thc ca nh lut ny. thun nghch ca s truyn Nu c chit sut tuyt i, chit sut t i l g. nh sng Nu c tnh cht thun nghch ca s truyn nh sng v ch ra s th hin tnh cht ny nh lut khc x nh sng. b) Hin tng phn x ton M t c hin tng phn x ton phn v nu c iu Chp nhn hin tng phn x phn. Cp quang ton phn xy ra khi i igh. kin xy ra hin tng ny.
M t c s truyn nh sng trong cp quang v nu c v d v ng dng ca cp quang.
K nng

Vn dng c h thc ca nh lut khc x nh sng. Vn dng c cng thc tnh gc gii hn phn x ton phn.

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7. Mt. Cc dng c quang Kin thc a) Lng knh Nu c tnh cht ca lng knh lm lch tia sng truyn Khng yu cu hc sinh s dng cc cng thc lng knh qua n. tnh ton. b) Thu knh mng Nu c tiu im chnh, tiu im ph, tiu din, tiu c Khng yu cu hc sinh tnh ton ca thu knh l g. vi cng thc Pht biu c nh ngha t ca thu knh v nu c c) Mt. Cc tt ca mt. 1 1 n v o t. Hin tng lu nh trn + D = (n 1) . R1 R2 mng li Nu c s phng i ca nh to bi thu knh l g.

d) Knh lp. Knh hin vi. Knh thin vn

Nu c s iu tit ca mt khi nhn vt im cc cn v im cc vin. Nu c gc trng v nng sut phn li l g. Trnh by cc c im ca mt cn, mt vin, mt lo v mt quang hc v nu tc dng ca knh cn eo khc phc cc tt ny. Nu c s lu nh trn mng li l g v nu c v d thc t ng dng hin tng ny. Nu c nguyn tc cu to v cng dng ca knh lp, Ch cp ti knh thin vn knh hin vi v knh thin vn. khc x. Trnh by c s bi gic ca nh to bi knh lp, knh hin vi, knh thin vn l g.

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K nng

V c tia l khi thu knh hi t, phn k v h hai thu knh ng trc. Dng c nh ca mt vt tht to bi thu knh. Vn dng cc cng thc v thu knh gii c cc bi tp Khng yu cu hc sinh gii bi tp v vt o. n gin. V c nh ca vt tht to bi knh lp, knh hin vi, knh thin vn v gii thch tc dng tng gc trng nh ca mi loi knh. Xc nh c tiu c ca thu knh phn k bng th nghim.

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1. Dao ng c

Kin thc

Pht biu c nh ngha dao ng iu ho. a) Dao ng iu ho. Cc Nu c li , bin , tn s, chu k, pha, pha ban u l g. i lng c trng Nu c qu trnh bin i nng lng trong dao ng iu ho. b) Con lc l xo. Con lc n Vit c phng trnh ng lc hc v phng trnh dao ng iu ho ca con lc l xo v con lc n. c) Dao ng ring. Dao Vit c cng thc tnh chu k (hoc tn s) dao ng iu ho ca con lc l xo v con lc n. Nu c ng dng ca ng tt dn con lc n trong vic xc nh gia tc ri t do. d) Dao ng cng bc. Trnh by c ni dung ca phng php gin Fre-nen. Hin tng cng hng. Nu c cch s dng phng php gin Fre-nen Dao ng duy tr tng hp hai dao ng iu ho cng tn s v cng phng dao ng. e) Phng php gin Nu c dao ng ring, dao ng tt dn, dao ng cng Fre-nen bc l g. Nu c iu kin hin tng cng hng xy ra. Nu c cc c im ca dao ng tt dn, dao ng cng bc, dao ng duy tr.

Dao ng ca con lc l xo v con lc n khi b qua cc ma st v lc cn l cc dao ng ring. Trong cc bi ton n gin, ch xt dao ng iu ho ca ring mt con lc, trong : con lc l xo gm mt l xo c t nm ngang hoc treo thng ng ; con lc n ch chu tc dng ca trng lc v lc cng ca dy treo.

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K nng

Gii c nhng bi ton n gin v dao ng ca con lc l xo v con lc n. Biu din c mt dao ng iu ho bng vect quay. Xc nh chu k dao ng ca con lc n v gia tc ri t do bng th nghim.
2. Sng c Kin thc

a) Khi nim sng c. Pht biu c cc nh ngha v sng c, sng dc, sng Sng ngang. Sng dc ngang v nu c v d v sng dc, sng ngang. Pht biu c cc nh ngha v tc truyn sng, bc sng, tn s sng, bin sng v nng lng sng. Nu c sng m, m thanh, h m, siu m l g. b) Cc c trng ca sng : Nu c cng m v mc cng m l g, n v o Mc cng m l : tc truyn sng, bc mc cng m. I L (dB) = 10lg . sng, tn s sng, bin Nu c v d minh ho cho khi nim m sc. Trnh by Io sng, nng lng sng c s lc v m c bn, cc ho m. c) Phng trnh sng Nu c cc c trng sinh l ( cao, to v m sc) v cc c trng vt l (tn s, mc cng m v cc ho m) ca m.

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d) Sng m. cao ca M t c hin tng giao thoa ca hai sng mt nc v m. m sc. Cng m. nu c cc iu kin c s giao thoa ca hai sng. Mc cng m. to M t c hin tng sng dng trn mt si dy v nu ca m c iu kin c sng dng khi . e) Giao thoa ca hai sng Nu c tc dng ca hp cng hng m. Khng yu cu hc sinh dng c. Sng dng. Cng phng trnh sng gii thch K nng hng m hin tng sng dng. Vit c phng trnh sng. Gii c cc bi ton n gin v giao thoa v sng dng. Gii thch c s lc hin tng sng dng trn mt si dy. Xc nh c bc sng hoc tc truyn m bng phng php sng dng.
3. Dng in xoay chiu Kin thc

a) Dng in xoay chiu. Vit c biu thc ca cng dng in v in p tc thi. in p xoay chiu. Cc gi tr hiu dng ca dng Pht biu c nh ngha v vit c cng thc tnh gi tr hiu dng ca cng dng in, ca in p. in xoay chiu b) nh lut m i vi Vit c cc cng thc tnh cm khng, dung khng v tng Gi tt l on mch RLC ni mch in xoay chiu c tr ca on mch c R, L, C mc ni tip v nu c n v tip. nh lut m i vi on mch o cc i lng ny. RLC mc ni tip RLC ni tip biu th mi quan c) Cng sut ca dng in Vit c cc h thc ca nh lut m i vi on mch h gia i v u. xoay chiu. H s cng sut RLC ni tip (i vi gi tr hiu dng v lch pha).

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Vit c cng thc tnh cng sut in v tnh h s cng sut ca on mch RLC ni tip. Nu c l do ti sao cn phi tng h s cng sut ni tiu th in. Nu c nhng c im ca on mch RLC ni tip khi xy ra hin tng cng hng in.
K nng

V c gin Fre-nen cho on mch RLC ni tip. Gii c cc bi tp i vi on mch RLC ni tip. Gii thch c nguyn tc hot ng ca my pht in xoay chiu, ng c in xoay chiu ba pha v my bin p. Tin hnh c th nghim kho st on mch RLC ni tip.
4. Dao ng in t. Sng in t a) Dao ng in t trong mch LC b) in t trng. Sng in t. Cc tnh cht ca sng in t Kin thc

Trnh by c cu to ca mch dao ng LC v nu c vai tr ca t in v cun cm trong hot ng ca mch ny. Vit c cng thc tnh chu k dao ng ring ca mch dao ng LC. Nu c dao ng in t l g.

Nu c nng lng in t ca mch dao ng LC l g. c) S nguyn tc ca my pht v my thu sng Nu c in t trng v sng in t l g. Nu c cc tnh cht ca sng in t. v tuyn in 78

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Nu c chc nng ca tng khi trong s khi ca my pht v ca my thu sng v tuyn in n gin. Nu c ng dng ca sng v tuyn in trong thng tin, lin lc.
K nng

V c s khi ca my pht v my thu sng v tuyn in n gin. Vn dng c cng thc T = 2 LC .

5. Sng nh sng a) Tn sc nh sng Kin thc

M t c hin tng tn sc nh sng qua lng knh. Nu c hin tng nhiu x nh sng l g.

b) Nhiu x nh sng. Giao Trnh by c mt th nghim v giao thoa nh sng. thoa nh sng Nu c vn sng, vn ti l kt qu ca s giao thoa nh sng. Nu c iu kin xy ra hin tng giao thoa nh sng. c) Cc loi quang ph Nu c hin tng giao thoa chng t nh sng c tnh cht sng v nu c t tng c bn ca thuyt in t d) Tia hng ngoi. Tia t nh sng. ngoi. Tia X. Thang sng Nu c mi nh sng n sc c mt bc sng xc nh. in t Nu c chit sut ca mi trng ph thuc vo bc sng nh sng trong chn khng. 79

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Nu c quang ph lin tc, quang ph vch pht x v hp th l g v c im chnh ca mi loi quang ph ny. Nu c bn cht, cc tnh cht v cng dng ca tia hng ngoi, tia t ngoi v tia X. K c tn ca cc vng sng in t k tip nhau trong thang sng in t theo bc sng.
K nng

Vn dng c cng thc i =

D . a

Khng yu cu hc sinh chng minh cng thc khong vn.

Xc nh c bc sng nh sng theo phng php giao thoa bng th nghim.

6. Lng t nh sng a) Hin tng quang in ngoi. nh lut v gii hn quang in Kin thc

Trnh by c th nghim Hc v hin tng quang in v nu c hin tng quang in l g. Pht biu c nh lut v gii hn quang in. Nu c ni dung c bn ca thuyt lng t nh sng. Nu c nh sng c lng tnh sng ht. Nu c hin tng quang in trong l g. Nu c quang in tr v pin quang in l g.

b) Thuyt lng t nh sng. Lng tnh sng ht ca nh sng c) Hin tng quang in trong

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d) Quang ph vch ca Nu c s to thnh quang ph vch pht x v hp th ca nguyn t hir nguyn t hir. e) S pht quang Nu c s pht quang l g. f) S lc v lade Nu c lade l g v mt s ng dng ca lade.

Khng yu cu hc sinh nu c tn cc dy quang ph vch ca nguyn t hir v gii bi tp. S to thnh quang ph vch ca nguyn t hir c gii thch K nng da trn nhng kin thc v mc Vn dng c thuyt lng t nh sng gii thch nh nng lng hc mn Ho lut v gii hn quang in. hc lp 10.
Kin thc

7. Ht nhn nguyn t a) Lc ht nhn. ht khi b) Nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn 8. Phn ng ht nhn a) Phn ng ht nhn. nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn

Nu c lc ht nhn l g v cc c im ca lc ht nhn. Vit c h thc Anh-xtanh gia khi lng v nng lng. Nu c ht khi v nng lng lin kt ca ht nhn l g.
Kin thc

Nu c phn ng ht nhn l g. Pht biu c cc nh lut bo ton s khi, in tch, ng lng v nng lng ton phn trong phn ng ht nhn. Nu c hin tng phng x l g. Nu c thnh phn v bn cht ca cc tia phng x. Vit c h thc ca nh lut phng x. Nu c mt s ng dng ca cc ng v phng x. Nu c phn ng phn hch l g.

b) Hin tng phng x. ng v phng x. nh lut phng x c) Phn ng phn hch. Phn ng dy chuyn

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Mc cn t

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d) Phn ng nhit hch

Nu c phn ng dy chuyn l g v nu c cc iu kin phn ng dy chuyn xy ra. Nu c phn ng nhit hch l g v nu c iu kin phn ng nhit hch xy ra. Nu c nhng u vit ca nng lng phn ng nhit hch.
K nng

Vn dng c h thc ca nh lut phng x gii mt s bi tp n gin.

9. T vi m n v m a) Ht s cp b) H Mt Tri c) Sao. Thin h Kin thc

Nu c ht s cp l g. Nu c tn mt s ht s cp. Nu c s lc v cu to ca h Mt Tri. Nu c sao l g, thin h l g.

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Nguyn Minh Hin