n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

ti :thit k v ch to b ngun np c quy c quy 12v dung lng 60ah

t ng cho 10

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

Mc lc
ti............................................................................................................................1 Li gii thiu............................................................................................................4 Chng I : gii thiu chung v c quy...........................................................5 1 Cu to c quy ch-axit3 2 Yu cu cho vic np c quy...7 2.1 c quy...7 2.2 Qa trnh bin i nng lng trong c quy axit..7 2.3 Cc c tnh ca c quy....8 3. Cc phng php np c quy t ng..12 3.1 Np bng in dng in khng i... ...12 3.2Np bng in p khng i 13 3.3Np bng dng p. ...13 Chng II : PHNG N CHNH LU...16 1. La chn b bin i ...16 2. Phn tch s chnh lu.............17 2.1Chnh lu c iu khin cu 1 pha i xng......17 2.1Chnh lu c iu khin cu 1 pha khng i xng.......20 Chng III : TNH TON thit k MCH LC...24 I. Chn s thit k27 II. Tnh ton chn van lc......29 III. Tnh ton bo v qu p. .29 Chng IV : Tnh ton thit k mch iu khin I/ Nguyn tc iu khin trong h ng b.31 1. Nguyn tc iu khin ngang...31 2. Nguyn tc iu khin dc.......32 3. Khu ng b...32

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng 4. Khu to in p ta ...33 5. in p ta dng rng ca........38 6. Khu so snh.....40 7. Khu dng xung .......42 8. Khu khch i xung (KX) ...43 II/ B iu khin ( BK ) ......43 CHNG V .THIT K SN PHM.49 I. Thit k mch ng lc v mch iu khin..49 1.Ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin...52 2. Tnh ton my bin p ngun....53 II . Tnh ton khi iu khin.....56 1. Khu ng b....57 2. Khi to in p rng ca.........57 3. Khi so snh..58 4. Khi to dng xung...58 5. Khi khuch i xung ..59 III. Lp rp sn phm.....62

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

LI GII THIU
Hin nay vi tin b khoa hc k thut v ang i mi cc phn t, cc mch iu khin c p dng rng ri vo trong cng nghip v i sng.Vi xu th pht trin ca khoa hc hin nay l ng dng khoa hc k thut in t,k thut tin hc,c kh chnh xc thc hin t ng ho c p dng cho tng my,t hp my cho tng dy truyn cng ngh,cc nh my tin ti t ng ho c ngnh sn xut. T ng ho lm gim nh sc lao ng chn tay ca con ngi lm cho t ng n tr thnh c trng ca nn sn xut cng nghip hin i. Trong cng nghip ngoi ra cc mch iu khin ngi ta thng dng k thut s vi phn mm n gin,linh hot v d dng thay i cu trc tham s hoc cc lut iu khin.N lm tng tc tc ng nhanh v c chnh xc cao cho h thng.Nh vy n lm chun ho cc h thng truyn ng in v cc b iu khin t ng hin i v c nhng c tnh lm vic khc nhau.Trong nhng ng dng th vic p dng vo mch map c quy t ng ang c s dng rng ri v c nhng c tnh u vit.Bi c quy l ngun cp in mt chiu cho cc thit b trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng hng ngy cung cp in cho cc ni cha c ngun in li phc v cho chiu sng,ti vi,thng tin lin lciu khin o lng ,cung cp cho cc thit b gin khoan ngoi bin.Chnh v vy vic nghin cu ch to mch np c quy l ht sc cn thit,n nh hng rt ln ti dung lng v bn ca c quy. Di y em xin trnh by ton b ni dung ca n tt nghip.Thit k v ch to b ngun np c quy t ng do thy gio Lu c Dng ging vin trng i Hc Bch Khoa hng dn.Mc d trong thi gian qua em c gng tm hiu thc t,nghin cu ti liu thc hin n nhng khng th trnh khi nhng sai st , em mong tip tc nhn c s ng gp v ch bo ca cc qu thy c. Em xin by t lng bit n ti s gip nhit tnh ca thy gio Lu c Dng ngi trc tip hng dn v ton b cc thy trong b mn T ng ho x nghip

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng cng nghip Khoa in trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni , gip v dy bo em trong nhng nm qua.

CHNG I GII THIU CHUNG V C QUY

c quy l ngun cung cp nng lng in mt chiu cho cc thit b trong cng nghip v dn dng. C nhiu loi cquy nh: + c quy Axit (Acquy ch). + c quy Kim ( Acquy St- Niken, , acquy bc- km....) Tuy nhin, trn thc t thng dng nht t trc n nay vn l acquy axit, v so vi cquy kim, cquy axit c nhiu tnh nng tt hn nh: S ca mi cp cc ln, c in tr trong nh, dung lng ca bnh c quy ln. 1/ Cu to ca bnh c quy ch - axit: Bnh c quy axit gm v bnh c 6 ngn ring (hay 12V), trong mi ngn c t khi bn cc dng, khi bn cc m. Chng c ngn cch nhau bng cc tm ngn, mi ngn nh vy c coi l mt acquy n, cc acquy n ni tip vi nhau to thnh bnh c quy. Ngn u v ngn cui c u t do to thnh cc u cc dng (+), cc m (-) ca c quy, dung dch in phn (dung dch axit sunfuric) c vo trong tng ngn.

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

+ -

Cu to bnh c quy

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng cc dung

Vu bn cc

Cc m
Tm ngn

Cht tc dng

Bn cc m

Khung xung bn cc

a ) phn khi cc bn cc v tm ngn

Bn cc dung

b) Cu to bn cc nt npp

Vu cc

c) kt cu bnh c quy

V bnh

Ngn c quy n

- V bnh: V bnh c lm bng cc loi nha nh: ebnit, axphapec, cao su cngchng c kh nng chu axit, v c bn vng cao. - Bn cc: - Cu to ca mt bn cc trong cquy gm c phn khung xng v cht tc dng cht nn n.

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng + Khung xng ca bn cc dng v m c cu to ging nhau. Chng c c bng hp kim ch v Stibi (Sb) v c to hnh dng mt li. + Cht tc dng c ch to t bt ch, dung dch axit sunfuric v khong 3% cht n nh mui ca cc axit hu c i vi bn cc m; cn i vi bn dng th cht tc dng c ch to t cc oxit ch Pb3O4, PbO v dung dch axit sunfuric, cht n trong bn cc m c tc dng tng xp, gim kh nng c v hin tng chng ho cng cho cc bn cc, lm tng in dung cho acquy. Cc bn cc sau khi trt y cht tc dng c p li, sy kh v thc hin qu trnh to cc, tc l chng c ngm vo dung dch axit sunfuric long v np bng dng in nh. Sau qu trnh nh vy, cht tc dng cc bn cc dng s tr thnh PbO2, bn cc m thnh Pb. Sau chng c lp rp vo bnh acquy to thnh cc khi bn cc, cc khi bn cc m v dng c lp xen k nhau v c cch in bng tm ngn. - Tm ngn: Tm ngn l cht cch in, c xp thch hp khng ngn cn dung dch in phn thm n cc bn cc. Tm ngn c lm t polyclovinyl, bng thu tinh ghp vi miplat c tc dng chng chp mch gia cc bn cc dng v m. -Dung dch in phn: Dung dch in phn trong c quy axit sunfuric (H2SO4) c pha ch t axit nguyn cht vi nc ct theo nng nht nh. 2/ Yu cu cho vic np c quy: 2.1/ cquy l ngun nng lng c tnh thun nghch: n tch tr nng lng di dng ho nng v gii phng nng lng di dng in nng, Qu trnh cquy cung cp in cho ph ti gi l qu trnh phng in; qu trnh c quy tch tr nng lng t mt ngun in m t chiu gi l qu trnh np in. 2.2/ Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong acquy axit: a/ Qu trnh np: Khi np, nh ngun in np m mch ngoi cc in t e chuyn ng t cc bn cc m n cc bn cc dng, l dng in np In. Khi phng in, di tc dng

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng sc in ng ring ca cquy cc in t s chuyn ng theo hng ngc li (t dng n m) v to thnh dng in phng Ip. Khi cquy c np no cht tc dng cc bn cc dng PbO 2, cn cc bn cc m l ch xp Pb. Khi phng in, cc cht tc dng c hai bn cc u tr thnh sunfat ch PbSO4. - Qu trnh ho hc xy ra trong acquy axit c th vit nh sau: + Trn bn cc dng: PbO2 + 3H + (HSO4)- + 2e PbSO4 + 2H2O + Trn bn cc m: Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2e + 2H b/ Qu trnh phng: Khi phng, in axit sunfuric b hp th to thnh sunfurat, cn nc th b phn ho ra. Do , nng ca dung dch gim i. Khi np in th ngc li, nh hp th nc v ti sinh ra axit sunfuric nn nng ca dung dch tng ln. 2.3/ Cc c tnh ca Acquy axit: a/ Sc in ng ca Acquy axit (S) S ca acquy ph thuc ch yu vo in th trn cc cc v ph thuc vo nng ca dung dch in phn c xc nh theo cng thc: E0 = 0,85 + P (v) Trong : E0 : Sc in ng tnh ca acquy (v) P : Nng dung dch in phn 150C (g/cm3) Thng thng, cc acquy axit c nng thay i trong khong 1,12 - 1,29 g/cm 3. Do , S ca mt acquy n s thay i t 1,19 2,14v, c ngha l nng ca dung dch in phn tng th S ca acquy cng tng. b/ Cc c tnh phng v np ca acquy: * Trong qu trnh phng in ca acquy th sc in ng c tnh theo cng thc: EP Trong : Ep IP Up raq = UP + IP.raq : sc in ng ca acquy phng in (v) : dng in phng (A) : in p o trn cc cc ca acquy khi phng in (v) : in tr ca acquy khi phng in (v)

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng - Dung lng phng ca acquy l i lng nh gi kh nng cung cp nng lng ca acquy cho ph ti, v c tnh theo cng thc: CP Trong : = IP.tP CP: dung lng thu c trong qu trnh phng in. (A.h). IP: dng in phng n nh trong thi gian phng in tP. -c tnh phng ca acquy l th biu din mi quan h ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p acquy v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian phng khi dng in phng khng thay i. Trong- khong thi gian phng tP = 0 n tP = tgh, sc in ng, in p, nng dung dch in phn gim dn. Tuy nhin, trong khong thi gian ny, dc ca cc th khng ln, ta gi l giai on phng n nh hay thi gian phng in cho php tng ng vi mi ch phng in ca acquy (dng in phng). -T thi im tgh tr i, dc ca th thay i t ngt. Nu ta tip tc cho acquy phng in sau tgh th sc in ng, in p ca acquy s gim rt nhanh; mt khc tinh th sunfat ch (PbSO4) to thnh trong phn ng s c dng th, rn rt kh ho tan (Bin i ho hc trong qu trnh np in tr li cho cquy

I (A)

U (V) 2,11 1,95 1,75

E U
P

Khong ngh

10

Vng phng in cho php 5

CP
0
4

= I .t
8

P 12 8 20

10

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

c tnh phng ca c quy sau ny, thi im tgh gi l gii hn phng in cho php ca cquy, cc gi tr E P, UP, P ti tgh gi l cc gi tr ti hn phng in cho acquy. -Nu ngt mch vo thi im tgh th hiu in th UP s tng vt ln bng sc in ng ca acquy. Cn sau , nh khuych tn m nng dung dch cn bng dn, sc in ng cquy s tng dn ti E0 v bng 1,96 v i vi cquy c coi l phng ht in. on cui ca ng cong Eaq ng vi khong nghi ca cquy hay thi gian phc hi ca cquy, thi gian phc hi ny ph thuc vo ch phng in ca acquy ( dng in phng v thi gian phng.) Trong qu trnh np in ca cquy th S c tnh theo cng thc: En Trong : raq = In Un Un In.raq : dng in np (A) : in p o trn cc acquy khi np.

: in tr trong ca acquy khi np in.

- Dung lng np ca cquy l i lng nh gi kh nng tch tr nng lng ca acquy v c tnh theo cng thc: Cn Trong Cn In = In.tn : dung lng thu c trong qu trnh np in(Ah) : dng in np n nh trong thi gian np in tn.

11

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng - c tnh np ca cquy l th biu din mi quan h ph thuc ca sc in ng, in p v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian np khi tr s dng np in khng thay i (In = const).

I (A)

U,E (V) 2,7V 2,4V un 2 1,95V Vng np chnh

Bt u si 2,4V

Khong ngh Eaq E 2,1V

Vng np no

10

Cn = In.tn
0 10 ts
s

(2 3) h

20

c tnh np ca c quy

Trong khong thi gian np t 0 n t = ts, sc in ng, in p, nng dung dch in phn tng dn, ti thi im ts , trn b mt cc bn cc m xut hin cc bt kh (gi l hin tng si), lc ny in th gia cc cc ca cquy tng ti 2,4v. Nu vn tip tc np, gi tr ny tng vt ln 2,7v v gi nguyn thi gian ny gi l thi gian np no, n c tc dng lm cho phn cc cht tc dng su trong lng cc bn cc c bin i hon ton, lm cho dung lng phng in ca cquy tng thm. Ta c th kt thc qu trnh np y. Nhng thng ngi ta phi tip tc np t 2h n 3h na, khi thy rng trong sut thi gian hiu in th v nng dung dch ca cquy khng thay i th mi tin chc acquy c np no. + Sau khi ngt dng in np th in p, sc in ng ca cquy, nng dung dch in phn gim xung v n nh, khi : E0 = 2,11 2,12v ng vi acquy c np no.

12

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng + Tr s dng in np nh hng rt ln n cht lng v tui th ca cquy. Dng in np nh mc i vi cquy l In = 0,01 C10, trong C10 l in dung nh mc ng vi ch 10 gi phng. 3/ Cc phung php np c quy t ng: Cc phng php np c quy t ng. C ba phng php np c quy l: + + + Phng php dng in. Phng php in p. Phng php dng p.

3.1 / Phng php np c quy vi dng in khng i.

A _ + D D +

V UN

....

....

Np c quy vi dng in khng i y l phng php np cho php chn c dng np thch hp vi mi loi c quy, bo m cho c quy c no. y l phng php s dng trong cc xng bo dng sa cha np in cho c quy hoc np s cha cho cc c quy b Sunfat ho. Vi phng php ny c quy c mc ni tip nhau v phi tho mn iu kin :

13

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng Un 2,7.Naq Trong : Un - in p np Naq - s ngn c quy n mc trong mch Trong qu trnh np sc in ng ca c quy tng dn ln, duy tr dng in np khng i ta phi b tr trong mch np bin tr R. Tr s gii hn ca bin tr c xc nh theo cng thc :

R=

U n 2,0 N aq In

Nhc im ca phng php np vi dng in khng i l thi gian np ko di v yu cu cc c quy a vo np c cng dung lng nh mc. khc phc nhc im thi gian np ko di, ngi ta s dng phng php np vi dng in np thay i hai hay nhiu nc. Trong trng hp hai nc, dng in np nc th nht chn bng ( 0,3 0,5 )C20 tc l np cng bc v kt thc nc mt khi c qui bt u si. Dng in np nc th hai l 0,05C20 3.2/ Phng php np c quy vi in p khng i Phng php np c quy vi in p khng i yu cu cc c quy c mc song song vi ngun np . Hiu in th ca ngun np khng i v c tnh bng 2,3 -> 2,5 V cho 1 ngn c quy n. Hiu in th ca ngun np phi c gi n nh vi chnh xc n 3% v c theo di bng vol k. Dng np kh nhanh. Phng php np vi in p khng i c thi gian ngn dng in np t ng gim dn theo thi gian .Tuy nhin dng phng php ny c quy khng c np no, v vy phng php np vi in p khng i ch l phng php np b xung cho c quy trong qu trnh s dng. - khc phc nhng nhc im v tn dng c hu ht cc u im ca cc phng php np trn ta kt hp 2 phng php np li thnh phng php np dng p. 3.3/Phng php np dng p: y l phng php tng hp ca hai phng php trn. N tn dng c nhng u im ca mi phng php.
In = U n Eaq Raq

lc u s rt ln sau khi Eaq tng ln th I n gim i

14

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng i vi yu cu ca bi l np c quy t ng tc l trong qu trnh np mi qu trnh bin i v chuyn ho c t ng din ra theo mt trnh t t sn th ta chn phng n np c qui l phng php dng p. i vi c quy axit: bo m thi gian np cng nh hiu sut np th trong khon thi gian tn = 16h tng ng vi 75 80 % dung lng c quy ta np vi dng in khng i l In = 0,1C20. V theo c tnh np ca c quy trong on np chnh th khi dng in khng i th in p, sc in ng ti t thay i, do bo m tnh ng u v ti cho thit b np. Sau thi gian 16h c qui bt u si lc ta chuyn sang np ch n p. Khi thi gian np c 20h th c quy bt u no, ta np b xung thm 2 3h. i vi c quy kim : Trnh t np cng ging nh c quy axit nhng do kh nng qu ti ca c quy kim ln nn lc n dng ta c th np vi dng np In = 0,1C20 hoc np cng bc tit kim thi gian vi dng np In = 0,25C20 . Cc qu trnh np c quy t ng kt thc khi b ct ngun np hoc khi np n p vi in p bng in p trn 2 cc ca c quy, lc dng np s t t gim v khng. Kt lun: -V c quy l ti c tnh cht dung khng km theo sc phn in ng cho nn khi c quy i m ta np theo phng php in p th dng in trong c quy s t ng dng nn khng kim sot c s lm si c quy dn n hng hc nhanh chng. V vy trong vng np chnh ta phi tm cch n nh dng np cho c quy. - Khi dung lng ca c quy dng ln n 80% lc nu ta c tip tc gi n nh dng np th c quy s si v lm cn nc. Do n giai on ny ta li phi chuyn ch np c quy sang ch n p. Ch n p c gi cho n khi c quy thc s no. Khi in p trn cc bn cc ca c quy bng vi in p np th lc dng np s t ng gim v khng, kt thc qu trnh np. - Tu theo loi c qui m ta np vi cc dng in np khc nhau + c quy axit : - Dng np n nh In = 0,1C20 - Dng np cng bc In = ( 0,3 0,5 )C20. + c quy kim :- Dng np n nh In = 0,1C20 - Dng np cng bc In = 0,25C20 . * T cc phn tch trn ta tnh ton dng np v in p np theo yu cu u bi chng ta tin hnh np c quy vi dng in khng i. + Dng in np In = 0,1x60 = 6A T yu cu ca ti chng ta c: s lng c quy l 10 chic. Do vy chng ta c th c 3 cch mc np in cho c quy: + Mc 10 c quy ni tip vi nhau. Dng in np nh In=0,1x60=6 A

15

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng in p np li rt ln Un=10x16,2=162 V + Mc 10 c quy song song vi nhau: Dng in np nh In=0,1x60x10=60 A in p np nh Un=16,2 V + Mc hn hp 10 c quy thnh 2 dy song song, mi dy c 5 c qui ni tip vi nhau Dng in np In=0,1x60x2=12 A in p np Un=16,2x5=81 V Nhn xt: Nh vy chng nu chng ta dng cch mc 10 c qui ni tip vi nhau th dng in np trong qu trnh n dng nh In=6A cn in p np khi np ch n p s rt ln Un=162 V.Phng php ny khng tho mn yu cu ca cng ngh v in p np ln. Cn vi cch mc 10 c quy thnh 10 chic song song vi nhau th dng in np rt ln (In= 60A) cn in p np nh( Un=16,2V). Phng php ny tho mn yu cu ca cng ngh nhng do dng in qu ln nn chng ta phi chn van chu c cng st ln, do vy s khng t c v vn kinh t.T chng ta thy : Phng php ti u nht va p ng c yu cu ca cng ngh va t c hiu qu kinh t l phng php mc hn hp.

CHNG II Cc Phng n chnh la

16

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng 1 : La chn b bin i : V ngun in li l ngun in xoay chiu nn mun np c dng in cho acquy th ta phi dng b chnh lu bin i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in 1 chiu cung cp cho ti mt chiu ( y l ngun np in cho acquy). - Thng s dng 2 loi chnh lu dng in l chnh lu 3 Pha v chnh lu 1 Pha. 1.1/ i vi chnh lu 3 Pha Gm c chnh lu cu 3 pha i xng,chnh lu cu 3 pha khng i xng v chnh lu 3 pha hnh tia. Ngi ta thng dng chnh lu 3 pha khi ti cng sut ln v c yu cu k thut cao nh p mch ca in p chnh lu thp, cht lng in p cao.S dng chnh lu 3 pha th khng lm lch pha ngun in li. 1.2/ i vi chnh lu 1 pha -Gm s : +cu 1 pha i xng +cu 1 pha khng i xng. Ngi ta thng s dng s cu 1 pha khi ti cn cung cp c cng sut nh, nn n khng nh hng n ngun in cung cp. - Trong n ny, em thit k khi ngun chnh lu vi yu cu cung cp cho ti mt in p t 12v 165v, dng in 1 chiu t 860A. Khi dng in np Inap = IC10 = 0,1 . 60 = 6A Ta chn bnh acquy loi 12v, vi 6 ngn, in p mi ngn vo khong t 22,4v (khi c np no). Khi in p ngun np cho 1 bnh acquy phi tho mn: Un 2,7 Naq Un Naq Unap 2,7 . 6 = 16,2 v : in p np. : s ngn acquy n.

Ta c 2 cch np cho acquy: Cch 1: Mc lin 10 bnh acquy ni tip nhau. Ud = 16,2 . 10 = 162 v in p qu ln. Id = 6A dng in qu nh. Cch ny khng kh thi do dng np qu thp m in p np qu ln.

17

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng Cch 2: ta mc hn hp ni tip v song song cc bnh acquy vi nhau, chia lm 2 cp mc song song vi nhau, mi cp gm 5 bnh mc ni tip nhau.

Cch mc hn hp cc bnh c quy Do Udmax = 16,2 .5 =81 V Idmax = 6 .2 =12A cng sut ca mch : P = U .I = 81 . 12 =972 (w) = 0.972 (Kw) V theo u bi l thit k mch ngun np c quy t ng ,tc l khi c quy i th phi t ng np y cho c quy, cn khi c quy no th s t ng ngt.Tt c iu ny u phi t ng nn ta chn mch chnh lu c iu khin. Nh ta tnh trn P =0.972 Kw < 5Kw nn ta chon phung n mch chnh lu cu mt pha, c hai phng n chnh lu : + chnh lu c iu khin cu mt pha i xng + chnh lu c iu khin cu mt pha khng i xng 2 : Phn tch s chnh lu : 2.1: Chnh lu c iu khin cu 1 pha i xng a. S nguyn l

18

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

iT1 iT2 U2 Ud id L E R

iT4

iT3

Trong s cu 1 pha i xng c tiristor : + T1 ,T2 l nhm u katot chung + T3 ,T4 l nhm u ant chung b. Nguyn l hot ng ca s Trong na chu k u ,khi U2 >E in p anot ca tiristo T1 dng,lc catot ca T2 m,nu c xung iu khin c 2 van T1 , T2 ng thi th cc van ny s c m thng t in p li ln ti T1 , T2 s dn n khi U2 <E. Trong na chu k sau,khi U2 <E in p anot ca tiristo T3 dng,lc catot ca T4 m nu c xung iu khin c hai van T3 ,T4 ng thi th cc van ny s m thong t in p li ln ti. Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ti :
Ud = 2 2U 2 cos =0.9 U 2 Id 2

Dng trung bnh qua tiristo :

I tb =

- Dng hiu dng qua van

I hd = I d 2

- in p ngc ln nht t ln van U n max = U 2 2 c. Dng in p

19

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

U2

II

2 II

Ud

II

2II

id

Id

T1,3

T2,4

2II

i2

* Khi xy ra hin tng trng dn -Hin tng trng dn l hin tng c 2 hay nhiu van trong cng mt nhm dn in - Hin tng trng dn xy ra do nh hng ca in khng anot Xa.

20

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

Ud

t2 t1

t4

II

id
0

t3

2 II

t t

Id i T1 i T3

+ xt ti thi im t1=t2 th T1 v T2 dn cho dng chy qua , iT2=Id ,in p chnh lu Ud=U2. Trong khong 0 t3, do Ld= dng vn duy ch qua T1 v T2 do nng lng tch tr trong in cm Ld , khi Ud=U2 < 0 . + Ti thi im t = t3 , a xung iu khin m T3,T4 , do s c mt ca in khng ant Xa nn dng iT1,iT2 khnng th gim t Id xung 0 m dng iT3 v iT4 cng khng th t ngt tng t 0 ln Id c. Lc ny c 4 tiristor u m cho dng chy qua ,gy ngn mch ti , ngun U2 cng b ngn mch. KL: vy hin tng trng dn lm mo in p chnh lu , trong khong trng dn nng lng tch tr c tr v li. + Khi khng trng dn : U d = U do . cos= +Khi c trng dn :
2 2U 2 cos 2 2U 2 cos U d

U =U
d

do

. cos U d = U d U d =

trong : Ud = 2 X a I d

2.2: Chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha khng i xng a. S nguyn l

21

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

T1
i2 U2

Id D1 L E R

Ud

T2

D2

Trong s gm 2 tirisitor, 2 it chia thnh hai nhm : + nhm katot chung T1,1 + nhm ant chung T2, 2 b. Nguyn l hot ng na chu k u, khi U2 > E nu c xung ti m tiristo T1 xut hin dng chy qua T1 ,D1. na chu k sau, khi U2 >E nu c xung iu khin m tiristo T2 th T2 ,D2 thng cho php dng qua ti. in p trung bnh t ln ti c.Dng in p: :U d =
U do (1 + cos ) 2

Vi U do = 0.9U 2

22

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

Ud

id

II

2 II

t t
t

Id

i
i
i
i

T1

0
D2

0
T2

t t

0
D1

i2
0

d.Nhn xt u nhc im ca s chnh lu 1 pha -Vi vic thit k ch to b ngun chnh lu iu khin tiristor cho mch ngun np c quy t ng . Qua vic phn tch cc s chnh lu ta thy s chnh lu cu mt pha khng i xng c nhng u im sau: +tit kim nng lng hn(h s cos cao hn chnh la iu khin) +s van iu khin t hn mt na so vi s cu i xng nn gim c gi thnh thit b bin i, s iu khin cng n gin hn, s knh iu khin van gim .V cng gim cc phn t bo v cho tiristor do dng mt na s van l iot

23

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng + S cu i xng v s cu khng i xng c cht lng in p v di iu chnh l nh nhau . +Th cp mybin p ch c mt cun dy so vi 2 cun dy trong s c im trung tnh nn vic thit k ch to bin p ngun tr nn n gin hn . KL: Vi nhng u im ca cc mch chnh lu v cc nhn xt trn ta i n chn phng n chnh lu iu khin cu mt pha khng i xng .S ny p ng y yu cu k thut v in p chnh lu , bn cnh chi ph gi thnh cho vic la chn thit b li r hn. H s cos ca s khng i xng cao hn s i xng.

24

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng CHNG III tnh ton v Thit k mch lc Chn dng np l In=10%=6A(trong 10h) Chn phng n mc 10 bnh thnh 2 nhnh song song nhau mi nhnh gm 5 bnh ni tip nhau vy: in p np: Um = 2,7*6*5=81 V (1bnh 12v gm 6 ngn) dng in np: Im =10%60.2= 12 A la chn mch chnh lu chi tit cn bit kh nhiu yu cu k thut v cc chi tit c th.Tuy nhin nhng yu cu ny thng kh nm bt c y ,v vy khi thit k ch cn da vo mt s yu cu tt thiu a ra mt vi phng n mch lc cho thit k s b ban u.sau tin hnh thit k cc chi tit khc. Vy ta chn phng n chnh lu cu 1 pha bn iu khin. Cc yu cu ti thiu: in p ra ti nh mc :Udm=81 V Dng in nh mc : Im =12A Nhit mi trng lm vic: tmt =300 1/ Chn s thit k : T yu cu ca ti v nhng phn tch trn th ta chn mch chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu khin dng tiristo.s mch lc nh H 3.1 T s trn ta c Ud = 2.34U2(

1 + cos 30 2

Gi s vi gc l nh nht = 300 Ud = 2,34.220(

1 + cos 30 2

) = 480.3V

Vy vi mch chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu nh trn la ph hp. th ca mch chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu ng vi cc gc m c dng nh sau :

25

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

S nguyn l mch np v th ca mch chnh lu cu 3 pha bn iu ng vi cc gc m

26

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng 2. Bo v thit b tuyt i :

U Ti1 R C Ti 2 CX Ti 4 R C Ti3 Ti1 R C D1 U C X Ti 2 R C D2

C Tai

C Tai

-Cc phn t bn dn cng xut c s dng rng di vi nhng u im nh gn nh , lm vic tin cy ,tc ng nhanh hiu xut cao ,d thc hin t ng ho .. Vic s dng cc phn t ny phi ch n nhng ch s gii hn s dng do nh sn xut quy nh: + Gi tr in p ngc ln nht + gi tr trung bnh cho php vi dng in + Nhit ln nht ca mt ghp + Tc tng trng ln nht ca dng in di / dt + Tc tng trng ln nht ca in p du/ dt + Thi gian kho tof 2.1 : Bo v khi tc tng trng ca dng in qu ln Tiristor lm vic trong mch khng c cm khng hay mch xung th thng chiu tng trng dng in t vo anot ca tiristor I A tng qu nhanh ( tc tng dng anot di/ dt )vt qu mt gi tr gii hn th tiristor x b ph hng ( cc lp bn dn b dnh thng do hiu ng knh) .V vy cn hn ch tc tng dng thng dng cun dy li khng kh ( cun khng xoay chiu )mc ni tip vi tiristor nh hnh v:

27

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng 2.2 : Bo v qu in p nguyn nhn gy qu in p +nguyn nhn ni ti do s tch t in trong cc lp bn dn khi khoa tiristor bng in p ngc , cc in tch bin i ngc li hnh trnh to ra dng in ngc trong khong thi gian rt ngn gy ra mt sc in ngcm ng rt ln,lm cho lp tip gip Anot- Katot xut hin qu in p .Lm cho tiristor x t m khng cn tn hiu iu khin . + Nguyn nhn bn ngoi : nh ct khng ti mt my bin p trn ng dy ,khi cu ch bo v chy , sm st... Vy hn ch tc tng p ,tnng dng cp in tr R v t in C mc ni tip vi nhau v ni song song vi hai cc anot,katot ca tiristor nh hnh v:

3/ Tnh ton chn van lc A/ Chn cp in p cho van. - chn van ta phi da vo ch lm vic nng n nht M van phi chu. - Van phi chu in p max khi cc cquy c np no,mi ngn cquy c in p l 2V. c acqui 12V cn 6 ngn. np no th in p np cho mi ngn phi l 2,7V in p np : U = 2,7.6.10 = 162V Dng in np : In = 10%Im = 10.16 = 160A Theo bng 1.1 bin in p ngc ln nht t ln van khi lm vic bng: U2(max) =2,45U2=2,45.220=539V chn h s d tr v p cho van l 1,7 th in p cn cho van tng ng s l : U2=1,7Ungmax=1,7.539=916.3V

28

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng Vy chn loi van ?????? c ch to vi phm vi cp in p (???????)v vy

ta chn van cp in p l ???? tng ng vi in p thc l ??????? V

IV/ TNH TON BO V QU P =0 th dng qua van l ln nht lc gc dn qua mi van trong s cu l = vy ta c Kdd h s dng in qua van,l t s gia gi tr hiu dngv gi tr trung bnh ca dng in i qua van Tra cm nang v T-250 c cc s liu :U0=1,44V,R=112.10-5 Rt=0,220C/W vi V=6m/s,t0pn=1250C U0 in p ngng ca van [V] R in tr ng ca van [] RT nhit tr ca van c km theo tn nhit [0C/W] Tpn nhit cho php qu bn dn p-n [0C] Kdd h s dng din qua van,l t s gia gi tr hiu dngv gi tr trung bnh ca dng in i qua van Vy qua phn tch v tnh ton trn ta quyt nh chn mch iu khin v mch ng lc nh h3.14

29

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

T A B C

1 0

Y
1

R C O a 1 2 Z

+ E

p h a

1 5

4 g

3
O a 2

B
R A T r . Bt
f

1 R

5 O a 3 R 7 O a 5

*
3

*
5

2 C 1 R 4

+ E

D
R 8

E
R 2 1 3 T r 1 T r 2 B A X

F
k

1 9

+ U

G
X

K
R 1 2 A n d

1 4

U
R R 1 6

p h
R 1 8 O a 6

+ U

9 O a 4

1 7

C R 2 1

3 R R 1 1 1 0

U t
G n d

2 2

+ E

h3.14 mch iu khin v mch ng lc

30

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

CHNG IV
TNH TON THIT K MCH IU KHIN
Nguyn l chung mch iu khin Trong cc h chnh lu th c 2 h iu kin c bn l h ng b v h khng ng b do h ng b c nhc im l nhy vi nhiu li in cao v c khu ng b lin quan n in p lc , nhng c u im hot ng n nh v d dng thc hin. Ngc li h khng ng b chng nhiu li in tt hn nhng km n nh . hin nay a s cc mch iu kin chnh lu thc hin theo h ng b I / CC NGUYN TC IU KHIN TRONG H NG B C hai nguyn tc iu khin. 1/ nguyn tc iu khin ngang H3.1 l s cu trc v th minh ho ca nguyn tc iu khin ngang

H3.1a l s cu trc iu khin ngang B : Khu ng b to ra in p hnh sin c gc lch pha c nh so vi in p lc DF : khu dch pha c nhim v thay i gc pha ca in p ra di tac ng ca in p iu khin Uk. TX : Xung iu khin to thnh khu to xung vo thi im khi in p dch pha Udf qua im 0. DX: Nhm to ra cc xung c dng ph hp m chc chn van chnh lu, thng c s dng xung chm. KX: khuch i xung khuch i tn hiu gi ti cc iu khin ca van

31

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.1b th minh ho ca nguyn tc iu khin ngang 2/ Nguyn tc iu khin dc. H3.2 l s cu trc v th minh ho ca nguyn tc iu khin ngang

H3.2a l s cu trc iu khin dc Uta : To ra in p ta c dng c nh (thng dng rng ca) SS : Khu so snh xc nh im cn bng ca U ta v Uk

32

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.2b th minh iu khin dc 3/ Khu ng b Theo s cu trc mch ny c 2 chc nng: m bo quan h gc pha c nh vi in p ca van lc nhm xc nh im gc tnh gc iu khin ,mch c tn gi l gc iu khin Hnh thnh in p c dng ph hp lm xung nhp cho hot ng ca khu in p ta phi sau n a/ ng pha bng my bin p

H3.3 bin p ng pha cho chnh lu 3 pha

33

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.4 th bin p ng pha cho chnh lu 3 pha Khi cun s cp u cun th cp u Y (kiu /Y) ta s t phm vi iu chnh =01800 b/ 11 ng pha bng phn t quang S dng phn t quang di dng IC chuyn dng cho php thc hin chc nng ng pha m vn m bo cch ly tt v in vi mch lc ng thi trnh ch to bin p ng pha,do lm gim kch thc mch . S hnh 3.4

H3.4 S v th ng pha bng phn t quang Khi in p lc dng th dng s qua it pht quang LED, n pht sng lm m tranzitor quang , con na chu k m bng ny tng ng s kho.vy in p ra s c xung ch nht mt na chu k m bng ny tng ng s kho.R1 hn ch dng cho LED. c/ ng pha kt hp vi khuch i thut ton

34

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng Mch chnh u hai na chu k c im gia(tia hai pha) dng it D1 v D2. in p chnh lu c a ti ca (+) ca khuch i thut ton OA so snh vi in p ngng Ung ly t bin tr P1,in p ng b s tun theo quan h sau Udb = A0(U+-U-) = A0(Ucl - Ung) Do nu Ucl > Ung th Udb dng th Udb = +Ubh nu Ucl < Ung thi Udb m v Udb = - Ung Vy in p ng b c dng nh hnh3.5

H3.5 S v th ng b v OA 4/ Khu to in p ta (Uta): To in p c dng rng ca c chu k lm vic theo nhp ca in p ng pha. 4.1/ in p ta dng rng ca a s cc in p ta trong mch iu khin chnh lu hin thi u dng dng rng ca v n khc phc c nhc im ca dng hnh sin c ngha l n t b nh hng in p v tn s ngun xoay chiu. Tuy nhin nhc im ca n l khng t c quan h tuyn tnh gia in p iu khin v in p chnh lu nn kh khn

35

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng khi tin hnhqu trnh t ng iu chnh v n nh cc thng s ca mch.C th chia lm 2 loi rng ca chinh Rng ca phi tuyn Rng ca tuyn tnh a/ To rng ca phi tuyn Dng rng ca phi tuyn c to bng tranzitor v t

H3.6 S v th to in p rng ca phi tuyn hai na chu k Trong mch nay tranzitor hot ng nh mt cng tc ng ngt theo nhp ca in p ng pha. thi im 12 in p ng pha m in p ny li t vo baz-mite bng tranzitor T lm n ng cc cc colect v mite khng thng vi nhau tng ng nh mt cng tc m v vy t s np.t ngun 1 chiu E theo quy lut: Uc(t) = E(1- e-1/RC) Trong khong 23 th tranzitor T m ng nh mt cng tc ng.V vy t s phng To rng ca tuyn tnh Nhn xt: Nhc im chung ca cc s to in p rng ca dng tranzitor l s ph thuc kh r vo thi im m v kho cc bng v in p ng pha ,do vy in p rng ca cng t nhiu b bin ng theo in p li in xoay chiu . iu ny lm nh hng ti gc m cng nh phm vi iu chnh . mt khc tuyn tnh ca rng ca cng khng cao.

36

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.7a S to rng ca tuyn tnh

H3.7b th to rng ca tuyn tnh b/ Mch dng khuch i thut ton(OA) Hin nay cc mch to rng ca s dng OA ngy cng ng dng nhiu hn do khc phc c cc nhc im trn ,v do gi thnh ca OA tng i r.S v th nh h3.7a,b

H3.7a S mch khuch i dng thu ton OA

37

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.7b th mch khuch i dng thu ton OA Rng ca tuyn tnh 1 na chu k .h3.7b l s to rng ca c dng i xung dng hai OA . khuch i thut ton OA1 u theo s so snh c nhim v xc nh im di qua im O ca in p ng pha vi sai s ch vi phn nghn vn v gi l in p ng b Udb. in p u ra ca OA 1 c dng xung ch nht ch c hai tri s m v dng bng gi tr bo ho Ubh.Tng OA2 c nhim v to in p rng ca .nguyn l hot ng nh sau: na chu k khi in p U db < 0 (A1 bo ho m Udb = -Ubh ) it 3 dn .S dng c im ca OA l in th gia hai ca (+) v (-) ca n bng nhau , ta c in th im (-) ca OA2 bng 0 do im (+) ni vi 0v . lc Uc = Urc. na chu k in p Udb > 0 (A1 bo ho m Udb = +Ubh ) it 3 kho.Nn dng qua R2 = 0 .Lc ny dng qua t bng dng qua in tr R 3 dng in ngc chiu vi dng qua t C .C ngha l t C phng in. 5/ Khu so snh So snh gia in p ta Uta v in p iu khin Uk, tm thi im hai in p ny bng nhau ( Uk = Uta) pht xung iu khin tc l xc nh gc m . a) so snh dng tranzitor: s h3.7 l s dng tranzitor

38

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.7 s Khu so snh dng tranzitor Nguyn l hot ng nh sau :

khi Urc < Uk th tranzitor kho v c UBE = Urc Uk <0 .Do in p ra

bng ngun iu khin Ura = UE.

khi Urc < Uk th tranzitor dn v c UBE = Urc Uk>0 .Do in p ra

Ura = 0. b/ so snh dng khuch i thut ton Trong kiu ny hai in p cn so snh c a ti hai cc khc nhau ca OA .in p ra s tun theo quy lut : Ura = K0U = K0(U+ - U-), K0 l h s khuch ai ca OA Tu thuc vo in p ta v in p iu khin a vo ca no m in p ra xut hin sn xung m hoc xung dng . thi im cn bng gia chng nu in p iu khin a vo ca (+) cn in p ta a vo ca (-) c ngha l U+Uta nh hnh 3.8a th in p ra l: Ura = K0(U+ - U-) = K0(Uk - Uta)

39

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.8 So sanh 2 ca dng khuch i thut toan OA nhn xt :khuch i thut ton OA l phn t so snh l tng v: Tng tr vo OA rt ln nn khng gy nh hng n cc in p a vo so snh n c th tch bit hon ton khng chng nh hng ln nhau. Tng vo OA cng l khuch i vi sai , mt khc tn s nhiu nn h s khuch i rt ln v th so snh rt cao. Sn xung dc ng nu so vi tn s 50Hz 6./ Khu dng xung ( DX) Nhm to ra cc xung c dng ph hp m chc chn van chnh lu, thng c s dng xung chm.. To xung n bng vi mch RC :l vi mch n gin gm 1 t v mt in tr mc nh h4.9.khi in p a t khu so snh Uss mc thp Ubh th t C c np bng ngun m theo ng 0RCOAss(-E)0 n tr s bng Ubh vi du in p hnh 3.9 .Khi Uss chuyn ln mc cao dng Ubh thi im ban u trn in tr R xut hin 1 xung in p c tr s bng tng in p c sn trn t cng thm in p ca khu so snh do chung mc ni tip nhau nn chng l +2Ubh sau t C li np o cui cng li n tr s Ubh nhng ngc du ban u.

40

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.9 to xung n bng mch vi phn RC 7/ Khu khch i xung (KX): Tin hnh khch i xung t mch dng xung a m bo m chc chn tiristo. Khu ny cng thng lm nhim v cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch lc. khuch i xung ghp trc tip :kiu ghp trc tip cho php ai van dng xung iu khin ti u(nh h3.10 )nhng c nhc im l khng cch ly mch lc v mch iu khin do ch ng dng vi nhng mch chnh lu in ti di 40v.

H3.10 Khuch i xung tc tip Khuch i xung ghp qua phn t quang :cc phn t quang m ta c th s dng ghp ni gia Khuch i xung v van lc nh h3.11a

41

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.11a cc phn t quang

H3.11b S ghp ni khuch i bng ghp phn t quang Chng c u im ni bt : m bo cch ly gia iu khin v lc v truyn c cc xung c rng tu . hin nay cng nghip ch to c cc phn t opto dng IC rt thun tin cho mch iu khin .Tuy nhin do dng in ti m n chu c ch vi chc mAnn khng cng sut m van lc ,v vy v tr ca n trong mch iu khin phi trc tng khuch i .Lc tng khuch i cui u trc tip nh h3.11b Khuch i xung ghp bng bin p xung: L phng php ghp thng dng nht hin nay v d dng cch ly mch iu khin v mch lc.Tuy nhin do tnh cht vi phn ca bin p nn khng cho php truyn cc xung rng vi ms .chnh v vy ngi ta phi truyn xung rng di dng xung chm bin p xung hot ng bnh thng. n gin mch ng thi vn m bo h s khuch i dng cn thit ,tng khuch i hay u theo kiu Dalintn a/ Xung iu khin dng xung n v xung kp H3.12 l s tt gin cho loi ny .C hai bng T1,T2u chn theo iu kin in p nh nhaul chu c tr s ngun E

42

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.12a khuch i xung ghp bin p xung dng n v kp b/ xung iu khin dng xung chm

H3.12b khuch i xung ghp bin p xung dng xung chm 9/ B iu khin ( BK ): Khu ny c nhim v nhn cc tn hiu t cng ngh a ti v cc tn hiu phn hi ly t ti v x l theo nhng qui lut iu khin nht nh a ra Uk tc ng n gc iu khin khng ch ngun nng lng ra ti cho ph hp nht. n nh dng in ta phi phn hi m dng in. n nh in p ta phi phn hi m in p.Trong qu trnh np acquy t ng ,s n dng v n p philun c m bo. iu chnh gc m tiristo ta c nhng phng php sau: a/ iu chnh gc m tiristo theo phng php thng ng tuyn tnh dng tranzitor s nh h3.13

43

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H3.13a iu chnh gc m tiristo theo nguyn tc thng ng tuyn tnh Nguyn l hot ng nh sau:
Gi s na chu k u a m khi 1 dn.Na chu k sau a m lc 2

dn.in p ti A (UA) c dng nh (h3.14b.)

Khi UR2 UA >0 Tr1 dn Uc = 0 Tr2 kho lc ny t C1 np in in

p UD c dng nh (h4.13b).
Khi UR2 UA <0 Tr1 kho Uc = +E Tr2 dn lc ny t C1 phng in

in p UD c dng nh (h4.13b).
Khi Udk < UD th u ra cha KTT1 c in p =-Ubh do UD c ni vo cng

(-)ca KTT1.Udk c ni vo cng (+)ca KT. 3 c nhim v ch ly phm dng ca KTT1 nn in p ti E (UE=0)
Khi Udk > UD th u ra ca KTT1 c in p =+Ubh do UD c ni vo cng

(-)ca KTT1. Udk c ni vo cng (+)ca KT. 3 c nhim v ch ly phm dng ca KTT1 nn in p ti E (UE=+Ubh)khi UF,Ug1,Ug2 c dng nhu trn th 4.13b

44

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

a a

U U U U
R2

U U

U U

g g

1 2

H3.13b Dng in p ca iu chnh gc m tiristo theo nguyn tc thng ng tuyn tnh

45

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

b/ iu chnh gc m tiristo bmg vi mch 555

H3.13 nguyn tc iu chnh gc m bng vi mch 555 Nguyn tc hot ng nh sau: khi ng pha s bin i in p ng pha Uf ( l in p hnh sin cng tn s vi in p cn chnh lu )thnh mt dy xung hep ln cn im 0 ca in p ng pha ()gi l dy xung nhp) .a dy xung vo chn 2 ca vi mch 555 mc theo s h4.13 th ca ra chn 3 s xut hin 1 dy xung tng ng.Thi gian tn ti ca xung ny = VR.C2 v thay i c nh bin tr VR do thay i c thi im xut hin sn xung.Ly sn xung ca xung ny bin thnh xung m ca tiristo. Qua nhng phn tch trn ta quyt nh chn phng n thit k mch ng lc v mch iu kin nh s h3.14.Cc mch chnh lu ba pha chnh lu cu khng i xng gm 3 Tiristo thuc 3 pha v vy mch iu khin gm 3 knh mi knh iu khin cho mt van ca mt pha. Hay ni cch khc mch iu khin chnh lu cu ba pha khng i xng gm 3 mch iu khin mt pha ghp li , s nguyn l di y v cho mt pha ,hai pha cn li tng t. th song u ra nh h 3.15

46

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

T A B C

Y
1

R R 1 C O a 1 2 Z

+ E

p h a

1 5

4 g

3
O a 2

B
R 2 C 1 R 4

1R

5 O a 3 R 7 O a 5

*
3

*
5

T r .B t A

+ E

D
R 8

E
R 2 1 3 T r 1 T r 2 B A X

F
k

1 9

+ U

G
X

K
R 1 2 A n d

1 4

U
R R 1 6

p h
R 1 8 O a 6

+ U

9 O a 4

1 7

C R 2 1

3 R R 1 0 1 1

U t
G n d

2 2

+ E

H3.14S ton nguyn l mch ton b mch iu khin

47

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

3 0O

C + Ub
h

0
- Ub
h

U
U
k

D
h

+ Ub

E
h

+ Ub

0
- U
b h

F
h

+ Ub

H
h

+ Ub

0
- Ub
h

G
h

+ Ub

U
U

K
g k

H3.15 th dng in p ca mch ng lc v mch iu khin

48

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

CHNG V THIT K SN PHM

I/ THIT K MCH NG LC V MCH IU KHIN Qua nhng phn tch trn ta quyt nh chn phng n thit k mch ng lc v mch iu kin nh s h4.1
3

a a

U U
R4

U2

U
Z

+ E

A
p h a
R 0

U U

1 5

C 3 O a 2

2 O a 5 3

4 G

B
R 4 1 R R 5 6 O a 3 R 7

*
C
R 8

*
5

D
R 2 1 3 T r 1 T r 2 1 4 B A X

+ E

T r .B t A

U
R 1 9

E
k

+ U

F
X

G
R 1 2 A n d

U
R R 1 6

p h
R 1 8

+ U
O a 6

9 O a 4

1 7

C R 2 1

3 R R 1 0 1 1 R 2 3 C 4 R C 5 2 7 R 2 8 R R 2 6 3 0 T r 5 2 9 3 R 2 4R 2 5 8

U Ut

H + Ub

R
h

2 2

+ E

G n d

0
- Ub
h

T r 3 T r 4

U R H5.1 S mch ng lc v mch iu khin.

+ Ub
h

U
U U

0
G
g k 1 g k 2

49

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H 5.2 Biu dng xung ti cc im trn mch iu khin

50

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

1 .NGUN CUNG CP CHO MCH IU KHIN: S khi ca b ngun mt chiu n p

Cc phn t thc hin khi chc nng: - Khi h p v cch ly dng my bin p - Khi chnh lu dng chnh lu cu - Mch lc dng t in c in dung ln. - Mch n nh in p dng IC n p 78xx vi cc cp in p ra chun v c th hin bng hai s xx. Dng ti cho php IC ny l 1A(khi c tn nhit tt). Khi h p v cch ly dng my bin p Ngun nui n p dng IC n p 7812 ,IC7912:Ngun n p l ngun lun n nh in p ra khi thay i in p vo hoc thay i ti . S n p dng IC n p 78xx,79xx

H5.3 S n p dng IC n p Tnh chn cc phn t trn s - IC 7812 c in p u vo : 17 35V

51

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

- Dng in u ra :0 1A -in p ra E=12V -IC 7912 c in p u vo : 17 35V -Dng in u ra : 0 1A -in p ra E=-12V - Chn t lc phng C1=C2=1000F, C3=C4=100 F -Chn t lc nhiu C5=C6=0,1F . - Chn cc cu chnh lu c I=1A; U=24V(khng c tn nhit) 2/ TNH TON MY BIN P NGUN - Khi ngun 24V cp cho bin p xung, dng I = 420 mA # P21 = U21 . I21 = 240,42 = 10 W - Khi ngun to in p ng pha 0V- 6V 12V, dong I = 500 mA #P22 = U22 . I22 = 12 .0,5 = 6 W Khi ngun 12 cp cho khuych i thut ton ,dng I = 500 mA # P23 = U23 . I23 = 24. 0,5 = 12 W - Khi ngun 10V cp cho cch ly quang ,dng I = 1A # P24 = U24 . I24 = 10 . 1 = 10W # Cng sut my bin p ngun l P = 2 .P21 + P22 + 5 .P23 + P24 = 2.10 + 6 + 5.12 + 2.10 =106 W # Dng s cp bin p ngun -Tit din li thp mch t -Ta chn li thp c tit din 25 cm2 , lm bng l thp k thut in dy 0,35 mm , gm cc l hnh ch E v ch I ghp li vi nhau . + Theo cng thc kinh nghim ta c no l s vng/vn: , vi K l h s my bin p { 40 60 } Ta chn K = 50 , no = 50/ 20,6 = 2,4 vng/v S vng dy cun s cp l : W1 = no . U1 = 2,4 . 220 = 528 vng 52

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

S vng dy cc cun th cp l : + Cun 24V : W21 = no . U21 = 2,4 .24 = 58 vng + Cun 18V : W22 = no . U22 = 2,4 . 18 = 43 vng + Cun 6V : W23 = no . U23 = 2,4 . 6 = 14,5 vng + Cun 10V : W24 = no . U24 =2,4 .10 = 24 vng -Chn mt dng in J = 5 A/mm2 -Tit din dy s cp : -ng knh dy s cp: - Dng in trong cc cun th cp + Cun 24V: + Cun 18V: + Cun 6V: + Cun 10V: -Tit din dy th cp : + Cun 24V: + Cun 18V: + Cun 6V: + Cun 10V: -ng knh dy th cp l + Cun 24V: + Cun 18V: +Cun 6V : + Cun 10V: -Tra s tay Thng s tit din dy trn sch in t cng sut Nguyn Bnh ta chn c dy : + dy s cp d1 = 0,35 mm; S = 0,096mm2 ; 0,855 gam/m ; 0,187 ohm/m + dy th cp : d21 =1,04 mm; S21 = 0,874 mm2 ; 7,55 gam/m ; 0,0202 ohm/m d22 = 1,22 mm; S22 = 1,178 mm2 ; 9,4gam/m ; 0,0163ohm/m 53

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

d23 = 2,1 mm ; S23 = 3,494 mm2 ; 30,8 gam/m ; 0,00506 ohm/m d24 =1,64 mm ; S24 2,112 mm2 ; 18,3 gam/m ; 0,00850 ohm/m II/ TNH TON KHI IU KHIN 1/ Khu ng b Ta s dng khuch i thut ton mc theo s so snh ( hnh 4.4 ) Chn in tr R3, R4 bng 15 k, chn khuch i thut ton OA loi TL 081
R G 4 n d R 3 O a 2

Hnh 5.4 s nguyn l khu to xung ng b 2/ Khi to in p rng ca Khi to in p rng ca tuyn tnh mt na chu k hnh 4.5.in p trn t C bng in p u ra ca 0A3 Uc2 = UD , in p trn in tr R5 bng Uc b qua st p trn 1. Trong s ny khng khng ch thi gian np cho t nn ta chn R5 << R6 dn n iR6 << iR5 n gin khi phn tch , tnh ton c th b qua iR6. Nh vy dng in qua t iC2 = iR5 v dng vo ca ( - ) ca OA khng ng k(tng tr vo ca OA v cng ln ) . Kt hp nhng iu kin trn ta c : uc =
1 C2 1 UD Ubh R5 dt = C 2.R5 t C2
C R 5 O a 3 2 Z

iC2 dt =

B
+ E

Hnh 5.5 s nguyn l khi to in p rng ca 54

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

Theo biu thc trn in p trn t C2 cng nh u ra tng trng tuyn tnh . Khi in p ra bng tr s ngng ca Z th n thng v gi in p ra bng tr s n p. na chu k in p ti im C dng it 1 kha nn dng qua R5 bng 0 . Lc ny dng in quat C2 bng dng in i qua R6 , dng in ny ngc chiu vi dng i qua t trong na chu k trc ngha l t C2 phng in : UD = uc2 = UZ 1 C2 1 E E R6dt = UZ - C 2.R6 tp C2

iR6 dt = UZ -

Chn OA loi TL 081 , chn Z loi BZX79 c UZ = 9,1V c bin in p rng ca l 9,1V Tnh in tr R6. Chn C2 = 0,22F Theo biu thc 3.1 iu kin sau na chu k in p li xoay chiu in p trn t C2 gim t gi tr UZ xung n khng tc l thi gian phng tp = T/ 2 ta c uC2 (
T E T ) = UZ =0 2 C 2.R 6 2

rt ra R6 = 2U C 2 = 2.9,1.0, 22.106 = Z

E, T

12.0, 02

59,94.10-3 k Chn in tr ny gm bin tr 50 k mc ni tip vi in tr 15 k Tnh in tr R5: Trong thi gian t in C2 np tn in p trn n phi vt gi tr in p n p ,ta c
( U bh 1 U E t ) n U Z ly st p trn it 1 = 0,7V , R5 R 6 C2

chn thi gian tn = 1ms , in p bo ha ca OA l: Ubh = E 1,5 = 12 1,5 = 10,5V .Vy:

55

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

R5 U bh 0,7 E 1 ,5 0,7 0 = =4,4 K 5 C2U DZ E 0,2 .1 6.9,1 2 0 1 2 R6 + + tn R6 0,0 1 0 5 .9 9 4

chn R5 = 3,9 k 3/ Khi so snh Chn OA loi TL 081, in tr R7,R8 = 15 k

C
R 7 O a 5

+ U

Hnh 5.6 s nguyn l khi so snh 4/ Khi to dng xung

E
R 1 3

F
R 9 O a 4 C 3 R R 1 1 1 0 2 R 1 2 A n d

Hnh 5.7 s nguyn l khi to dng xung Xung thch hp m tiristor thng l xung kim n hoc xung chm , xung chm l dng xung thng dng nht v cho php m tt van lc trong mi trng hp , mi dng ti v nhiu s chnh lu khc . Nguyn tc to xung chm y coi tn hiu do khi so snh to ra nh mt tn hiu cho php hay cm khi khuch i xung pha sau nhn c xung tn s cao pht ra t khu to dao ng a ti . thc hin nguyn tc to xung chm nh trn ta s dng mt mch lgc " v " (lgc AND) v mt khu to dao ng

56

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

Chn mch AND loi 4081 gm c 4 phn t " v " trong mt v in p ngun nui 12V. V phn t " v " ch lm vic vi ngun mt cc tnh m xung sau khu to dao ng l xung hai cc tnh nn ta phi chn tn hiu m a ti IC nh it 2 v R12 . Chn it 2 loi 1N4002 c tham s Itb = 1A Ungmax= 100V, chn R12 = 10 k. Khu to xung chm: Xung chm m cho van thng c tn s ln hn nhiu ln so vi tn s ca li in ( fxc = 6 12kHz ) ta chn fxc = 8 kHz Chn OA4 loi A741 , chn R10 = 2R11 vi gi tr c th R10 = 5, R11 = 10 k, chn C3 = 10nF .
3 Ta c : T = f = 8.103 = 0,125.10 s = 125 s

T = 2.R9.C3.ln 2 = 1,4 R9.C3 nn R9 = 9,1 k 5/ Khi khuch i xung Xung sau khi to dng xung cha cng sut m van v dng in u ra ca IC nh ( 3mA ),in p mch lc v mch iu khin rt chnhlch nn ngoi vic khuch i cng sut xung iu khin cn phi m bo cch li gia mch ng lc v mch iu khin . Nn khi ny ta chn l khi khuch i xung ghp bng bin p xung nh s hnh 4.8

+ E

1 5

4 g

*
3

*
5

k R 1 4 B A T r 1 T r 2
Hnh 5.8 s nguyn l khi khuch i xung ghp bng bin p xung 57

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

Chn bin p xung c t s k = 2, in p s cp bin p xung U1 = k.U2, U1 = k.U2 (U2 U;2in p iu khin tiristor)nh chn loi tiristor chng 2 U1 = 2. 4 = 8V, I1 = Ig1 / k U1 = 2. 4 = 8V, I2 = Ig2 / k ( I1 I2 dng in s cp bin p xung , Ig1 Ig2dng in iu khin tiristor ) nh chn loi tiristor chng 2 I1 = 0,15 / 2 = 0,075A. Chn ngun E1 > U1 b st p trn in tr R15 v vy chn E1 = 18V . T hai gi tr E1 , I1 chn c Tr2 loi BD 135 c tham s Uce = 45V , Icmax= 1,5A, tra bng c min = 40 . Tr2 lm vic lu di m khng b ph hng th I1 < Icmax suy ra R15 > E1 / Icmax = 12/ 1,5 = 8 chn R15 = 10 , chn cng sut ca in tr R15 bng 5W . Kim tra st p trn in tr R15 khi Tr1 dn dng : UR15 = I1 . R15 = 0,075 . 10 = 0,75 V vy in p U1 = E1 - UR15 = 12 0, 75 = 11,25 V ln hn 8 V nn t yu cu . Bng Tr1 chn loi BC107 c Uce = 45V , Icmax=0,1A, tra bng c min = 110 . Vy tr s in tr R14 sI1max = 1, 2.1, 2 = 36.66 k Chn R14 = 20 k, chn it 3, 4, 5,6,7 loi 1N4001 c tham s Itb = 1A Ungmax= 400V) Khu phn hi
R 1 9

1. 2.E1

40.110.12

U
X R R 1 6

p h R 1 8 O a 6

1 7

2 1

U t
G n d

2 2

+ E
58

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

H5.9 S nguyn l phn hi dng in Uk = K1 ( Ut Uph ) chn R18 = 10 k suy ra R19 = 500 k.Chn R16 = 5k , R17 = 10k, R20 = R21 = 10 k, OA6 loi A741 III/ LP RP SM PHM 1 Thit k mt ngoi ca t S H5.10 l s b tr mt ngoi t gm: 1 ng h ampe,3 m bo mt n bo trong qu trnh np hiu dng mt n bo khi np no mt cu tr CC mt cng tc CT v n bo ngun(B ngun).

59

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

n g u n

n p c

q u y

h i u

d n N g

n o

n g u n

H5.10 S b tr mt ngoi t

60

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

1D 1

k2
K

g
K

2
a

k1
K

g1
K a

s
X

1 2

2 1

1 2

1 4

1 2

1V ( 2 9 )

1V ( 29 )

D
1 3

R
3
G ( 8 ) N( 1 D 0 )

1 0( 5 )

1 1( 1 )

M
B A N g u n

c h

i u

h i n

5 D

X G N
1D 1 1 0

L
P h a T r . t P h* * a T r *. t

g u n

2 2 0 v

q u y

H5.11 S u ni 61

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

2 /Thit k mch iu khin Sau khi chn c phng n thit k mch iu khin nh h5.11ta tin hnh thit k mch in.Cc bc lm nh sau Ly tm phit ng ct thnh hnh ch nht c kch thc 15x17 cm Sau in mch in ln tm pht
em ngm vo dung dich FeCl3.Sau 1 thi gian ta c mch in nh

h5.12

M ch n p q ui t ng c

H5.12 S mch in

* *

62

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

Ly linh kin lp ln mch in theo nh h5.13

Tr3

E C

R10

Mc n q i tn h p c u g
2

X
3 C C

7 R17

R18

C2

71 92

R26 R27
C C

L M 324
R16 Tr7 Tr5 R20 Tr6 Vr4 R28 R32

4 5
13

CL

Vr3
GND

C2
10k C5 Tr1 EC B
C E B

GND

R1 R3 R7

R4 R5 R6 R12 R13

12

71 82

2,2k

3
13 18

R2

Tr2 R8

C C

10

14

741
R14 Vr1 9 R22 8 R23 R31
17

R15
C

* *
Bx Tr4

10k 10

g k g k

R1 1

R21 R30

*
6

10k

16

R29

15

Vr2

+ 12V

H 5.13 S b tr linh kin

63

 n tt nghip: Thit k v ch tao b ngun np c quy t ng

TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Gio trnh Trang b in t Tc gi : Nguyn Vn Cht 2. Ti liu hng dn s dng c quy axit Ngi bin son : Pham Hong Kin 3. Ti liu hng dn thit k thit b in t cng sut Tc gi : Trn Vn Thnh 4. Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut Tc gi : Phm Quc Hi 5. S tay linh kin in t Tc gi : K s on Thanh Hu 6. Kh c in kt cu s dng v sa cha Tc gi : Nguyn Xun Ph T ng 7. in t cng sut l thuyt thit k ng dng L Vn Doanh (ch bin) Nguyn Th Cng Trn Vn Thnh 8. Gio trnh in t cng nghip Tc gi : V Quang Hi 9. K thut in t Tc gi : Xun Th

64