Ngu Phap Anh Van 4636

Unit 02.
Nouns and Ariticles (Danh t v mo t )

Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar
NOUNS AND ARTICLES Danh t (Nouns) Bt k ngn ng no khi phn tch vn phm ca n u phi nm c cc t loi ca n v cc bin th ca t loi ny. Trc ht chng ta tm hiu v danh t l t loi quen thuc nht v n gin nht trong tt c cc ngn ng. I. nh ngha v phn loi Trong ting Anh danh t gi l Noun. Danh t l t gi tn mt ngi, mt vt, mt s vic, mt tnh trng hay mt cm xc. Danh t c th c chia thnh hai loi chnh: Danh t c th (concrete nouns): chia lm hai loi chnh: Danh t chung (common nouns): l danh t dng lm tn chung cho mt loi nh: table (ci bn), man (ngi n ng), wall (bc tng) Danh t ring (proper nouns): l tn ring nh: Peter, Jack, England Danh t tru tng (abstract nouns): happiness (s hnh phc), beauty (v p), health (sc khe) II. Danh t m c v khng m c (countable and uncountable nouns) Danh t m c (Countable nouns): Mt danh t c xp vo loi m c khi chng ta c th m trc tip ngi hay vt y. Phn ln danh t c th u thuc vo loi m c. V d: boy (cu b), apple (qu to), book (quyn sch), tree (cy) Danh t khng m c (Uncountable nouns): Mt danh t c xp vo loi khng m c khi chng ta khng m trc tip ngi hay vt y. Mun m, ta phi thng qua mt n v o lng thch hp. Phn ln danh t tru tng u thuc vo loi khng m c. V d: meat (tht), ink (mc), chalk (phn), water (nc)
S nhiu ca danh t Mt c xem l s t (singular). T hai tr ln c xem l s nhiu (plural). Danh t thay i theo s t v s nhiu I. Nguyn tc i sang s nhiu 1. Thng thng danh t ly thm S s nhiu. V d: chair - chairs ; girl - girls ; dog - dogs 2. Nhng danh t tn cng bng O, X, S, Z, CH, SH ly thm ES s nhiu. V d: potato - potatoes ; box - boxes ; bus - buses ; buzz - buzzes ; watch - watches ; dish - dishes Ngoi l: a) Nhng danh t tn cng bng nguyn m + O ch ly thm S s nhiu. V d: cuckoos, cameos, bamboos, curios, studios, radios b) Nhng danh t tn cng bng O nhng c ngun gc khng phi l ting Anh ch ly thm S s nhiu. V d: pianos, photos, dynamo, magnetos, kilos, mementos, solos 3. Nhng danh t tn cng bng ph m + Y th chuyn Y thnh I trc khi ly thm ES. V d: lady - ladies ; story - stories 4. Nhng danh t tn cng bng F hay FE th chuyn thnh VES s nhiu. V d: leaf - leaves, knife - knives Ngoi l: a) Nhng danh t sau ch thm S s nhiu: roofs : mi nh gulfs : vnh cliffs : b dc reefs : ngm proofs : bng chng chiefs : th lnh turfs : lp t mt safes : t st dwarfs : ngi ln griefs : ni au kh beliefs : nim tin b) Nhng danh t sau y c hai hnh thc s nhiu:
scarfs, scarves : khn qung wharfs, wharves : cu tu g staffs, staves : cn b hoofs, hooves : mng guc II. Cch pht m S tn cng S tn cng (ending S) c pht m nh sau: 1. c pht m l /z/: khi i sau cc nguyn m v cc ph m t (voiced consonants), c th l cc ph m sau: /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /T/, /m/, /n/, /N/, /l/, /r/. V d: boys, lies, ways, pubs, words, pigs, loves, bathes, rooms, turns, things, walls, cars. 2. c pht m l /s/: khi i sau cc ph m ic (voiceless consonants), c th l cc ph m sau: /f/, /k/, /p/, /t/ v /H/. V d: laughs, walks, cups, cats, tenths. 3. c pht m l /iz/: khi i sau mt ph m rt (hissing consonants), c th l cc ph m sau: /z/, /s/, /dZ/, /tS/, /S/, /Z/. V d: refuses, passes, judges, churches, garages, wishes. III. Cc trng hp c bit 1. Nhng danh t sau y c s nhiu c bit: man - men : n ng woman - women : ph n child - children : tr con tooth - teeth : ci rng foot - feet : bn chn mouse - mice : chut nht goose - geese : con ngng louse - lice : con rn 2. Nhng danh t sau y c hnh thc s t v s nhiu ging nhau: deer : con nai
sheep : con cu swine : con heo Mo t (Article) Trong ting Vit ta vn thng ni nh: ci nn, chic nn, trong ting Anh nhng t c ngha tng t nh ci v chic gi l mo t (Article). Ting Anh c cc mo t: the /T/, a /n/, an /n/ Cc danh t thng c cc mo t i trc. V d: the hat (ci nn), the house (ci nh), a boy (mt cu b) The gi l mo t xc nh (Definite Article), the c thnh /Ti/ khi ng trc mt danh t bt u bng mt nguyn m hay ph m ic (ph m h thng l mt ph m cm nh hour (gi) khng c l /hau/ m l /au/). V d: the hat /ht/ nhng the end /Ti end/ the house /T haus/ the hour /Ti au/ A gi l mo t khng xc nh hay bt nh (Indefinite Article). A c i thnh an khi i trc mt danh t bt u bng mt nguyn m hay ph m ic. V d: a hat (mt ci nn) nhng an event (mt s kin) a boy (mt cu b) nhng an hour (mt gi ng h) v a unit khng phi an unit v m u c pht m l /ju/ (c ging nh /zu/). Mo t bt nh a c c l [] cc m yu; c l [ei] trong cc m mnh. a/an t trc mt danh t s t m c v c dng trong nhng trng hp sau y: 1. Vi ngha mt ngi, mt vt. mt ci bt k. I have a sister and two brothers. (Ti c mt ngi ch v hai ngi anh) 2. Trong cc thnh ng ch mt s o lng. He works forty-four hours a week. (Anh y lm vic 44 gi mt tun) 3. Trc cc ch dozen (chc), hundred (trm), thousand (ngn), million (triu).
There are a dozen eggs in the fridge. (C mt chc trng trong t lnh) 4. Trc cc b ng t (complement) s t m c ch ngh nghip, thng mi, tn gio, giai cp vv.. George is an engineer. (George l mt k s) The King made him a Lord. (Nh Vua phong cho ng ta lm Hun tc) 5. Trc mt danh t ring khi cp n nhn vt y nh mt ci tn bnh thng. A Mr. Johnson called to see you when you were out. (Mt . Johnson no gi gp bn khi bn ra ngoi) 6. Vi ngha cng, ging (same) trong cc cu tc ng, thnh ng. They were much of a size. (Chng cng c) Birds of a feather flock together. (Chim cng loi lng hp n vi nhau - Ngu tm ngu, m tm m) 7. Trc mt ng ng v (appositive) khi t ny din t mt ngha khng quen thuc lm. He was born in Lowton, a small town in Lancashire. (ng y sinh ti Lowton, mt thnh ph nh Lancashire) 8. Trong cc cu cm thn (exclamatory sentences) bt u bng What v theo sau l mt danh t s t m c. What a boy! (Mt chng trai tuyt lm sao!) 9. Trong cc thnh ng sau (v cc cu trc tng t): Its a pity that : Tht tic rng to keep it a secret : gi b mt as a rule : nh mt nguyn tc
to be in a hurry : vi v to be in a good/bad temper : bnh tnh/cu knh all of a sudden : bt thnh lnh to take an interest in : ly lm hng th trong to make a fool of oneself : x s mt cch ngc nghch to have a headache : nhc u to have an opportunity to : c c hi at a discount : gim gi on an average : tnh trung bnh a short time ago : cch y t lu 10. Trong cc cu trc such a; quite a; many a; rather a. I have had such a busy day. II. Khng s dng Mo t bt nh Mo t bt nh khng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau: 1. Trc mt danh t ch mt tc hiu, cp bc hay mt chc danh ch c th gi bi mt ngi trong mt thi im no . They made him King. (H lp ng ta lm vua) As Chairman of the Society, I call on Mr. Brown to speak. (Trong t cch l Ch tch Hip hi, ti mi .Brown n ni chuyn) 2. Trc nhng danh t khng m c (uncountable nouns) ni chung. He has bread and butter for breakfast. (Anh y n sng vi bnh m v b) She bought beef and ham. (C y mua thit b v tht heo) 3. Trc cc danh t ch cc ba n ni chung.
They often have lunch at 1 oclock. (H thng n tra lc mt gi) Dinner will be served at 5 oclock. (Ba n ti s c dn lc 5 gi) 4. Trc cc danh t ch mt ni cng cng din t nhng hnh ng thng c thc hin ti ni y. He does to school in the morning. (Anh ta i hc vo bui sng) They go to market every day. (H i ch mi ngy) 5. Trc cc danh t ch ngy, thng, ma. Sunday is a holiday. (Ch nht l mt ngy l) They often go there in summer. (H thng n vo ma h) 6. Sau ng t turn vi ngha tr nn, tr thnh. He used to be a teacher till he turned writer. (ng y l mt gio vin trc khi tr thnh nh vn) The c pht m l [T] khi i trc cc nguyn m, l [Ti] trc cc nguyn m, l [Ti:] khi c nhn mnh. Mo t xc nh the c dng trc danh t s t ln s nhiu, c m c cng nh khng m c. The thng c s dng trong cc trng hp sau y: 1. Khi i trc mt danh t ch ngi hay vt c nht. The sun rises in the east. 2. Vi ngha ngi hay vt m chng ta va cp n Once upon a time there was a little boy who lived in a cottage. The cottage was in the country and the boy had lived there all his life.
3. Trc tn cc quc gia dng s nhiu hoc cc quc gia l s lin kt cc n v nh. The United States; The Netherlands 4. Trc cc a danh m danh t chung c hiu ngm. The Sahara (desert); The Crimea (peninsula) 5. Trc danh t ring ch qun o, sng, rng ni, i dng. The Thames; The Atlantic; The Bahamas 6. Trc mt danh t s t m c dng vi ngha tng qut ch c mt chng loi. The horse is being replaced by the tractor. 7. Trc mt danh t chung c danh t ring theo sau xc nh. the planet Mars; the play King Lear 8. Trc mt tc hiu gi theo s th t. Queen Elizabeth II (Queen Elizabeth the Second) 9. Trong dng so snh nht (superlatives) v trong dng so snh kp (double comparative) This is the youngest student in my class. The harder you work, the more you will be paid. 10. Trc mt danh t c mt ng gii t (prepositional phrase) b ngha. the road to London; the battle of Trafalgar 11. Trc mt danh t c b ngha bng mt mt mnh quan h xc nh (defining relative clause). The man who helped you yesterday is not here. 12. Trc mt tnh t to thnh mt danh t tp hp (collective noun). The rich should help the poor. II. Khng dng mo t xc nh The The khng c dng trong cc trng hp sau y: 1. Trc nhng danh t tru tng dng theo ngha tng qut. Life is very hard for some people (not: The life)
2. Trc cc danh t ch cht liu dng theo ngha tng qut. Butter is made from cream (not: The butter) 3. Trc tn cc ba n dng theo ngha tng qut. Dinner is served at 6:00 (not: The dinner) 4. Trc cc danh t s nhiu dng theo ngha tng qut. Books are my best friends. (not: The books) 5. Trc hu ht cc danh t ring. He lived in London (not: The London) 6. Trc cc t Lake, Cape, Mount. Lake Superior, Cape Cod, Mount Everest 7. Trc cc tc hiu c danh t ring theo sau. King George, Professor Russell 8. Trc cc danh t ch ngn ng. Russian is more difficult than English. (not: The Russian) 9. Trc tn cc ma v cc ngy l. Winter came late that year (not: The winter) 10. Trc cc danh t chung ch mt ni cng cng nhm din t ngha lm hnh ng thng xy ra ni y. He goes to school in the morning (not: the school) Nhng: He goes to the school to meet his old teacher.
Unit 03. Verbs and sentences (ng t v cu)

ng t (Verb) ng t trong ting Anh gi l Verb.
ng t l t dng ch hot ng. ng t l t loi c rt nhiu bin th. ng t cha bin th gi l ng t nguyn th (Infinitive), cc ng t nguyn th thng c vit c to i trc. V d to go (i), to work (lm vic), ng t TO BE ng t to be c ngha l th, l, . i vi ch t s t to be bin th thnh is /iz/ i vi ch t s nhiu to be bin th thnh are /a:/ To be cn l mt tr ng t (Auxiliary Verb). Cc tr ng t l nhng ng t gip to thnh cc dng khc nhau ca ng t.Khi gi vai tr tr ng t, nhng ng t ny khng mang ngha r rt. I. ng t c chia v khng c chia (Finites and Non-finites) 1. Nhng hnh thc no ca ng t c th gip hnh thnh mt v ng (predicate) th gi l hnh thc c chia (finites). He walked slowly in the yard. Cc hnh thc c chia ca ng t u nm trong cc th (tense). Khi hnh thnh th qu kh n (simple past) v qu kh phn t (past participle) tt c cc ng t u c xp vo hai nhm: nhm ng t c qui tc (regular verbs) v nhm ng t bt qui tc (irregular verbs). 2. ng t khng c chia gm c cc dng nguyn mu (infinitive), V+ing (present participle v gerund) v qu kh phn t (past participle). II. Thm -ED v thm -ING 1. Cc trng hp thm -ED: Nhng cch thc thm -ED sau y c dng thnh lp th Qu kh n (Simple Past) v Qu kh phn t (Past Participle). a) Thng thng: Thm ED vo ng t nguyn mu. to walk - They walked home. b) ng t tn cng bng E - ch thm D. to live - They lived in Paris for three years. c) ng t tn cng bng ph m + Y - i Y thnh IED.
to study - He studied in the lab at weekends. d) ng t mt vn tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m v ng t c nhn mnh (stressed) vn cui (Gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ED. to stop - She stopped to buy some food. to control (controlled e) Mt s ng t 2 vn, tn cng bng L, c nhn mnh (stressed) vn th nht cng gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ED. to travel - They travelled a lot. Tng t: to kidnap - kidnapped; to worship - worshipped. 2. Cch pht m -ED tn cng -ED tn cng c pht m theo 3 cch khc nhau: / id / : sau cc m /t/ v /d/ to want - wanted; to decide - decided /t/ : sau cc ph m ic (voiceless consonant sounds) to ask - asked; to finish - finished /d/ : sau cc nguyn m (vowel sounds) v ph m t (voiced consonant sounds) to answer - answered; to open - opened 3. Cc trng hp thm ING V.ing c hnh thnh to nn hin ti phn t (present participle), trong cc th tip din (Continuous Tenses) v to thnh ng danh t (Gerund). C 6 trng hp thm ING: a) Thng thng: thm -ING v cui ng t nguyn mu. to walk - walking; to do - doing b) ng t tn cng bng E - b E trc khi thm -ING to live - living; to love - loving c) ng t tn cng bng -IE - i thnh -Y trc khi thm ING. to die - dying; to lie - lying d) ng t mt vn tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m v ng t c nhn mnh (stressed) vn cui - Gp i ph m cui trc khi thm -ING.
to run - running; to cut - cutting e) Mt s ng t 2 vn, tn cng bng L, c nhn mnh (stressed) vn th nht cng gp i ph m cui trc khi thm -ING. to travel - travelling f) Mt s ng t c cc thm -ING c bit trnh nhm ln: to singe (chy xm) - singeing khc vi to sing (ht) - singing to dye (nhum) - dyeing khc vi to die (cht) - dying III. Tr ng t (Auxiliary verbs) v ng t thng (Ordinary verbs) 1. Tr ng t (auxiliary verbs) l nhng ng t gip to thnh cc dng khc nhau ca ng t. Khi gi vai tr tr ng t, nhng ng t ny khng mang ngha r rt. T bn thn cc tr ng t cng c th l nhng ng t chnh (main verb) trong cu. Khi l ng t chnh, n c ngha ring. 2. C hai nhm tr ng t: a) Tr ng t c bn (primary auxiliary verbs) Gm c be, have, do. b) Tr ng t khuyt thiu (modal auxiliary verbs) Gm c will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, ought to, used to, dare, need. IV. Ngoi ng t (Transitive) v Ni ng t (Intransitive) 1. Ngoi ng t (Transitive verbs) l nhng ng t din t mt hnh ng tc ng ln mt tc t no . Ni tm tt, ngoi ng t lun i hi phi c mt tc t. I hit the ball. He killed the lion. 2. Ni ng t (Intransitive verbs) l nhng ng t khng chuyn hnh ng n mt tc t no. N khng c tc t. Tc t duy nht m ni ng t c th c l loi tc t cng gc (cognate objects). The sun rises. He sings a song. She lived a happy life.
3. Mt s ng t c th c s dng va nh mt ni ng t va nh mt ngoi ng t. Khi y, c th c mt thay i cht t trong ngha. V d: intransitive The bell rings. The fire lit quickly transitive The waiter rings the bell. He lit the fire V. ng t khuyt thiu (Defective verbs) ng t khuyt thiu (defective verbs cn c gi l model verbs) l nhng ng t c chung mt tnh cht thiu mt s hnh thc (forms) v c chung mt s cch s dng khc bit vi cc ng t cn li. VI. ng t lin kt (linking verbs) ng t lin kt (linking verbs) l nhng ng t ni ch t (subject) vi cc thnh phn khc ca mnh (clause). Nhng thnh phn ny m t mt tnh cht no ca ch t. The soldiers stayed perfectly still. Nhng ng t lin kt (linking verbs) chnh l: be, appear, become, end (up), feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn (out) Cu (Sentence) Cu c th c rt nhiu dng, t n gin n phc tp, nhng chng ta c th quy v ba dng c bn sau: Th xc nh (Affirmative) Th ph nh (Negative) Th nghi vn (Interrogative) Trc ht chng ta xt mu cu n gin nht sau y: This is a book (y l mt quyn sch ) Trong cu ny ta thy: This c ngha l y, ci ny, ng vai tr ch t trong cu.
Is l ng t to be dng vi s t (v ta ang ni n mt ci bn) v c ngha l l. A book: mt quyn sch. y l mt cu xc nh v n xc nh ci ta ang ni n l mt quyn sch. Vy cu trc mt cu xc nh c bn l: Subject + Verb + Complement (Ch t) (ng t) (B ng) Khi vit cu th ph nh ta vit: This is not a book (y khng phi l mt quyn sch) Cu ny ch khc cu trn ch c thm ch not sau is. Vy cu trc ca cu ph nh l: Subject + Aux. Verb + not + Complement (Ch t) (Tr ng t) (B ng) is not cn c vit tt thnh isnt /iznt/ are not arent /a:nt/ Khi vit cu ny th nghi vn ta vit: Is this a book? (y c phi l mt quyn sch khng?) Trong cu ny vn khng thm ch no khc m ta thy ch is c mang ln u cu. Vy qui tc chung chuyn thnh cu nghi vn l chuyn tr ng t ln u cu. Cu trc: Aux. Verb + Subject + Complement y l dng cu hi ch i hi tr li Phi hay Khng phi. V vy tr li cho cu hi ny chng ta c th dng mu tr li ngn sau: Yes, this is (Vng phi) No, this isnt (Khng, khng phi)
Cu trc: Yes, + Subject + Auxiliary Verb No, + Subject + Auxiliary Verb + not. This, That This c ngha l y, ci ny That c ngha l , kia, ci , ci kia Khi dng vi s nhiu this, that c chuyn thnh these, those. V d: Those are tables ( l nhng ci bn) Those arent tables ( khng phi l nhng ci bn) Are those tables? (C phi l nhng ci bn khng?) Yes, those are. (Vng, phi) No, those arent. (Khng, khng phi) Vocabulary and, or , but y l cc lin t dng ni cc t hay cc mnh trong cu. and c ngha l v or c ngha l hoc, hay l but c ngha l nhng, m V d:
This is a table and that is a chair. (y l mt ci bn v kia l mt ci gh) Is that a pen or a pencil? ( l mt cy bt mc hay bt ch?) This is a pen but thats a pencil? (y l cy vit mc nhng kia l cy vit ch)
Unit 04. Pronouns ( i t)

I. Cc loi i t i t (pronoun) l t dng thay cho mt danh t. i t c th c chia thnh 8 loi: 1. i t nhn xng (personal pronouns) 2. i t s hu (possessive pronouns) 3. i t phn thn (reflexive pronouns) 4. i t ch nh (demonstrative pronouns) 5. i t nghi vn (interrogative pronouns) 6. i t bt nh (indefinite pronouns) 7. i t quan h (relative pronouns) 8. i t phn bit (distributive pronouns) II. i t nhn xng (Personal Pronouns) Trong bi ny chng ta s tm hiu trc ht v cc i t nhn xng. i t nhn xng l nhng t dng xng h khi ni chuyn vi nhau. Trong ting Vit c nhiu i t v cch s dng chng cng rt phong ph. Nhng trong ting Anh cng nh hu ht cc ngoi ng ch c mt s cc i t c bn. Cc i t nhn xng (Personal Pronouns) c chia lm 3 ngi: Ngi th nht: dng cho ngi ni t xng h (ti, chng ti,)
Ngi th hai: dng gi ngi ang tip xc vi mnh (anh, bn, my,) Ngi th ba: dng ch mt i tng khc ngoi hai i tng ang tip xc vi nhau (anh ta, b ta, hn, n,) Mi ngi li c phn thnh s t v s nhiu. S t ch mt i tng. S nhiu ch nhiu i tng. Cc pronoun trong ting Anh bao gm: Ngi I Ngi II Ngi III S t I You He, She, It S nhiu We You They I /ai/ : ti, tao, You /ju/ : anh, bn, cc anh, cc bn. Khi dng s nhiu hay s t u vit l you. He /hi/ : anh ta, ng ta, n, She /Si/ : c ta, b ta, ch ta, n, It /it/ : n. It thng ch dng ch vt We /wi/ : chng ti, chng ta, They /Tei/ : h, chng n, Cc ng t trong cu lun lun phi ph hp vi cc i t ca n. Cch s dng ng t cho ha hp vi ch t gi l chia ng t. Trc ht ta tm hiu cch chia ng t TO BE. TO BE (th, l, ) I am You are He is She is
It is We are They are Nh vy ta thy to be c ba bin th : am, is v are. Ngi ta cng s dng cch vit tt sau: I am Im You are Youre He is Hes She is Shes It is Its We are Were They are Theyre Khi ni v vit ting Anh cn phi quan tm n cc th (tense) ca n. ng t l yu t ch yu trong cu quyt nh th ca cu, tc l n cho bit thi im xy ra hnh ng. Simple Present Tense Simple Present l th hin ti n. Cc cu v cch chia ng t TO BE chng ta hc trong cc bi trc u c vit th hin ti n. Sau y l cch chia ng t TO WORK (lm vic) th hin ti n: I work You work He works She works We work They work Nhn xt: ng t khng bin th trong tt c cc ngi ngoi tr ngi th ba s t c thm s cui.
ng t to work l mt ng t thng. Chng ta bit vit cu th ph nh ta thm not sau tr ng t, vit cu th nghi vn ta a tr ng t ln u cu. Nhng chng ta khng thm not sau ng t thng hay chuyn ng t thng ln u cu. vit th ph nh v nghi vn ca cu khng c tr ng t ta dng thm tr ng t TO DO. Do c vit thnh Does i vi ngi th ba s t. Khi dng thm to do ng t chuyn v dng nguyn th ca n. V d: I work I do not work Do I work? Yes, I do He works He does not work Does work? No, he doesnt. You work You dont work Do you work? No, you dont. Do not c vit tt thnh dont. Does not c vit tt thnh doesnt. Phng php thm s sau ng t cng ging nh danh t. Bn thn tr ng t to do khng c ngha g ht. Nhng to do cn l mt ng t thng c ngha l lm V d: I do exercises (Ti lm bi tp) I dont do exercises. Do I do exercises? He does exercises. He doesnt do exercises. Does he do exercises? Th Simple Present c dng trong cc trng hp sau: Khi ni v mt iu m lc no cng vy, mt iu lp i lp li hng ngy trong hin ti hoc mt iu c coi l chn l. V d: The earth goes round the sun. (Trt t i xung quanh mt tri) The sun rises in the east.
(Mt tri mc hng ng) We get up every morning. (Chng ta thc dy vo mi bui sng) I work in a bank. (Ti lm vic ngn hng). Vocabulary morning : bui sng afternoon : bui chiu ( y l gic qu tra) noon : bui tra evening : bui chiu (chiu ti) night : bui ti every : mi every morning : mi bui sng. every night : mi bui ti Bn danh t theo sau every khng c mo t the on : trn in : trong at : ti on the table : trn bn in the moring : vo bui sng at office : c quan
Unit 06. Adjectives (Tnh t)

ADJECTIVES
Tnh t trong ting Anh gi l Adjective. Tnh t l t dng ch tnh cht, mu sc, trng thi, Tnh t c dng m t tnh cht hay cung cp thm thng tin cho danh t. ni : Quyn sch mu ta ni The book is red. Trong cu ny nhn xt: red l tnh t ch mu sc. ng t chnh trong cu l ng t to be. Chng ta khng th ni The book red m phi c mt ng t to be. To be y khng cn dch ngha. Nu dch st ngha c th dch Quyn sch th p. Thiu ng t khng th lm thnh cu c. Cng vy, ta khng th ni The book on the table m phi ni The book is on the table (Quyn sch (th) trn bn). Tnh t cn c th i km vi danh t b ngha cho danh t. Xt cu ny: This is a red book (y l mt quyn sch mu ). Trong cu ny: This ng vai tr ch t is l ng t chnh trong cu. a red book l mt danh t. y c gi l mt danh t kp (Compound Noun). Danh t kp ny gm c: a l mo t ca book, red l tnh t i km m t thm v danh t (book), book l danh t chnh. Trong ting Anh t b ngha cho danh t lun i trc danh t v sau mo t ca danh t . V d: The red book is on the table. (Quyn sch mu trn bn) Thats a pretty book. ( l mt quyn sch p) Mt danh t c th c nhiu b ngha. V d:
He holds a red beautiful book. (Anh ta cm mt quyn sch p mu ) Ch very thng c dng vi tnh t ch mc nhiu ca tnh cht. Very c ngha l rt. Mary is very pretty. (Mary rt p) Computer is very wonderful. (My tnh rt tuyt vi) This, that cn c dng nh tnh t vi ngha ny, kia. V d: This book is very bad. (Quyn sch ny rt t) That red flower isnt beautiful (Bng hoa khng p) Khi danh t l s nhiu this, that vit thnh these, those. Vocabulary nice :p, d thng pretty :p beautiful :p handsome :p, bnh trai C bn t ny trong ting Anh u c ngha l p, nhng mc v i tng khc nhau nice dng ch mt v p c tnh d thng pretty ch v p bnh d c th dng ni ci p ca ngi ln vt beautiful ni n v p sc so, thng c dng cho gii n handsome v p cho phi nam C nhiu cch phn loi tnh t. trnh cn bn chng ti tm thi phn ra cc loi nh sau: Tnh t ch tnh cht (qualificative adjectives).
Tnh t s hu (possessive adjectives). Tnh t ch s lng (adjectives of quantity). Tnh t phn bit (distributive adjectives). Tnh t nghi vn (interrogative adjectives). Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives). Ngoi tnh t ch tnh cht v tnh t s hu cc tnh t cn li cng c th lm i t (pronoun). V th nhng loi tnh t ny s c phn tch trong phn i t (pronouns) II. Hnh thc ca tnh t ch tnh cht Mt t c th t n l mt tnh t ch tnh cht, v d nh blue, big, large Tuy nhin ngi ta cng c th hnh thnh tnh t ch tnh cht theo cc nguyn tc sau: noun + Y : storm - stormy noun + LY : friend - friendly noun + FUL : harm - harmful noun + LESS : care - careless noun + EN : wood - wooden noun + OUS : danger - dangerous noun + ABLE : honour - honourable noun + SOME : trouble - troublesome noun + IC : atom - atomic noun + ED : talent - talented noun + LIKE : child - childlike noun + AL : education - educational noun + AN : republic - republican noun + CAL : histoty - historical noun + ISH : child - childish III. V tr v tnh cht b ngha ca mt Tnh t
Khi b ngha cho mt danh t, tnh t c hai v tr ng, v nh th c hai chc nng ng php khc nhau: Tnh t ng ngay trc danh t m n b ngha. Ngi ta gi trng hp ny tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjective). Henry is an honest boy. He has just bought a new, powerful and very expensive car. Tnh t ng sau danh t m n b ngha. Khi ng sau, n c ni vi danh t y bng ng t lin kt (linking verbs). Ngi ta gi trng hp ny l tnh t v ng (predicative adjective). That house is new. She looks tired and thirsty. Phn ln cc tnh t ch tnh cht u c th dng nh mt tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjective) hay tnh t v ng (predicative adjective). That house is blue. That blue house is mine. Tuy nhin c mt s tnh t ch c th dng mt cch m thi. Ch dng nh tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjective): former, latter, inner, outer Ch dng nh tnh t v ng (predicative adjective): asleep, afraid, alone, alive, afloat, ashamed, content, unable. IV. Phn t (Participle) dng nh mt Tnh t Hin ti phn t (present participle) v qu kh phn t (past participle) u c th dng nh mt tnh t. Khi c dng nh mt tnh t n c y c tnh ca mt tnh t nh lm tnh t thuc tnh hay tnh t v ng, cch thnh lp th so snh hn vi more, th so snh cc cp vi most Khi dng lm tnh t, hin ti phn t mang ngha ch ng (active) trong khi qu kh phn t mang ngha th ng (passive). Hy so snh hai phn t sau y ca ng t to excite c ngha l kch ng, kch thch: (1) Football is an exciting game. (Bng l mt mn chi kch ng) (2) The excited fans ran out in the streets. (Cc c ng vin kch ng chy ra ng) Trong th d (1) game gi ngha ch ng, kch thch ngi khc. Trong th d (2) fans mang ngha b ng, b kch thch.
C hai loi s trong ting Anh: s m (cardinal numbers) v s th t (ordinal numbers). I. S m (Cardinal Numbers) S m (Cardinal Numbers) la s dng m ngi, vt, hay s vic. C 30 s m c bn trong ting Anh: 1 : one 16 : sixteen 2 : two 17 : seventeen 3 : three 18 : eighteen 4 : four 19 : nineteen 5 : five 20 : twenty 6 : six 30 : thirty 7 : seven 40 : forty 8 : eight 50 : fifty 9 : nine 60 : sixty 10 : ten 70 : seventy 11 : eleven 80 : eighty 12 : twelve 90 : ninety 13 : thirteen trm : hundred 14 : fourteen ngn : thousand 15 : fifteeen triu : million T 30 s cn bn ny ngi ta hnh thnh cc s m theo nguyn tc sau: Gia s hng chc v s hng n v c gch ni khi vit. V d: (38) thirty-eight; (76) seventy-six Sau hundred c and. V d: (254) two hundred and fifty four; (401) four hundred and one. Cc t hundred, thousand, million khng c s nhiu V d: (3,214) three thousand, two hundred and fourteen.
A thng dng vi hundred, thousand v million hn l one. V d: (105) a hundred and six. Khng dng mo t (article) khi dng s m trc mt danh t. V d: The cars - Twenty cars II. S th t (Ordinal Numbers) S th t (Ordinal Numbers) l s ch th t ca mt ngi, mt vt hay mt s vic trong mt chui nhng ngi, vt hay s vic. S th t hnh thnh da trn cn bn l s m vi mt s nguyn tc: first (th nht), second (th hai), third (th ba) tng ng vi cc s m 1, 2, 3. Cc s m tn cng bng TY i thnh TIETH V d: twenty - twentieth FIVE i thnh FIFTH; TWEVE i thnh TWELFTH T 21 tr i ch c s n v thay i. V d: forty-six - forty-sixth; eighty-one - eighty-first Cc s cn li thm TH vo s m. V d: ten - tenth ; nine - ninth III. Dozen, hundred, thousand, million Dozen (chc), hundred (trm), thousand (ngn), million (triu) khng c s nhiu d trc c s m s nhiu. V d: Fifty thousand people, Several dozen flowers . Khi Dozen, hundred, thousand, million s nhiu theo sau phi c OF v mt danh t. Khi y n c ngha l hng chc, hng trm, hng ngn, hng triu. V d: Hundreds of people; millions and millions of ants. Billion c ngha l t (mt ngn triu) trong ting M (American English). Trong ting Anh (British English) billion c ngha l mt triu triu.
IV. T loi ca s S (numbers) gi nhiu chc nng ng php trong cu: Mt s (number) c th b ngha cho danh t nh mt tnh t (adjective) v ng trc danh t n b ngha. The zoo contains five elephants and four tigers. (S th gm c nm con voi v bn con h) Ive got five elder sisters. (Ti c nm ngi ch) Mt s (number) c th l mt i t (pronoun). How many people were competing in the race? (C bao nhiu ngi tranh ti trong cuc ua?) About two hundred and fifty. Five of them finished the race, though. (Khong hai trm nm chc ngi. D vy, nm ngi trong s hc v n ch). Mt s (number) cng c th l mt danh t (noun). Seven is a lucky number. (By l con s may mn) Hes in his late fifties. V. Phn s (Fractions) 1. Thng thng: T s (numerator) c vit bng s m; mu s (denominator) c vit bng s th t. V d: 1/10 one-tenth ; 1/5 one-fifth Nu t s l s nhiu mu s cng phi c hnh thc s nhiu. V d: 5/8 five-eighths ; 2/7 two-sevenths Nu phn s c mt s nguyn trc n ta thm and trc khi vit phn s V d: 3 8/5 three and five-eighths 2. Mt s phn s c bit 1/2 a half
1/4 a quarter, a fourth 3/4 three quarters 3. Mt s cch dng c bit This cake is only half as big as that one. (Ci bnh ny ch ln bng na ci kia) My house is three-quarters the height of the tree. (Nh ti ch cao bng 3/4 ci cy) The glass is a third full of water. (Ci ly y 1/3 nc) I couldnt finish the race. I ran only two-thirds of the distance. (Ti khng th chy n cng cuc ua. Ti ch chy ni 2/3 on ng). VI. Cch c mt vi loi s S khng (0) c cc cch c sau: c l zero /zirou/ trong ton hc, trong nhit . c l nought /n:t/ trong ton hc ti Anh. c l O // trong nhng s di. S in thoi c c tng s mt. V d: 954-730-8299 nine five four, seven three O, eight two double nine. S nm c c t hai s. 1825 eighteen twenty-five; 1975 nineteen seventy-five 2001 two thousand and one; 1700 seventeen hundred
Unit 08. Possessive Case ( S hu cch)

S hu cch (possessive case) l mt hnh thc ch quyn s hu ca mt ngi i vi mt ngi hay mt vt khc. Quyn s hu trong trng hp ny c hiu vi ngha rt rng
ri. Khi ni cha ca John khng c ngha l John s hu cha ca anh y. Cng vy, ci cht ca Shakespear khng h c ngha l Shakespeare s hu ci cht. Do , S hu cch ch c hnh thnh khi s hu ch (possessor) l mt danh t ch ngi. Mt i khi ngi ta cng dng S hu cch cho nhng con vt thn cn hay yu mn. Trong ting Anh, ch of c ngha l ca. Nhng ni chng hn Quyn sch ca thy gio ngi ta khng ni the book of the teacher, m vit theo cc nguyn tc sau: 1. Thm s vo sau S hu ch khi l mt danh t s t. Danh t theo sau s khng c mo t: The book of the teacher - The teachers book The room of the boy - The boys room (Cn phng ca cu b) 2. i vi mt s tn ring, nht l cc tn ring c in, ta ch thm (apostrophe): Moses laws, Hercules labours 3. Vi nhng danh t s nhiu tn cng bng S, ta ch thm . The room of the boys - The boys room. 4. Vi nhng danh t s nhiu khng tn cng bng S, ta thm s nh vi trng hp danh t s t. The room of the men - The mens room 5. Khi s hu ch gm c nhiu t: a) Ch thnh lp s hu cch danh t sau cht khi s hu vt thuc v tt c cc s hu ch y. The father of Daisy and Peter - Daisy and Peters father (Daisy v Peter l anh ch em) b) Tt c cc t u c hnh thc s hu cch khi mi s hu ch c quyn s hu trn ngi hay vt khc nhau. Daisys and Peters fathers (Cha ca Daisy v cha ca Peter) 6. Ngi ta c th dng S hu cch cho nhng danh t ch s o lng, thi gian, khong cch hay s lng. a weeks holiday, an hours time, yesterdays news, a stones throw, a pounds worth. 7. Trong mt s thnh ng:
at his wits end; out of harms way; to your hearts content; in my minds eye; to get ones moneys worth. 8. S hu cch kp (double possessive) l hnh thc s hu cch i km vi cu trc of. He is a friend of Henrys. (Anh ta l mt ngi bn ca Henry) S hu cch kp c bit quan trng phn bit ngha nh trong hai cm t sau y: A portrait of Rembrandt - Someone portrayed him Bc chn dung ca Rembrandt (do ai v) A portrait of Rembrandts - Someone was painted by him Mt tc phm chn dung ca Rembrandt (bc chn dung ai do Rembrandt v) S hu cch kp cng gip phn bit hai tnh trng sau: A friend of Henrys Mt ngi bn ca Henry (C th l anh ta ch c mt ngi bn) One of Henrys friends Mt trong nhng ngi bn ca Henry (C th anh ta c nhiu bn)
Unit 09. Possessive Adjectives (Tnh t s hu)

Khi bn mun ni M ca ti, bn khng th ni Is mother hay the mother of I. Trong trng hp ny, s hu ch l mt i t nhn xng, v vy chng ta phi s dng mt tnh t s hu (possessive adjective). Cc tnh t s hu cng vi cc i t nhn xng (personal pronouns) tng quan nh sau: Ngi i t nhn xng Tnh t s hu 1 s t I my 2 s t you your 3 s t he his
she her one ones 1 s nhiu we our 2 s nhiu you your 3 s nhiu they their Ci tnh t s hu lun i trc danh t m n s hu v cc danh t ny khng c mo t i theo. V d: my mother (M ca ti) his work (cng vic ca anh ta) our office (c quan ca chng ti) your good friend (ngi bn tt ca anh) Cch gi tnh t s hu (possessive adjectives) cng khng c mt s tc gi nht tr. Xt theo v tr v t m n b ngha th y l mt tnh t v n ng trc v b ngha cho mt danh t. Nhng xt theo nhim v v ngha th y l mt i t. Khi ta ni his house th his phi ch mt ngi no ni trc y. V nh vy his thay cho mt danh t. M chc nng thay cho danh t l chc nng ca mt i t (pronoun). Trong ti liu ny chng ti gi cch gi quen thuc l tnh t s hu. Tnh t s hu c dng ch mt ngi hay vt thuc v mt ngi no . Khi nim thuc v y phi c hiu vi ngha rt rng. Khi ni my car ta c th hiu chic xe thuc v ti, nhng khi ni my uncle th khng th hiu mt cch cng nhc rng ng ch y thuc v ti. Tnh t s hu trong ting Anh l thuc vo ngi lm ch ch khng thay i theo s lng ca vt b s hu. V d: He sees his grandmother. (Anh ta thm b) He sees his grandparents.
(Anh ta thm ng b) Ngi Anh c thi quen s dng tnh t s hu trong nhiu trng hp m ngi Vit Nam khng dng. V d: He has lost his dog. (Anh ta lc mt con ch) He put on his hat and left the room. (Anh ta i nn ln v ri phng) I have had my hair cut. (Ti i ht tc) She changed her mind. (C ta i ) Tuy nhin, trong mt s thnh ng, ngi ta li thng dng mo t xc nh the hn l tnh t s hu, nht l nhng thnh ng vi in. V d: I have a cold in the head. (Ti b cm) She was shot in the leg. (C ta b bn vo chn) He got red in the face. (Anh y mt) She took me by the hand. (C y nm ly tay ti) The ball struck him in the back. (Qu bng p vo lng anh ta)
Unit 10. Possessive pronouns (i t s hu)

Xt v d ny: a friend of Johns: mt ngi bn ca John. Chng ta bit cch dng ny trong bi S hu cch. Gi s bn mun ni mt ngi bn ca ti, bn khng th vit a friend of my, m phi dng mt i t s hu (possessive pronoun). Tnh t s hu (possessive adjectives) phi dng vi mt danh t. Ngc li i t s hu (possessive pronouns) c th dng mt mnh. Sau y l bng so snh v ngi, s ca hai loi ny: Tnh t s hu i t s hu This is my book. This book is mine. This is your book. This book is yours. This is his book. This book is his. This is her book. This book is hers. This is our book. This book is ours. This is their book. This book is theirs. Tnh theo ngun gc ta c i t s hu ITS tng ng vi tnh t s hu ITS. Tuy nhin nhiu nm ngi ta khng thy loi i t ny c s dng trong thc t. V th nhiu tc gi loi tr ITS ra khi danh sch cc i t s hu. i t s hu (possessive pronouns) c dng trong nhng trng hp sau: 1. Dng thay cho mt Tnh t s hu (possessive adjectives) v mt danh t ni pha trc. V d: I gave it to my friends and to yours. (= your friends) Her shirt is white, and mine is blue. (= my shirt) o c ta mu trng cn ca ti mu xanh 2. Dng trong dng cu s hu kp (double possessive). V d: He is a friend of mine. (Anh ta l mt ngi bn ca ti) It was no fault of yours that we mistook the way. Chng ti lm ng u c phi l li ca anh
3. Dng cui cc l th nh mt qui c. Trng hp ny ngi ta ch dng ngi th hai. V d: Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully,
Unit 11. There is, there are, how many, how much, to have
There is, there are Xt cu: There is a book on the table. Cu ny c dch l : C mt quyn sch trn bn. Trong ting Anh thnh ng: There + to be c dch l c Khi dng vi danh t s nhiu vit l there are y there ng vai tr nh mt ch t. Vy khi vit dng ph nh v nghi vn ta lm nh vi cu c ch t + to be. Ngi ta thng dng cc t sau vi cu trc there + to be: many/much :nhiu some :mt vi any :bt c, ci no many dng vi danh t m c much dng vi danh t khng m c V d: There are many books on the table. (C nhiu sch trn bn) nhng
There are much milk in the bottle. (C nhiu sa trong chai) Chng ta dng some trong cu xc nh v any trong cu ph nh v nghi vn. V d: There are some pens on the table. (C vi cy bt trn bn) There isnt any pen on the table. (Khng c cy bt no trn bn) Is there any pen on the table? Yes, therere some. (C cy bt no trn bn khng? Vng, c vi cy). Khi ng ring mt mnh there cn c ngha l . T c ngha tng t nh there l here ( y). The book is there (Quyn sch ) I go there (Ti i n ) My house is here (Nh ti y) How many, How much How many v How much l t hi c dng vi cu trc there + to be, c ngha l bao nhiu. Cch thnh lp cu hi vi How many, How much l How many + Danh t m c + be + there + hoc
How much + Danh t khng m c + be + there + V d: How many books are there on the table? (C bao nhiu quyn sch trn bn?)
How much milk are there in this bottle? (C bao nhiu sa trong ci chai ny?) Have To have l mt tr ng t (Auxiliary Verb) c ngha l c. Khi s dng ngha c vi mt ch t ta dng have ch khng phi there + be. Have c vit thnh has khi dng vi ch t ngi th ba s t. V d: I have many books (Ti c nhiu sch) He has a house (Anh ta c mt cn nh) lp thnh cu ph nh v nghi vn ta cng thm not sau have hoc chuyn have ln u cu. V d: I havent any book. (Ti khng c quyn sch no) Have you any book? (Anh c quyn sch no khng?) Khi dng trong cu ph nh vi mt danh t m c ngi ta c khuynh hng dng have no hn l have not. V d: I have no money (Ti khng c tin) ( trong cu ny khng c mo t) Cc cch vit tt vi have have not c vit tt thnh havent has not hasnt I have Ive You have Youve He has Hes
She has Shes Vocabulary Khi mun ni: Ti rt thch cng vic ny, ngi ta khng ni I very like this work m thng ni I like this work very much Hay I like this work a lot. Nh vy chng ta khng dng very trc ng t trong trng hp , v y phi dng very much ch khng phi very many v s thch l mt i lng khng m c. a lot: cng c ngha l nhiu V d: I do a lot of works this morning (Ti lm nhiu vic sng nay) over there: ng kia My house is over there (Nh ti ng kia) She stands over there (C ta ng ng kia) at home: nh
Unit 12. Infinitive (Dng nguyn th)

Chng ta s dng cu vi cc ng t thng, cc ng t ny din t hnh ng xy ra trong cu v phi c chia ph hp vi ch t v th ca cu. Nhng nhiu khi cn dng nhiu ng t trong cu lm r thm hnh ng, cc ng t sau s b sung thm ngha cho ng t trc.
Khi s dng cu c nhiu hn mt ng t, ch c ng t chnh c chia ph hp vi ch t v th ca cu, cn cc ng t sau c vit dng nguyn th (infinitive) c to i km. To l mt gii t, n khng c ngha nht nh. Trong trng hp ny c th dch to vi cc ngha ti, ,.. hoc khng dch. V d: I want to learn English (Ti mun hc ting Anh). Trong cu ny want l ng t chnh din t mun ca ch t, v vy c chia ph hp vi ch t; to learn l ng t i theo b sung thm ngha cho want (mun g). Ch to y khng cn dch ngha. He comes to see John. (Anh ta n () thm John) I dont want to see you. (Ti khng mun gp anh) Do you like to go to the cinema? (Anh c mun i xem phim khng?) Vocabulary to go to bed: i ng to go to school: i hc again: li, na V d: I dont want to see you again (Ti khng mun gp anh na) He learns English again (Anh y li hc ting Anh) meal n. ba n breakfast n. ba im tm lunch n. ba n tra
dinner n. ba n ti Ngi ta dng to have ni v cc ba n V d: I have a beakfast. (Ti c mt ba n sng = Ti n sng) He has a lunch (Anh y n tra)
Unit 13. Object (Tc t)

Khi ta ni: Ti thch bn th Ti l ch t, k pht sinh ra hnh ng thch l ng t din t hnh ng ca ch t bn l k chu tc ng ca hnh ng do ch t gy ra. Ch bn y l mt tc t. Ting Anh gi tc t l Object. Vy tc t l t ch i tng chu tc ng ca mt hnh ng no . i vi hu ht cc danh t khi ng v tr tc t khng c g thay i nhng khi l cc i t nhn xng th cn c bin th. V d khi ni Ti thch anh ta ta khng th ni I like he. He y l mt tc t v vy ta phi vit n dng tc t. Cc tc t bao gm: i t Tc t (Subject) (Object) I me You you He him She her
It it We us They them V d: I like him (Ti thch anh ta) Mr. Smith teaches us (ng Smith dy chng ti) Khi s dng tc t ta cng cn phn bit gia tc t trc tip (direct object) v tc t gin tip (indirect object). Xt cu ny: Ti vit mt bc th cho m ti. y c n hai i tng chu tc ng ca hnh ng vit l bc th v m ti. Trong trng hp ny bc th l tc t trc tip, m ti l tc t gin tip. Thng thng cc tc t gin tip c to i trc. Cu trn s c vit trong ting Anh nh sau: I write a letter to my mother. Ni chung, khi tc t gin tip khng i ngay sau ng t th phi c to dn trc. Ngc li khng cn phi thm to. Cu trn c th vit theo cch khc nh sau: I write my mother a letter. Vocabulary to look to look: trng, c v He looks tired. (Anh ta trng c v mt mi) This house looks cool. (Cn nh ny trng mt m) to look at: nhn She looks at me
(C ta nhn ti) We looks at our books. (Chng ti nhn vo sch) to look for: tm He looks for his key. (Hn tm cha kha ca hn). I looks for my pen. (Ti tm cy vit ca ti)
Unit 14. Adverbs (Trng t)

ADVERBS Trng t (hay cn gi l ph t) trong ting Anh gi l adverb. Trng t l nhng t dng b ngha cho ng t, tnh t, mt trng t khc hay cho c cu. Trng t thng ng trc t hay mnh m n cn b ngha. Nhng cng ty trng hp cu ni m ngi ta c th t n ng sau hay cui cu. Trng t c nhiu hnh thc: Nhng ch n thun nh: very (rt, lm), too (qu), almost (hu nh), then (sau , lc ), Trng t cng c th thnh lp bng cch thm -ly vo cui mt tnh t. V d: slow (chm) slowly (mt cch chm chp) quick (nhanh) quickly (mt cch nhanh nhn) clear (sng sa) clearly (mt cch sng sa) L nhng t kp nh: everywhere (khp ni) sometimes (i khi) anyhow (d sao i na)
Mt thnh ng (thnh ng l mt cm t gm nhiu t hp nhau to thnh mt ngha khc). next week (tun ti) this morning (sng nay) at the side ( bn) with pleasure (vui lng) at first (trc tin) V d: He walks slowly (Anh ta i (mt cch) chm chp) We work hard (Chng ti lm vic vt v) I dont go to my office this morning. (Ti khng n c quan sng nay) C th phn loi trng t theo ngha nh sau: Trng t ch cch thc: hu ht cc trng t ny c thnh lp bng cch thm -ly cui tnh t v thng c dch l mt cch. bold (to bo) boldly (mt cch to bo) calm (m ) calmly (mt cch m ) sincere (chn tht) sincerely (mt cch chn tht) Nhng mt s tnh t khi dng nh trng t vn khng thm -ly cui: V d: fast (nhanh). Khi ni ng ta i nhanh, ta vit He walks fast. v fast y va l tnh t va l trng t nn khng thm -ly Trng t ch thi gian: sau y l mt s trng t ch thi gian m ta thng gp nht: after (sau , sau khi), before (trc khi), immediately (tc khc), lately (mi y), once (mt khi), presently (lc ny), soon (chng bao lu), still (vn cn), today (hm nay),
tomorow (ngy mai), tonight (ti nay), yesterday (hm qua), last night (ti hm qua), whenever (bt c khi no), instantly (tc thi), shortly (chng my lc sau ). Cc trng t ch thi gian cn c cc trng t ch tn s lp li ca hnh ng nh: always (lun lun), often (thng hay), frequently (thng hay), sometimes (i khi), now and then (thnh thong), everyday (mi ngy, mi ngy), continually (lc no cng), generally (thng thng), occasionally (thnh thong), rarely (t khi), scarcely (him khi), never (khng bao gi), regularly (u u), ussually (thng thng). V d: She always works well. (C ta lun lun lm vic tt). I rarely come here (Ti t khi n y). I ussually get up at 5 oclock (Ti thng dy lc 5 gi). Trng t ch a im: above (bn trn), below (bn di), along (dc theo), around (xung quanh), away (i xa, khi, mt), back (i li), somewhere (u ), through (xuyn qua). V d: They walk through a field (H i xuyn qua mt cnh ng) Trng t ch mc , cho bit hnh ng din ra n mc no, thng cc trng t ny c dng vi tnh t hay mt trng t khc hn l dng vi ng t. too (qu), absolutely (tuyt i), completely (hon ton), entirely (ht thy), greatly (rt l), exactly (qu tht), extremely (v cng), perfectly (hon ton), slightly (hi), quite (hon ton), rather (c phn). V d: The tea is too hot. (Tr qu nng). Im very pleased with your success
(Ti rt hi lng vi thnh qu ca anh) Cc trng t khng nh, ph nh, phng on: certainly (chc chn), perhaps (c l), maybe (c l), surely (chc chn), of course (d nhin), willingly (sn lng), very well (c ri). Cc trng t dng m u cu: fortunately (may thay), unfortunately (ri thay), luckily (may mn thay), suddenly (t nhin),
Unit 15. Can, May, Be able to

Can Can l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n c ngha l c th. Can lun lun c theo sau bi mt ng t nguyn th khng c to (bare infinitive). Can khng bin th trong tt c cc ngi. Khi dng trong cu ph nh thm not sau can v chuyn can ln u cu khi dng vi cu nghi vn. (Lu : chng ta c th ni ng t to be, to do, to have nhng khng bao gi ni to can). V d: I can speak English (Ti c th ni ting Anh=Ti bit ni ting Anh) She cant study computer (C ta khng th hc my tnh c) Cannot vit tt thnh cant Can c dng ch mt kh nng hin ti v tng lai. i khi can c dng trong cu hi vi ng xin php nh: Can I help you? (Ti c th gip bn c khng?) Can I go out ?
(Ti c th ra ngoi c khng?) May May cng c ngha l c th nhng vi ngha l mt d on trong hin ti hay tng lai hoc mt s c php trong hin ti hay tng lai. V d: It may rain tonight (Tri c th ma m nay) May I use this? (Ti c php dng ci ny khng?) May c dng th nghi vn bao hm mt s xin php. dng may th ph nh hay nghi vn ta lm nh vi can. maynot vit tt thnh maynt Cu ph nh dng vi may bao hm mt ngha khng cho php gn nh cm on. V d: You may not go out (My khng c ra ngoi) Be able to Thnh ng to be able to cng c ngha l c th, c kh nng. Nhng khi ni c th ta phn bit gia kh nng v tim nng. Tim nng l iu t mnh c th lm hoc v nng khiu, hiu bit, ngh nghip, quyn hnh hay a v. Kh nng l iu c th xy ra do mt nng lc ngoi mnh nh mt d on. Tuy rng chng ta c th s dng can v be able to u c nhng be able to dng nhn mnh v tim nng hn. V d: I can speak English = I am able to speak English. Vocabulary
because: bi v I dont want to see him because I dont like him. (Ti khng mun gp anh ta v ti khng thch anh ta) so: v th Im very tired so I cant come to your house. (Ti rt mt v vy ti khng n nh anh c) for: cho, i vi Can you make this for me? (Anh c th lm vic ny cho ti khng?) For me, hes very handsome. (i vi ti, anh ta rt p trai).
Unit 16. Present continuous tense (Hin ti tip din)

Th Present Continuous l th hin ti tip din, n c dng ch s vic ang tip din trong hin ti. Cch thnh lp Present Continuous: To be + Verb -ing C ngha l trong cu lun c ng t to be c chia ph hp vi ch t theo sau l mt ng t c thm -ing cui. V d: I am working (Ti ang lm vic) He is doing his exercises. (Anh ta ang lm bi tp)
Trong cc cu ny cc ng t to work, to do l cc ng t chnh din t hnh ng trong cu cn am, is v -ing c dng din t s tip din, lc ny am, is khng c ngha bnh thng l th, l, . Trong trng hp cu c ng t chnh l to be ( din t ngha th, l, ) khi vit th hin ti tip din ta vn phi thm ng t to be v thm -ing ng t chnh bng cch vit thnh being. V d: My book is on the table. (Quyn sch ca ti trn bn) - My book is being on the table (Quyn sch ca ti ang trn bn) He is at his office. (Anh ta c quan) - He is being at his office. (Anh ta ang c quan) i vi can khi dng th Present Continuous khng th thm ing cho can m phi i can thnh be able to ri mi thm ing. V d: He can do this - He is being able to do this Cc trng t sau thng hay dng vi th Present Continuous: at the moment : lc ny, by gi now : by gi presently : hin thi, hin nay at present : hin nay today : hm nay Chng ta cng d on rng khi dng th ph nh s thm not sau ng t to be v th nghi vn chuyn to be ln u cu. V d: Im not working
(Ti khng ang lm vic) Are you being busy? (Anh c ang bn khng?) Th Present Continuous c dng trong cc trng hp: Khi ni v mt iu ang xy ra vo lc ni: I wish you to be quiet. Im studying. (Ti mong anh gi im lng. Ti ang hc) Khi ni v mt iu g xy ra quanh hin ti nhng khng nht thit phi ng ngay thi im ang ni. Ta xt cc tnh hung sau: Tom and Ann are talking and drinking in a cafe. Tom say: Im reading an interesting book at the moment. (Tom v Ann tr chuyn v ung nc trong mt qun c ph. Tom ni: Lc ny ti ang c mt quyn sch hay) R rng Tom khng phi ang c vo lc ni cu y, nhng th hin ti tip din y ch rng anh ta bt u c quyn sch v cho n by gi vn cha xong. Silvia is learning English at the moment. (Hin gi Silvia ang hc ting Anh) Hes building his house. (Anh ta ang xy nh) Ngi ta cng dng th Present Continuous ni v mt giai on gn hin ti nh: today (hm nay), this season (ma ny), Youre working today? Yes, I have a lot to do. (Hm nay anh c lm vic khng? C, ti c nhiu vic lm) Tom isnt playing football this season (Tom khng chi banh ma ny) Th Present Continuous cn c dng ni v mt tnh th ang thay i: The population of the world is rising very fast.
(Dn s th gii ang tng rt nhanh) The number of people without jobs is rising at the moment. (Lc ny s ngi tht nghip ang tng) The economic situation is becoming very bad. (Tnh hnh kinh t ang tr nn ti t) Th Present Continuous cn c dng din t mt hnh ng tng lai nht l vi cc ng t c ngha di chuyn nh: to go (i), to come (n), to leave (ri b), We are going to Paris on Friday. (Chng ti nh i Pari vo th su) Im going to see you tonigh. (Ti nh gp anh ti nay) Im going to smoke. (Ti nh ht thuc). Phng php thm ing sau ng t Vi hu ht cc ng t c n gin thm ing cui. Cc ng t tn cng bng e v trc e l mt ph m th b e trc khi thm ing. rise rising write writing Cc ng t kt thc bng mt ph m, trc ph m l mt nguyn m v trc nguyn m li l mt ph m th gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ing. get getting Vocabulary to be afraid : e rng, s rng Im afraid he cant come tonight. (Ti e rng ti nay anh y khng n c). Im afraid its too late.
(Ti e rng qu tr ri). other : khc I dont want to have these books. I want want to have others. (Ti khng mun c nhng quyn sch ny. Ti mun c nhng cun khc kia.) one Chng ta bit one c ngha l mt, nhng one cn c dng thay th bt k mt ngi v vt no. Thng dng one trnh lp li mt danh t no . V d: This book is bad, I want to have an other one. (Quyn sch ny d, ti mun mt quyn khc.) I see ones pen. (Ti trng thy cy vit ca ai ).
Unit 17. Questions (Cu hi)

Chng ta bit lm thnh cu hi ta t tr ng t ln u cu hay ni chnh xc hn l o tr ng t ln trc ch t. i vi cu ch c ng t thng th Simple Present ta dng thm do hoc does. Tt c cc cu nghi vn vit trong cc bi trc gi l nhng cu hi dng Yes-No Questions tc Cu hi Yes-No, bi v vi dng cu hi ny ch i hi tr li Yes hoc No. Khi chng ta cn hi r rng hn v c cu tr li c th hn ta dng cu hi vi cc t hi. Mt trong cc t hi chng ta bit ri l t hi How many/How much. Trong ting Anh cn mt lot t hi na v cc t hi ny u bt u bng ch Wh. V vy cu hi dng vi cc t hi ny cn gi l Wh-Questions. Cc t hi Wh bao gm: What :g, ci g Which :no, ci no Who :ai Whom : ai
Whose :ca ai Why :ti sao, v sao Where :u, u When :khi no, bao gi vit cu hi vi t hi ta ch cn nh n gin rng: l cu hi d nhin s c s o gia ch t v tr ng t, nu trong cu khng c tr ng t ta dng thm do T hi lun lun ng u cu hi. Nh vy cu trc mt cu hi c t hi l: T hi + Aux. Verb + Subject + V d: What is this? (Ci g y? hoc y l ci g?) Where do you live? (Anh sng u?) When do you see him? (Anh gp hn khi no?) What are you doing? (Anh ang lm g th?) Why does she like him? (Ti sao c ta thch hn?) Cu hi vi WHO - WHOM- WHOSE Who v Whom u dng hi ai, ngi no, nhng Who dng thay cho ngi, gi nhim v ch t trong cu, cn Whom gi nhim v tc t ca ng t theo sau. V d: Who can answer that question? (Who l ch t ca can) Ai c th tr li cu hi ? Whom do you meet this morning? (Whom l tc t ca meet) Anh gp ai sng nay? Lu rng: Trong vn ni ngi ta c th dng who trong c hai trng hp ch t v tc t. V d: Who(m) do they help this morning? H gip ai sng nay? ng t trong cu hi vi who dng xc nh. Ngc li ng t trong cu hi vi whom phi dng nghi vn:
Who is going to London with Daisy? Ai ang i London cng vi Daisy vy? With whom is she going to London? (= Who(m) did she go to London with?) C ta ang i London cng vi ai vy? Whose l hnh thc s hu ca who. N c dng hi ca ai. Whose is this umbrella? Its mine. Ci ny ca ai? Ca ti. Whose c th c dng nh mt tnh t nghi vn. Khi y theo sau whose phi c mt danh t. Whose pen are you using? (Bn ang dng cy bt ca ai y?) Whose books are they reading? (Bn ang c quyn sch ca ai?) Cu hi vi WHAT - WHICH What v Which u c ngha chung l ci g, ci no. Tuy vy which c mt s gii hn. Ngi nghe phi chn trong gii hn y tr li. Cu hi vi what th khng c gii hn. Ngi nghe c quyn tr li theo thch ca mnh. V d: What do you often have for breakfast? Bn thng n im tm bng g? Which will you have, tea or coffee? Anh mun dng g, tr hay c ph? What v which cn c th l mt tnh t nghi vn. Khi s dng tnh t nghi vn phi dng vi mt danh t. Cch dng ging nh trng hp whose nu trn. What colour do you like? (Bn thch mu g?) Which way to the station, please? (Cho hi ng no i n ga ?)
Which c th dng ni v ngi. Khi y n c ngha ngi no, ai Which of you cant do this exercise? Em no (trong s cc em) khng lm c bi tp ny? Which boys can answered all the questions? Nhng cu no c th tr li tt c cc cu hi? Lu rng trong vn ni c mt s mu cu kh phn bit trong ting Vit: Who is that man? - Hes Mr. John Barnes. (Hi v tn) What is he? - Hes a teacher. (Hi v ngh nghip) What is he like? - Hes tall, dark, and handsome. (Hi v dng dp) Whats he like as a pianist? - Oh, hes not very good. (Hi v cng vic lm) I dont know who or what he is; and I dont care. (Ti chng bit ng ta l ai hay ng ta lm ngh g v ti cng chng cn bit) Cu hi vi WHY i vi cu hi Why ta c th dng because (v, bi v) tr li. V d: Why do you like computer? Because its very wonderful. (Ti sao anh thch my tnh? Bi v n rt tuyt vi) Why does he go to his office late? Because he gets up late. (To sao anh ta n c quan tr? V anh ta dy tr.) Negative Questions Negative Question l cu hi ph nh, c ngha l cu hi c ng t vit th ph nh tc c thm not sau tr ng t. Chng ta dng Negative Question c bit trong cc trng hp: ch s ngc nhin: Arent you crazy? Why do you do that? (Anh c in khng? Sao anh lm iu ?)
L mt li cm thn: Doesnt that dress look nice! (Ci o ny p qu !) Nh vy bn thn cu ny khng phi l cu hi nhng c vit di dng cu hi. Khi trng ch ngi nghe ng vi mnh. Trong cc cu hi ny ch not ch c dng din t ngha cu, ng dch n l khng. Ngi ta cn dng Why vi Negative Question ni ln mt li ngh hay mt li khuyn. Why dont you lock the door? (Sao anh khng kha ca?) Why dont we go out for a meal? (Sao chng ta khng i n mt ba nh?) Why dont you go to bed early? (Sao anh khng i ng sm?) Vocabulary something :iu g someone :ai , mt vi ngi somebody :ai , ngi no , mt vi ngi anything :bt c iu g anyone, anybody :bt c ai, ngi no Someone is in my room. (Ai ang trong phng ti) I dont like anything (Ti khng thch g c)
nothing :khng c g noone, nobody :khng ai Ngi Anh thng dng cc t ny hi khc ngi Vit mt cht. Chng hn mun ni Anh ta khng ni g c ngi Anh thng ni He says nothing ch khng phi He dont say anything. Therere nobody in my room. (Khng c ai trong phng ti c) everything :mi iu everyone, everybody :mi ngi Everyone like football. (Mi ngi u thch bng ) day :ngy every day :mi ngy, hng ngy these days :ngy nay We eat and work everyday. (Chng ta n v lm vic hng ngy)
Unit 18. Imperative mood (Mnh lnh cch)

Th Mnh Lnh hay Mnh Lnh cch l mt th sai khin, ra lnh, hay yu cu ngi khc lm mt iu g. V th Mnh Lnh cch ch c ngi 1 s nhiu v ngi 2 s t hay s nhiu. n gin ch v ta khng bao gi ra lnh cho chnh bn thn ta (ngi 1 s t) hay cho mt ngi vng mt (ngi 3).
C hai trng hp s dng: I. Mnh Lnh Cch xc nh Ngi 1 s nhiu : Dng LET US + V hay LETS + V Ngi 2 s t hay s nhiu: Dng V (bare infinitive). ng qun dng thm please by t s lch s. V d: Let us go down town with him. (Chng ta hy xung ph vi anh y) Put this book on the table, please. (lm n quyn sch ny ln bn) II. Mnh Lnh Cch ph nh Dng yu cu ai ng lm mt iu g. Ngi 1 s nhiu: LET US NOT + V hay LETS NOT + V Ngi 2 s t hay s nhiu: Dng DO NOT + V (bare infinitive) hay DONT + V (bare infinitive) v please din t s lch s. Lets not tell him about that. (Chng ta ng ni vi anh y v chuyn ) Please dont open that window. (Lm n ng m ca s y) Must, Have to Must v Have to u c ngha l phi. Ni chung chng ta c th dng Must v Have to u nh nhau. I must go now. I have to go now. (By gi ti phi i) Nhng cng c vi im khc nhau gia hai cch dng ny:
Dng Must a ra nhng cm ngh ring ca mnh, iu mnh ngh cn phi lm. V d: I must write to my friend. (Ti phi vit th cho bn ti) The government really must do something about unemployments. (Tht ra chnh ph phi lm ci g cho nhng ngi tht nghip) Dng Have to khng phi ni v cm ngh ca mnh m ni v mt thc t phi nh vy. V d: Mr.Brown has to wear his glasses for reading. (ng Brown phi mang knh c) I cant go to the cinema, I have to work. (Ti khng i xem phim c, ti phi lm vic.) Must ch c th dng ni v hin ti v tng lai trong khi have to c th dng vi tt c cc th. Khi dng th ph nh hai t ny mang ngha khc nhau. Khi dng have to ta ch mun ni khng cn phi lm nh vy, nhng vi must bao hm mt ngha cm on. V d: You dont have to go out. (Anh khng phi ra ngoi) You mustnt go out (Anh khng c ra ngoi) Lu : khi dng have to th ph nh hay nghi vn ta dng tr ng t do ch khng phi thm not sau have hay chuyn have ln trc ch t. V d: Why do you have to go to hospital? (khng phi Why have you to go) (Ti sao anh phi n bnh vin?) He doesnt have to work on Sunday? (khng phi He hasnt to) (Anh ta khng phi lm vic ngy ch nht) Mt s cu lch s (polite requests)
Would you please + V: Would you please put this bag on the shelf ? Would you mind + V. ing: Would you mind putting this bag on the shelf ? I wonder if youd be kind enough to + V: I wonder if youd be kind enough to put this bag on the shelf ? May I + V: May I turn on the lights ? Do you mind if I + V: Do you mind if I turn on the lights ? Mt s cch cn phi c dng cn thn v rt khch so, thiu tnh thn mt.
Unit 19. Future Tense (Th tng lai)

Future Tense l th tng lai. Chng ta dng will hoc shall thnh lp th tng lai. Dng will vi tt c cc ngi Ring ngi th nht c th dng will hay shall u c, c bit phi dng shall vi cu hi. will v shall c dch l s Khi vit th ph nh thm not sau will hoc shall. Khi vit th nghi vn chuyn will/shall ln trc ch t. will/shall thng c vit tt thnh ll. will not c vit tt thnh wont. shall not c vit tt thnh shant. V d:
Ill help you to do it. (Ti s gip anh lm iu ). Dont your car start? Ill repaire it. (Xe anh khng n my c ? Ti s sa n.) Cch dng: Chng ta dng will/shall khi quyt nh lm iu g vo thi im ni hoc thng dng trong cc tnh hung t mun lm iu g, ng hay t chi lm iu g, hoc ha hn iu g. V d: That bag looks heavy. Ill help you with it. (Ci b trng nng y. Ti s gip anh ) Ill lend you my book. (Ti s cho anh mn quyn sch ca ti ) Cu hi vi will/shall thng ng yu cu iu g . Will you shut the door, please? (Anh lm n ng dm cnh ca c khng?) Will you please be quiet? Im studying. (Anh c vui lng im lng khng? Ti ang hc.) What shall I do? (Ti s lm g y?) Where shall we go this evening? (Chiu nay chng ta s i u?) Vocabulary not to Xt cu ny: Ti mun anh ng qun iu . Phn tch cu ny ta thy: Cu c hai ng t mun v qun,
ng t chnh l mun, ng t th hai dng th ph nh. Ta bit trong cu c hai ng t ch c ng t chnh c chia ph hp vi ch t v th ca cu cn cc ng t theo sau c vit dng nguyn th c to. Nhng trong trng hp ny ng t th hai li dng th ph nh, y ta khng dng donot vit m dng not to. Cu trn c vit bng ting Anh nh sau: I want you not to forget that.
Unit 20. Date and time (Ngy thng v thi gian)

Date Date l ngy thng, nht k. Cc th trong tun ting Anh c vit: Monday :Th Hai Tuesday :Th Ba Wednesday :Th T Thursday :Th Nm Friday :Th Su Saturday :Th By Sunday :Ch Nht Ngi ta thng vit tt bng cch vit ba ch u tin ca cc t ny. V d: Mon. = Monday, Tue. = Tuesday, Cc thng bao gm: January :Thng Ging February :Thng Hai
March :Thng Ba April :Thng T May :Thng Nm June :Thng Su July :Thng By August :Thng Tm September :Thng Chn October :Thng Mi November :Thng Mi Mt December :Thng Mi Hai vit ngy ngi Anh vit theo dng: Th + , + Thng + Ngy (S th t) + , + Nm V d: Monday, November 21st, 1992 (Th Hai ngy 21 thng Mi Mt nm 1992) c s ghi nm khng c theo cch c s bnh thng m bn ch s c chia i c. V d: 1992 = 19 v 92 = nineteen ninety two 1880 = 18 v 80 = eighteen eighty Cc t sau c dng ni v ngy thng: day :ngy week :tun month :thng day of week :ngy trong tun, th year :nm yesterday :hm qua
today :hm nay tomorrow :ngy mai hi v ngy thng ta dng cu hi: Whats date today? (Hm nay ngy my?) Khi ni v ngy ta dng km vi cc gii t, khi dng cc gii t ny cch s dng khc nhau. V d ni vo ngy th hai, vo thng ging hay vo nm 1992,.. ta ni on Monday, in January, in 1992, Khi ni v ngy trong tun ta dng gii t on Khi ni v thng, nm ta dng gii t in. Time Time l thi gian. hi v thi gian ta dng cu hi: What time is it? (My gi ri?) hay hin nay ngi ta cng thng dng cu hi ny: Whats the time? (My gi ri?) ni v thi gian ta dng cc cch ni sau: Ngi ta dng it ni n gi gic. Nu ch ni n gi khng c pht ta dng oclock hoc c th ch cn vit s. V d: Its five oclock (5 gi ri) He ussually gets up at five (Anh y thng dy lc nm gi) Nu ni n gi ln pht ta dng:
past nu mun ni pht hn to nu mun ni km V d: Its five past two now. (By gi l hai gi nm pht) Its five to two now (By gi l hai gi km nm). Cc t sau c dng ni v thi gian hour :gi minute :pht second :giy Vocabulary the day before yesterday :ngy hm kia the day after tomorrow :ngy mt Ngi ta thng dng it ni n ngy thng, gi gic v thi tit. V d: Its lovely today. (khng phi Today is lovely) (Hm nay tri p) Its December now (By gi l thng Mi Hai)
Unit 21. Past simple (Th qu kh n)

Simple Past l th qu kh n. vit cu th Simple Past ta chia ng t dng past ca n.
Hu ht cc ng t khi chia th qu kh u thm -ed cui ng t. V d: work, worked; like, liked; Cc ng t c th thm -ed to thnh th qu kh c gi l cc ng t c qui tc (Regular Verbs). Mt s ng t khi i sang dng qu kh s thay i lun c t. Cc ng t ny c gi l cc ng t bt qui tc (Irregular Verbs). bit cch chia cc ng t ny d nhin ta phi hc thuc lng. (Tham kho bng ng t bt qui tc). Sau y l qu kh ca mt s ng t bt qui tc m ta bit. to be :was (s t), were (s nhiu) to do :did to have :had can :could may :might will :would shall :should to go :went to see :saw to write :wrote to speak :spoke to say :said to tell :told to get :got to come :came to feel :felt to know :knew to let :let to lend :lent
to hear :heard to hold :held to meet :met to stand :stood to mean :meant to read /rid/ :read /red/ to sit :sat to take :took to think :thought * Chng ta dng th Simple Past ch mt s vic xy ra v kt thc ti mt thi im xc nh trong qu kh. Cc cu ny thng c mt trng t ch thi gian i cng. V d: I went to cinema yesterday. (Hm qua ti i xem phim) They worked hard last night. (Ti qua h lm vic vt v) * vit cu dng ph nh hay nghi vn ta cng dng do dng qu kh tc did, lc ny ng t tr v dng nguyn th ca n. V d: I wasnt able to come to your house last night. (Ti qua ti khng n nh anh c) What did you do yesterday? (Hm qua anh lm g?) When did he come here? (Anh ta n khi no?) Did you travel last? Yes, I did. (Nm ngoi anh c i du lch khng? C, ti c i)
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS Reflexive Pronoun l phn thn i danh t. Chng ta dng phn thn i danh t khi ch t v tc t cng ch mt i tng. C th dch cc phn thn i danh t vi ngha mnh, t mnh, chnh mnh. Cc phn thn i danh t trong ting Anh c vit nh sau: Pronoun Reflexive Pronoun S t I myself You yourself He himself She herself It itself S nhiu We ourselves You yourselves They themselves V d: Tom is shaving and he cuts himself. (khng phi he cuts him) (Tom ang co ru v anh ta ct phi mnh). The old man is talking to himself. (ng gi ang tr chuyn vi chnh mnh) Ngi ta cng dng cc phn thn i danh t nhn mnh. V d: Who repaired your bicycle for you? Nobody. I repaired it myself. (Ai sa xe p cho bn vy?Chng c ai c. Chnh ti t sa ly.)
The film itself wasnt very good but I liked the music. (Bn thn b phim th khng hay lm nhng ti thch phn nhc) I dont think Tom will get the job. Tom himself doesnt think hell get it. (Ti khng ngh Tom s tm c vic lm. Chnh Tom cn khng ngh anh ta s tm c na l.) He himself strike me. (Chnh hn nh ti).
Unit 22. My own (Ca ring ti)

Dng own ch ci g ca ring mnh, khng chia s v khng vay mn ca ai, nh: my own house (ngi nh ca ring ti) his own car (chic xe ca ring anh y) her own room (phng ring ca c y) Own lun i trc danh t v sau i tnh t s hu. V do ngha ca n ta ch c th ni my own, his own, your own, ch khng ni an own V d: Many people in England have their own house. (khng ni an own house) (Nhiu ngi nc Anh c nh ring). I dont want to share with anyone. I want my own room. (Ti khng mun chia s vi ai ht. Ti mun cn phng ca ring ti) Why do you want to borrow my car? Why cant you use your own car? (Sao anh li mun mn xe ti? Sao anh khng dng xe ca mnh?) Chng ta cng c th dng own ni t mnh lm iu g thay v ngi khc lm cho mnh. V d: Ann always cut her own hair.
(Ann lun lun t ct tc cho mnh) Do you grow your own vegetables? (T anh trng rau ly ?)
ON MY OWN, BY MYSELF Cc thnh ng on+tnh t s hu+own nh on my own, on your own, on his own, v by+reflexive pronoun nh by myself, by yourself, by himself, u c ngha l mt mnh. V d: I like to live on my own I like to live by myself (Ti mun sng mt mnh) Hes sitting on his own in a cafe Hes sitting in a cafe by himself. (Anh ta ngi mt mnh trong qun c ph) She went to church on her own. She went to church by herself. (C ta i nh th mt mnh)
Unit 23. Prepositions (Gii t)

Gii t trong ting Anh gi l preposition. Gii t l nhng t i vi danh t hay mt gi danh t ch s lin h gia cc danh t y vi mt ch no khc trong cu. Cc gii t ta bit nh: on, in, at, out, for, to, Trong ting Anh cc gii t khng nhiu lm nhng cch s dng chng th rt phc tp v hu nh khng theo mt quy lut no. Cc gii t khng c mt ngha c nh m ty thuc vo cc ch trong cu v vn cnh cu ni m ta dch ngha sao cho ph hp.
Xt cc v d: He works in the room (in = trong) (Anh ta lm vic trong phng) The children play in the garden. (in = ngoi) (Bn tr chi ngoi vn) We live in VietNam. (in = ) (Chng ta sng Vit Nam) They swim in the river. (in = di) (H bi di sng) He lay in the bed. (in = trn) (Anh nm trn ging) I get up in the morning. (in = vo) (Ti thc dy vo bui sng) He speaks in English. (in = bng) (Anh ta ni bng ting Anh) Mt iu kh khn na l c mt s cu vi ting Vit ta khng cn dng gii t nhng ting Anh th li c gii t i theo. V d: He is angry with me. (Anh y gin ti) V vy s dng gii t cho ng ta ch c cch tra t in ri hc thuc lng. Ni chung, khi ni n mt ngi hay vt no ngi Vit thng ly chnh mnh lm trung tm im, tri li ngi Anh thng ly ngi hay vt lm trung tm im. V d: The children play in the garden. (Bn tr chi ngoi vn) Ngi Vit ni ngoi vn v i vi ngi ang ni th h ng ngoi khu vn.
Ngi Anh ni trong (in) v i vi cc a tr th chng trong khu vn ch khng phi ngoi khu vn. Quan st thm cc cu sau y nhn ra s khc nhau gia ting Anh v ting Vit. The light hangs under the ceiling (Ci n treo di trn nh) The pen falls on the ground. (Cy vit ri xung t) The boy lay on the ground. (Thng b nm trn t). Mt s ng t khi theo sau bi mt gii t li c ngha hon ton khc. Mt trng hp ta gp l ng t to look. to look :trng, c v to look at :nhn to look for :tm to look after :chm sc i vi cc ng t ny chng ta bt buc phi thuc cch s dng chng vi tng gii t ring bit. Vocabulary between, among C hai gii t ny u c ngha l gia. Chng ta dng between khi mun ni gia hai ci. V d: The teacher is standing between Tom and Ann. (Thy gio ang ng gia Tom v Ann). among : gia, trong s, c dng khi mun ni gia nhiu ci. V d: He is standing among the crowd.
(Anh ta ang ng gia m ng). across, through Hai gii t ny u c ngha l ngang qua. Dng through khi ni n ng i quanh co hn. V d: He walks across the road. (Anh ta bng qua ng) We walk through the woods. (Chng i xuyn qua rng) (i qua rng th quanh co hn i qua ng). to give to give :cho to give up :ngng, thi V d: She gives me a book. (C ta cho ti mt quyn sch). Hes given up smoking. (Anh ta ngng ht thuc). with with c ngha l vi, cng vi V d: I go to cinema with Mary. (Ti i xem phim cng vi Mary) Khi ni lm mt hnh ng no bng mt b phn ca thn th ta cng dng with. V d: We watch with our eyes.
(Chng ta xem bng mt) He holds it with his hand. (Anh cm n bng tay). Lu : khi ni n mt b phn ca thn th ng thiu tnh t s hu. V d: Chng ta phi ni: We eat with our mouth. (Chng ta n bng ming ca chng ta) Ch khng ni: We eat with the mouth.
Unit 24. Comparison of Adjectives and adverbs (So snh ca tnh t v trng t)
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS Ghi ch: Cc cch so snh ca tnh t u p dng c cho trng t (adverbs). tin li hn, trong phn ny chng ti gi chung l tnh t. Khi a vo so snh tnh t c ba mc : mc nguyn th (positive degree), mc so snh (comparative degree) v mc cc cp (superlative degree). Cc hnh thc so snh hn, bng, km, u da trn cc mc ny. Ngi Vit Nam khi hc ting Anh quen gi l th so snh hn, so snh bng, so snh km v so snh nht. Cch gi ny c khi khng thch hp v khng th so snh mt ngi hay vt tnh trng nht c. Tuy nhin cch gi ny qu quen thuc nn chng ti cng tm thi sp xp theo cc cch gi y. Trong cc dng so snh ta cn c khi nim tnh t di v tnh t ngn. Tnh t ngn (short adjectives) l tnh t mt vn (syllable) v nhng tnh t hai vn nhng tn cng bng ph m + Y. Tnh t di (long adjectives) l nhng tnh t hai vn cn li v cc tnh t t ba vn tr ln. I. Thay i hnh thc khi thm ER hay EST 1. Tnh t tn cng bng ph m + Y: Chuyn Y thnh I trc khi thm ER/EST. V d: happy - happier/happiest;
dirty - dirtier/dirtiest nhng grey - greyer/greyest; gay - gayer/gayest 2. Tnh t tn cng bng 1 nguyn m + 1 ph m: Gp i ph m cui trc khi thm ER/EST. V d: thin - thinner/thinnest; big - bigger/biggest nhng green - greener/greenest 3. Tnh t tn cng bng E: B E trc khi thm ER/EST: ripe - riper/ripest ; white - whiter/whitest. II. Th so snh hn (Comparison of Superiority) Tnh t ngn: adj. + ER (than) Tnh t di: more adj. (than) long - longer ; beautiful - more beautiful Harry is older than William. Alice is more careful than her brother. III. Th so snh bng (Comparison of Equality) Bng: as adjective as Khng bng: not so (as) adjective as This garden is as large as ours. (Khu vn ny ln bng khu vun ca chng ti.) She is as careful as her sister. (C y cn thn hn ch c y)
It is not so (as) hot as it was yesterday. (Tri khng nng bng ngy hm qua) David is not so (as) careful as Kathy. (David khng cn thn bng Kathy.) IV. Th so snh km (Comparison of Inferiority) less adjective (than) It is less cold today than it was yesterday. Ngy hm nay t lnh hn ngy hm qua. Tuy nhin, trong ting Anh ngi ta thng t s dng cu trc so snh km ny. Thay vo , ngi ta dng cu trc so snh bng. V d: Thay v ni: This table is less long than that one. Ngi ta ni: This table is not so (as) long as that one. V. Th so snh cc cp (Superlative) Tnh t ngn: the adj.+ EST Tnh t di: the most adjective clear - the clearest; sweet - the sweetest interesting - the most interesting; splendid - the most splendid VI. Cc tnh t (trng t) c bit Positive Comparative Superlative good/well better best bad/ill worse worst little less (lesser) least near nearer nearest (next)
many/much more most far farther (further) farthest (furthest) late later (latter) latest (last) old older (elder) oldest (eldest) (out) outer (utter) outmost (utmost) outermost (uttermost) (up) upper uppermost (in) inner inmost, innermost (fore) former foremost, first VII. Th so snh kp (Double Comparative) Khi cn din t nhng ngh nh cng. cng ngi ta dng th so snh kp (double comparative). Th so snh kp c to thnh ty theo s lng m ta mun din t. Nu ch c mt ta dng: i vi tnh t ngn: (adjective) and (adjective) It is getting hotter and hotter. (Tri cng ngy cng nng) His voice became weaker and weaker. (Ging ni ca anh ta cng ngy cng yu) i vi tnh t di: more and more adjective The storm became more and more violent. (Cn bo cng ngy cng d di) The lessons are getting more and more difficult. (Bi hc cng ngy cng kh) Nu c hai ta dng The (adjective), the (adjective). cho c tnh t ngn ln tnh t di. (Lu rng trong cc cu trc trn (adjective) c ngha l tnh t th so snh hn). The sooner this is done, the better it is. (Chuyn ny lm cng sm cng tt)
The older the boy is, the wiser he is. (Thng b cng ln cng thng thi) VIII. Ghi ch v cc th so snh ca tnh t 1. Well l mt trng t (adverb). Tuy vy n li l mt tnh t v ng (predicative adjective) trong cc thnh ng nh: I am very well, He looks/feels well. 2. In, up, out l nhng trng t (adverbs). Tuy th dng so snh hn v so snh cc cp ca cc t ny li l cc tnh t. V th trong ng php hin i cc dng ny c xem nh c lin quan rt t n t gc ca n. 3. Lesser l dng so snh hn c, ch thy trong thi ca. 4. Nearest cp n khong cch trong khi next ni n th t trc sau. 5. Farther/farthest cp n khong cch khng gian trong khi further/furthest - d c th dng thay cho farther/farthest - cng c ngha l hn na, thm vo. 6. Older/oldest c th dng c cho ngi ln cho vt. Elder v eldest ch dng cho cc thnh vin trong mt gia nh v ch dng nh mt tnh t thuc tnh (attributive adjectives). My elder brother is three years older than me. 7. Latter c ngha l ci / vt / ngi th hai trong hai ngi/vt. N phn ngha vi former. He studied French and German. The former language he speaks very well, but the latter one only imperfectly. Last c ngha l sau cht, sau cng. Hes the last student that came this morning. Latest c ngha l gn y nht, ci sau cng tnh n hin ti. The latest news. 8. Khi c hai ngi hay hai vt c a ra so snh, ta dng th so snh hn. D vy, trong mt s trng hp vn ni ngi ta cng dng th so snh nht cho hai ngi hay vt.
Unit 25. Perfect Tenses (Th hon thnh)

I. Cch thnh lp:
Cc th hon thnh (perfect) c chung mt cch thnh lp: (have) + past participle Past Participle l qu kh phn t. Cc ng t trong ting Anh c hai dng qu kh l qu kh thng (Past) v qu kh phn t (Past Participle). i vi cc ng c quy tc qu kh phn t cng c thnh lp bng cch thm ui -ed nh qu kh thng, ring cc ng t bt quy tc c vit khc. V d, sau y l qu kh v qu kh phn t ca mt s ng t bt quy tc: Verb Past Past participle to be was (s t), been were (s nhiu) been to do did done to have had had can could may might will would shall should to go went gone to see saw seen to write wrote written to speak spoke spoken to say said said Ty theo th ca (have) m ta c 3 th hon thnh khc nhau: hin ti hon thnh (present perfect), qu kh hon thnh (past perfect) v tng lai hon thnh (future perfect). V d: to open -
present perfect : You have opened past perfect : She had opened
future perfect : They will have opened to do -
present perfect : You have done past perfect : She had done
future perfect : They will have done II. S dng th Hin ti hon thnh ( Present Perfect) 1. din t mt hnh ng xy ra nhng khng xc nh thi gian. V d: I have seen this film before. (Ti xem phim ny trc y) So snh vi: I saw this film last month. (Ti xem phim ny thng va ri) 2. din t mt hnh ng xy ra trong qu kh nhng cha kt thc, cn ko di n hin ti. I have learned English for two years (v by gi vn cn hc) Ti hc ting Anh c hai nm. So snh vi: I learned English for two years. (nhng gi khng cn hc na) 3. Thng dng vi mt s t hoc ng: since, for, already, yet, ever, never, so far, up to now, lately I have already explained that. Ti gii thch chuyn y ri. III. S dng th Qu kh hon thnh (Past Perfect) Th Qu kh hon thnh dng din t mt hnh ng hon tt trong qu kh nhng trc mt hnh ng qu kh khc, hay trc mt thi im qu kh khc.
V th, th ny cn c gi l th tin qu kh. Th ny thng dng vi gii t BY v cu trc by the time (that) By the time I left, I had taught that class for ten years. He had never visited London before his retirement. IV. S dng th Tng lai hon thnh ( Future Perfect) Th Tng lai hon thnh ( Future Perfect) din t mt hnh ng s xy ra trong tng lai nhng: trc mt hnh ng tng lai khc, hay trc mt thi im tng lai. Cng nh th Qu kh hon thnh (Past perfect), th ny thng dng vi gii t BY v cu trc by the time (that). The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing. Vo lc anh mc xong th hn taxi n ri. In another year or so, you will have forgotten all about him. u chng mt nm na l anh hn qun ht v anh ta.
Unit 26. Question tags (Cu hi ui)

Xt cu sau: It was a good film, wasnt it? ( l mt b phim hay, phi khng?) Cu ny gm c hai phn c ngn cch nhau bng du phy. Phn th nht c vit th xc nh (Positive). Phn th hai th nghi vn ph nh. Phn nghi vn ny c thnh lp bng ch t ca phn th nht v tr ng t ca phn th nht. Dng cu hi ny c gi l cu hi ui (Question Tag). Phn cu hi ny c th dch l phi khng, phi khng no hay cch khc ty thuc vo cu ni. Cu hi c dng nghi vn ph nh nu phn th nht l xc nh.
Cu hi c dng nghi vn nu phn th nht l ph nh. Xem k cc v d sau: Tom wont be late, will he? (Tom s khng b tr, phi khng?) They dont like us, do they? (H khng thch chng ti, phi khng?) Ann will be here soon, wont she? (Chng bao lu na Ann s c mt y, phi khng?) They were very angry, werent they? (H gin lm phi khng?) ngha ca cu hi ui cn ty thuc vo cch chng ta ni. Nu c xung ging cui cu hi th thc s chng ta khng mun hi m l chng ta ang trng ch ngi ta ng vi iu mnh ni. Khi ln ging cui cu hi th mi l mt cu hi tht s. Chng ta cng cn ngha ca cu tr li Yes hoc No i vi cu hi ui. Xt trng hp ny: Youre not going to work today, are you? (Hm nay bn khng c lm vic ?) Yes. (=I am going) (C) No. (= Im not going) (Khng) i vi cc cu mnh lnh cu hi ui dng tr ng t will hoc shall. V d: Lets go out, shall we? (Chng ta i ra ngoi i, c khng?) Open the door, will you? (M ca ra i, c khng?) Dont be late, will you? (ng tr, nh?) Lu : trong cu hi ui ta dng arent I ch khng phi am I not?. V d: Im late, arent I? (Ti n tr, phi khng?)
Unit 27. Passive Voice ( Th b ng)

Passive Voice l th b ng hay b ng cch. Tt c cc cu m chng ta vit l th ch ng (Active Voice). Trong th ch ng ch t l k pht sinh ra hnh ng, th b ng ch t l k chu tc ng ca hnh ng , hnh ng ny c th do mt i tng no gy ra. Trong ting Vit ta dng th b ng bng cc t c hoc b. Xt v d sau: Active - The teacher punish the pupils. (Thy gio pht cc hc sinh) Passive - The pupils are punished. (Cc hc sinh b pht.)
Passive Voice c thnh lp theo cu trc: to be + Past Participle ng t to be phi c chia ph hp vi ch t v th ca cu. Nu chng ta mun ni r hn i tng no gy ra hnh ng ta dng by. V d: The pupils are punished by teacher. (Cc hc sinh b pht bi thy gio) Sau cc ng t nh will, can, must, v have to, be going to, ta dng to be dng nguyn th ca n. Xem k cc v d sau: The new hotel will be opened next year. (Khch sn mi s c m vo nm ti.) The music at the party was very loud and could be heard from far away. (Nhc bui tic m rt ln v c th nghe t xa) This room is going to be painted next week.
(Cn phng ny sp c sn vo tun ti.) Nh rng vi Passive Voice th ca cu thng c xc nh bi ng t to be. Xem cch dng Passive Voice cc th nh sau: Simple Present Somebody cleans this room - This room is cleaned. Present Continuous Somebody is cleaning this room. - This room is being cleaned. Simple Past Somebody cleaned this room. - This room was cleaned. Present Perfect Somebody has cleaned this room. - This room has been cleaned. Simple Future Somebody will clean this room - This room will be cleaned. Get i khi ngi ta dng get thay cho be trong Passive Voice. V d: This room get cleaned often. (Cn phng ny thng c lau.)
Dng get trong Passive Voice ni iu g xy ra vi ai hay vi ci g, thng th hnh ng khng c d nh trc m xy ra tnh c, nh: The dog got run over by a car. (Con ch b mt chic xe hi cn phi.) Nhng khng phi lc no cng c th thay be bng get. V d: George is liked by everyone. (George c thch bi mi ngi) (=Mi ngi u thch Goerge.) Trong cu ny ta khng c thay be bng get. It is said that, He is said to Trong ting Anh ngi ta thng dng Passive Voice trong cc trng hp m ngi Vit khng h dng. Chng ta xt y hai mu c bit ca cch dng ny: It is said that c th dch : ngi ta ni rng He is said to : ngi ta ni rng anh ta V d: It is said that youve just built a large house. - Youre said to have built a large house. (Ngi ta ni anh mi va xy mt cn nh rng lm.) It is said that hes very old. - Hes said to be very old. (Ngi ta ni ng ta gi lm ri.) Vocabulary from from c ngha l t V d:
We went from Paris to London. (Chng ti i t Pari ti Lun n) from thng c dng vi mt s tnh t ch khong cch. khi dng vi far. ni Nh ti cch xa c quan ta khng ni My house is far my office m phi ni My house is far from my office. Xt thm trng hp ny: Mun ni Nh ti cch c quan 3 cy s ta ni: Its 3 kilomettres from my house to my office. hoc My office is 3 kilomettres far from my house. into into l mt gii t c th dch nm na l vo, thnh V d: He walk into his school. (Anh ta i b vo trng) You can change this into a book. (Anh c th chuyn ci ny thnh mt quyn sch.) Translate this into Vietnamese. (Hy dch ci ny sang ting Vit.)
Unit 28. Relative Clauses (Mnh quan h)

Relative Clause l mnh quan h. Mnh (Clause) l mt phn ca cu, n c th bao gm nhiu t hay c cu trc ca c mt cu. Chng ta bit tnh t l t thng c dng b sung thm tnh cht cho mt danh t no trong cu. Nhng thng khi gii thch r hn v danh t ny ta khng th ch dng mt t
m phi l c mt mnh . Mnh lin h c dng trong nhng trng hp nh vy. Vy c th ni mnh lin h dng bo chng ta r hn v mt i tng m ngi ni mun ni ti. Xt v d sau: The man who is standing over there is my friend. Trong cu ny phn c vit ch nghing c gi l mt relative clause, n ng sau the man v dng xc nh danh t the man . Nu b mnh ny ra chng ta vn c mt cu hon chnh: The man is my friend. Nhng cu ny khng cho chng ta bit c th the man no. Trong cu c mnh lin h:
The man who is standing over there is my friend (Ngi n ng m ang ng ng kia l bn ti.) Mnh lin h xc nh c th the man no, the man who is standing over there. Nhn vo mnh lin h ta thy c mt t who, nhng who y khng phi l mt t hi m n ng vai tr mt i t quan h. Tt c cc t hi Wh u c th c dng lm i t quan h vi cc ngha nh sau: Who :ngi, ngi m What :iu, iu m Which :ci m Whose :ca When :khi Whom :ngi m Who Chng ta dng who trong relative clause khi ni v ngi. V d: Whats the name of the man who lent you the money?
(Tn ngi n ng cho anh mn tin l g?) The girl who is singing is my lover. (C gi ang ht l ngi yu ca ti.) An architect is someone who designs buildings. (Mt kin trc s l ngi m thit k nh ca.) Chng ta cng c th thay who bng that trong relative clause. V d: The man that is standing over there is my friend. That, Which Chng ta dng that khi mun ni n iu g hoc vt g. V d: I dont like stories that have an unhappy endings. (Ti khng thch nhng cu chuyn c kt cc bun thm.) Everything that happened was my fault. (Mi iu xy ra l do li ca ti.) The window that was broken has now been repaired. (Ci ca s b gy by gi c sa li.) Cng c th dng which khi ni n vt. The book which is on the table is mine. (Quyn sch ang trn bn l ca ti.) Nhng ngi ta thng dng that hn l which. Quan st cc cu trn ta thy who/that ng vai tr ch t trong mnh quan h, trong trng hp ny ta khng c php lc b who/that. Khi who/that ng vai tr tc t (object) trong mnh quan h c th lc b who/that i. Trong cc v d sau who/that ng vai tr object trong relative clause.
The man who I want to see wasnt here.
- The man I want to see wasnt here. (Ngi n ng m ti mun gp khng c y.) Have you found the keys that you have lost? - Have you found the keys you have lost? (Anh tm thy cha kha anh b mt khng?) Is there anything I can do? (C g ti lm c khng?) Prepositions Trong cc mnh quan h thng c cc gii t (in, at, to, with,). Xem k cc v d sau bit cch t gii t sao cho ng: The girl is my friend. Youre talking to her. - The girl who you are talking to is my friend. (C gi m anh ang tr chuyn vi l bn ti.) The bed wasnt very comfortable. I slept in it last night. - The bed that I slept in last night wasnt very comfortable. (Ci ging m ti ng ti qua khng c tin nghi lm.) The man I sat next to talked all the time. (Ngi n ng m ti ngi cnh lc no cng tr chuyn.) Are these books (that) youre looking for? (y l nhng quyn sch m anh ang tm phi khng?) Nh vy gii t lun i theo sau ng t m n b ngha. What Chng ta dng What khi mun ni vi ngha iu m. V d: Did you hear what I said?
(Anh c nghe iu ti ni khng?=Anh nghe ti ni g khng?) I dont understand what you say. (Ti khng hiu iu anh ni.) I wont tell anyone what happened. (Ti s khng bo ai iu g xy ra u.) Whose Khi mun ni n ca ai ta dng whose. V d: I have a friend. His father is a doctor. I have a friend whose father is a doctor. (Ti c mt ngi bn m cha anh ta l bc s.) Whats the name of the girl whose car you borrowed? (Tn c gi m anh mn xe l g?) The other day I met someone whose brother is my friend. (Mt ngy n ti gp mt ngi m anh hn l bn ti.) Whom Chng ta c th dng whom thay cho who khi n ng vai tr tc t (object) trong relative clause. V d: The man whom I want to see wasnt here. Ch trong cc mnh lin h c gii t, khi dng whom ta thng t gii t ln trc whom. The girl to whom youre talking is my friend. Trong ting Anh ngy nay ngi ta t khi dng whom m thng dng who/that hoc lc b n trong trng hp l object. Lu khi dng who/that ta li t gii t i theo sau ng t ca n. Where Chng ta dng where trong relative clause khi mun ni n ni chn. V d:
The hotel where we stayed wasnt very clean. (Ci khch sn m chng ti li khng c sch lm.) I recently went back to the town where I was born. (Gn y ti c tr li th trn ni ti c sinh ra.) I like to live in a country where there is plenty of sunshine. (Ti thch sng trong mt nc m c nhiu nh nng.) The day, the year, the time, Chng ta dng that trong relative clause khi ni n the day, the year, the time, V d: Do you still remember the day (that) we first met? (Anh c cn nh ci ngy m chng ta gp nhau ln u khng?) The last time (that) I saw her, she looked very well. (Ln va ri ti gp c y, c y trng c v khe lm.) I havent seen him since the year (that) he got married. (Ti khng gp anh ta k t ci nm m anh ta ly v.) Extra Information Clause Xt li tt c cc v d trn ta thy cc relative clause lun bo ta bit c th ngi no hay vt no ta ang ni ti. Trong cc cu ny nu b relative clause i ta khng th xc nh c ang ni n i tng no. Nhng khng phi bao gi relative clause cng nh vy. Xt v d: Toms father, who is 78, is a doctor. (Cha Tom, 78 tui, l mt bc s.) Trong cu ny nu b relative clause ta vn c th xc nh c c th i tng ang c ni ti l i tng no. Relative clause y ch lm cng vic b sung thm mt thng tin v i tng m thi. Cc mnh lin h nh th ny c gi l cc Extra Information Clause tc l cc mnh b sung thm thng tin. i vi cc mnh lin h kiu ny ta phi dng Who cho ngi v Which cho vt. Khng c dng that thay cho Who v Which. Khi vit phi t du phy (comma) hai u mnh . V d:
Yesterday I met John, who teld me he was getting maried. (Hm qua ti gp John, hn bo ti hn ly v.) My brother, who is an engineer, never smoke. (Anh ti, l mt k s, chng bao gi ht thuc.) D nhin vi cc mnh ny khi cn thit ta cng c th dng Whose, Whom, Where, V d: John, whose mother is a teacher, speaks English very well. (John, m l gio vin, ni ting Anh rt gii.) I love Vietnam, where I was born and live. (Ti yu Vit Nam, ni ti sinh ra v sng.) Marys sister, whom you met yesterday, is here. (Ch ca Mary, ngi m anh gp hm qua, ang y y.) Chng ta cng dng gii t trong cc mnh ny ging nh dng vi cc relative clause bnh thng.
Unit 29. -ing and -ed + Clauses

Xt v d sau: Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (Cm thy mt, ti i ng sm.) Trong cu ny: I went to bed early l mnh chnh (main clause) Feeling tired l -ing clause. Chng ta dng -ing clause trong cc trng hp nh sau:
Khi ni n hai iu xy ra ng thi chng ta c th dng -ing cho mt trong hai ng t din t hai hnh ng . V d: She was sitting in a chair reading a book. (C ta ang ngi trn gh c sch.) I ran out of the house shouting. (Ti chy ra khi nh ht ln.) Chng ta cng c th dng -ing clause khi mt hnh ng xy ra trong sut mt hnh ng khc. Dng -ing cho hnh ng di hn. Trong trng hp ny -ing thay th cho t ni while (trong khi) hoc when (khi). V d: Jim hurt his arm playing tennis. (= while he was playing tennis) (Jim au tay khi chi tennis) I cut myself shaving. (= while I was shaving) (Ti ct phi mnh khi ang co ru.) Cng c th dng -ing khi c mt while hoc when. V d: Jim hurt his arm while playing tennis. Be careful when crossing the road. (Hy cn thn lc bng qua ng) Khi mt hnh ng xy ra trc mt hnh ng khc ta c th dng having + past participle cho hnh ng xy ra trc. V d: Having found a hotel, they looked for somewhere to have dinner. ( tm thy mt khch sn, h tm ch n ti) Having finished our work, we went home. ( lm xong cng vic, chng ti v nh) Cng c th dng after (sau khi) vi -ing trong trng hp ny. V d:
After finishing our work, we went home. (Sau khi lm xong vic, chng ti v nh.) Nu hnh ng sau xy ra tc th ngay sau hnh ng u c th dng n gin mnh -ing khng nht thit phi dng having. V d: Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door. (Ly cha kha ra khi ti, anh ta m ca.) Cu trc ny thng c dng nht l trong vn vit ting Anh. -ing clause cn c dng gii thch thm mt iu g cho mnh chnh. V d: Feeling tired, I went to bed early. (= because I felt tired.) (Cm thy mt, ti i ng sm.) (= bi v ti thy mt) Having already seen the film twice, I dont want to go to the cinema ( xem b phim hai ln ri ti khng mun i xem phim.) Cu trc ny thng dng trong vn vit hn l vn ni. -ing clause cn c dng vi tnh cch nh mt mnh quan h trong cu. V d: Do you know the girl talking to Tom? (Anh c bit c gi ang ni chuyn vi Tom khng?) Chng ta dng -ing clause nh th ny trong trng hp ni ai ang lm g (is doing or was doing) trong mt thi im ring bit. Xem k cc v d sau: I was woken by a bell ringing. (Ti b nh thc bi mt ting chung reo.) Who was that man standing outside?
(G n ng ang ng ngoi l ai vy?) Can you hear someone singing? (Anh c nghe ai ang ht khng?) Nh vy -ing clause ch ng vai tr mnh quan h khi mnh ny ch mt hnh ng ang tip din. Khi ni n vt, chng ta cng c th dng -ing clause cho cc c im ni bt ca n, iu m lc no cng vy ch khng phi trong mt thi im ring bit no . Trong trng hp ny khng nn dch l ang V d: The road joining the two villages is very narrow. (Con ng ni hai lng rt hp.) I live in a room overlooking the garden. (Ti sng trong mt cn phng trng xung vn.) -ED CLAUSES -ed clause cng dng nh -ing clause nhng n c ngha passive (b ng). ng t dng trong mnh ny l dng Past Participle. V d: The man injured in the accident was taken to hospital. (Ngi n ng b thng trong tai nn c a ti bnh vin.) None of the people invited to the party can come. (Khng c ai c mi d tic n c c.) The money stolen in that day was never found. (S tin b mt trong ngy hm khng bao gi c tm thy) Most of the goods made in this factory are exported. (Hu ht hng ha lm trong nh my ny u c xut khu.) Chng ta cng thng dng -ing v -ed clause sau there is/there was, V d: Is there anybody waiting to see me?
(C ai ang i gp ti khng?) There were some children swimming in the river. (C vi a tr ang bi di sng.) Vocabulary everywhere :bt c ni u, mi ni somewhere : u whenever :bt c khi no whatever :bt c ci g somewhat :hi hi whichever :bt c ci no V d: Take whichever you like. (Hy ly bt c ci g anh thch.) He lives somewhere near us. (Anh ta sng u gn chng ti.) Come to see us whenever you like. (Hy n thm chng ti bt c lc no anh thch.) I looked for him everywhere but couldnt find. (Ti tm anh ta khp ni nhng khng thy.) They can do whatever. (H c th lm bt c ci g.) This exercises is somewhat difficult, but I can do it. (Bi tp ny hi kh nhng ti c th lm c.) out of: (ra) khi V d:
He ran out of his house. (Hn chy ra khi nh.)
Unit 30. Gerunds (Danh ng t)

GERUNDS Xt hai cu sau:
Reading newspaper, I hear a big noise. (ang c bo, ti nghe mt ting n ln.)
Reading newspaper everyday can know many informations. (c bo hng ngy c th bit nhiu thng tin.)
Reading trong cu th nht l mt hnh ng din ra ng thi vi hnh ng hear. N ng vai tr l mt ng t v vy trong trng hp ny l mt -ing clause. Trong cu th hai Reading dng ch vic c bo, n ng vai tr l ch t ca can, v vy n c chc nng ca mt danh t. Khi ng t c dng vi tnh cch l mt danh t nh th ny n c gi l mt gerund (danh ng t). Nh vy danh ng t l mt ng t thm -ing v c c tnh ca mt danh t. Danh ng t c th vit cc th nh sau: Active Passive Present verb + -ing being + PP Perfect having+PP having been + PP V d: Swimming is a good sport. (Bi li l mt mn th thao tt)
Being loved is the happiest of ones life. (c yu l nim hnh phc nht trong i.) My brother likes reading novels. (Anh ti thch c tiu thuyt.) His bad habit is telling lies. (Thi quen xu ca n l ni di.) Chng ta cng c th dng gerund vi s hu cch. y ting Anh c cch dng c trng khc vi ting Vit. Xem k cc v d sau: You may rely on my brothers coming. (Anh c th tin rng em ti s n.) He insisted on my coming. (Anh y c ni ti n.) I dont like your going away. (Ti khng thch anh i.) i khi chng ta c th thay gerund bng mt infinitive c to (nhng khng phi lc no cng vy) V d: Quarrelling is a foolish thing. - To quarrel is a foolish thing. (Ci nhau l mt iu ngu xun.) Most students like studying English. - Most students like to study English. (Hu ht cc sinh vin u thch hc ting Anh.) Drinking-water is in this bottle. - Water to drink is in this bottle. (Nc ung trong ci chai ny.)
V gerund c c tnh ca mt danh t nn chng ta cng c th ghp ni vi mt tnh t lm thnh mt danh t kp.V d: The sweet singing of the bird delights us. (Ting ht ngt ngo ca chim lm chng ti thch th.) Mt s ng t khi s dng c mt ng t th hai i theo th bt buc ng t th hai phi thm -ing (tc l dng n nh mt gerund) ch khng phi dng infinitive c to, v d nh trng hp ng t to stop (ngng, thi). Xt hai cu sau: He stops to talk. (Anh ngng li tr chuyn.) He stops talking. (Anh ta thi tr chuyn.) R rng c s khc nhau gia cch dng thm -ing v infinitive. Sau y l cc ng t m ng t theo sau n phi c -ing. stop (ngng, thi) fancy (mn, thch) admit (tha nhn) consider (suy xt, cn nhc, coi nh) miss (l, nh) finish (hon thnh, lm xong) mind (lu , bn tm) imagine (tng tng) deny (chi) involve (lm lin ly, dnh dng) delay (hon li) suggest (gi, ngh) regret (than phin) avoid (trnh) practise (thc hnh) risk (liu) detest (ght) dislike (khng thch) cease (ngng) postpone (hon li) V c mt s thnh ng sau: to be busy (bn) to go on (tip tc) to put off (hon li) carry on (tip tc)
keep, keep on (c, mi) to burst out (ph ln (ci)) to have done ( lm) to give up (ngng, thi) V d: Stop talking. (Im i) Ill read when Ive finished cleaning this room. (Ti s c khi ti lau xong ci phng ny) I dont fancy going out this evening. (Chiu nay ti khng thch i ra ngoi) Have you ever considered going to live in another country? (C bao gi bn ngh ti chuyn sang nc khc sng khng?) I cant imagine George doing that. (Ti khng th tng tng c George li lm iu .) When Im on holiday, I enjoy not having to get early. (Khi ti ngh l, ti thch khng phi dy sm.) Are you going to give up smoking? (Anh c nh thi ht thuc khng vy?) She kept (on) interrupting me while I was speaking. (C ta c ngt li ti khi ti ang ni.) They burst out laughing. (H ph ln ci.) He is busy reading. (Anh ta bn c.) He denies having done that. (Hn ta chi rng lm iu .) I always avoid quarrelling to my wife.
(Ti lun trnh ci c vi v ti.) I enjoy dancing. (Ti thch khiu v.) Do you mind closing the door? (Anh c nh ng ca khng y?) Tom suggested going to the cinema. (Tom ngh i xem phim.) He admitted having stolen the money. (Hn tha nhn l n cp tin.) They now regret having got married. (By gi h than phin l ci nhau.) Gerunds and Participle Nh rng ng t + -ing c dng nh mt danh t gi l gerund. ng t + -ing c dng nh ng t gi l present participle. Ngi ta cng dng participle nh mt adjective ghp ni vi mt danh t. V d: a sleeping child: mt a b ang ng. a running car: mt chic xe ang chy. Gerund cng c dng ghp ni vi danh t nh th ny. Nhng phn bit s khc nhau gia gerund v participle. Chng hn: a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping (mt a b ang ng) nhng a sitting-room = phng khch
(khng phi cn phng ang ngi) Thng khi ghp ni gerund vi danh t gia hai ch ny c du gch ni (hyphen). Khi Past Participle ghp ni vi danh t n c ngha passive. V d: A loved man is the happy man. (K c yu l k hnh phc.) Gerund cng c dng sau cc gii t. V d: He is successful in studying English. (Anh y thnh cng trong vic hc ting Anh.) Vocabulary most most i trc tnh t ch so snh cc cp (superlative). Khi i trc danh t most c ngha l hu ht. V d: Most students like studying English. (Hu ht cc sinh vin u thch hc ting Anh.) almost: hu nh, gn nh, sut He almost fell down in the river. (Anh ta sut ng xung sng.) another: mt ci na, mt ci khc Nh rng other c ngha l khc. Trong trng hp ni: Ti mun mt quyn sch khc ta khng ni I want an other book m phi ni I want another book. to try ng t to try c hai ngha c gng v th
Phn bit cch dng gia hai ngha ny. Khi c ng t theo sau try dng infinitive c to try c ngha l c gng. V d: He is trying to learn English. (Anh ta ang c gng hc ting Anh.) Khi theo sau try l mt gerund hay khng phi ng t try c ngha l th. V d: He is trying studying English. (Anh ta ang th hc ting Anh.) Try this apple. (Hy th tri to ny xem.)
Unit 31. Continuous Tenses (Th tip din)

I. Cch thnh lp: Cc th tip din c chung mt cch thnh lp: (be) + V.ing Ty theo th ca (be), ta c 6 th tip din khc nhau. V d: to work Th hin ti tip din (present continuous): She is working Th Qu kh tip din (past continuous): You were working Th Tng lai tip din (future continuous): They will be working
Th Hin ti hon thnh tip din (present perfect continuous): We have been working Th Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect continuous): I had been working Th Tng lai hon thnh tip din (future perfect continuous): He will have been working II. Cch s dng Cc th Tip din ni chung, c 2 cch s dng chnh: 1. Din t s ko di, lin tc ca mt hnh ng. 2. Lm th nn (background tense) cho mt hnh ng khc. Ty theo thi im v tnh cht ca hnh ng ngi ta c th s dng cc th Tip din khc nhau nh cch s dng ca cc th n v th hon thnh. V d: I was reading a novel yesterday evening. She has been waiting for him in the lounge. (by gi c y vn cn ang ch) Trong cch s dng th nht hnh ng c tnh cht tm thi, cha hon tt. V d 1: I read a novel yesterday evening. (c c quyn sch) I was reading a novel yesterday evening. (khng cp n vic c xong hay cha xong) V d 2: He lives in Nha Trang. (sng thng xuyn) He is living in Nha Trang. (hin ang sng Nha Trang, c th khng phi l ni thng tr ca anh ta) Trong cch s dng th hai, th Tip din thng i chung vi mt hnh ng khc th n. V d 1: She came while I was writing a report. When she came, I was writing a report. He comes while the teacher is reading a dictation.
When he comes, the teacher is reading a dictation. cch s dng ny, th Tip din thng dng vi WHILE trong khi th n thng dng vi WHEN nh ta thy trong th d 1 trn y. Tuy nhin y khng phi l mt iu bt buc. V d 2: My mother was watching TV while my father was reading a book. She slept while her husband was away from home. III. Khc bit gia th Hin ti hon thnh ( Present Perfect) v th Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( Present Perfect Continuous) Khc bit r nt nht gia hai th ny l tnh cht lin tc ca th Hin ti hon thnh tip din. Xt hai cu sau: (1) It has rained since June. (2) It has been raining since this morning. Trong cu (1) tri khng ma lin tc, nhng cu (2) tri ma lin tc khng dt.
Unit 32. Reported Speech (Cu tng thut)

Reported Speech l cu tng thut li mt li ni ca ai . i khi chng ta cn tng thut li mt li ni ca ai chng ta s dng Reported Speech. Xt trng hp sau: Bn gp Tom, Tom ni chuyn vi bn v bn k li cho ai nghe li Tom ni. C hai cch lm iu ny: Tom said: Im feeling ill. (Tom ni: Ti mun bnh.) y l dng tng thut trc tip (Direct Speech). y ta lp li y nguyn li Tom ni. Tom said (that) he was feeling ill. (Tom ni (rng) cu ta mun bnh.) y l dng Reported Speech, chng ta lp li li Tom ni theo cch ca chng ta.
Khi chng ta tng thut li li ni l chng ta ni n mt iu ca qu kh. V vy mnh tng thut thng chuyn i mt cp qu kh so vi cu ni trc tip. trong cu trn Tom ni I am chng ta tng thut li l he was. Nh vy lm mt Reported Speech, n gin chng ta ghp ni dung tng thut pha sau cu ni v h ng t ca n xung mt cp qu kh, i t c chuyn i cho thch hp. V d: Tom said (that) his parents were very well. (Tom ni rng cha m anh ta rt khe.) Tom said (that) he was going to give up his job. (Tom ni rng anh ta nh thi vic.) Tom said (that) Ann had bought a new car. (Tom ni rng Ann mua mt chic xe mi.) Tom said (that) he couldnt come to the party on Friday. (Tom ni rng anh ta khng n d tic hm th su c.) Tom said (that) he wanted to go on holiday but he didnt know where to go. (Tom ni rng anh ta mun i chi vo ngy ngh nhng anh ta chng bit i u.) Tom said (that) he was going away for a few days and would phone me when he got back. (Tom ni rng anh ta nh i xa vi ngy v s in cho ti khi anh ta tr v.) Trong trng hp cu trc tip Simple Past khi chuyn sang Reported Speech chng ta c th gi nguyn n hay chuyn sang Past Perfect u c. V d: direct Tom said: I woke up feeling ill and so I stayed in bed. (Tom ni: Ti thc dy thy bnh v vy nm li ging.) reported Tom said (that) he woke up feeling ill and so stayed in bed. or Tom said he had woken up feeling ill and so had stayed in bed.
Khi chng ta tng thut li mt iu m trong hin ti vn cn ng nh vy khng nht thit phi chuyn n sang qu kh. V d: Tom said New York is bigger than London. (Tom ni New York ln hn Lun n.) iu cn lu nht l khi tng thut li cc cu hi v cu mnh lnh. Xt cc cu sau: direct Stay in bed for a few days, the doctor said to me. (Hy nm trn ging vi ngy - bc s ni vi ti.) reported The doctor said to me to stay in bed for a few days. (Bc s bo ti nm trn ging vi ngy .) direct Dont shout, I said to Jim. (ng c ht, ti ni vi Jim.) reported I said to Jim not to shout. (Ti bo Jim ng ht.) direct Please dont tell anyone what happened, Ann said to me. (Xin ng bo ai iu xy ra - Ann bo ti.) reported Ann asked me not to tell anyone what (had) happened. (Ann xin ti ng ni vi ai iu xy ra.) direct
Can you open the door for me, Tom?, Ann asked. (Anh m ca dm ti c khng Tom?, Ann hi.) reported Ann asked Tom to open the door for her. (Ann hi Tom m ca dm c ta.) Nh vy trong trng hp ny ng t trong cu tng thut chuyn thnh mt infinitive c to. Reported Speech with Questions Khi tng thut li mt cu hi c t hi chng ta cng lm nh trn nhng th t ca ch t v tr ng t c i li. Cu hi: Tr ng t + Ch t Tng thut Ch t + (Tr ng t) V d: Direct He asked me: Where are you going? (ng ta hi ti: Anh ang i u y?) Reported He asked me where I am going. (ng ta hi ti ang i u.) Direct Ann asked: When did they get married? (Ann hi: H m ci hi no vy?) Reported Ann asked when they got married. (Ann hi h m ci hi no.) c bit khi tng thut li cc cu hi khng c t hi ta dng if hoc whether. Quan st k cc cu sau:
Direct Tom asked: Do you remember me? (Tom hi: Anh c nh ti khng?) Reported Tom asked if I remembered him. or Tom asked whether I remembered him. (Tom hi ti c nh anh ta khng.) Direct My mother asked me: Do you see Ann? (M ti hi ti: Con c gp Ann khng?) Reported My mother asked me if I saw Ann. or My mother asked me whether I saw Ann. (M ti hi ti c gp Ann khng.) Vocabulary to tell, to say rng ta ni tell me nhng say to me. V d: He said to me that he was very tiered. He told me that ha was very tired. (Anh ta bo ti rng anh ta rt mt.) at least: t nht Ill go at least a week. (Ti s i t nht l mt tun.) at first: thot tin
after that: sau At first, he went to my house. After that he went to school. (Thot tin anh y n nh ti. Sau anh y i hc.)
Unit 33. Also, too

Also, Too C hai t ny u c ngha l cng. Ni chung c th s dng t no cng c nhng v tr c khc nhau. Too thng c dng hn also. also thng c i theo ng t, t trc cc ng t thng v sau tr ng t. V d: He is also an intelligent man. (Hn cng l mt k thng minh.) They also work hard on Sunday. (H cng lm vic vt v vo ch nht.) too thng c t cui cu. V d: He is an intelligent man, too. They work hard on Sunday, too. Short Questions Short Questions tc l nhng cu hi ngn. Nhng cu hi ngn thng ch gm c ch t v tr ng t hay c th l mt trng t no . Thc ra cc cu hi ngn ny khng phi l nhng cu hi thc s, n thng oc dng hi li iu ngi khc va ni, t mt s ngc nhin, thch th hay n gin ch l nhng cu dng duy tr cuc tr chuyn. V d:
It rained everyday in this month. Did it? (Thng ny ngy no tri cng ma. Vy ?) Ann isnt very well today?. Oh, isnt she? (Hm nay Ann khng c khe lm. , vy sao?) Ive just seen Tom. Oh, have you? (Ti va gp Tom. , th ?) Jim and Nora are getting married. Really? (Jim v Nora ang lm m ci. Tht khng?) Short Answers Short Answers l nhng cu tr li ngn. Chng ta dng nhng cu tr li khi khng mun lp li nhng iu ca cu hi. Trong cu tr li ngn thng lp li tr ng t ca cu hi. Mt trong nhng dng cu tr li ngn chng ta bit l cu tr li Yes/No. Khi khng mun lp li mt iu g trong cc cu ni bnh thng ta cng dng tr ng t theo cch thc ny. V d: Are you working tomorow? Yes, I am. (= I am working) (Ngy mai anh c lm vic khng? C.) He could lend us the money but he wont. (= He wont lend us) (Hn c th cho chng ti mn tin nhng hn s khng cho mn.) Does he smoke? He did but he doesnt any more. (= He smoked but he doent smoke) (Anh ta c ht thuc khng? Anh ta tng ht nhng khng cn ht na.) c bit vi cc cu tr li cng vy ta dng so hoc too. V d: I like this film. So do I.
I do, too. (Ti thch b phim ny. Ti cng vy) Cu trc ca dng tr li ny l: So + Auxiliary Verb + Pronoun hoc Pronoun + Auxiliary Verb + , too Trong trng hp tr li cng khng ta khng dng so hay too m dng neither, either hoc nor. V d: I amnot very well. Neither do I Nor do I Im not either. (Ti khng khe lm. Ti cng khng.) Cu trc Neither/Nor + Auxiliary Verb + Pronoun hoc Pronoun + Auxiliary Verb + not + either V d: Im feeling tierd. So am I (Ti cm thy mt. Ti cng th.) I never read newspapers. Neither do I (Ti khng bao gi c bo. Ti cng khng.) I cant remember his name. Nor can I/Neither can I (Ti khng th nh tn hn. Ti cng khng.) I havent got any money. I havent either. (Ti khng c c ng no. Ti cng khng)
I passed the examination and so did Tom. (Ti thi u v Tom cng vy.) Ngoi ra cn c mt s cu tr li ngn thng dng sau: I think so :Ti ngh th. I hope so :Ti hy vng th. I suppose so :Ti cho l th I expect so :Ti on th. Im afraid so :Ti e l th. Trong trng hp dng th ph nh ta vit: I dont think so :Ti khng ngh th. I dont suppose so :Ti khng cho l th I dont expect so :Ti khng on th. nhng Im afraid not :Ti e l khng. I hope not :Ti hy vng l khng. V d: Is she English? I think so. (C ta c phi ngi Anh khng? Ti ngh th) Will Tom come? I expect so. (Tom s n ch? Ti on th.) Has Ann been invited to the party? I suppose so. (Ann c mi ti d tic ch? Ti cho l th.) Is it going to rain? I hope not (Tri sp ma chng? Ti hy vng l khng.)
Unit 34. Nouns (Danh t)

I. nh ngha v phn loi Danh t l t gi tn mt ngi, mt vt, mt s vic, mt tnh trng hay mt cm xc. Danh t c th c chia thnh hai loi chnh: Danh t c th (concrete nouns): man, river, Peter, Daisy Danh t tru tng (abstract nouns): happiness, beauty, health Danh t c th cn c th c chia thnh: Danh t chung (common nouns): table, man, wall Danh t ring (proper nouns): Peter, Jack, England II. Danh t m c v khng m c (countable and uncountable nouns) Danh t m c (Countable nouns): Mt danh t c xp vo loi m c khi chng ta c th m trc tip ngi hay vt y. Phn ln danh t c th u thuc vo loi m c. V d: boy, apple, book, tree Danh t khng m c (Uncountable nouns): Mt danh t c xp vo loi khng m c khi chng ta khng m trc tip ngi hay vt y. Mun m, ta phi thng qua mt n v o lng thch hp. Phn ln danh t tru tng u thuc vo loi khng m c. V d: meat, ink, chalk, water III. Danh t ghp Mt danh t ghp l mt danh t c hnh thnh bi hai hay nhiu yu t to thnh. Khi pht m, i vi cu trc Noun + Noun v Gerund + Noun, ch c yu t th nht c nhn mnh (stressed) m thi. Trong cch vit, danh t ghp c th c vit: Dnh lin thnh mt t: blackbird, housewife Cch bi mt gch ni: fire-engine, sea-serpent Ri ra v khng c gch ni: post office, football player Danh t ghp c th c hnh thnh theo cc cu trc sau: Noun + Noun: headmaster, fire-engine
Gerund + Noun: dining-room, writing-paper Adjective + Noun: quick-silver Adjective + Verb: whitewash Verb + Noun: pickpocket Adverb + verb: overlook IV. Chc nng ng php ca danh t Mt danh t c th lm cc chc nng ng php sau: 1. Lm ch t (subject) ca mt ng t: V d: The man drove a car. 2. Lm tc t (object) trc tip hay gin tip ca mt ng t: V d: I sent the boy that parcel. 3. Lm b ng t (complement) ca mt ng t: V d: She is a pretty girl. 4. Dng vi mt gii t to thnh mt ng gii t (prepositional phrase) V d: Janet threw the flowers to Max. V. S nhiu ca danh t - Cc trng hp c bit 1. Nhng danh t sau y c s nhiu c bit: man - men : n ng woman - women : ph n child - children : tr con tooth - teeth : ci rng foot - feet : bn chn mouse - mice : chut nht goose - geese : con ngng louse - lice : con rn
2. Nhng danh t sau y c hnh thc s t v s nhiu ging nhau: deer : con nai sheep : con cu swine : con heo 3. Nhng danh t ch vt c to thnh bi hai hay nhiu yu t ch c dng s nhiu. Khi cn xc nh s t ngi ta dng thm mt danh t khc nh a pair of (mt cp), a set of (mt b), V d: trousers, pants, jeans, scissors, pincers, cards. 4. Nhng danh t sau y c ngun gc t mt ngn ng khc nn vn gi hnh thc s nhiu ca ngn ng gc: axis axes trc addendum addenda phn ph lc analysis analyses phn tch bacillus bacilli trc khun bacterium bacteria vi khun basis bases cn bn corrigendum corrigenda li n lot crisis crises khng hong criterion criteria tiu chun erratum errata li in, li vit hypothesis hypotheses gi thuyt larva larvae u trng locus loci a im, qu tch (ton) medium media ngi trung gian nebula nebulae tinh vn oasis oases c o phenomenon phenomena hin tng
radius radii bn knh stratum strata va t thesis theses lun , lun n 5. Nhng danh t sau y c hai s nhiu, mt c to thnh theo ngn ng gc, mt theo cu trc ting Anh: appendix appendixes appendices phn ph lc aquarium aquaria aquariums h c automaton automata automatons thit b t ng catus cacti cactuses cy xng rng curriculum curricula curriculums chng trnh dy focus foci focuses tiu im formula formulae formulas cng thc fungus fungi funguses vi nm maximum maxima maximums ti a memorandum memoranda memorandums s, bn ghi nh minimum minima minimums ti thiu retina retinae retinas vng mc sanatorium sanatoria sanatoriums bnh x terminus termini terminuses ga cui vortex vortices vortexes gi cun, xoy 6. Nhng danh t sau y c hai s nhiu khc ngha: index indexes phn mc lc indices s m (ton) brother brothers anh em trai brethren anh em ng o cloth cloths cc loi vi
clothes qun o die dies khun dp c tin dice con xc xc formula formulas hnh thc ca t formulae cng thc ton genius geniuses thin ti genii thn medium mediums ngi ng bng media phng tin penny pennies nhiu ng mt xu pence mt ng nhiu xu VI. S nhiu ca danh t ring v danh t ghp 1. Mt danh t ring khi s dng s nhiu thng dng vi mo t The v c ngha l gia nh. V d: The Browns will go to London. 2. Trong danh t ghp (compound noun) ch c yu t sau cng c chuyn sang s nhiu. V d: armchair - armchairs, tooth-brush - tooth-brushes 3. Trong cc danh t ghp ca man v woman, c hai yu t u chuyn sang s nhiu. V d: man servant - men servants 4. Cc danh t ghp c to thnh bi mt danh t + ng gii t ( prepositional phrase) c th c hnh thc s nhiu danh t hay cui. V d: father-in-law - fathers-in-law/father-in-laws VII. Ging ca danh t (Noun Gender) 1. Khi khng cn phi nhn mnh gii tnh, hnh thc ging c (masculine forms) thng c s dng. V d: Poets usually live in poverty. 2. Mt s ln danh t ging ci (feminine forms) c hnh thnh bng cch thm -ess vo hnh thc ging c, i khi c mt s thay i nh trong cch vit.
poet - poetress thi s author - authoress tc gi actor - actress din vin waiter - waitress ngi bi Baron - Baroness Nam tc Count - Countess B tc Duke - Duchess Cng tc manager - manageress qun l emperor - empress hong giant - giantess ngi khng l god - goddess thn thnh heir - heiress ngi tha k host - hostess ch nh Jew - Jewess ngi Do Thi lion - lioness s t master - mistress s ph murderer - murderess st nhn Marquis - Marquess Hu tc negro - negress ngi da en tiger - tigress con cp priest - priestess tu s shepherd - shepherdess ngi chn cu Prince - Pricess hong t Viscount - Viscountess T tc 3. Mt s danh t c ging ci l mt t khc bit.
boy girl con trai/gi man woman n ng/b sir madam ng/B King Queen Vua/N hong father mother ba/m husband wife chng/v horse (stallion) mare nga bull (ox) cow b cock hen g buck doe con mnh colt filly nga con stag hind con hu boar sow heo bullock heirfer b t brother sister anh/ch gentleman/lord lady ng/B son daughter con trai/gi uncle aunt ch bc/c d nephew niece chu monk (friar) nun tu s tutor governess ngi dy km wizard witch ph thy drake duck vt gader goose ngng dog bitch ch
ram ewe cu fox vixen chn 4. Mt s danh t to lp hnh thc ging ci bng cch thm vo mt yu t xc nh gii tnh nh man/woman, boy/girl, lord/lady, he/she, cock/hen, tom/tabby, billy/nany V d: man friend - woman friend, boy cousin - girl cousin, landlord - landlady, he-bear - she bear, cock sparrow - hen sparrow, tomcat - tabby cat, billy-goat - nanny-goat
Unit 35. Personal Pronouns (i t nhn xng)

Cc loi i t i t (pronoun) l t dng thay cho mt danh t. i t c th c chia thnh 8 loi: 1. i t nhn xng ( personal pronouns) 2. i t s hu (possessive pronouns) 3. i t phn thn (reflexive pronouns) 4. i t ch nh (demonstrative pronouns) 5. i t nghi vn (interrogative pronouns) 6. i t bt nh (indefinite pronouns) 7. i t quan h (relative pronouns) 8. i t phn bit (distributive pronouns) Bng di y gip nm vng cc ngi v s ca mt s i t v tnh t c lin quan: Ngi Tnh t i t i t nhn xng i t s hu s hu phn thn Subj. Obj. 1 s t my mine I me myself 2 s t your yours you you yourself
3 s t his his he him himself her hers she her herself its it it itself ones one one oneself 1 s nhiu our ours we us ourselves 2 s nhiu your yours you you yourselves 3 s nhiu their theirs they them themselves i t nhn xng ( personal pronouns) c hai loi: loi ch dng lm ch t (subjective) v loi ch dng lm tc t (objective). II. Lu v vic s dng i t nhn xng 1. I lun lun c vit hoa. 2. Ngi 2 thou/thee l t c ch s dng trong thi ca. 3. Sau gii t (preposition) ngi ta dng i t nhn xng tc t d l v tr ca mt ch t. V d: We are students - All of us are students. 4. Trong vn vit (formal English) ta dng i t nhn xng tc t sau BE. V d: It was I who did it. 5. Trong vn ni (informal English) ta dng dng i t nhn xng ch t. V d: Thats her. Tuy nhin trong nhng cu m i t nhn xng cho thy mt cm gic ch t r nt th hnh thc ch t lun c s dng. V d: It was he who told me about it. III. i t nhn xng IT 1. It thay cho mt vt, mt con vt hay mt s vic. It cng c th dng thay cho ngi khi ni n mt ngi khng xc nh. V d: A sudden noise woke me up. It came from downstairs. Mt ting n bt ng lm ti tnh gic. N (ting n) vng n t di cu thang.
Someone was moving quietly about the room. It was a thief. As we watched, he went to the safe and tried to open it. Ai ang lng l i quanh phng. l tn trm. Khi chng ti quan st, hn i n kt st v c m n ra. 2. It dng nh mt ch t gi (formal subject) ch thi tit, gi gic. V d: It rained heavily. (Tri ma nng ht) It is getting colder. (Tri ang lnh ln) Its midnight. (Vo lc na m) Its half past eight. (8 gi ri) 3. It dng nh mt ch t gi (formal subject) trong cu trc m ch t tht (real subject) l mt ng nguyn mu (infinitive phrase). V d: It isnt easy to meet him at this time of the day. Khng d g gp anh ta vo gi ny trong ngy. 4. It dng nh mt ch t gi (formal subject) to mt th nhn mnh. V d: It was my mother, not my father, who said that. Chnh l m ti ch khng phi cha ti ni iu . 5. It dng thay cho mt hay mt cu ni trc . V d: You have helped me much. I shall never forget it. Anh gip ti nhiu. Ti s khng bao gi qun iu . Tuy nhin cch dng ny khng dng vi cc ng t know, remember, try, tell, forget, nht l trong cc cch tr li ngn. V d: We are having a holiday tomorrow. Yes, I know. (Khng ni Yes, I know it)
IV. i t nhn xng ONE One l mt s m (cardinal number) nhng cng c th dng nh mt i t. Khi dng nh mt i t one s dng nh sau: 1. Dng thay cho ngha ngi ta, hay ti hay bt k ai vo cng v ca ti. N c th dng lm ch t (subject) ln tc t (object). ng t theo sau one ngi th ba s t. V d: One cant be too careful in matters like this. Ngi ta khng th qu cn thn trong nhng chuyn nh th ny. The film gives one a good idea of the hardships. B phim cho ngi ta mt nim tt v nhng ni gian kh. 2. i khi vic s dng one a cu vn n ch vng v hay nng n. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta thay th one bng nhng i t khc thch hp hn. So snh cc th d sau: (a) When one is given ones choice of courses of action, any of which would be to ones disadvantage, one often has a difficulty in deciding what one ought to do. (b) When one is given his choice of courses of action, any of which would be to his disadvantage, they often has a difficulty in deciding what they ought to do. (c) When someone is given his choice of courses of action, any of which would be to his disadvantage, he often has a difficulty in deciding what he ought to do. (d) When you is given your choice of courses of action, any of which would be to your disadvantage, you often has a difficulty in deciding what you ought to do. Cu (c) v (d) thng c a chung hn cu (a) v (b). 3. One c ngha tng qut l mt ngi. V d: You are the first one who has read this letter. Bn l ngi u tin c bc th ny. 4. One l mt i t, c dng vi ngha mt con s i lp vi other. There are two choices open to you. You must take either the one or the other. C hai la chn a ra cho anh. Anh phi chn ci ny hoc ci kia. They are so much alike that I cant tell the one from the other. H ging nhau n ni ti chng phn bit ngi ny vi ngi kia.
Trong mt s trng hp one c dng thay cho mt danh t c trc , h tr cho mt tnh t v khng th dng tnh t ny mt mnh. Khi y one c gi l t h tr (prop-word) v c hnh thc s nhiu l ones, c th dng vi mo t xc nh (definite article) the. Theres an old man and a young one here. I prefer red roses to white ones. Which girl is Mary Robinson? - The one in the red dress.
Unit 36. Relative pronouns ( i t quan h )

i t quan h (relative pronouns) c 3 chc nng ng php chnh trong mt cu: Thay cho mt danh t ngay trc n, lm mt nhim v trong mnh (clause) theo sau, lin kt mnh vi nhau. i t quan h c hnh thc khng thay i d thay cho mt danh t s t hay s nhiu. ng t theo sau thay i ty theo tin tin t ca i t quan h. Mnh c cha i t quan h c gi l mnh quan h (relative clause) hay mnh tnh ng (adjective clause). Danh t c i t quan h thay th gi l tin tin t (antecedent) ca n. C 5 i t quan h chnh vi chc nng ng php nh trong bng k sau: i t quan h Thay th cho loi danh t Nhim v trong cu Who ch ngi ch t Whom ch ngi tc t Which ch vt ch t hay tc t That ch ngi hay ch vt ch t hay tc t Whose (ch ngi) ch quyn s hu V d: Do you know the boy who has broken that chair? The man whom you want to meet is not here. The dog which was lost has been found. Relative Pronoun THAT
THAT bt buc dng trong nhng trng hp sau: 1. Sau nhng tnh t dng so snh cc cp (superlative). Yesterday was one of the coldest days that I have ever known. 2. Sau nhng cch ni m u bng It is/was It is the teacher that is important, not the kind of school he teaches in. 3. Sau nhng tin tin t (antecedent) va l ngi, va l vt. He talked brilliantly of the men and the books that interested him. Relative Pronoun WHOSE WHOSE thay cho mt danh t ch ngi ng trc, ch quyn s hu i vi danh t theo sau n. Gia WHOSE v danh t theo sau khng c mo t (article). Mt i khi WHOSE cng c dng thay cho danh t ch vt trc. Trong cc trng hp khc ngi ta dng OF WHICH. The man whose car was stolen yesterday is my uncle. He came in a car the windows of which was broken. Tnh cht DEFINING v NON-DEFINING i t quan h (relative pronouns) c th c dng trong nhng mnh xc nh (defining clause) hay nhng mnh khng xc nh (non-defining clause). mt s ti liu khc ngi ta cn gi l mnh hn ch (restrictive clause) hay mnh khng hn ch (non-restrictive clause). Mnh xc nh (defining clause) l nhng mnh gip lm r ngha tin tin t. Khng c mnh ny ta khng hiu r ngha mnh cn li. The man whom you met yesterday is a dentist. Khng c mnh whom you met yesterday ta khng r the man l ai. Mnh khng xc nh (non-defining clause) l mnh khng lm r ngha tin tin t. Khng c n mnh cn li vn r ngha. My father, whom you met yesterday, is a dentist. Khng c mnh whom you met yesterday ngi ta vn hiu r mnh cn li. Nh c tnh cht xc nh v khng xc nh ny m ta c th hiu r ngha cc cu sau: (a) All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to Daisy. (b) All the books which had pictures in them were sent to Daisy.
cu (a) ngi ta gi tt c sch cho Daisy, v trong sch y c hnh. cu (b) ngi ta ch gi cho Daisy nhng quyn sch c hnh, nhng quyn khc khng c hnh v khng c gi cho Daisy. B Relative Pronoun i t quan h c th c hiu ngm nu l tc t trong loi mnh xc nh (defining clause). The book (that) I want is on the table. Theres something (that) you dont know.
Unit 36. Relative pronouns ( i t quan h )

i t quan h (relative pronouns) c 3 chc nng ng php chnh trong mt cu: Thay cho mt danh t ngay trc n, lm mt nhim v trong mnh (clause) theo sau, lin kt mnh vi nhau. i t quan h c hnh thc khng thay i d thay cho mt danh t s t hay s nhiu. ng t theo sau thay i ty theo tin tin t ca i t quan h. Mnh c cha i t quan h c gi l mnh quan h (relative clause) hay mnh tnh ng (adjective clause). Danh t c i t quan h thay th gi l tin tin t (antecedent) ca n. C 5 i t quan h chnh vi chc nng ng php nh trong bng k sau: i t quan h Thay th cho loi danh t Nhim v trong cu Who ch ngi ch t Whom ch ngi tc t Which ch vt ch t hay tc t That ch ngi hay ch vt ch t hay tc t Whose (ch ngi) ch quyn s hu V d: Do you know the boy who has broken that chair? The man whom you want to meet is not here.
The dog which was lost has been found. Relative Pronoun THAT THAT bt buc dng trong nhng trng hp sau: 1. Sau nhng tnh t dng so snh cc cp (superlative). Yesterday was one of the coldest days that I have ever known. 2. Sau nhng cch ni m u bng It is/was It is the teacher that is important, not the kind of school he teaches in. 3. Sau nhng tin tin t (antecedent) va l ngi, va l vt. He talked brilliantly of the men and the books that interested him. Relative Pronoun WHOSE WHOSE thay cho mt danh t ch ngi ng trc, ch quyn s hu i vi danh t theo sau n. Gia WHOSE v danh t theo sau khng c mo t (article). Mt i khi WHOSE cng c dng thay cho danh t ch vt trc. Trong cc trng hp khc ngi ta dng OF WHICH. The man whose car was stolen yesterday is my uncle. He came in a car the windows of which was broken. Tnh cht DEFINING v NON-DEFINING i t quan h (relative pronouns) c th c dng trong nhng mnh xc nh (defining clause) hay nhng mnh khng xc nh (non-defining clause). mt s ti liu khc ngi ta cn gi l mnh hn ch (restrictive clause) hay mnh khng hn ch (non-restrictive clause). Mnh xc nh (defining clause) l nhng mnh gip lm r ngha tin tin t. Khng c mnh ny ta khng hiu r ngha mnh cn li. The man whom you met yesterday is a dentist. Khng c mnh whom you met yesterday ta khng r the man l ai. Mnh khng xc nh (non-defining clause) l mnh khng lm r ngha tin tin t. Khng c n mnh cn li vn r ngha. My father, whom you met yesterday, is a dentist. Khng c mnh whom you met yesterday ngi ta vn hiu r mnh cn li. Nh c tnh cht xc nh v khng xc nh ny m ta c th hiu r ngha cc cu sau:
(a) All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to Daisy. (b) All the books which had pictures in them were sent to Daisy. cu (a) ngi ta gi tt c sch cho Daisy, v trong sch y c hnh. cu (b) ngi ta ch gi cho Daisy nhng quyn sch c hnh, nhng quyn khc khng c hnh v khng c gi cho Daisy. B Relative Pronoun i t quan h c th c hiu ngm nu l tc t trong loi mnh xc nh (defining clause). The book (that) I want is on the table. Theres something (that) you dont know.
Unit 37. Indefinite and demonstrative pronouns

i t bt nh (indefinite pronouns) gm c nhiu nhm: Nhm kt hp vi some cho something, someone, somebody. Nhm kt hp vi any cho anything, anyone, anybody. Nhm kt hp vi every cho everything, everyone, everybody. Nhm kt hp vi no cho nothing, no one, nobody. Nhm c lp gm cc t all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither. Cng nh tnh t nghi vn, mt s trong cc i t trn y cng c th c dng nh tnh t. Khi y ngi ta gi chng l tnh t bt nh (indefinite adjectives). l cc t any, some, every, no, all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither. i t bt nh: EITHER - NEITHER Either c ngha l ci ny hay ci kia trong hai ci. Neither l ph nh ca either v th n c ngha khng ci ny m cng khng ci kia trong hai ci. N c th dng nh mt i t hay mt tnh t v lun lun dng vi mt ng t s t. Either of the books is suitable for me. (pronoun)
Neither of my friends has come yet. (pronoun) You can park your car on either side of the street. (adjective) Both trains will go to Hanoi, but neither train is comfortable. (adjective) i t bt nh: ALL All va l mt i t va l mt tnh t. Khi s dng all c mt s iu cn lu sau: 1. Khi l mt i t all c ngha l tt c. N c th i vi mt ng t s t hay s nhiu ty theo ngha m n c. Many boys and girls came to see him. All were his old pupils. The radio receives only one channel but this is all that is broadcast in remote areas. 2. Tnh t all trc mt danh t s nhiu cng c ngha l tt c nhng trc mt danh t s t m c li c ngha trn, nguyn. Trong trng hp ny ngi ta c th thay bng the whole. He played in the yard all mornings. (Tt c cc bui sng) He played in the yard all morning. (Sut bui sng) 3. Khi dng b ngha cho mt danh t, all c th c t trc hoc sau danh t . All the students agreed that the concert was good. The student all agreed that the concert was good. 4. Khi dng b ngha cho mt i t, all lun lun t sau i t . They all agreed that the concert was good. 5. Trong mt s cu trc, all c th l mt trng t ch mc (adverb of degree). Jim lives all alone. (= completely) They sell their goods all over the world. (= everywhere) i t bt nh: SOME - ANY 1. Some v Any u c th l mt tnh t v cng c th l mt i t. Khi l tnh t some v any dng vi cc danh t s nhiu m c v c ngha l vi. Tuy nhin some dng trong cu xc nh cn any dng trong cu ph nh v nghi vn. There are some books on the table.
Are there any books on the table? 2. Khi dng vi mt danh t s t m c trong bt c loi cu no, some c ngha l mt ci no v any c ngha l bt c ci no. There must be some reason for the murder. You can paint the chair any colour you like. 3. Khi dng nh mt i t, some v any c th dng mt mnh hoc dng vi of v cng theo nguyn tc some trong cu xc nh, any trong cu ph nh v nghi vn. Some of the guest are married, and some are single. Have you met any of the passengers? No, I havent seen any yet. 4. Some c th c dng trong cc cu thnh cu (requests), hoc ngh (offers) Can I have some milk, please? Could you lend me some money? Ive just picked these apples. Would you like some? 5. Trong mt s cu trc, some v any c th dng nh mt trng t ch mc (adverb of degree) Some two million tourists visit our country every summer. (= about) Was the play any good? (= at all) i t bt nh: NO - NOTHING - NONE 1. No l dng rt gn ca not a hay not any. Hes got no house. (= not a) There is no salt on the table. (= not any) 2. Nothing l dng rt gn ca not anything. There was nothing in the shop that I wanted to buy. (= not anything) I looked at the room, but I saw nothing. (= not anything) 3. None l mt i t, N c ngha tng ng vi not one, not any. None of his pupils failed their examination.
How many fish did you catch? - None! 4. S khc bit gia nothing v none l trong cc cu tr li ngn, nothing dng tr li cc cu hi bt u bng What hay Who; trong khi y none dng tr li cho cu hi bt u bng How many/How much. Nobody khc bit vi none cng tng t nh vy. What is on the table? - Nothing How many books are aon the table? - None Who is in the dining-room? - Nobody (No one) How many people are in the dining-room? - None How much petrol is there in the car? - None i t bt nh: OTHER - ANOTHER 1. Other c th l mt tnh t cng c th l mt i t. Khi l tnh t n dng c vi danh t s t ln s nhiu. Khi l i t n thuc loi m c v c hnh thc s nhiu l others. Khi other c dng vi mt mo t bt nh n c vit thnh mt t another. 2. The other c ngha l ci th hai trong hai ci. He held a sword in one hand and a pistol in the other. 3. The other(s) c ngha l ngi, vt cn li. The other guests that we had expected didnt come. (adjective) We got home by 6 oclock, but the others didnt get back until 8.00. (promoun) 4. Other(s) cng c th c ngha n gin l khc, thm vo, phn cn li. There are other ways of doing this exercise. (adjective) I have no other friend but you. (adjective) Some like tea, others like coffee. (pronoun) 5. Another c ngha l thm mt ngi, vt na, mt, ngi vt khc. He already has two cars, and now he has bought another. He gave me a cake and Kathy another one. i t bt nh: EACH OTHER - ONE ANOTHER
Each other v one another l mt i t bt nh dng sau cc ngoi ng t (transitive verbs). N ch ch t lm hnh ng ln nhau. V th i khi n cn c gi l i t h tng (reciprocal pronouns). Each other dng khi ch t c hai ngi hay vt. One another dng khi ch t c nhiu hn hai. Trong nhiu tring hp each other c th dng thay cho one another nhng one another khng th dng thay cho each other. Romeo and Juliet loved each other. The children ran after one another in the schoolyard. Cn phn bit i t h tng (reciprocal pronouns) v i t phn thn (reflexive pronouns). So snh hai cu sau: Janes and Peter loved themselves. (Janes v Peter yu bn thn mnh) Janes and Peter loved each other. (Janes v Peter yu nhau) i t Ch nh (Demonstrative Pronouns) Tnh t ch nh (demonstrative adjectives) this, that v s nhiu ca chng l these, those c dng trc danh t nhm xc nh v tr ca danh t y i vi ngi ni. Khi nhng tnh t ny c dng c lp, khng c danh t theo sau, n tr thnh i t ch nh (demonstrative pronouns). Ngoi vic thay th cho mt danh t, i t ch nh cn cho ngi nghe khi nim gn hn hay xa hn v thi gian hoc khong cch. There is this seat here, near me, or there is that one in the last row. Which will you have, this or that? That is what I thought last year, this is what I think now. Vi ngha v cch dng nh th, the former (ngi/vt ni trc) v the latter (ngi/vt ni sau) cng c xem nh i t ch nh. Bill and Peter are her brothers. The former is an engineer. The latter is a lawyer.
Unit 38. Subjunctive mood (Th bng cch)

Subjunctive Mood l th Bng thi cch. y l th kh dng nht trong ting Anh. Cc ng t chia trong Subjunctive Mood kh c bit. Hai th thng c dng nht trong th ny l Past Subjunctive v Past Perfect Subjunctive. Past Subjunctive i vi cc ng t thng chia ging nh Past Simple, i vi ng t to be dng were cho tt c cc ngi,
will :would shall :should can :could may :might. Past Perfect Subjunctive chia ging nh Past Perfect. be :had been will :would have shall :should have can :could have may :might have Subjunctive Mood c dng c bit trong cc trng hp: Dng sau cc thnh ng: I wish (that) :Ti c g, ti mong rng Suppose (that) :Gi t rng I had rather (that) :Ti thch hn, ti mun As if : chng nh, ra v nh, c nh l If only :c g Its (high) time (that) : n lc V d: I wish (that) my sister were here. (Ti mong rng ch ti c mt y.) If only I had a new watch. (c g ti c mt chic ng h eo tay mi.) It is (high) time (that) you took your lunch. ( n lc anh phi n tra ri.)
I wish I knew how to write English. (Ti c g ti bit vit ting Anh.) Do you ever wish you could fly? (C bao gi bn c rng bn bay c khng?) I wish I didnt have to work. (Ti c g ti khng phi lm vic.) If only I could see him right now. (c g ti c th gp anh y ngay by gi.) rng trong cc cu trn ng t wish c dng dng Present v cc ng t sau wish nh were, took, had, knew, could, u dng Past nhng cc cu ny vn dng ch hin ti hay tng lai ch khng phi qu kh. Khi mun ni n qu kh ta phi dng Past Perfect. V d: I wish my sister were here. ( y ng ti mun hin ti hay sau ny ch ti c mt y) I wish my sister had been here. (Cu ny ng ti mun trc y ch ti c mt y.) Conditional Sentences Subjunctive mood thng c dng nht l trong cc cu iu kin (Conditional Sentences). Cc cu iu kin l cc cu c mt mnh If (nu). Xt v d sau: 1. If you work hard you will succeed. 2. If you worked hard you would succeed. 3. If you had worked hard you would have succeeded. Trong cu th nht cc ng t work, will u dng th hin ti. Cu ny c dch l Nu anh lm vic tch cc anh s thnh cng. y chng ta nu ra mt gi thuyt c th c thc trong hin ti hay tng lai. Trong cu th hai worked v would dng qu kh. Trong trng hp ny ta bit gi thit chng ta a ra khng bao gi c tht. V d nh chng ta ni iu vi mt ngi m chng bao gi lm vic tch cc c.
Trong cu th ba cc ng t ny dng Past Perfect. Trng hp ny l mt gi thit khng c tht trong qu kh. Chng hn ta ni iu ny vi mt ngi hin gi tht bi ri, v by gi ta t ra gi thit trn, gi nh ngi lm vic tch cc th by gi thnh cng ri c u c tht bi. Mt s v d khc: If I were King, you would be Queen. (Nu anh l vua em s l hong hu.) (nhng tht ra anh khng phi l vua) If I knew her number, I would telephone her. (Nu ti bit s in thoi ca c y, th ti s gi c y) (nhng tht ra ti khng bit.) Tom would travel if he had money. (Tom s i du lch nu anh ta c tin.) If I had known that you were ill, I would have gone to see you. (Nu nh ti bit anh bnh th ti n thm anh ri.) (c ngha l trc y anh bnh nhng ti khng bit) Ngi ta cng thng dng could hoc might thay cho would. V d: She could get a job more easily if she could type. (C ta c th tm vic d dng hn nu c ta bit nh my.)
Unit 39. Auxiliary Verbs (Tr ng t)

C 12 tr ng t trong ting Anh: be, have, do, can, shall, will, may, must, need, ought (to), dare, used (to). Trong s 12 tr ng t nu trn, c 9 ng t cn c xp vo loi ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs). l cc ng t can, may, must, will, shall, need, ought (to), dare v used (to). I. c tnh chung ca Tr ng t (Auxiliary verbs)
Tr ng t (auxiliary verbs) c chung mt s c tnh sau y: 1. Hnh thnh th ph nh bng cch thm NOT sau ng t. He is here - He is not here They would help us - They would not help us 2. Hnh thnh th nghi vn bng o ng (inversion). He is here - Is he here? 3. Hnh thnh Cu hi ui (Tag-question) bng cch dng li chnh ng t y. They were there, werent they? 4. Hnh thnh Cu tr li ngn (short answer) bng cch dng li chnh ng t y. It will take hours to do this work. Yes, it will. (No, it wont) 5. c dng li trong loi Cu tnh lc (elliptical sentences). They will spend their holidays in Spain. Will you? (= Will you spend your holiday in Spain?) II. Tr ng t BE 1. BE c s dng lm tr ng t hnh thnh cc th tip din (Continuous Tenses) v th th ng (Passive Voice). She was washing clothes when we came. He was washed to sign his name. 2. BE l mt loi ng t cha y (incomplete predication). V th lun i hi phi c mt b ng t (Complement) hon thnh ngha ca cu. Your dinner is ready. His father was a famous man. 3. Khi c s dng nh mt ng t hon chnh, BE c ngha l hin hu, tn ti. I think, therefore I am. 4. BE TO din t: a) Mt s thu xp, sp t (arrangement). The wedding is to take place on Saturday.
b) Mt mnh lnh, mt yu cu. You are to see the headmaster at 4 oclock. c) Tnh cht tng lai trong nhng trng hp cn din t tng lai trong qu kh (Future in the Past). My sister and her husband were to come and see us this weekend, but they couldnt come. 5. DO BE l mt hnh thc nhn mnh, lm tng ngha tnh cm ca hnh ng hay lm cho cu n c ngha thuyt phc hn. Do be careful when you cross the road. Do be as nice to him as you can. 6. Mt s thnh ng vi BE be able to: c th, c kh nng I am not able to guarantee the results. be about to: sp sa The plane is about to take off. be apt to: c khiu, nhanh tr v Hes apt to ask awkward questions. be bound to: nht nh, c khuynh hng Prices are bound to go up this autumn. be certain to: chc chn The match is certain to start on time. be due to: v, do bi, t hn, nht nh Hes due to arrive at any moment. be going to: nh s Were going to need more staff here. be liable to: c kh nng s This machine is liable to break down. be sure to: chn chn, dt khot l
Hes sure to be waiting outside. be likely to: c v nh l Theyre likely to win by several goals. be meant to: mun ni l Are you meant to work overtime? be supposed to: xem l, c nhim v l Were not supposed to smoke in here. III. Tr ng t HAVE 1. HAVE c dng lm tr ng t to cc th hon thnh (Perfect Tenses). I have answered your questions. Has he finished his dinner? 2. Khi c dng nh mt ng t chnh trong cu, HAVE c ngha l s hu (possess). Vi ngha ny, trong vn ni v trong nhiu cu trc vn vit, got c thm vo vi have m khng lm tng thm ngha. The man has (got) a car. How many children have you (got)? 3. Khi dng vi ngha khc hn l s hu, HAVE c cc hnh thc ph nh, nghi vn nh cc ng t thng thng khc. Khi y HAVE cng khng dng vi got pha sau. Did you have a letter from home? (= receive) I dont have much difficulty with English grammar (= find, experience) Vi cch s dng ny HAVE thng din t mt hnh ng c tnh cht ca mt thi quen, mt s lp i lp li nhiu ln. Hy so snh hai cu sau: He has a walk in the garden. (ng ta i do trong vn) He walks in the garden. (ng ta bc i trong vn) 4. HAVE c th c dng trong th nguyn nhn (Causative). Cch s dng ny cho bit ai gy nn mt hnh ng no. Causative ca HAVE c hai cu trc sau:
active: S + (have) + O1 + V + O2 passive: S + (have) + O2 + past participle (by O1) They had Daisy clean the floor. (H bo Daisy lau nh) We have just had our house painted. (Chng ti va cho ngi sn cn nh ca chng ti) Why dont you have your hair cut? (Ti sao anh khng i ht tc) Trong hu ht cc trng hp ny HAVE c th c thay th bi GET. Why dont you get your hair cut? They got the floor cleaned. 5. HAVE TO (phi, cn phi) dng din t mt s cn thit (necessity), s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Trng hp ny HAVE cng c th dng vi got pha sau. I missed the bus, so I had to walk to the office. Youve got to work hard to make a living. 6. HAVE TO c dng thay cho MUST cc th m MUST khng c. You will have to leave for work early in the morning. We had to answer all the questions in the examination. Xem thm phn MUST v s khc bit gia MUST v HAVE TO. IV. Tr ng t DO DO c th l mt ng t thng: He does his work well. mt tr ng t. Khi dng lm tr ng t, DO c nhng cch s dng sau y: 1. Dng hnh thnh th ph nh (negative) v th nghi vn (interrogative) cho cc ng t thng. What does he read?
She doesnt like swimming. Dont sit on that chair! 2. Dng hnh thnh Cu hi ui (Tag-questions) khi ng t trong cu chnh l mt ng t thng. They stayed in that hotel, didnt they? Mary doesnt clean the floor, does she? 3. Dng trnh lp li ng t chnh khi ng t chnh l mt loi ng t thng trong cu tr li ngn (short answer). David likes swimming. - So do I. Did they go to London? - Yes, they did. Mary doesnt like fish, neither does Fred. 4. Dng hnh thnh Th Nhn mnh (Emphatic Form). You did make me surprised. He does write his name on the board.
Unit 40. Model Verbs (ng t khuyt thiu)

MODAL VERBS CAN - COULD c tnh chung ca ng t khuyt thiu (Modal verbs) Ngoi nhng c tnh nh tr ng t, ng t khuyt thiu cn c thm mt s c tnh ring nh sau: 1. Khng c TO nguyn mu v khng c TO khi c ng t theo sau. They can speak French and English. 2. Khng c S ngi th ba s t th Hin ti. He can use our phone. 3. Ch c nhiu nht l 2 th: Th Hin ti v th Qu kh n.
She can cook meals. She could cook meals when she was twelve. Trong nhng trng hp khc ta s dng nhng ng t tng ng. ng t khuyt thiu CAN CAN l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n ch c 2 th Hin ti v Qu kh n. Nhng hnh thc khc ta dng ng t tng ng be able to. CAN cng c th c dng nh mt tr ng t hnh thnh mt s cch ni ring. 1. CAN v COULD c ngha l c th, din t mt kh nng (ability). Can you swim? She could ride a bicycle when she was five years old. 2. Trong vn ni (colloquial speech), CAN c dng thay cho MAY din t mt s cho php (permission) v th ph nh CANNOT c dng din t mt s cm on (prohibition). In London buses you can smoke on the upper deck, but you cant smoke downstairs. 3. CAN cng din t mt iu c th xy n (possibility). Trong cu hi v cu cm thn CAN c ngha l Is it possible? Can it be true? It surely cant be four oclock already! 4. CANNOT c dng din t mt iu kh c th xy ra (virtual impossibility). He cant have missed the way. I explained the route carefully. 5. Khi dng vi ng t tri gic (verbs of perception) CAN cho mt ngha tng ng vi th Tip din (Continuous Tense). Listen! I think I can hear the sound of the sea. (khng dng I am hearing) COULD 1. COULD l th qu kh n ca CAN. She could swim when she was five. 2. COULD cn c dng trong cu iu kin. If you tried, you could do that work.
3. Trong cch ni thn mt, COULD c xem nh nhiu tnh cht lch s hn CAN. Can you change a 20-dollar note for me, please? Could you tell me the right time, please? 4. COULD c dng din t mt s ng vc hay mt li phn khng nh nhng. His story could be true, but I hardly think it is. I could do the job today, but Id rather put it off until tomorrow. 5. COULD - WAS/WERE ABLE TO a) Nu hnh ng din t mt kh nng, mt kin thc, COULD c dng thng hn WAS/WERE ABLE TO. He hurt his foot, and he couldnt play in the match. The door was locked, and I couldnt open it. b) Nu cu ni hm mt s thnh cng trong vic thc hin hnh ng (succeeded in doing) th WAS/WERE ABLE TO c s dng ch khng phi COULD. I finished my work early and so was able to go to the pub with my friends.
MODAL VERBS MAY - MIGHT 1. MAY v dng qu kh MIGHT din t s xin php, cho php (permission). May I take this book? - Yes, you may. She asked if she might go to the party. 2. MAY/MIGHT dng din t mt kh nng c th xy ra hay khng th xy ra. It may rain. He admitted that the news might be true. 3. Dng trong cu cm thn MAY/MIGHT din t mt li cu chc. May all your dreams come true! Trong cch dng ny c th xem MAY nh mt loi Bng Thi cch (Subjunctive). 4. MAY/MIGHT dng trong mnh theo sau cc ng t hope (hy vng) v trust (tin tng).
I trust (hope) that you may find this plan to your satisfaction. He trust (hoped) that we might find the plan to our satisfaction. 5. MAY/MIGHT dng thay cho mt mnh trng ng ch s nhng b (adverb clauses of concession). He may be poor, but he is honest. (Though he is poor) Try as he may, he will not pass the examination. (Though he tries hard) Try as he might, he could not pass the examination. (Though he tried hard) 6. MAY/MIGHT thng c dng trong mnh trng ng ch mc ch (adverb clauses of purpose). Trong trng hp ny ngi ta cng thng dng CAN/COULD thay cho MAY/MIGHT. She was studying so that she might read English books. 7. MIGHT (khng dng MAY) i khi c dng trong cu din t mt li trch mng c tnh hn di (petulant reproach). You might listen when I am talking to you. (Lm n rng m lng nghe ti ni) You might try to be a little more helpful. (Lm n rng m t ra c ch mt cht) 8. Trong trng hp cn thit ngi ta dng be allowed to, permit ty theo ngha cn din t thay cho MAY v MIGHT. I shall be allowed to go to the party.
MODAL VERB MUST MUST l mt ng t khuyt thiu v ch c hnh thc hin ti. 1. MUST c ngha l phi din t mt mnh lnh hay mt s bt buc. You must drive on the left in London. 2. MUST bao hm mt kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni. Are you going home at midnight? You must be mad! You have worked hard all day; you must be tired.
3. MUST NOT (MUSTNT) din t mt lnh cm. You mustnt walk on the grass. 4. Khi mun din t th ph nh ca MUST vi ngha khng cn thit ngi ta s dng NEED NOT (NEEDNT). Must I do it now? - No, you neednt. Tomorrow will be soon enough. 5. CANNOT (CANT) c dng lm ph nh ca MUST khi MUST din t ngha kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2 trn y. If he said that, he must be mistaken. If he said that, he cant be telling the truth. 6. MUST v HAVE TO a) HAVE TO dng thay cho MUST trong nhng hnh thc m MUST khng c. We shall have to hurry if we are going to catch the twelve oclock train. b) HAVE TO khng th thay th MUST khi MUST mang ngha kt lun ng nhin, mt cch gii thch duy nht hp l theo ngh ca ngi ni nh cp trong im 2 trn y. Ngi ta phi din t bng nhng cch khc. He must be mad. (I personally thought that he was mad) c) MUST v HAVE TO u c th dng din t s cng bch, bt buc (compulsion). Tuy nhin MUST mang ngha s cng bch n t ngi ni trong khi HAVE TO mang ngha s cng bch n t hon cnh bn ngoi (external circumstances) You must do what I tell you. Passengers must cross the line by the bridge. (Lnh ca Cc ng St) Passengers have to cross the line by the bridge. (V khng cn ng no khc)
MODAL VERBS SHALL - SHOULD 1. SHALL c th l: Mt tr ng t gip hnh thnh th Tng lai (Simple Future) ngi th nht s t. I shall do what I like.
Mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu SHALL din t mt li ha (promise), mt s qu quyt (determination) hay mt mi e da (threat) theo ngh ca ngi ni. If you work hard, you shall have a holiday on Saturday. (promise) He shall suffer for this; he shall pay you what he owes you. (threat) These people want to buy my house, but they shant have it. (determination) 2. SHOULD c dng trong nhng trng hp sau: Lm mt ng t khuyt thiu c ngha l nn v tng ng vi ought to. You should do what the teacher tells you. People who live in glass houses should not throw stones. (proverb) Dng thay cho must khi khng mun din t mt ngha qu bt buc vi must. Members who want tickets for the dance should apply before September 1st to the Secretary. Dng thay cho th Hin ti Bng thi (present subjunctive). (xem phn Subjunctive)
MODAL VERBS WILL - WOULD 1. WILL c th l: Mt tr ng t. Dng lm tr ng t WILL gip hnh thnh th Tng lai (simple future). Mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu WILL din t mt s mong mun (willingness), mt li ha (promise) hay mt s qu quyt (determination). All right; I will pay you at the rate you ask. (willingness) I wont forget little Margarets birthday. I will send her a present. (promise) Trong cch din t s qu quyt (determination) c SHALL ln WILL u c th s dng nhng mi t mang mt ngha ring. Vi SHALL, s qu quyt l ngi ni. Vi WILL, s qu quyt ch t (subject) ca ng t. So snh hai th d sau: (a) George shall go out without his overcoat. (b) George will go out without his overcoat. cu (a), ngi ni nht nh bt George phi i ra ngoi m khng c mc o khoc. cu (b) George nht nh i ra ngoi m khng thm mc o khoc.
2. WOULD c th l: Mt tr ng t. WOULD gip hnh thnh mt Tng lai trong qu kh (future in the past) hay cc th trong cu iu kin. He said he would send it to me, but he didnt. If she were here, she would help us. He would have been very happy if he had known about it. Khi dng nh mt ng t khuyt thiu, WOULD din t mt thi quen trong qu kh. Vi ngha ny, WOULD c th dng thay cho used to. Every day he would get up at six oclock and light the fire.
MODAL VERBS OUGHT TO - DARE - NEED ng t khuyt thiu OUGHT TO OUGHT TO l mt ng t khuyt thiu ch c th Hin ti (simple present). N c ngha l nn, gn ging vi should. Trong hu ht cc trng hp OUGHT TO c th c thay th bng should. They ought to (should) pay the money. He ought to (should) be ashamed of himself. 1. OUGHT TO cng dng din t mt s gn ng, rt c th ng (strong probability). If Alice left home at 9:00, she ought to be here any minute now. 2. OUGHT TO c th dng trong tng lai vi cc t xc nh thi gian tng lai nh tomorrow, next Tuesday Our team ought to win the match tomorrow. 3. OUGHT NOT TO HAVE + past participle din t mt s khng tn ng v mt hnh ng lm trong qu kh. You ought not to have spent all that money on such a thing. ng t khuyt thiu DARE DARE c ngha l dm, c gan c th c xem nh mt ng t khuyt ln ng t thng. Khi l mt ng t khuyt thiu, n c y c tnh ca loi ng t ny. Dare he go and speak to her? (ng t khuyt thiu)
You darent climb that tree, dare you? (ng t khuyt thiu) He doesnt dare to answer my letter. (ng t thng) She didnt dare to say a word, did she? (ng t thng) Thnh ng I daresay c ngha l c th, c l ng ngha vi cc t perhaps, it is probable. Thnh ng ny thng khng dng vi ch t no khc ngoi ngi th nht. He is not here yet, but I daresay he will come later. ng t khuyt thiu NEED C hai ng t NEED: mt ng t thng v mt ng t khuyt thiu. Khi l ng t khuyt thiu NEED ch c hnh thc Hin ti v c y c tnh ca mt ng t khuyt thiu. N c ngha l cn phi, tng t nh have to. V th n cng c xem l mt loi ph nh ca must. Need he work so hard? You neednt go yet, need you? C mt iu cn nh l ng t khuyt thiu NEED khng dng th xc nh. N ch c dng th ph nh v nghi vn. Khi dng th xc nh n phi c dng vi mt t ng ph nh. You neednt see him, but I must. I hardly need say how much I enjoyed the holiday.
MODAL VERB USED TO ng t khuyt thiu USED TO USED TO l mt hnh thc ng t c bit. N c th c xem nh mt ng t thng hay mt ng t khuyt thiu trong vic hnh thnh th ph nh v th nghi vn. You used to live in London, usednt you? He usednt to smoke as much as he does now. He didnt use to smoke as much as he does now. Did you use to climb the old tree in the garden? Ngy nay ngi ta c khuynh hng dng did v didnt lp th ph nh v th nghi vn cho USED TO. Trong nhiu trng hp th ph nh c th c hnh thnh bng cch s dng never. You never used to make that mistake.
USED TO c dng ch mt hnh ng lin tc, ko di, lp i lp li trong qu kh m nay khng cn na. People used to think that the earth was flat. Vi th Qu kh n ngi ta ch bit hnh ng xy ra. Vi USED TO ngi ta thy c tnh cht ko di ca hnh ng y. He was my classmate. (khng r trong thi gian bao lu) He used to be my classmate. (trong mt thi gian kh lu) Phn bit USED TO v mt s hnh thc khc 1. USED TO + infinitive: hnh ng lin tc trong qu kh 2. (be) USED TO + V.ing: quen vi mt vic g 3. (get) USED TO + V.ing: lm quen vi mt vic g. He used to work six days a week. (Now he doesnt) It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now hes used to it.
Unit 41. Prefixes and Suffixes (Tin t v hu t)

Trong ting Anh c nhng t gi l cn ng (root), cn ng ny c th c ghp thm mt cm t trc gi l tip u ng (prefix). Ty thuc vo ngha ca cn ng v tip u ng m c mt t c ngha khc. Tng t cm t c ghp cui cn ng gi l tip v ng (suffix). V d: Cn ng happy ngha l hnh phc. Tip u ng un- c ngha l khng. Tip v ng -ness c ngha l s vic, T ta c: unhappy :bt hnh happiness :nim hnh phc
V c c nhng t va c thm tip u ng va c tip v ng. V d: unhappiness :s bt hnh. Tt c cc t bt ngun t mt cn ng c gi nhng t cng gia nh (familiar). Nh vy nu bit c mt s tip u ng v tip v ng, khi gp bt k mt t no m ta bit cn ng ca n ta cng c th on c ngha ca t mi ny. y cng l mt cch hu hiu lm tng vn t ca chng ta ln. Nhng lu rng iu ny ch c th p dng cho mt chiu l t ting Anh on ngha ting Vit. Khng phi lc no chng ta cng c th t tin ghp cc tip u ng hay cc tip v ng vo bt k cn ng no c. Prefixes Cc tip u ng dis-, in-, un- u c ngha l khng. Nhng vi un- ngha khng mnh hn cc tip u ng dis-,in-. Cn ng ghp vi un- c ngha gn nh ngc li ngha gc. V d: clean :sch unclean :d bn agree :ng disagree :khng ng mis- :nhm to understand :hiu to misunderstand :hiu lm re- : lm li to read :c to reread :c li to write :vit to rewrite :vit li Suffixes -able: c th c
Tip v ng ny thng c ghp ni vi cc ng t to thnh tnh t. to agree :ng agreeable :c th ng to love :yu lovable :c th yu c, ng yu -ness:s Tip v ng ny thng ghp vi tnh t to thnh danh t. lovable :ng yu lovableness :s ng yu i vi cc tnh t kt thc bng -able khi i sang danh t ngi ta cn lm bng cch i -able thnh -ability. V d: able :c th, c kh nng ability :kh nng. -ish: hi hi Thng ghp vi tnh t white :trng whitish :hi trng yellow :vng yellowish :hi vng -ly: hng Thng ghp vi cc danh t ch thi gian. day :ngy daily :hng ngy week :tun weekly :hng tun month :thng monthly :hng thng year :nm yearly :hng nm
-less : khng c Thng ghp vi tnh t care :cn thn careless :bt cn tm hiu thm v cc tip u ng v tip v ng khc xem thm phn Prefixes Dictionary v Suffixes Dictionary.

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Unit 02.

Nouns and Ariticles (Danh t v mo t )

Unit 03. Verbs and sentences (ng t v cu)

Unit 04. Pronouns ( i t)

Unit 06. Adjectives (Tnh t)

Unit 08. Possessive Case ( S hu cch)

Unit 09. Possessive Adjectives (Tnh t s hu)

Unit 10. Possessive pronouns (i t s hu)

Unit 12. Infinitive (Dng nguyn th)

Unit 13. Object (Tc t)

Unit 14. Adverbs (Trng t)

Unit 15. Can, May, Be able to

Unit 16. Present continuous tense (Hin ti tip din)

Unit 17. Questions (Cu hi)

Unit 18. Imperative mood (Mnh lnh cch)

Unit 19. Future Tense (Th tng lai)

Unit 20. Date and time (Ngy thng v thi gian)

Unit 21. Past simple (Th qu kh n)

Unit 22. My own (Ca ring ti)

Unit 23. Prepositions (Gii t)

Unit 25. Perfect Tenses (Th hon thnh)

future perfect : They will have opened to do -

Unit 26. Question tags (Cu hi ui)

Unit 27. Passive Voice ( Th b ng)

Unit 28. Relative Clauses (Mnh quan h)

The man who I want to see wasnt here.

Unit 29. -ing and -ed + Clauses

He ran out of his house. (Hn chy ra khi nh.)

Unit 30. Gerunds (Danh ng t)

Unit 31. Continuous Tenses (Th tip din)

Unit 32. Reported Speech (Cu tng thut)

Unit 33. Also, too

Unit 34. Nouns (Danh t)

Posted in March 3rd, 2009 by admin in Basic Grammar

Unit 35. Personal Pronouns (i t nhn xng)

Unit 36. Relative pronouns ( i t quan h )

Unit 36. Relative pronouns ( i t quan h )

Unit 37. Indefinite and demonstrative pronouns

Unit 38. Subjunctive mood (Th bng cch)

Unit 39. Auxiliary Verbs (Tr ng t)

Unit 40. Model Verbs (ng t khuyt thiu)

Unit 41. Prefixes and Suffixes (Tin t v hu t)

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