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a p ( m o d vi pp l s nguyn t >2 a )
nh l c pht biu tng ng sau:
a ! 0 ( m th a p1(m o d od ) Nu
p 1
)p
T a ra 1 cch chng minh th, nu c ch no cha cht ch xin cc bn c gp , v nht l c cch chng minh no hay hn xin a ra cho anh em cng lnh hi: chng minh cho a bt k, ta ch cn chng minh nh l ng cho mi a thuc {1, 2, ... p-1}
a0
a1
cho p. V d ta vit s d ca cc lu tha ca 2 cho 7: 1, 2, 4, 1, 2, 4, V cc s d ca cc lu tha ca a cho p l hu hn nn tn ti 2 s j j ai a(m o d ) p v (i<j) sao cho
ai
21 2 4 (m o d 3) . V d dy trn ta thy
ai ( a j Ta c: i
1 ) 0 ( m o d p)
a j i 1 ( m o d. ) p v p nguyn t cng nhau . Suy ra
i p l s nguyn t nn a
Chng t rng ng trc s d th j xut hin s 1. Nu th th sau s 1 s l 1 s cc s d ri sau li quay v s 1. Dy cc s d ca cc lu tha ca a cho p c tnh tun hon theo chu k no . D thy 1 iu nh sau: Nu dy cc s d ca cc lu tha ca a cho p c dng (1,
a1 a2
,
an
) th dy cc s d ca cc lu tha ca
a1 a2
,
a n
cho p l cc dy chu k con ca dy (1, 1 , 2 n ), tc l chu k ca cc dy l c ca n+1. Ta chng minh bng cch: Gi s chu k ca a l r,
a a
ar 1 tc l
a+2
r ... + a
+ 0 Tht vy ) (m o dp .
ar 1 = 1
Dy 1: 1,
+ 1a
a1 1, a12 , ... ma1
2 a . .+.
ar 1 +
By gi xt n dy s d hu hn cho p:
a, Dy 2: 1, 2 1
a, Dy n: 1, n1
Tho mn :
a2 2, .r.. a2
an 2 , ... an q
m
a1 1 a1 2 ...
a1
a2 1
a2 2 ...
a2
a 1 n a 2 ...
nq
{a , a , .. . ,a1 , a2 1 , a 2 2 r. .. ,an2 ,an 1 ,a 2 n,q.. . ,a } ,tp hp 1 1 1 2 m = {2, 3, p-1} v tng s d ca mi dy chia ht cho p, tng s
a1 1 + a12 ... +
Suy ra
m 1
+a
a+ 21
a22+ ...
+a2 n+ a 1
a 2 ... +nq a +
+ p 1(m o d p + )
n( p 1 )
Ta lu rng n<p nn ch c th n = 1. iu ni ln rng vi mi s nguyn t p lun tn ti 1 dy cc s d ca lu tha ca a cho p c dy chu k cha cc phn t ca tp (1, 2, p-1)
b p 1 (
a p)1
1 ( m o d ) p
1 ) ( q 1 ) 1
mk ( p Nu p, q l 2 s nguyn t rt ln th
p (m ) Vi p l s nguyn t m m od p
( m+ o d . iu ny q m ) p c
= mk(
p q p q) k 1 + +
ngha rt quan trng, lin quan ti tnh cht K-K+(m) = m trong thut ton
1 )( q 1 ) 1 +
mk o d Suypra (m )
mk ( p
1 ) ( q 1) 1 +
/ ( mk q .
minh tng t ta c
m k ( p 1)( q 1) 1 + (mm d ) q o
t
k ( p 1 ) ( q 1 ) 1
= a.
a (m o d ) q
a (m o d m
p) q