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Gi tr in p ny s iu chnh gi tr in tr R
S
s
in p ra
b) Mch cu khng cn bng
S mch o c m t nh hnh 3.78 (tng t nh cu Wheaston c in), vi s
ny c kh nng loi tr c sai s do in p ngun cung cp thay i.
Ba nhnh ca mch cu R
1
, R
2
v R
3
l cc in tr lm bng manganin, nhnh th t l
in tr nhit R
T
, bn nhnh in tr c mc theo s mch cu ba dy. Trong s ,
in tr R
Cu
l in tr ca dy dn, R
a1
, R
a2
l cc in tr iu chnh
109
V
T
=f(T)
Hnh 3.77: S mch chia p
cho RTD
Cu c cung cp bi ngun in p 1 chiu V, khi cu khng cn bng th in p
ra ca cu c xc nh bng cng thc:
) )(( (
) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 3 2 1
1 1 3 2 2 2 1
a Cu T a Cu
a Cu a Cu T
ab
R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R
V V
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + +
Chn R
Cu1
=R
cu2
=R
cu;
R
a1
=R
a2
=R
a
khi in p ra ca cu s c xc nh bi biu thc
) )(( (
) ( ) (
3 2 1
3 2 1
a Cu T a Cu
a Cu a Cu T
ab
R R R R R R R R
R R R R R R R R
V V
+ + + + + + +
+ + + + +
Trong cc ngnh cng nghip hin nay o nhit bng nhit in tr ngi ta thc
hin trn mch cu cn bng t ng. Nhit in tr c mc vo mch cu bng ba
dy dn (cu ba dy) hoc 4 dy dn (cu 4 dy). S nguyn l c m t nh hnh
3. 79
Phng php ny c th o nhit ti mt im hoc mt s im nh c cu
chuyn mch. Cp chnh xc c th t n 0,5.
110
Hnh 3.79: Nhit in tr s dng
mch cu cn bng t ng
3 dy
4 dy
Hnh 3.78: S nguyn l ca
nhit k nhit in tr s dng
mch cu
khng cn bng
3.5.3. Cp nhit in
Cp nhit in c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc h thng t ng ha qu trnh cng
nghip nh o nh o nhit , o p sut nh, o tc dng kh.
Phng php o nhit bng cp nhit ngu l mt trong nhng phng php ph bin
v thun li nht. Nhit cn o c xc nh thng qua vic o sc in ng sinh ra
hai u dy cp nhit in. o sc in ng E phi ghp c thit b o (TB)
vo trong mch ca cp nhit in. Vic ghp ni ny phi bo m khng lm thay i
gi tr sc in ng sinh ra trong cp nhit. o sc in ng ca cp nhit c th
thc hin theo mt s phng php sau :
1. o sc in ng bng milivnmt
a) S mch o
Khi sc in ng ca cp nhit in c th c o trc tip, s mch o c
m t trn hnh 3.80. Cp nhit in AB c ni vi mch o bi dy dn b AB. u
t do t
o
c ni vi dng c o M. M l milivon mt t in .
in p t ln milivn mt l:
M
M
M a Cu C T
M
R R
R
E
R R R R R
R
E V
+
+ + + +
1
Trong :
R
T
: in tr cp nhit in
R
C
: in tr dy dn b AB
R
Cu
: in tr dy ng
R
a
: in tr iu chnh.
R
M
: in tr ca dng c o.
t R
1
= R
T
+R
C
+R
cu
+R
a
l in tr ngoi
b) B nhit u t do thay i
Trong cng nghip nhit u t
do ca cp nhit in lun lun khc
0
o
C v vy phi c thit b b b nh
hng ca nhit u t do. Chc
nng ca TBB l to ra mt sc in
ng ph thuc vo nhit u t do
ca cp nhit in v bng in p ca
u t do U
b
(t
o
) = e(t
o
). Nh vy in
p trong mch o c xc nh theo
cng thc:
E = e(t) e(t
o
) + U
b
(t
o
) = e(t)
Tng ng iu kin chun t
o
=
0
o
C
111
Dy dn
b
t
t
0
Dy
ng
Hnh 3.80: H thng ghp ni cng nghip Cp nhit in
Hnh 3.81: Cu b nhit u t do
Trong cng nghip mi loi cp nhit in c mt Ic b nhit ring. Trong trng
hp khng c Ic b nhit t
o
th c th ch to mch cu b. S mch cu b c
m t trong hnh 3.81. Trong cu b R
1
, R
2
, R
3
l in tr manganin l loi in tr c h
s nhit in tr v cng nh. Nh vy khi nhit mi trng thay i c th xem in
tr ca chng khng thay i. R
b
l in tr b lm bng dy ng. in tr R
b
c xc
nh theo cng thc:
R
b
(t
o
) = R
o
( 1 + .t
o
)
Trong R
o
l in tr ca R
b
0
o
C, l h s nhit in tr ca ng c th ly gn
ng bng 4,25.10
-3
1/
o
C. Trong ch to bo m sao cho R
1
= R
2
>> R
3
= R
o
. Vi iu
kin ny th dng in i qua cc in tr trong cu khng i khi R
b
thay i, bng nhau
v c xc inh theo cng thc:
b
n n
R R
E
R R
E
I
+
2 3 1
in p b U
b
c xc nh theo cng thc:
U
b
(t
o
) = I.R
b
I.R
3
= I.R
o
..t
o
T iu kin U
b
(t
o
) = e(t
o
) suy ra R
o
= e(t
o
)/(I..t
o
) = /(I.)
2. S mch o dng in th k
Hnh 3. 82 l s mch o s dng in th k. Trong E
x
l sc in ng ca
cp nhit in cn o, in k l in
k ch khng bo trng thi lm
vic, E
n
l ngun nui to ra in p U
C
c th iu chnh c nh bin tr R
p
Nguyn l hot ng l da trn
phng php so snh cn bng gia
in p chun to ra v in p cn o.
Khi cn bng:
0
c x
U E
to ra cn bng, ta thay i gi
tr ca in tr R
P
kim in k ch
0. Ta c
c c c x
R I U E
b) in th k t ng
Hnh 3.83 l s nguyn l ca h thng o nhit cp nhit in- in th k t
ng. Cp nhit in c ni vi in th k bng dy dn b
Khi so snh s thc
hin so snh gia sc in
ng Ex cn o vi in p
V
ab
c to bi mch cu.
Do sc in ng ca
cp nhit chu nh hng
ca nhit u t do nn
phi b nh hng ca n.
Chc nng ca cc
in tr trong mch cu
nh sau:
112
t
t
0
B nhit u
t do
Ngun in p
mt chiu
Hnh 3.83: S o nhit cp nhit in -in th k t ng
in k
t
TC
E
n
DDB
t
0
Hnh 3.82: S mch o cp nhit in -in th k
R
2
: in tr hn ch dng vo cu.
R
3
: in tr b nhit u t do ca cp nhit, c ch to bng dy ng hoc
niken.
R
1
: in tr hiu chnh im u thang o.
R
p
: bin tr con chy dng thay i gi tr in p U
ab
.
Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng nh sau: Sc in ng ca cp nhit E
x
c so
snh vi in p U
ab
, nu c sai lch (U0) th tn hiu ra s qua khi khuch i. Khi
khuch i bao gm khi chuyn i u vo c chc nng chuyn i tn hiu in p
mt chiu sang in p xoay chiu. Tn hiu in p xoay chiu ny s c khuch i
ln iu khin ng c lm vic. Lc , tn hiu ny s iu khin ng c quay x
dch im b v v tr cn bng U
ab
= E
x
. Khi trng thi cn bng c xc lp th tn hiu
ra bng khng, ng c dng li v gi tr nhit cn o s hin th.
3.5.3 Ic cm bin o nhit
y l s kt hp ca cm bin nhit v cc mch in t to nn nhng vi mch
in t lm cm bin nhit . u im ca cc cm bin nhit loi ny l c c
tnh tuyn tnh v c nhy rt ln. Nhc im l gii hn o khng cao.
1. Vi mch LM335.
y l diod zen cm bin nhit c gii hn s dng
t -40 n 100
0
C. c tuyn ca n c m t theo
cng thc.
U = 10.T(mV) = 2730 + 10.t (mV)
Vi T l gi tr nhit tnh theo Kenvin, cn t l
0
C. Dng in i qua vi mch cho php trong khong t
0,4 n 5mA. Nu dng in cao hn c th ph v vi
mch. Trong mch o nhit nn chn dng I 1mA
v nh hn 1mA c th lm gim chnh xc. Hnh
3.84 l mt s mch in n gim lp cm bin.
R
1
l in tr gii hn dng qua cm bin c tnh cho
iu kin chun nhit t = 20
0
C. Nu chn dng qua
vi mch l ImA th R
I
c tnh theo cng thc:
R
I
= E 1,93/I .10
3
( )
Vi E l in p ngun (V); 1,93V l in p
LM335 20
0
C. bo m tnh tuyn tnh ca chuyn
i o i hi dng in ca thit b o in p U
R
( thit b ch th nhit ) phi nh hn mt rt nhiu .
lch tuyn tnh ca LM 335 c th t 1
0
C. Khi
nhit t = 0
0
C tn hiu ra U = 2,73V.
2. Vi mch LM34
Vi mch cm bin o nhit LM34 s dng
o nhit thay i trong khong t -50 n
300
0
F ( khong t -45,6 n 145,9
0
C). Tn hiu ra
ca LM34 t l vi Pharenhait v hon ton
tuyn tnh vi nhy = 10mV/
0
F. LM34
khng i hi thit b hiu chnh bn ngoi. Dng
tiu th ca LM34 ch khong 70A. Sai s o
1,5
0
F i vi ton b thang o (t -50 n
300
0
C). Cc mch ni LM34 s dng c m
113
LM34
E
n
U
R
LM34
E
n
U
R
-E
n
3.85: Mch o s dng LM34
a b
R
LM335
E
n
R
I
U
R
Hnh 3.84: Mch o s
dng vi mch LM335
t trong hnh3.85. Hnh a s dng khi o nhit dng pharenhait, cn hnh b s dng
khi o c nhit dng v m theo pharenhait. in tr R c chn theo cng thc R
= -E/50A. Tn hiu ra thay i theo hm:
U = 10.n (mV)
Vi n - gi tr nhit tnh theo pharenhait (n
0
F).
3 Vi mch AD590 (AD592)
Vi mch AD590 (AD592) l cm bin nhit c tn hiu ra l dng in t l vi
nhit tuyt i (
0
K). iu ny cho php truyn tn hiu i xa m khng b nh hng
ca in tr dy dn. Gii hn lm vic ca AD590 l t -55 n 150
0
C cn gi hn ca
AD592 l t -25 n 105
0
C vi sai s 0,5
0
C cho ton thang o. Dng ra ca AD590
( AD592) c biu din di dng:
I = T(A) = 273 + t (A)
Trong : T l nhit tnh theo Kenvin cn t tnh theo Cenxi. Nh vy nhy ca
cm bin l 1A/
0
K. in
p ngun cung cp cho vi
mch c th thay i t 4
n 30V.
S trong hnh3.86
l
mch c chnh gii hn
in p U
ra
theo yu cu
cn thit. Bin tr R
d
s
dng hiu chnh im
u thang o cn R
c
hiu chnh im cui
114
Hnh 3.86: Mch o s dng AD590
3.6 CC PHNG PHP O P SUT
Trong nhiu h thng o p sut, cm bin o thng c gn lin vi chuyn i o
to thnh mt thit b hon chnh c gi l chuyn i o lng s cp. Cc chuyn
i o lng s cp c gn vi i tng o c u ra l dng tn hiu in hoc tn
hiu kh nn. S nguyn l ca mt b chuyn i o s cp o p sut c m t
trong hnh 3.87.
Di y s trnh by mt s
phng php o p sut thng
dng.
3.6.1 Cc b chuyn i o p sut
Khi s dng cm bin o p sut l phn t bin dng nh ng Buordon, mng rung,
mng chn v capsule th p sut cn o c bin i thnh dch chuyn. chuyn i
tn hiu c trung gian ny thnh tn hiu in, ngi ta s dng cc b chuyn i. Theo
cch chuyn i tn hiu ngi ta chia cc b chuyn i ra hai loi:
- B chuyn i chip p v in th k chuyn i s dch chuyn ca phn t bin
dng thnh tn hiu in
- B bin i s dch chuyn ca phn t bin dng thnh tn hiu o. Cc chuyn
i thng dng l chuyn i cun cm, bin p visai, in dung v in tr.
- Bin i ng sut thnh tn hiu o.
1. B bin i o p sut kiu in cm
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng: chuyn i in cm l mt cun dy qun trn li thp
c khe h khng kh nh hnh 3.88:
Di tc ng ca i lng o Xv c th tc ng ln chuyn i theo cc cch
sau:
- Lm cho phn ng 3 di chuyn, khe h khng kh thay i lm thay i t
tr ca li thp do in cm v tng tr ca chuyn i cng thay i theo (hnh
3.88a).
- Lm cho tit din khe h khng kh thay i dn n thay i in cm ca
chuyn i (hnh 3.88b).
- Lm cho phn ng 1 di chuyn dn n thay i tn hao dng in xoy lm
cho in cm ca chuyn i thay i (hnh 3.88c)
115
Chuyn i o
Cm bin
P
C o lng
s cp
Hnh 3.87: Chuyn i o s cp o p sut
Tn
hiu
in
in cm ca chuyn i:
S
W
R
W
L
2
2
(b qua in tr thun ca cun dy v t tr ca li thp)
vi: W l s vng ca cun dy
S
R
l t tr ca khe h khng kh; : chiu di khe h khng kh.
: t thm ca khng kh; s: tit din thc ca khe h khng kh.
Lng thay i ca in cm khi c Xv tc ng l (vi W = const ):
+
+
2
0
0 0 2
0
0 2
) (
s
W s W L
d
L
ds
s
L
dL
vi: S
0
,
0
: tit din v khe h ban u (khi cha c i lng o Xv tc ng).
Tng tr ca chuyn i:
S
W L Z
0 2
.
Z = L = .W 2 0 : l mt hm tuyn tnh vi
tit din khe h khng kh s v l hm phi tuyn (hypebol) vi chiu di khe h
khng kh .
Lng thay i ca tng tr Z khi c Xv tc ng l:
S
W S W L Z
1
]
1
2
0
0 0 2
0
0 2
) (
.
Cc c tnh c bn:
- nhy ca chuyn i khi tit din khe h khng kh s thay i ( di ca
khe h khng kh = const):
0
s
L
s
L
S
o
s
116
Hnh 3.88: Mt s dng ca chuyn i in cm
L =W s l gi tr in cm ban u ca chuyn i (khi Xv cha tc ng).
- nhy ca chuyn i khi khe h khng kh thay i (tit din ca khe h
khng kh s = const):
) (
) 1 (
2
0
0
0
f
L L
S
nh vy nhy ny ph thuc vo t s / tc l ph thuc s thay i ca tit
din khe h khng kh m khng ph thuc vo din tch ca khe h khng kh.
Vi chuyn i in cm dng n th / 0,2 ; vi chuyn i in cm mc
kiu vi sai th / 0,4 m bo phi tuyn ca chuyn i di 1%.
2. B bin i o p sut kiu bin p visai
Trong thc t bin p vi sai LVDT l chuyn i sang tn hiu in v chuyn i kh nn
c s dng nhiu nht. Bin p vi sai l b chuyn i tn hiu dch chuyn sang in
p xoay chiu. Hnh 3.89 m t s cu to ca hai loi bin p vi sai v c tnh vo ra
ca chng. Hnh 3.89 l bin p vi sai c dch chuyn ln. Trn ng cch in 1 c
cun s cp 2 phn b u theo chiu di ca ng. Hai cun th cp 3 v 4 c cu to
hon ton ging nhau phn b v hai na ca ng. Cc cun th cp mc xung nhau i
nhau. Li phe rit 5 di ng v c gn lin kt vi cm bin o. V tr ca li phe rit l
tn hiu vo ca chuyn i. Cun s cp c ni vi ngun in xoay chiu to nn t
trng xoay chiu trong ng. Trong hai cun th cp 3 v 4 sinh ra cc in p cm ng
U
1
v U
2
. Gi tr ca cc in p ny ph thuc vo cng dng in chy trong cun
s cp (cng t trng), tn s ca dng in v cc in cm tng h M
1
v M
2
gia hai cun th cp 3,4 v cun s cp 2. Cc in cm tng h M
1
v M
2
bng nhau
khi li phe rit nm v tr trung gian gia hai cun 3 v 4. Nu li phe rit dch ln pha
trn th M
1
tng ln cn M
2
gim xung (U
1
tng ln, U
2
gim xung). Ngc li khi li
phe rit dch chuyn xung pha di th M
1
gim M
2
tmg (U
1
gim, U
2
tng).
Do hai cun 3 v 4 mc xung i nn in in p c xc nh theo cng thc:
U
R
= U
1
U
2
Gi tr v pha ca in p ra U
R
ph thuc vo v tr ca li phe rit so vi v tr trung
gian. Trong gii hn lm vic mi lin h ca U
R
vo c m t trn hnh3.89c.
y khi li phe rit dch chuyn ln pha trn c biu th l dch chuyn dng, cn dch
chuyn xung pha di l dch chuyn m. Du (-) biu th in p khi dch chuyn m
ngc pha so vi in p khi dch chuyn dng.
Cu to ca bin p vi sai c dch chuyn nh c m t trn hnh3.89b. Trn
khung t hai ca s c qun cun s cp 2 v hai cun th cp 3 v 4. Hai cun th cp
U
1
U
R
U
2
U
R
2 1 5
3
4
a
b
Hnh 3.89:Bin p vi sai
U
2
U
1
1
5
2
3
4
U
R
0
c
117
c cu to hon ton ging nhau v mc xung i nhau. Li st t 5 c ni lin ng
vi cm bin o. dch chuyn ca li st t l tn hiu vo ca chuyn i. Khi cun
s cp c ni vi ngun in xoay chiu th n s to ra hai mch t r nhanh sang hai
bn ca khung t m gi tr ca chng ph thuc vo v tr ca li st t. Hai t trng r
nhanh s sinh ra hai in p cm ng U
1
v U
2
trong hai cun th cp 3 v 4. Gi tr in
p c tnh theo cng thc:
U
R
= U
1
U
2
Khi li st t nm v tr trung gian thi cng t trng ca hai mch t r nhnh
bng nhau v vy hai in p cm ng bng nhau U
1
= U
2
in p ra bng khng U
R
= 0.
Khi li st t dch chuyn sang bn phi hoc sang bn tri so vi v tr trung gian th
cng t trng ca hai mch t r nhnh s khc nhau v vy U
1
U
2
. Trong trng
hp ny in p ra s khc khng U
R
0. c tnh ca b chuyn i hon ton tng
ng nh c tnh trong hnh3.89c.
3.6.2 Chuyn i s cp o p sut
Chuyn i s cp o p sut l thit b c to ra do s ghp ni cm bin o v
chuyn i o. Trong thc t c rt nhiu loi chuyn i s cp. Trong phn ny xin gii
thiu nguyn l ca ba loi chuyn i s cp c tn hiu ra l in p xoay chiu, dng
in mt chiu v tn hiu p sut kh nn.
a) Chuyn i s cp o p sut c tn hiu ra l in p xoay chiu
Trong hnh 3.90 m t cu to ca chuyn i o c tn hiu ra l in p xoay chiu.
Cm bin o y l hai mng hp n hi 1 v 2 t trong hai bung kn A v B
cch ly nhau. Khng gian gia hai mng hp thng vi nhau v in y nc nguyn
cht. Bung B c ni thng vi mi trng c p sut cao, cn bung A thng vi m
trng c p sut thp.. Khi o p sut d th u (+) c ni thng vi mi trng o
cn u (-) ni thng vi kh quyn. o chn khng th mi trng o c ni thng
vi u (-) cn u (+) thng vi kh quyn. Gi tr hiu p sut c xc nh khi u
(+) c ni vi mi trng c p sut cao, cn u (-) ni vi mi trng c p sut
thp. Chuyn i o l bin p vi sai 3 c li phe
rit c ni lin ng vi mng hp 1.
Nguyn l hot ng ca cm bin nh
sau: Do p sut P
1
> P
2
nn p lc tc ng ln
mng hp 2 ln hn lc tc ng ln mng hp
1 nc s trn t mng hp 2 sang mng hp 1
lm cho c hai mng hp cng ng thi bin
dng sinh ra lc n hi chng li s tc ng
ca lc p sut. Khi lc n hi cn bng vi lc
p sut th qu trnh dch chuyn ca nc dng
li. bin dng ca mng hp 1 t l vi p
sut o. Li phe rt c mt v tr xc nh trong
bin p vi sai. Nh vy tn hiu ra ca bin p vi
sai l hm ph thuc vo hiu p sut P
1
P
2
.
Trong gii hn lm vic c tnh ca chuyn i
o l hon ton tuyn tnh.
iu kin chun lm vic ca chuyn i
o l 20
0
C. Khi nhit mi trng thay i th
tch ca nc s thay i lm cho cc mng hp
n hi cng ng thi bin dng v gy ra sai
118
1
2
B
A
U
R
3
P
1
P
2
+
_-
_
Hnh 3.90: Chuyn i s cp o p sut
vi tn hiu ra l in p xoay chiu
s o. gim nh hng ca nhit ln chuyn i, khi ch to mng hp 2 mng hn
mng hp 1. V vy khi th tch nc thay i th ch lm cho mng hp 2 bin dng m
khng lm cho mng hp 1 bin dng, ngha l bin dng khng b nh hng ca
nhit kh quyn.
b) Chuyn i s cp o p sut c tn hiu ra l dng in mt chiu
Hnh 3.91 m t s nguyn l cu
to ca chuyn i o s cp o p sut vi
tn hiu ra l dng in mt chiu. Cm
bin o y l mng n hi 1, chuyn
i o l h thng cn bng lc c hc v
lc in t. Thanh n cn bng 4 chu tc
ng ca lc c hc truyn t mng n
hi thng qua thanh n 2 v l thp 3 ng
thi chu tc ng phn hi ca lc in t
do thit b in t 6 sinh ra. Cu to ca
thit b in t 6 gm mt cun dy v mt
nam chm vnh cu. Khi c dng in chy
trong cun dy th t trng ca nam chm
vnh cu s tc ng lc ht ln cun dy.
Lc ht ny t l vi cng dng in
chay trong cun dy. 5 l bin p vi sai c
chuyn dch nh (xem mc chuyn i
o). Li st t ca bin p vi sai c gn
lin ng vi thanh n cn bng. Chc
nng ca bin p vi sai l pht hin s
mt cn bng gia lc c hc v lc in
t. Khi DK l khi to dao ng
sinh ra in p xoay chiu cp cho cun s
cp ca bin p vi sai v khuch i chuyn
i tn hiu ra ca bin p vi sai thnh dng
in mt chiu.4.
Nguyn l hot ng ca h thng nh
sau: Khi c hiu p sut P
1
P
2
tc ng
ln mng n hi th s lm cho mng n hi bin dng sinh ra lc n hi chng li s
tc ng ca lc p sut. Khi lc n hi cn bng vi lc p sut th qu trnh bin dng
kt thc. S bin dng ca mng n hi qua thanh n 2 v l thp 3 tc ng ln thanh
n cn bng 4 lm cho n lch khi v tr cn bng. Li st t trong bin p vi sai lch
khi v tr cn bng lm xut hin in p u ra ca n. in p ny c mch
khuch i khuch i ln lm thay i dng in chy trong cun dy ca thit b in t
dn n lc in t thay i tc ng ngc tr li thanh n cn bng 4 nhm mc ch
a thanh n 4 tr v v tr cn bng. Khi thanh n cn bng 4 tr v v tr cn bng th
li st t trong bin p vi sai cng tr v v tr cn bng. in p ra ca bin p vi sai
bng khng. Ton b h thng t trng thi cn bng. Ta c phng trnh cn bng lc:
K
1
. = K
2
.I
Trong K
1
v K
2
l h s t l, l bin dng ca mng n hi, I l cng
dng in chy trong cun dy ca thit b in t cng l dng in u ra ca b
119
D
K
1
2
3
4
5
I
I
6
P
1
P
2
Hnh 3.91: Chyn i s cp o p sut vi
tn hiu ra l dng in mt chiu
chuyn i. Nh vy dng in u ra ca chuyn i s cp o p sut t l vi hiu
p sut u vo ca n.
120
3.7 CC PHNG PHP O LU LNG
Lu lng l i lng vt l biu th lng vt cht chy qua mt tit din trong mt
n v thi gian. Nh vy n v o lu lng ph thuc vo hai yu t: th nht l n
v o vt cht v th hai l n v o thi gian. n v o vt cht c th l n v th tch
hoc c th s dng n v khi lng. Nhn chung n v o lu lng rt a dng.
Trong k thut cho php s dng n v o thng dng, thun tin.
Trong vic o lu lng cn phn bit:
- Lu lng th tch: c tnh bng th tch trn n v thi gian
t
V
Q
V
(m
3
/s)
- Lu lng khi: c tnh bng trng lng trn 1 n v thi gian
t
m
Q
m
(kg/s)
- Lu lng tc thi:
dt
dV
Q
V
, vi V l th tch cht lng
- Lu lng trung bnh:
) (
1 2
t t V Q
V
, vi t
2
-t
1
l khong thi gian o.
Trong cng nghip cm bin lu lng hu nh bao gi cng c gn km b chuyn
i o trong mt thit b o gi l lu lng k. Mt vi lu lng k hay c s dng
trong cng nghip l:
Lu lng k chnh p: o gin tip thng qua php o chnh p da trn quan h gia
lu lng dng chy v chnh p sut qua mt thit b thu hp ng ng, v d ng
venturi, ng pito
Lu lng k turbin: o gin tip thng qua tc quay da trn quan h gia lu
lng dng chy v tc quay turbin.
Lu lng k in t: o mt i lng in da trn thay i in dung hoc in cm
khi lu lng dng chy thay i.
Lu lng k siu m: o khng tip xc s dng sng siu m v xc nh vn tc
dng chy da trn hiu ng Doppler, t tnh ton ra lu lng.
3.7.1 o lu lng theo gim p thay i
1. Nguyn l hot ng.
Mt trong nhng phng php kh ph bin o lu lng dch th, cht kh v hi
qu nhit chy trong ng ng l o
hiu p sut hai bn thit b thu hp.
Thit b thu hp ng vai tr cm bin
o, c t trong ng ng to nn
im tht dng chy cc b trong
ng ng dn. Nh vy ti v tr t
thit b thu hp tc ca dng chy
tng ln, ngha l ng nng ca dng
chy tng ln. ng nng tng s dn
n th nng ca dng chy gim
xung. Ti vng t thit b thu hp s
c hin tng chuyn i th nng
sang ng nng ca dng chy. Hai
bn thit b thu hp s xut hin hiu
p xut P. Gi tr hiu p sut ny
121
P
S
1
+1
S
0
+1
S
2
+1
TBTH
q
P
P
P
1
P
2
1
2
P
Hnh 3.92:Biu dng chy v p sut
ph thuc vo lu lng ca dng chy trong ng ng. Hnh 3.92 m t s hnh
dng ca dng chy vng xung quanh thit b thu hp v s thay i p sut trn thnh
ng dn P. Dng chy khi n gn thit b thu hp th bt u tht li (t mt ct 1) do
tc ng ca dng xoy to ra pha trc thit b thu hp. Sau khi qua khi thit b thu
hp p sut gim t ngt do mt tc ng ca dng xoy v hnh thnh dng ht pha sau
thit b thu hp. Do qun tnh nn sau khi ra khi thit b thu hp dng chy vn tip tc
b tht li cho n mt ct 2 th t n tit din nh nht. Sau y tit din dng chy bt
u tng dn cho n khi in y ng ng.
Xt s phn b p sut trn thnh ng: T mt ct 1 tr v trc p sut khng thay
i do cha b nh hng ca thi b thu hp. T mt ct 1 n thit b thu hp p sut
tng ln do dng xoy to lc p vo thnh ng v p dng chy tht li. Qua khi thit
b thu hp p sut t ngt gim xung v theo qun tnh ca dng chy p sut tip
tc gim cho n mt ct 2 th t gi tr cc tiu P
2
. Sau mt ct 2 p sut trn thnh ng
t t tng ln, do tc dng chy gim xung, cho n gi tr xc lp khi dng chy
in y ng ng. Gi tr p sut xc lp nh hn gi tr p sut ban u trc thit b
thu hp v c tn tht p sut P do thit b thu hp gy ra. Gi tr P l hiu p sut sinh
ra ngay trc v sau thit b thu hp.
xy dng phng trnh mi lien h gia lu lng v gi tr P, trc ht chng
ta gi s dng chy trong ng ng l cht lng l tng, ngha l khng b nn v
khng gy ra tn tht p sut (P = 0). Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng (nh lut
Becnuli) cho mt ct 1v mt ct 2 ta c:
g
v
P
g
v
P
2 2
2
2
2
12
1
+ +
Trong : P
1
,P
I2
l p sut mt ct 1 v mt ct 2 (N/m
2
);
v
1
, v
2
l tc trung bnh ca dng chy mt ct 1 v 2; (m/s)
l t trng ca dng chy (KG/m
3
)
T cng thc 4.4.1 suy ra:
) (
2
2
1
2
2 2 1
v v
g
P P
Theo nh lut bo ton vt cht (nh lut lin tc ca dng chy) cho cht lng
l tng ta c:
S
1.
v
1
= S
2
v
2
Vi S
1
v S
2
l tit din ca dng chy mt ct 1 v mt ct 2 (m
2
). T cng thc
4.4.3 suy ra:
2 2
1
0
0
2
2
1
2
1
. . v m v
S
S
S
S
v
S
S
v
Trong S
0
din tch ca thit b thu hp (m
2
);
t = S
2
/S
0
h s tht ca dng chy (h s qun tnh);
m = S
0
/S1 t s din tch (mo un ca thit b thu hp);
T ta c:
2
2
2 2
2 1
) . 1 (
2
v m
g
P P
Suy ra 2 1
2 2
2
1
1 2
P P
m
g
v
(m
3
/s)
122
Trong thc t cht lng khng phi l l tng (P 0) v khng th o c hiu p
sut P
1
P
2
bi v khng th xc nh c chnh xc v tr ca cc mt ct 1 v mt ct 2
ng thi cc mt ny thay i khi lu lng thay i. V vy gi tr hiu p sut P
c o ngay trc v sau thit b thu hp. V vy chuyn sang iu kin thc t, cng
thc lu lng phi c thm h s hiu chnh v phng trnh lu lng cho cht
lng thc khng b nn c dng:
P S
g
P
m
S
g
q
. .
2
1
. 2
0
2 2
0
Trong
2 2
1
.
c gi l h s lu lng
cho cht lng b nn, cht khi hoc hi qu nhit, khi p sut thay i th tch ca
chng s thay i, v vy trong cng thc tnh lu lng phi c thm h s c
trng cho tnh cht thay i th tch khi p sut thay i v c gi l h s nn. Cng
thc tnh lu lng ca cht lng b nn, cht kh v hi qu nhit c dng:
P S
g
q . . .
2
0
( s m /
3
) , ta c mi lin h gia sc
in ng E v lu lng q c m t di dng:
q
D
B
E .
4
3.7.4 Lu tc k siu m
Ngy nay siu m ang c s dng rng ri trong k thut o lng kim tra. V
d kim tra khng ph v cht lng ca sn phm, o mc dch th, o su ca sng
bin.v.v...
Siu m l mt trong nhng phng php o lu tc ca dng chy trong lng
ng ng t bn ngoi m khng phi xm nhp vo trong lng ng ng nh cc
phng php gii thiu trn y. Nguyn l lm vic ca lu tc k siu m l da
vo tnh cht truyn sng siu m trong dng chy di s nh hng ca tc dng
chy.
127
in
cc
Nam
chm
E
Hnh 3.100: Lu tc k cm ng
Mt trong nhng phn t quan trng trong lu tc k siu m l u thu pht siu
m, ngha l phi pht ra c sng m vi tn s > 20000 Hz v ng thi phi thu c
n. Thit b ny ng hai vai tr: vai tr pht ra sng siu m (chuyn tn hiu in cao
tn sang tn hiu dao ng c hc) v vai tr thu sng siu m (chuyn tn hiu dao ng
c hc sang tn hiu in). u thu pht siu m thng c ch to t tinh th vt liu
p in. N l mt ming c ct ra t tinh th thch anh hoc titanat bari (BaTi0
3
) trn
hai mt i xng c trng lp dn in. Nu hai lp dn in c ni vi ngun in
xoay chiu, th di tc ng ca in trng xoay chiu kch thc ca ming tinh th
thay i sinh ra giao ng c hc, y l hin tng p in ngc v u thu pht ang
lm vic ch pht sng siu m. Trng hp ngc li nu c lc tc ng ln
ming tinh th th gia hai mt ca n xut hin in tch t l vi lc tc ng ln n.
Hin tng ny c gi l hin tng p in thun v c s dng trong ch thu
tn hiu ca u thu pht.
Cc thit b siu m o cc thng s k thut u da trn mt trong cc hin
tng phn x sng siu m t b mt ngn cch gia hai mi trng, s ph thuc tc
truyn m vo tnh cht ca mi trng hay s to lch pha ca sng do s chuyn
ng ca mi trng.
Hnh 3.101 m t s nguyn l lu tc k siu m. Hai u thu pht siu m 2a
v 2b t cch nhau mt khong l v p ln
thnh ng 1. My pht in cao tn 3 to
dng in xoay chiu tn s 300 Khz. B
khuch i cao tn K khuch i tn hiu
nhn c t u thu siu m. Thit b tnh
ton TBTT xc nh gc lch pha gia thu
v pht v tnh ton xc nh tc
trung bnh ca dng chy trong ng ng.
CM l b chuyn mch thay i chc
nng thu pht gia 2a v 2b chu tc ng
ca b iu khin chuyn mch KCM.
Tn hiu t b iu khin chuyn mch
cng c truyn cho b x l tn hiu
bo chc nng ca cc u thu pht siu
m.
Di s iu khin ca KCM b
chuyn mch CM s chuyn ch lm
vic ca 2a v 2b theo tng chu k. Nu 2a
c ni vi ngun pht 3 th n s lm
chc nng pht sng siu m cn 2b lm
chc nng thu sng siu m. Tn hiu thu
c ny s c b khuch i K
khuch i ln. Sng siu m c pht
cng chiu vi dng chy v vy gc lch
pha gia thu v pht c xc nh theo
cng thc:
v c
l
+
.
1
128
q
KCM
K
TBTT
CM
2b 2a
1
Hnh 3.101:Nguyn l cu trc
lu tc k siu m
3
Trong : l tn s gc ca dao ng siu m;
C tc truyn m trong mi trng dng chy;
v vn tc trung bnh ca dng chy;
l khong cch gia hai u thu.pht siu m;
Nhn tn hiu t my pht 3 v b khuch i 4 thit b tnh ton s xc nh gi tr
sai lch
1
v xc nh tc trung bnh truyn m theo cng thc:
l
v c v
a
.
1
1
+
Chu k tip theo b iu khin chuyn mch KCM s iu khin chuyn mch CM
ni 2b vi my pht n lm chc nng pht siu m cn u 2a c ni vi b
khuch i 4 v lm chc nng thu sng siu m. Trong trng hp ny sng siu m
c pht ngc chiu chuyn ng ca dng chy nn tc truyn m ca n s gim
i. Gc lch pha gia thu v pht c xc nh theo cng thc:
v c
l
.
2
Sau hai ln o v tnh ton TBTT s xc nh c tc trung bnh ca dng chy
theo cng thc:
2
2 1 a a
v v
v
R
R
+
R
R
+
R
R
-
R
Hnh 3.103:S nguyn l cm bin o
lu lng vn chuyn trn bng ti
FT
+
E
-
t
1
t t
2
t
U
Hnh 3.104: th U thay i theo thi gian
= K .q vi K = K
1
.K
2
.K
3
K
1
v K
2
l hai gi tr hon ton xc nh. Vn y l phi xc nh c K
3
ni
ring hoc l K ni chung. Bi ton ny phi gii quyt bng thc nghim thc t sau khi
lp t hon chnh h thng o chun b a vo s dng.
xc nh h s K cn tin hnh th nghim sau: Trong qu trnh h thng bng ti
dang lm vic bnh thng, dng my ghi li s thay i tn hiu ra ca load cell ng
thi phi tnh c tng lng liu Q vn chuyn trn bng ti gia hai thi im t
1
v t
2
.
Ta c:
2
1
) .(
1 2
t
t
t t q qdt Q
vi
q
l lu lng trung bnh ca qu trnh vn chuyn liu
Nh vy:
1 2
t t
Q
q
2
1
.
u
u
dt u U
U chnh l in tch c gii hi bi ng cong U v trc thi gian tnh t thi
im t
1
n t
2.
V vy gi tr tch phn U c th tnh gn ng theo phng php sau: chia
trc thi gian ra nhng khong t bng nhau v xc nh gi tr U ti nhng thi im
phn chia k hiu l U
1
, bt u t U
0
khi t = t
1
n U
n
khi t = t
2
. Gi tr tch phn U c
xc nh gn ng theo cng thc:
) ( ) (
1 2
1
1
t t u t u u U
n
i
i i
u - gi tr trung bnh ca u
Ta c:
q K u .
H s t l K c xc nh bng:
3 2 1
. . K K K
U
Q
q
u
K
H s t l gia p lc F tc ng ln bn cn v mt liu q
l
c xc nh theo
cng thc
2 1
3
.K K
K
q
F
K
Nh vy mi lin h gia tn hiu ra l in p U v tn hiu vo l lu lng vn
chuyn trn bng ti q ca chuyn i o l hon ton xc nh:
U = K .q
in p U c gi tr rt nh (vi chc milivn) v c ni tr ln, ng thi thng
thng chuyn i o thng t gn vi i tng o, cn thit b ch th o t trong
phng iu khin rt xa i tng o. V vy h thng phi bo m truyn tn hiu i
xa m khng lm suy gim tn hiu ca chuyn i o. Hnh 3.105 m t s khi
nguyn l h thng o lu lng liu vn chuyn trn bng ti. Cu to ca h thng gm
hai phn: thit b so cp (TBSC) v thit b th cp. Thit b s cp t gn bng ti vn
chuyn liu. N bao gm pht tc FT, load cell LC, b khuch i K v b chuyn i
in p sang dng in truyn i xa K l b khuch i vi sai c tr khng u vo
ln v h s khuch i ln, bi v tn hiu ra ca load cell rt nh.
131
Thit b th cp (TBTC) lm chc nng x l tn hiu nhn c t thit b s cp
xc nh ch s lu lng vn chuyn trn bng ti v tng lng liu m bng ti vn
chuyn c. Cu to ca b chuyn i I/U u vo ng vai tr thit b thu nhn tn
hiu c pht ra t TBSC. Thit b ch th o CT x l tn hiu t b chuyn i I/U
to ra ch s o c q. Gi tr q c th ch th bng kim trn thng chia hoc bng
s trn bng s. B tch phn lm chc nng tnh tng lng liu c vn chuyn qua
bng ti v c ch th bng hp s c hc hoc ch th s trn bng s.
132
R
-
R
R
+
R
R
+
R
R
-
R
FT
K
U
U I I U
U
q
Q
CT
Udt TBSC TBTC
Hnh 3.105: S h thng o lu lng vn chuyn trn bng ti
3.8 PHNG PHP O LC V BIN DNG
Thng thng o lc v bin dng c th dng cc loi chuyn i khc nhau vi
cc phng php khc nhau, thng thng c hai phng php o sau:
Phng php o trc tip: l phng php s dng cc chuyn i c i lng vo
tng ng vi lc ng sut cn o, i lng ra c bin thnh cc i lng in hoc
cc thng s in. Mch o v ch th kt qu o khng thng qua h truyn dn trung
gian.
Phng php o gin tip: Thng s dng cc phn t n hi bin i lc ng
sut thnh dch chuyn. Cc chuyn i o cc i lng di chuyn t suy ra
i lng cn o.
3.8.1. Phng php o bin dng
Phng php o bin dng thng dng chuyn i in tr lc cng. Khi s dng
chuyn i tenzo o bin dng, cn ch cc chuyn i tenzo c dn ln b mt
vt o sao cho trc chuyn i nm theo hng bin dng ln nht. C th dng keo dn
hoc xi mng gn chuyn i ln i tng o ty thuc vo iu kin lm vic,
nhit bnh thng v hi cao dng keo dn axtat xenluloit, bakelit pheno.v.v..
nhit cao n 800
0
C dng xi mng silic hu c.
Ty tch cht bin dng ca i tng m c th dn t nht l hai tenzo hoc bn
tenzo. S mch o c s dng rng ri nht l s mch cu khng cn bng.
Hnh 4-45 m t cch b tr cm bin tenzo o bin dng ko (hoc bin dng nn) v
s mch cu o. Cm bin tenzo 1 c trc nm dc chiu bin dng (cm bin tch
cc) cn cm bin 2 c trc nm vung gc chiu bin dng. Nh vy ch c cm bin 1
hot ng khi i tng o bin dng. Hai in tr tenzo c mc trong mch cu vi
hai in tr manganin R
1
,R
2
. Cc gi tr in tr ny bng nhau v bng R (R
1
= R
2
=R).
Cu c nui bng ngun E
n
. in p ra c tnh theo cng thc:
R
R R
E
R R
R R R
E
U
R
. ) (
1 2
+
+
+ +
Do R
1
= R
2
= R
E
R R
R
E
R R
R R
U
R
.
2 4 2
1
2 +
,
_
+
+
R l gi tr bin phn ca R do s bin dng ca vt gy nn, gi tr ny rt nh so
vi R. R l vi trm m trong khi R ch khong 0,01 .
133
Hnh 3.106: S nguyn l ca bin dng ko
R
R+ R
R+ R R
1
2
E
n
U
r
R
1
R
2
Nh vy: 4R >> 2R
V R
R
E
U
n
r
.
4
Cn phi lu rng gi tr Ur l rt nh c tr khng u ra tng i ln (vi trm
m). V vy khuch i tn hiu ny i hi mt b khuch i vi sai c tr khng u
vo ln v khng ni t.
Nh vy o s bin dng ch cn cm bin tenzo 1.Vai tr ca cm bin tenzo 2 l
gim nh hng ca nhit mi trng ln kt qu o. Bi v khi nhit mi
trng thay i th c hai in tr tenzo cng thay i v trng thi ca cu khng b ph
v. S thay i nhit ca mi trng khng nh hng ln gi tr in p ra ca cu.
o bin dng un ca dm cng s dng ti thiu hai cm bin tenzo. Hai cm
bin y u ng vai tr tch cc. Hnh 3.107a m t v tr dn cm bin o bin
dng un cn hnh 3.107b l cu trc cu o. Do dm c hai mt trn v di bin dng
ngc nhau: mt bin dng ko cn mt bin dng nn. V vy hai cm bin c b tr
trn hai mt i xng nhau v mt bin dng ko c in tr R + R, mt bin dng nn
c in tr R - R. Hai in tr tenzo c ni thnh mch cu vi hai in tr
manganin R
1
, R
2
(hnh 3.107b) vi iu kin R
1
= R
2
= R. in p ra ca cu c xc
nh theo cng thc:
2
2 1
. ) (
2
R
R R
E
R R
R
E
U
R
+
+
Do R
1
= R
2
= R nn
R
R
E
U
R
.
2
tng nhy ca php o c th s dng 4 cm
bin tenzo, hai cm bin dn mt trn, hai cm bin dn
mt di i xng. V tr dn cc cm bin phi m bo
tnh bin dng tng ng gia cc cm bin. Ngha l
hai cm bin chu bin dng ko c cng in tr (R+ R)
v hai cm bin chu bin dng nn c in tr (R - R).
Hnh 4-47 l s mc mch cu ca bn cm bin. in p ra ca cu c xc nh
theo cng thc:
R
R
E
U
R
.
134
Hnh 3.107: Cch b tr cm bin v cu o
R+ R
R- R
F
R
1
R
2
U
ra
Hnh 3.108: Mch cu o
U
ra
Cm bin tenzo cng c s dng o bin dng xon ca trc quay. Ly 4 in tr
tenzo dn ln b mt tr. Mi ci nghing gc
45
0
so vi ng tm ca trc v tng i
vung gc vi nhau (xem hnh 3.109). Nh
vy s c hai tenzo chu bin dng ko vi
in tr (R + R) v hai tenzo chu bin dng
nn c gi tr in tr (R - R). Mch cu o
tng ng nh s m t trn hnh 3.108.
Sai s o ca h thng o s dng cm
bin tenzo lin quan cht ch vi qu trnh
khc ca dng c ch th. Nu khng khc
trc tip cho cm bin ang lm vic m
s dng kt qa khc ca cm bin khc
th ch ring sai s ca s khng ng nht
cht lng dn in tr ang lm vic v in tr khc c th t n 1 5%, cn
sai s ca ton b h thng c ln ti 10 15%. V vy khi s dng in tr tenzo
lm cm bin o th nn chia h thng trc tip vi cm bin ang lm vic. Nu h
thng chia trc tip v tun th moi quy nh trc mi ln o nh kim tra nhy
ca khuch i, chnh im khng v.v... th c th gim sai s xung 0,2 0,5%, khi o
tnh v 1 1,5% khi o ng i vi bin dng ln, cn i vi bin dng nh th sai s
c th tng ln.
3.8.2 Phng php o lc
- o bng cc chuyn i trc tip nh phn t p in, p t .
- o bng phng php bin i lc thnh di chuyn v o di chuyn xc nh lc:
thc hin c bng chuyn i bin tr, in cm, in dung, in tr lc cng.
1. o lc bng chuyn i bin p visai LVTD
Lc F tc ng ln l xo lm l xo dch
chuyn , di chuyn ca l xo qua bin p visai
chuyn thnh in p trn cun dy vi sai.
2. o lc bng cm bin p in
Hnh 3.101 trnh by b cm bin p in tch cc o lc, cu to ca b cm bin gm 3
lp ghp vi nhau. Lp
trn v di l mng
PVDF c dt mng, s
dng ch tch cc
hoc th ng. Lp gia l
lp ghp m thanh gia hai
lp kia.
Khi c tn hiu kch thch
to nn ng sut c trong
mng ghp vi lp nn lm
cho mng p in nh tc
ng nh b thu. Khi
mng pha trn s sinh ra
135
Hnh 3.109: Cm bin tenzo o bin dng xon
R+
R
R- R
Hnh 3.110: o lc bng my bin p visai
Mng PVDF
Mng
PVDF
Mng nn
B dao ng
B gii iu
ng b
Hnh 3.111 : B cm bin p in tch cc
in p xoay chiu t l vi dao ng c hc ca mng nn. Cc dao ng c khuch
i v dn n b gii iu ng b, nhy vi c bin v pha ca tn hiu thu c.S
thay i c nhn bit bi b gii iu v xut hin u ra l tn hiu in p thay i.
Tn hiu ra ph thuc tuyn tnh vo lc:
S
e
S
C
F d
C
Q
U
Trong :
d
e
: l hng s p in.
C
s
: in dung ca cm bin.
Q: s thay i in tch
Hnh 3. l s mch o ca chuyn i p in o lc
136
Hnh 3. : Chuyn i p in o lc
T th ng
Phn t p in tch cc
Khuch i in tch