CC KHI NIM C BN V QUN L CHUI CUNG NG Nguyn Cng Bnh Chui cung ng bao gm cc cng ty v hot ng kinh doanh

cn thit k, sn xut, phn phi v s dng sn phm hay dch v. Cc hot ng kinh doanh ty thuc vo chui cung ng cung cp cho h nhng g h cn tn ti v pht trin. Mi doanh nghip ph hp vi mt hoc nhiu chui cung ng v c vai tr nht nh trong tng chui cung ng . Tc thay i v s bt n v s tin trin ca th trng khin cc cng ty cn hiu r v chui cung ng m h tham gia v hiu c vai tr ca h. Cc cng ty no bit cch xy dng v tham gia vo nhng chui cung ng mnh m s c li th cnh tranh bn vng trong th trng ca h. Thc t qun l chui cung ng c soi dn bi nhng khi nim nn tng vn khng thay i t nhiu th k qua. Cch y hng trm nm, N Ph Lun l mt chin lc gia bc thy v l v tng tng lnh ti ba, iu ny cho thy ng hiu r v tm quan trng ca nhng g m ngy nay chng ta gi l chui cung ng hiu qu. Nu binh lnh khng c cho n , qun i s khng th di chuyn. Cng ging nh vy, c mt danh ngn khc K nghip d ni v chin lc v cc chuyn gia ni v hu cn. Ngi ta c th tho lun mi kiu chin lc v i v cuc din tp chp nhong nhng khng ai trong s chng s kh thi nu khng tm ra trc ht cch tha mn nhng nhu cu cung cp hng ngy cho qun i v nhin liu, ph

tng, thc phm, ch tr n v n dc. Chnh nhng hot ng c v tn mn ca cc s quan hu cn v i ng cung ng s quyt nh s thnh cng ca qun i. Trong kinh doanh cng tng t nh th. Thut ng qun l chui cung ng xut hin cui nhng nm 80 v tr nn ph bin trong nhng nm 90. Trc , cc cng ty s dng thut ng nh hu cn (logistics) v qun l cc hot ng (operations management). Di y l mt vi nh ngha v chui cung ng:

Chui cung ng l s lin kt vi cc cng ty nhm a sn phm hay dch v vo th trng Fundaments of Logistics Management ca Lambert, Stock v Elleam (1998, Boston MA: Irwin/McGraw-Hill, c.14)

Chui cung ng bao gm mi cng on c lin quan, trc tip hay gin tip, n vic p ng nhu cu khch hng. Chui cung ng khng ch gm nh sn xut v nh cung cp, m cn nh vn chuyn, kho, ngi bn l v bn thn khch hng Supplychain management: strategy, planing and operation ca Chopra Sunil v Pter Meindl, (2001, Upper Saddle Riverm NI: Prentice Hall c.1)

Chui cung ng l mt mng li cc la chn sn xut v phn phi nhm thc hin cc chc nng thu mua nguyn liu, chuyn i nguyn liu thnh bn thnh phm v thnh phm, v phn phi chng cho khch hng An

introduction to supply chain management Ganesham, Ran and Terry P.Harrison, 1995.

Vic kt hp mt cch h thng, chin lc cc chc nng kinh doanh truyn thng v sch lc gia cc chc nng kinh doanh trong phm vi mt cng ty v gia cc cng ty trong phm vi chui cung ng, nhm mc ch ci thin kt qu lu di ca tng cng ty v ton b chui cung ng Mentzer, De Witt, Deebler, Min . . .

T cc nh ngha trn c th rt ra mt nh ngha v chui cung ng: Qun l chui cung ng l s phi hp ca sn xut, tn kho, a im v vn chuyn gia cc thnh vin trong chui cung ng nhm p ng nhp nhng v hiu qu cc nhu cu ca th trng. C mt s khc bit gia khi nim qun l chui cung ng v khi nim qun l hu cn truyn thng. Hu cn l nhng hot ng xy ra trong ranh gii mt cng ty nh v chui cung ng l mng li cc cng ty cng lm vic v hp tc phn phi sn phm n th trng. Hu cn truyn thng ch tp trung ch vo cc hot ng nh thu mua, phn phi, bo tr v qun l tn kho. Qun l chui cung ng khng ch gm hu cn truyn thng m cn bao gm cc hot ng nh tip th, pht trin sn phm mi, ti chnh, v dch v khch hng. Vi quan im rng hn v chui cung ng, cc hot ng ph ny ngy nay c coi l mt phn cng vic cn thc hin i vi i hi ca khch hng. Qun l chui cung ng coi chui cung ng v cc

cng ty l mt thc th c nht. N em li mt cch tip cn h thng hiu v qun l cc hot ng khc nhau cn kt hp dng sn phm v dch v nhm phc v khch hng tt nht. Phng php h thng ny em li mt khun kh trong p ng tt nht cc nhu cu kinh doanh m theo cch khc dng nh mu thun ln nhau. Tch ring ra, cc nhu cu chui cung ng khc nhau thng c nhng nhu cu tri ngc nhau. Chng hn, nhu cu duy tr cc mc cao dch v khch hng i hi duy tr cc mc cao hng tn kho, nhng nhu cu kinh doanh hiu qu li i hi gim hng tn kho. Ch khi nhng nhu cu ny c xem xt cng nhau nh l cc phn ca mt bc tranh ln th mi tm ra cch iu ha hiu qu cc i hi khc nhau ca chng. Qun l chui cung ng hiu qu i hi ci tin ng thi cc mc dch v khch hng v tnh hiu qu cc hot ng ni b ca cng ty trong chui cung ng. Dch v khch hng mc c bn nht c ngha l lun lun t t l p ng n t hng cao, t l giao hng ng thi hn cao, v t l sn phm khch hng tr li v bt c l do g thp. Tnh hiu qu trong ni b cng ty trong mt chui cung ng c ngha l cc cng ty ny c t s thu hi vn u t vo hng tn kho v vo cc ti sn khc hp dn v h c cch gim thiu cc chi ph sn xut kinh doanh. Mi chui cung ng u c mt kiu nhu cu th trng v cc thch thc kinh doanh ring nhng cc vn v c bn ging nhau

trong tng chui. Cc cng ty trong bt k chui cung ng no cng phi quyt nh ring v chung trong 5 lnh vc sau:
1.

Sn xut: Th trng mun loi sn phm no? Cn sn xut bao nhiu loi sn phm no v khi no? Hot ng ny bao gm vic lp k hoch sn xut chnh theo cng sut nh my, cn i cng vic, qun l cht lng v bo tr thit b

2.

Hng tn kho: mi giai on trong mt chui cung ng cn tn kho nhng mt hng no? Cn d tr bao nhiu nguyn liu, bn thnh phm hay thnh phm? Mc ch trc tin ca hng tn kho l hot ng nh mt b phn gim sc cho tnh trng bt nh trong chui cung ng. Tuy nhin, vic tr hng tn rt tn km, v th u l mc tn kho v im mua b sung ti u?

3.

V tr: Cc nh my sn xut v lu tr hng tn cn c t u? u l v tr hiu qu nht v chi ph cho sn xut v lu tr hng tn? C nn s dng cc nh my c sn hay xy mi. Mt khi cc quyt nh ny lp cn xc nh cc con ng sn c a sn phm n tay ngi tiu dng.

4.

Vn chuyn: Lm th no vn chuyn hng tn t v tr chui cung ng ny n v tr chui cung ng khc? Phn phi bng hng khng v xe ti ni chung l nhanh chng v ng tin nhng chng thng tn km. Vn chuyn bng ng bin v xe la tn km hn nhng thng mt thi gian

trung chuyn v khng m bo. S khng m bo ny cn c b bng cc mc tr hng tn cao hn.

5.

Thng tin: Phi thu thp bao nhiu d liu v chia s bao nhiu thng tin? Thng tin chnh xc v kp thi s gip li cam kt hp tc tt hn v quyt nh ng hn. C c thng tin tt, ngi ta c th c nhng quyt nh hiu qu v vic sn xut ci g v bao nhiu, v ni tr hng v cch vn chuyn tt nht.

Tng ca cc quyt nh ny s xc nh cng sut v tnh hiu qu ca chui cung ng ca cng ty. Nhng g m cng ty c th lm v cc cch m n c th thc hin trong th trng ca n u ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh hiu qu ca chui cung ng. Nn chin lc ca mt cng ty l phc v mt th trng khng l v cnh tranh gi trn, tt hn ht cng ty phi c mt chui cung ng c ti u ha vi chi ph thp nht. Cng ty l g v cng ty c th lm g u c nh hnh bi chui cung ng v th trng m cng ty phc v.

Ti liu tham kho: - ThS. Nguyn Cng Bnh - Qun l chui cung ng - Doan T.H.V & Doan T.H (2006) Dch V Logistics Hu WTO. VN: HKT Tp.HCM - Ballou R. (1998) Business Logistics Management. 4th ed, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. - Lambert D.M et al. (1998) Fundamentals of Logistics Management. US: McGraw-Hill

- Sadler I. (2007) Logistics & Supply Chain Intergration. 1st ed. Great Britain: Sage