Chng minh nh l Fermat nh: *nh l Fermat nh pht biu nh sau:

a p ( m o d vi pp l s nguyn t >2 a )
nh l c pht biu tng ng sau:

a ! 0 ( m th a p1(m o d od ) Nu
p 1

)p

T a ra 1 cch chng minh th, nu c ch no cha cht ch xin cc bn c gp , v nht l c cch chng minh no hay hn xin a ra cho anh em cng lnh hi: chng minh cho a bt k, ta ch cn chng minh nh l ng cho mi a thuc {1, 2, ... p-1}

a p 1 khi chia cho p s c kh nng nhn cc s d t 1... p-1.

Vi mi a t 2 n p-1, ta vit lin tip cc s d ca

a0

a1
cho p. V d ta vit s d ca cc lu tha ca 2 cho 7: 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 4, V cc s d ca cc lu tha ca a cho p l hu hn nn tn ti 2 s j j ai a(m o d ) p v (i<j) sao cho

ai

21 2 4 (m o d 3) . V d dy trn ta thy
ai ( a j Ta c: i

1 ) 0 ( m o d p)
a j i 1 ( m o d. ) p v p nguyn t cng nhau . Suy ra

i p l s nguyn t nn a

Chng t rng ng trc s d th j xut hin s 1. Nu th th sau s 1 s l 1 s cc s d ri sau li quay v s 1. Dy cc s d ca cc lu tha ca a cho p c tnh tun hon theo chu k no . D thy 1 iu nh sau: Nu dy cc s d ca cc lu tha ca a cho p c dng (1,

a1 a2
,

an

) th dy cc s d ca cc lu tha ca

a1 a2
,

a n

cho p l cc dy chu k con ca dy (1, 1 , 2 n ), tc l chu k ca cc dy l c ca n+1. Ta chng minh bng cch: Gi s chu k ca a l r,

a a

ar 1 tc l

r 2 r a )p 0 ( m o d c a1 ( a) ( m o dhay )p1r ( a2)r (m o d. Suy ra ) p Ta

a1r 1 ( m o d. Chng minh tng t ta cng c a2r 1(m o d ...)p )p

V d dy s d cc lu tha ca 2 cho 7 l (1, 2, 4) Dy s d cc lu tha ca 4 cho 7 l (1, 4, 2)

a r 1(m o d th 1 + a1 p ) Ta chng minh nu

a+2

r ... + a

+ 0 Tht vy ) (m o dp .

ar 1 = 1
Dy 1: 1,

+ 1a
a1 1, a12 , ... ma1

2 a . .+.

ar 1 +

By gi xt n dy s d hu hn cho p:

a, Dy 2: 1, 2 1
a, Dy n: 1, n1
Tho mn :

a2 2, .r.. a2

an 2 , ... an q
m

a1 1 a1 2 ...

a1

a2 1

a2 2 ...

a2

a 1 n a 2 ...

nq

{a , a , .. . ,a1 , a2 1 , a 2 2 r. .. ,an2 ,an 1 ,a 2 n,q.. . ,a } ,tp hp 1 1 1 2 m = {2, 3, p-1} v tng s d ca mi dy chia ht cho p, tng s
a1 1 + a12 ... +
Suy ra
m 1

+a

a+ 21

a22+ ...

+a2 n+ a 1

a 2 ... +nq a +

+ p 1(m o d p + )

Ta c: tng s d ca mi dy tr ra s 1 th chia cho p d (p-1)

n( p 1 )

p Hay no 1( mpo d p 1(m d ) )

Ta lu rng n<p nn ch c th n = 1. iu ni ln rng vi mi s nguyn t p lun tn ti 1 dy cc s d ca lu tha ca a cho p c dy chu k cha cc phn t ca tp (1, 2, p-1)

a p 1 1 ( m o d Khi p ta chng minh c vi mi b thuc tp (1, 2, ) v

b p 1 1(m o d . Tht vy: gi s b ra(m o d Suy ra )p )p p-1) th

b p 1 (

a p)1

1 ( m o d ) p
1 ) ( q 1 ) 1

*Khi c nh l Fermat nh ri, chng ta d dng chng minh c rng:

mk ( p Nu p, q l 2 s nguyn t rt ln th
p (m ) Vi p l s nguyn t m m od p

( m+ o d . iu ny q m ) p c
= mk(
p q p q) k 1 + +

ngha rt quan trng, lin quan ti tnh cht K-K+(m) = m trong thut ton

mk ( p m ho RSA. Ta chng minh nh sau:

mkpq mkq o d V m (m )p Suy ra
kp

1 )( q 1 ) 1 +

mk o d Suypra (m )

mk ( p

1 ) ( q 1) 1 +

/ ( mk q .

) + m)k . mk .q (Hay d k ( p) 1 ) ( q 1p 1 (m o d Chngp mk o m m )

minh tng t ta c

m k ( p 1)( q 1) 1 + (mm d ) q o
t

k ( p 1 ) ( q 1 ) 1
= a.

Ta c a = kp + m = p(hq + r) + m (Ta gi s k=hq + r)(1) a = phq + pr + m Ta li c

a (m o d ) q

pr 0 (m o d q )p v q nguyn t cng nhau nn r chia ht cho q. Do

t r = lq, thay vo (1) ta c: a = p(h+l)q + m . Suy ra

a (m o d m

p) q