TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).

2010

NNG CAO NNG LC CNH TRANH CA CC NGN HNG THNG MI VIT NAM
IMPROVING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF VIETNAMESE COMMERCIAL BANKS ng Hu Mn
Trng i hc Kinh t, i hc Nng

TM TT Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l vn lun c cc nh khoa hc, gii qun tr v chnh quyn cc cp quan tm do nng lc cnh tranh ca doanh nghip l ct li ca nng lc cnh tranh ca mt a phng hay mt quc gia. Bi vit nhm mc tiu nh gi ng thc trng nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam da trn vic phn tch cc yu t cnh tranh, nh: nng lc ti chnh, cht lng ngun nhn lc, trnh cng ngh, th phn, h thng knh phn phi, pht trin sn phm mi v cng tc xy dng v qung b thng hiu. T , bi vit trnh by mt s kin ngh v xut nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM ni a trong bi cnh Vit Nam bt u thc hin cc cam kt i vi T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO) v m ca hon ton th trng dch v ngn hng. ABSTRACT Improving organizational competitiveness has become an increasingly important topic, and received significant attention by a large number of researchers, corporate managers, and authorities at various levels, since company competitiveness is an essential element of provincial competitiveness or national competitiveness. This article focuses on evaluating the competitiveness of Vietnamese commercial banks based on the analysis of competitive factors such as financial power, human resources quality, technological levels, market-share growth, distribution systems, new product development and trademark building and propagation. On the basis of such real situations, the paper discusses suggested solutions to the improvement of competitiveness in domestic commercial banks in the context that Vietnam has been opening up the banking sector completely and starting the WTO commitments.

1. t vn Vn nng cao sc mnh cho h thng ti chnh Vit Nam ni chung v ngn hng thng mi (NHTM) Vit Nam ni ring trong xu th hi nhp quc t bt u c tho lun t ln sng dch chuyn vn u t nc ngoi n cc quc gia ang pht trin n r nhng thp nin na cui th k 20. S thay i t duy qun l kinh t ca Vit Nam tip tc gp phn c ng mnh m xu th lch s ny. Vit Nam dn thnh lp c th trng ngoi hi, ri th trng chng khon v cc hnh thi th trng ti chnh th cp khc tn ti an xen trong mt nn kinh t th trng cha nh hnh r nt. Vic gia nhp T chc Thng mi Quc t (WTO) tip tc l liu thuc th mnh hn cho sc mnh ca h thng ti chnh Vit Nam vn cn qu non tr. Tht vy, vi nguyn tc i Ng Ti Hu Quc v i Ng Quc Gia ca WTO, cc
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nh ch ti chnh khng l nc ngoi s c nhiu c hi hot ng phong ph, a dng ti Vit Nam v c i x ngang bng vi cc ngn hng ni a. Thc t ny t ra nhim v cp bch cho c gii khoa hc, nhng nh qun tr ngn hng v c quan qun l, hoch nh chnh sch ca Vit Nam: Nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca h thng ngn hng thng mi Vit Nam trong bi cnh hi nhp. Mc tiu chnh ca bi bo l nh gi ng thc trng nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam; t , trnh by mt s kin ngh v xut nhm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam trong bi cnh Vit Nam bt u m ca hon ton dch v ngn hng v thc hin cc cam kt m ca th trng. 2. Thc trng nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam 2.1 Nng lc ti chnh Theo s liu c cng b, trong nhng nm qua cc NHTM Vit Nam khng ngng nng cao sc mnh ti chnh ca mnh. Quy m vn iu l ca nhng NHTM (nh nc v c phn) c s tng nhanh, c bit l khi c phn (xem Bng 1).
Bng 1. Quy m vn iu l ca mt s NHTM Vit Nam

Ngn hng Agribank BIDV Vietinbank Sacombank VCB Eximbank ACB Techcombank VPB SCB DongAbank MHB

Nm 2007 Nm 2008 T Triu T Triu 1 VND USD VND USD 10.464 596 10.543 601 7.629 7.608 4.448 4.429 2.800 2.630 2.521 2.000 1.970 1.600 744 435 434 253 252 160 150 144 114 112 91 42 8.756 7.717 5.116 4.429 7.220 6.355 3.642 2.117 2.180 2.880 810 499 440 292 252 411 362 208 121 124 164 46

% 0,75 14,77 1,43 15,02 0,00 157,86 141,63 44,47 5,85 10,66 80,00 8,87

(Ngun: Tng hp t cc Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM nm 2007, 2008)

Chng ti quy i theo t gi bnh qun giai on 2007-2008 do NHNN Vit Nam bo co thng nin. Theo , t gi quy i USD/VND = 17.550 195

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 5(40).2010

Mc d vy, nu so snh vi mt s NHTM trong khu vc ng Nam th quy m vn iu l ca cc NHTM Vit Nam l qu nh b (xem Bng 2).
Bng 2. Quy m vn ch s hu ca mt s NHTM trong khu vc ASEAN nm 2009

VT: triu USD Ngn hng Development Bank of Singapore Limited Maybank Bangkok Bank Public Company Limited Banco de Oro Unibank, Inc. Quc gia Singapore Malaysia Thi Lan Philippines Vn ch s hu 18.649 7.917 6.263 1.505

(Ngun: Tng hp t cc Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM nm 2009. Cc Bo co thng nin c ly t trang web ca cc NHTM k trn)

Mt khc, v phng din mc an ton vn, vi s gia tng vn iu l, t l an ton vn ti thiu (CAR) ca a s NHTM u trn mc ti thiu 8% theo yu cu ca Basel II, v v vy m bo hot ng an ton ca cc NHTM (xem Bng 3).2
Bng 3. T l CAR ca mt s NHTM tiu biu qua cc nm

VT: % Ngn hng Agribank BIDV Vietinbank Vietcombank MHB Techcombank ACB Sacombank DongAbank Nm 2005 0,41 6,80 6,07 9,57 10,19 15,72 12,10 15,40 8,94 Nm 2006 4,97 5,50 5,18 12,6 9,31 17,28 10,89 11,82 13,57 Nm 2007 7,2 11,00 11,62 9,20 9,44 14,30 16,19 11,07 14,36 Nm 2008 8,94 8,9 13,99 -

(Ngun: Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng do Cng ty chng khon Bo Vit thc hin nm 2008)

V cht lng Ti Sn C, t l n xu trn tng d n ca nhng ngn hng

Tuy vy, theo Thng t s 13/2010/TT-NHNN ngy 25/5/2010 ca NHNN Vit Nam, k t ngy 1/10/2010 t l an ton vn ca cc NHTM ti thiu phi l 9%. iu ny tip tc l mt p lc ln cho cc NHTM Vit Nam. 196
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chim th phn ln Vit Nam c xu hng tng ln, mc d u nm trong gii hn an ton cho php3 (xem Bng 4).
Bng 4. T l n xu trn tng d n ca mt s NHTM

VT: % STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ngn hng Agribank BIDV Vietinbank VCB MHB Techcombank ACB Sacombank DongAbank Eximbank 2004 1,74 14,56 1,96 0,43 1,07 2005 2,30 11,64 2,40 3,64 0,30 0,55 1,00 3,10 0,20 0,72 0,80 0,80 2006 1,90 11,9 1,38 2,65 2007 2,50 4,80 1,02 2,66 0,40 1,40 0,08 0,24 0,40 0,88 2008 2,68 2,75 1,81 4,61 0,90 0,62 4,71

(Ngun: Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng do Cng ty chng khon Bo Vit thc hin nm 2008)

Tuy vy, sang nm 2009, t l n xu, trong n xu cc nhm n c ri ro tn dng cao (nhm 3-5) li c xu hng tng mnh. iu ny l kt qu ca s gia tng tn dng qu mc ca cc NHTM, c bit l cc NHTM khi nh nc. Theo Trung tm Thng tin Tn dng (CIC), t trng d n nhm 3, 4 v 5 ca khi ngn hng quc doanh trn tng d n ton ngnh ngn hng tnh n thng 5/2009 ln lt l 57,58%, 35,95% v 59,69%. Cng vi s gia tng ca t l n xu, mc trch lp d phng ri ro tn dng ca cc NHTM cng v th m tng ln qua cc nm.
Bng 5. T l d phng ri ro trn tng d n ca mt s NHTM

VT: % STT 1 2 3 4 5 6
3

Ngn hng Agribank BIDV Vietcombank Vietinbank MHB Techcombank

Nm 2006 1,14% 1,50% 2,20% 0,07% 1,35% 1,31%

Nm 2007 1,83% 2,20% 2,48% 1,67% 1,24% 0,97%

Nm 2008 1,90% 2,55% 2,66% 1,78% 1,04% 2,30%

Theo Ngn hng Thanh ton Quc t (BIS), t l n xu trn tng d n (NPL) c th chp nhn c l t 3%- 5%. 197

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7 8 9 10

EXimBank ACB Sacombank DongAbank

0,40% 0,40% 0,60% 0,20%

0,40% 0,40% 0,50% 0,40%

1,77% 0,65% 0,72% 0,84%

(Ngun: Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng do Cng ty chng khon Bo Vit thc hin nm 2008)

Cui cng, v phng din kh nng sinh li, theo Bo co ca Ngn hng Nh nc, ROE trung bnh nm 2008 ca ton h thng ngn hng Vit Nam t 16,42% v kh ngang bng so vi mc trung bnh trong khu vc l 16,47%. Biu 1 di y ch ra ROA v ROE nm 2008 ca mt s NHTM tiu biu. Theo , kt qu hot ng ca cc NHTM c phn kh quan hn nhiu so vi cc NHTM nh nc.
Biu 1. ROA v ROE nm 2008 ca mt s NHTM

VT: %

(Ngun: Tng hp t Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM nm 2008)

2.2 Nng lc th phn Biu 2a, 2b ch ra th phn huy ng v th phn cho vay ca cc NHTM nm 2008 vi mt c im r nt l s vt tri ca cc NHTM khi nh nc. Theo nh gi ca Hip hi Ngn hng Vit Nam, u th ny s t c kh nng thay i trong tng lai gn. Mc d vy, cng vi s nng ng trong vic cung ng cc sn phm dch v mi, tha mn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca x hi, cc NHTM khi c phn c d bo s tip tc khng nh c v th v chim gi th phn ngy cng cao trn th trng.

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Biu 2a. Th phn huy ng nm 2008

Biu 2b. Th phn cho vay nm 2008 VT: %

(Ngun: Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng do Cng ty c phn chng khon MHBS thc hin nm 2009)

2.3 Nng lc cnh tranh v ngun nhn lc Theo VPC,4 cht lng ngun nhn lc ti cc NHTM Vit Nam cha cao, cha tht s nhy bn vi nhng thay i ca ngnh, c bit ti cc NHTM khi nh nc. Do lc lng lao ng c cn nhiu, nn trnh lao ng ca cc NHTM Nh nc cn nhiu bt cp: nhiu cn b nng cao trnh di hnh thc hon chnh i hc lm cho s trnh i hc tng ln v lng (xem Bng 6) nhng cha tht s nng cao trnh v cht.

Tham kho t Website ca Trung Tm Nng sut Vit Nam (VPC): http://www.vpc.org.vn 199

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Bng 6. C cu lao ng theo trnh chuyn mn ca mt s NHTM nm 2008

VT: lao ng / % Ngn hng Agribank Vietinbank BIDV Vietcombank MHB Techcombank Eximbank Sacombank ACB Tng s lao ng 33.967 13.000 11.585 6.478 2.848 4.224 2.360 5.470 4.600 Trn i hc 1,22% 1,77% 4,02% 3,44% i hc 71,63% 55,77% 74,43% 76,30% Cao ng, trung cp 6,30% 6,37% 12,78% 10,59% 15,00% 16,00% 17,73% 9,37% Trnh khc 20,85% 21,11% 8,77% 9,67% 29,00% 3,00% 20,58% 22,45% 3,44%

71,00% 82,00% 1,35% 0,88% 1,78% 62,07% 58,94% 85,41%

(Ngun: Tng hp t Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM nm 2008)

Mc d vy vn phi khng nh rng trnh lao ng ca cc NHTM c nng ln ng k, t l trn i hc v i hc trong c cu lao ng ca cc NHTM, c bit l khi c phn kh cao. iu ny chng t cc NHTM c phn ang y mnh vn tm kim, b sung thm ngun lc con ngi, c bit l ngun nhn lc cht lng cao, thm ch xem y l yu t tin quyt nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca ngn hng. 2.4 Nng lc cnh tranh v cng ngh Vi s thnh cng ca D n Hin i ha Ngn hng v H thng Thanh ton do World Bank ti tr, nng lc cng ngh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam tip tc c nng cp, th hin qua vic h thng thanh ton khng ngng pht trin theo hng hin i ha, ph hp vi tiu chun quc t. mt kha cnh lin quan, s lng my ATM v POS c trang b khng ngng tng ln qua cc nm to iu kin gim ti cc giao dch ti cc ngn hng, nng cao cht lng phc v cho khch hng c nhn v pht trin dch v ngn hng bn l.

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Biu 3a. S lng my ATM nm 2008

Biu 3b. S lng my POS nm 2008

(Ngun: Tng hp t Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM nm 2008)

2.5 Nng lc cnh tranh v h thng knh phn phi Biu 4 cho thy s lng chi nhnh, phng v im giao dch ca cc NHTM c s tng trng u n qua cc nm, phn nh s nng ng ca cc NHTM trong vic cng c, m rng v pht trin th phn cng nh mng li bn l.

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Biu 4. Mng li (chi nhnh, phng v im giao dch) ca mt s NHTM nm 2008

VT: chi nhnh, phng v im giao dch

(Ngun: Tng hp t Bo co thng nin ca cc NHTM qua cc nm)

Tuy vy, vic tng cng h thng knh phn phi trong thi gian qua, c bit l mng li bn l cng t du hi v hiu qu kinh doanh. Ly v d ti Nng, hin c n 54 chi nhnh ngn hng cp 1 v 192 phng, im giao dch,5 ginh git nhau mt th trng cha y 1 triu dn (s liu thng k thi im 1/4/2009). iu ny t ra mt vn trong phn b mng li ca cc TCTD, va to ra nhng ln sng cnh tranh d di khng cn thit, va c th gy lng ph trong hot ng ngn hng. 2.6 Nng lc cnh tranh v m rng v pht trin dch v Vic cc NHTM Vit Nam cha pht huy ht hiu qu ca mng li rng khp cng nh trnh nhn lc ngn hng c gii hn hn ch s pht trin cc sn phm dch v vi nhng tin ch mi v phong ph hn; v v th gy lng ph rt ln i vi khng ch ngn hng m cn cho c khch hng. Tht vy, trong mt thi gian kh di, ngi dn k c cc i tng c trnh nh cn b cng nhn vin chc, nm gi cc loi th ngn hng ch rt tin lng hng thng. Tnh hnh ny thi gian gn y c v kh quan hn khi mt s ngn hng cung cp thm cc dch v, tin ch gia tng nh thanh ton ho n, thu h tin bn hng, thu chi,v.v
Biu 5. Xp hng ca 5 loi dch v ti mt s NHTM tiu biu 6

5 6

S liu cp nht n thng 8/2010. Trch t cuc iu tra ca Trung tm Nghin cu ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip cng b nm 2008. Theo , c 7 mc xp hng theo th t t mc cht lng cao nht (mc 1) n mc cht lng thp nht (mc 7).

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Biu 5 cho thy cc NHTM c phn lun dn u v tnh t ph khi cho ra i nhng dng sn phm mi p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca khch hng c bit l dng sn phm th, dch v ti khon, sn phm lin quan n vng v ngoi t, v.v 2.7 Nng lc cnh tranh v thng hiu Vi s nhn thc vai tr thit yu ca thng hiu trong mi trng cnh tranh khc nghit, mt s NHTM hng u Vit Nam y mnh cng tc xy dng v qung b thng hiu, bc u to c thng hiu ring, c th gn vi cc sn phm v th mnh ring c. Chng hn, Agribank vi b dy truyn thng hot ng trong lnh vc nng nghip, nng thn v nng dn; BIDV trong tn dng pht trin c s h tng v xy dng c bn; VCB vi nhng sn phm c cht lng cao trong thanh ton ni a v quc t; Sacombank, ACB vi cc dch v lin quan n vng v ngoi t,v.v Tuy vy, cc NHTM Vit Nam vn cha xy dng c cc thng hiu mnh, c kh nng cnh tranh trn th trng khu vc v quc t. Mt s NHTM c gng thit lp cc chi nhnh, i l ti mt s nc pht trin nhng mi ch dng li di hnh thc thu nhn, chuyn tin kiu hi hoc thm d th trng l chnh. 3. Gii php nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM Vit Nam 3.1 Gii php i vi cc NHTM - Tng cng nng lc ti chnh theo hng tng quy m vn iu l, m bo mc an ton vn theo chun mc quc t v tun th php lut ngn hng Vit Nam.7 Theo , cc NHTM cn xc nh mt t l hp l li nhun rng c s dng hng nm tng vn iu l hoc c th tin hnh sp nhp v mua li (M&As) cc ngn hng nh hnh thnh nn mt ngn hng c tim lc ti chnh ln hn. Tht vy, hot ng M&As l mt trong nhng phng thc quan trng nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca cc NHTM ni a Vit Nam thng qua vic gia tng gi tr v nng cao hiu qu qun tr ri ro trc s cnh tranh khc lit ca nhng tp on ti chnh khng l nc ngoi khi m Vit Nam ang hi nhp su hn vo nn kinh t quc t v thc hin cc cam kt m ca th trng. - Xy dng c mt i ng nhn vin c trnh nghip v cao, c tinh thn trch nhim v phm cht o c tt. Tch cc o to, o to li, tp hun nghip v thng xuyn cho cn b nhn vin i vi cc sn phm dch v mi cung ng. c bit, cc NHTM nn cn nhc xy dng v nng cp h thng E-Learning n gin ha cng tc tp hun, o to. - Xy dng v pht trin sn phm mi vi nhng tin tch mi v phong ph hn. Tht vy, pht trin sn phm mi l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh nng lc cnh tranh ca NHTM bi v suy cho cng cc NHTM cnh tranh ln nhau thng qua
Theo Ngh nh 141/2006/N-CP ca Chnh ph, mc vn php nh ca tt c cc NHTM n nm 2010 l 3.000 t VND, CAR ti thiu l 8%, t l n xu di 5%. 203
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chui cc sn phm cung ng ca h. Ngoi ra, sn phm dch v ngn hng khng c tnh c quyn, d b sao chp, v vy cc ngn hng ch c th to th mnh hay s khc bit cho ngn hng bng cch s dng cc dch v cng thm. nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca sn phm, NHTM cn xy dng chin lc pht trin sn phm mi v c s u t tha ng trong nghin cu v pht trin sn phm mi. - Ngoi ra, tip tc hon thin cng ngh, m rng cc loi sn phm mi trn c s m bo tnh chnh xc, kp thi, bo mt v an ton. - R sot li h thng knh phn phi, u t c trng im, c chin lc di hn, khng chy theo s lng, trnh tnh trng d tha, gy kh khn cho trin khai ng b, hin i ha cng ngh, gy s lng ph trong giao dch, chi ph c nh v nhn s. - Xy dng, cng c v pht trin thng hiu ngn hng. Thng hiu ca ngn hng khng nh v th ca n trn th trng. V th ca ngn hng c th hin qua th phn sn phm so vi sn phm cng loi, uy tn thng hiu sn phm i vi khch hng, s hon ho ca cc dch v v c o bng th phn ca cc sn phm dch v trn th trng. Theo , ngn hng cn c gng theo ui chin lc pht trin thng hiu ring, c th gn vi cc sn phm v th mnh ring c. 3.2 Mt s kin ngh, xut i vi Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam - Ngn hng Nh nc Vit Nam (NHNN) vi t cch c quan qun l ngnh, hng nm t chc nh gi v xp hng nng lc cnh tranh ca cc TCTD. - NHNN cng nn xem xt li Thng t s 13/2010/TT-NHNN do Thng c Ngn hng Nh nc ban hnh ngy 20/5/2010, bt u c hiu lc t ngy 1/10/2010 [4]. Thc t, theo chng ti, mt vi iu trong Thng t ny l kh bt cp, v do c th lm gim nng lc cnh tranh (xt v phng din vn) ca cc NHTM. Chng hn, Thng t 13 quy nh, ngun vn huy ng s dng cho vay khng bao gm tin gi khng k hn ca t chc kinh t, Kho bc Nh nc, Bo him X hi v cc t chc khc. Quy nh ny l khng hp l, v tin gi khng k hn ca nhng i tng trn thng chim t l t 15% - 20% trong tng ngun vn huy ng ca cc t chc tn dng.8 iu ny s lm cho phn ngun vn m bo kh nng thanh ton c th ln n 35% trn tng ngun vn huy ng, v v th t l ny l qu cao, cn tr mnh hot ng s dng vn ca NHTM; t lm gim nng lc cnh tranh ca ngn hng. - Ngoi ra, NHNN cn thnh lp mt s t chc h tr t vn cho cc NHTM v nh cung cp v cch thc chuyn giao cng ngh ngn hng, trnh nhp khu bi thi cng ngh hoc cng ngh km cnh tranh.

Tham kho t Website Hip Hi Ngn hng Vit Nam (VNBA): http://www.vnbaorg.info

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DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO [1] Cng ty c phn chng khon Bo Vit (2008), Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng. [2] Cng ty c phn chng khon MHBS (2009), Bo co phn tch ngnh Ngn hng. [3] NHNN, Bo co thng nin qua cc nm. [4] NHNN, Thng t s 13/2010/TT-NHNN ngy 25/5/2010 ca NHNN Vit Nam [5] NHTM, Bo co thng nin qua cc nm. [6] Trung tm Nghin cu ngi tiu dng v doanh nghip (2008), Xp hng ca 5 loi dch v ti mt s NHTM nm 2008. [7] Porter. Michael (1990); The Competitive Advantage of Nations. London [8] Porter M.. On Competition. Harvard Business Review. Boston. 1998. [9] Schmuck. Roland (2008); Measuring Company Competitiveness; Proceedings Papers of Business Sciences: Symposium for Young Researchers (FIKUSZ) 2008. pages 199-208 Budapest Tech. Keleti Faculty of Economics.

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