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an = a.a...a
(n Z+ , n 1, a R)
n thua so
a = a a
a 0 = 1 a 0
1
a n = n
(n Z+ , n 1, a R / { 0})
a
m
an
a n
= am
1
m
an
( a > 0; m, n N )
1
n m
am .an = am+ n
am
n
= am n
a
(am )n = (an )m = am.n
(a.b)n = an .b n
a
an
( )n = n
b
b
20
3. Ham so mu:
Dang : y = ax ( a > 0 , a 1 )
Tap xac nh : D = R
T = R + ( a x > 0 x R )
Tap gia tr :
Tnh n ieu:
*a>1
: y = ax ong bien tren R
* 0 < a < 1 : y = ax nghch bien tren R
o th ham so mu :
y=ax
y=ax
1
a>1
0<a<1
Minh hoa:
y
3.5
1
y=
2
f(x)=2^x
y=2x
3
2.5
y
3.5
1.5
1.5
f(x)=(1/2)^x
2.5
0.5
0.5
x
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-4.5
4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-2
-2
-2.5
-2.5
-3
-3
-3.5
-3.5
21
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
log a N = M
dn
aM = N
a > 0
a 1
N > 0
log a 1 = 0
log a a = 1
log a aM = M
aloga N = N
log a (N1 .N 2 ) = log a N1 + log a N 2
log a (
log a N = . log a N
N1
) = log a N1 log a N 2
N2
3. Cong thc oi c so :
log b N =
* He qua:
log a b =
log a N
log a b
1
log b a
va
log
ak
N=
1
log a N
k
22
4. Ham so logart:
Tap xac nh : D = R +
T=R
Tap gia tr
Tnh n ieu:
*a>1
y=logax
y=logax
O
a>1
0<a<1
Minh hoa:
y
3.5
f(x)=ln(x)/ln(2)
y=log2x
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0.5
-0.5
0.5
-3.5
y = log 1 x
2
1.5
-4
f(x)=ln(x)/ln(1/2)
2.5
1.5
-4.5
y
3.5
3
2.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
4.5
x
-4.5
-4
-3.5
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
-1
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1.5
-2
-2
-2.5
-2.5
-3
-3
-3.5
23
1.5
2.5
3.5
4.5
5. CAC NH LY C BAN:
1. nh ly 1: Vi 0 < a 1 th :
aM = aN
2. nh ly 2: Vi 0 < a <1 th :
3. nh ly 3: Vi a > 1 th :
M=N
6. nh ly 6: Vi a > 1 th :
x + 10
x 10
= 0,125.8
x+ 5
x 15
x +17
(x=10)
32 x 7 = 0,25.128 x 3
24
3) ( 2 3 )x + ( 2 + 3 )x = 4
4) 2 x x 2 2+ x x = 3
5) 3.8 x + 4.12 x 18 x 2.27 x = 0
Bai tap ren luyen:
1) (2 + 3 ) x + (2 3 ) x = 4
( x 1)
2) 8 x + 18 x = 2.27 x
3) 125 x + 50 x = 2 3 x +1
4) 25 x + 10 x = 2 2 x +1
(x=0)
(x=0)
(x=0)
5) ( 3 + 8 )x + ( 3 8 )x = 6
( x = 2)
6) 27 + 12 = 2.8
(x=0)
2) 2 x
2+x
4.2 x
( x = log 3
12.3 x + 3.15 x 5 x +1 = 20
25
2 x
5
)
3
22x + 4 = 0
IV. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : log a M = log a N (ong c so
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
1) log x (x + 6) = 3
2) log 2 (4 x + 4) = x log 1 (2 x +1 3)
2
1
3) log 2 ( x 1) 2 + log 1 ( x + 4) = log 2 (3 x)
2
2
26
( x = 11; x = 1 + 14 )
27
(x=1;x=4)
4. Phng phap 4: Nham nghiem va s dung tnh n ieu e chng minh nghiem duy nhat.
(thng la s dung cong cu ao ham)
* Ta thng s dung cac tnh chat sau:
Tnh chat 1: Neu ham so f tang ( hoac giam ) trong khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = C
co khong qua mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b). ( do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho
f(x0) = C th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng trnh f(x) = C)
Tnh chat 2 : Neu ham f tang trong khoang (a;b) va ham g la ham mot ham giam trong
khoang (a;b) th phng trnh f(x) = g(x) co nhieu nhat mot nghiem trong khoang (a;b) . (
do o neu ton tai x0 (a;b) sao cho f(x0) = g(x0) th o la nghiem duy nhat cua phng
trnh f(x) = g(x))
V du : Giai cac phng trnh sau :
log 2 (x 2 x 6) + x = log 2 (x + 2) + 4
x
2
x
3
2
Bai tap ren luyen:
2 x + 2 x +1 3 x + 3 x 1
(x2)
28
2) 2 x + 2 3 x 9
4)
( 0 < x 2)
5)
15.2 x +1 + 1 2 x 1 + 2 x +1 ( x 2 )
1 2
1 1 +1
3) ( ) x + 3.( ) x > 12
3
3
( x log 2 3 )
7
VI. CAC PHNG PHAP GIAI BAT PHNG TRNH LOGARIT THNG S DUNG:
1. Phng phap 1: Bien oi phng trnh ve dang c ban : loga M < loga N ( , >, )
V du : Giai cac bat phng trnh sau :
1) log x (5x 2 8x + 3) > 2
3) log 3x x2 (3 x) > 1
29
(log 2 x) 2 + 3
>2
3)
log 2 x + 3
1
1
( <x< )
8
2
30
(x=49)
4) log 5 x = log 7 ( x + 2)
(x=5)
5) 5.2
3 x 1
3.253 x + 7 = 0
(x=1)
5
(x= )
2
1
6) log 2 x 1 2 x 3 = 2 log 8 4 + log 2 3
2
2
3
log x log x3 1
2
=
7) x 2
x
3log8 x
log x
8) 2 x 2 + 2 x
5 = 0
(x=1,x=2,x=4)
1
( x = ,x = 2)
2
1
( x = ,x = 2)
4
9) log 22 x + ( x 1) log 2 x = 6 2 x
10) 1 + 2 log x 2. log 4 (10 x) =
2
log 4 x
(x=2,x=8)
x2 2 x x
x 6 2 x3 +1
1
3)
2
1
4)
4
7 .3
3x
1
8
x 2 2 x x 1
1 x
1
<
2
x 1
4
(x )
3
2
1
( < x < )
5
2
1
( x < 2)
4
( x > log 3 10 )
2
( < x < 1)
3
128 0
(x>5)
1
( x 0 x 2 )
4
( x + 1)
log 1 ( x + 3) 2 log 1 ( x + 3) 3
9)
x +1
>0
31
3 2x x2
x+2
2. y = 2
x 3 8 x
log 0,3 ( x 1)
x2 2x 8
(m < 0 m 1 )
(m=4)
Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh sau co hai nghiem trai dau: (m + 3).16 + (2m 1)4 + m + 1 = 0
x
3
( 1 < m < )
4
32
DANG 3: S dung cong cu ao ham giai cac bai toan co cha tham so
Bai 1: Tm m e phng trnh sau vo nghiem: 5.16 x + 2.81x = m.36 x
( m < 2 10 )
co nghiem x [2,3]
( 21 m 29 )
Bai 3: Tm m e phng trnh: 31 x +
1
1 x
+ 2m = 0 co nghiem
1 x 2
(m + 5)41
( m 2 )
1 x 2
+ 4 + 5m = 0
----------------------Het----------------------
33