1

Phn 2:
K thut
mch tng t.
2

Mc lc
Chng 1. Cc linh kin in t c bn ............................................................................... 4
1.1 Linh kin tch cc : ...................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Linh kin th ng: ...................................................................................................... 6
1.2.1 in tr : ............................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 T in .................................................................................................................. 8
1.2.3 Cun cm ............................................................................................................ 11
1.3 Linh kin bn dn ...................................................................................................... 12
1.3.1 Gii thiu v cht bn dn ................................................................................... 12
1.3.2 Cc ng dng ca cht bn dn ........................................................................... 14
1.4 Kt lun ..................................................................................................................... 21
Chng 2. Mch khuch i .............................................................................................. 22
2.1 Khi nim v phn loi khuch i ............................................................................ 22
2.2 Cc thng s c bn ca mch khuch i ................................................................. 23
2.2.1 H s khuch i ................................................................................................. 23
2.2.2 c tnh bin tn s v pha tn s ................................................................... 23
2.2.3 c tnh bin .................................................................................................. 25
2.2.4 Hiu sut ca mch khuch i:........................................................................ 26
2.2.5 Tr khng vo, tr khng ra ca mch khuch i. .............................................. 26
2.3 Khuch i tn thp dng transistor ........................................................................... 28
2.3.1 Khuch i mc Emit chung. ............................................................................. 28
2.3.2 Khuch i mc baz chung ................................................................................ 32
2.3.3 Khuch i colect chung. .................................................................................. 33
2.3.4 Khuch i dng transistorr trng FET. ............................................................. 34
2.3.5 V d xy dng mch khuch i mc Emito chung. ........................................... 37
2.3.6 Mt s cch mc transistor c bit dng trong khuch i . ............................... 40
2.4 Khuch i dng vi mch thut ton .......................................................................... 41
2.4.1 Vi mch khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp) ........................................................... 41
2.4.2 OpAmp l tng v thc t: ................................................................................ 41
2.4.3 Mch khuch i: ................................................................................................ 43
2.4.4 Mch cng tr: .................................................................................................... 45
2.4.5 Mch vi tch phn: ............................................................................................... 48
2.4.6 Bi tp: ................................................................................................................ 50
2.5 Khuch i cng sut ................................................................................................. 51
2.5.1 Tng khuch i cng sut n dng bin p lm vic ch A. ..................... 52
2.5.2 Khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p ............................................................ 53
2.5.3 Khuch i cng sut y ko khng bin p. ..................................................... 56
Chng 3. Mch dao ng ................................................................................................ 59
3.1 Mch dao ng to xung ............................................................................................ 59
3.1.1 a hi to xung vung. ........................................................................................ 59
3.1.2 Mch to xung tuyn tnh. ................................................................................... 59
3.2 Mch dao ng to sin ............................................................................................... 59
3.2.1 Khi nim chung ................................................................................................. 59
3.2.2 To dao ng hnh sin LC ghp h cm ............................................................... 61
3

3.2.3 To dao ng hnh sin kiu 3 im ...................................................................... 63
3.2.4 To dao ng RC ................................................................................................ 67
Chng 4. Mch ngun ..................................................................................................... 70
4.1 Ngun chnh lu ........................................................................................................ 70
4.1.1 Mch chnh lu 1 na chu k: ............................................................................. 70
4.1.2 Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k: ............................................................................. 72
4.1.3 Mch chnh lu cu: ............................................................................................ 74
4.1.4 Chnh lu bi p. ................................................................................................. 75
4.1.5 Lc san bng. ...................................................................................................... 76
4.2 Ngun n p 1 chiu tuyn tnh .................................................................................. 76
4.2.1 Cc tham s n p mt chiu ............................................................................... 77
4.2.2 n p mt chiu b tuyn tnh. ............................................................................ 77
4.2.3 Cc IC n p tuyn tnh. ...................................................................................... 80
4.2.4 Nguyn l n p xung. ........................................................................................ 82

4

Chng 1. Cc linh kin in t c bn


Bi ging s 1
Thi lng: 5 tit.
Tm tt ni dung :
Linh kin tch cc.
Linh kin th ng.
Linh kin bn dn.

1.1 Linh kin tch cc :
1.1.1. Ngun dng:
a) Khi nim v ng dng
Ngun dng l mt mch in cung cp mt dng in khng ph thuc ti.
Ngun dng c rt nhiu ng dng :
- Ngun dng tn hiu khi cn truyn i xa: trnh sai s do in tr ng
dy, nhiu in p cm ng...
- Ngun dng trong cc mch np x t in, nhm tuyn tnh ha in p
np v x.
- Ngun dng trong cc mch cp in cho diode zenner, c in p n
nh.
- Ngun dng cho cc mch o lng da trn in p trn hai u in tr
b) Phn loi :
- Ngun dng c nh: cho dng ra n nh v khng thay i.
- Ngun dng ph thuc: cho dng ra t l vi mt p iu khin u vo.
c) Cch lp mch :
- Cc mch ngun dng n gin v khng cn chnh xc lm, ta c th mc
bng ch 1 hoc 2 tranistor.

Hnh 1.1.1.1. S cc mch ngun dng dung Transistorr
5

- Ngun chnh xc hn c th rp bng OpAmp.


Hnh 1.1.1.2. S mch ngun dng dung OpAmp
- Cc ngun dng c nh c th dng cc IC to dng chuyn nghip.

1.1.2. Ngun p
a) Khi nim v ng dng :
Ngun p l mch cung cp mt in p khng ph thuc ti, hay khng ph
thuc dng in chy qua.
V d: ngun in li, pin, accu, cc mch ngun c bn nh mch ngun
dng Zenner diode ,...
Tu theo yu cu mch ng dng m loi ngun p c s dng.
b) Phn loi
- Ngun p c nh
o VD : Pin , Acquy
- Ngun p ph thuc.
o VD: Ngun s dng mch chnh lu , ngun in li
c) Cch mc mch:
Mc mch s dng chnh lu cu v IC LM78xx :

IN
1
OUT
3
G
N
D
2
U1
7824
C1
1000uF
24VdcOut
+20Vac
Gnd
D1
Bridge1
C1b
10uF

Hnh 1.1.2.1. S mch ngun p
1.1.3. So snh

- Ngun p l tng c tr khng ngun l 0 Ohm, cn thc t th rt nh,
di 1 Ohm.
6

- Ngun dng ngc li c tr khng ngun l v cng ln (l tng).
- Trong trng hp ngun p c lm t mt s transistor, tn s thp,
in tr ngun c vi Mega Ohm.
- V nguyn tc, ti ca ngun dng khng c l mt gi tr v cng ln
v ti ca ngun p k c l ngn mch.
1.2 Linh kin th ng:
1.2.1 in tr :
a) Khi nim :
in tr l mt phn t th ng trong mch in c trng cho tnh cht cn tr
dng in Chnh v th, khi s dng in tr cho mt mch in th mt phn
nng lng in s b tiu hao duy tr mc chuyn di ca dng in. Ni
mt cch khc th khi in tr cng ln th dng in i qua cng nh v ngc
li khi in tr nh th dng in d dng c truyn qua.
b) Phn loi
Do c trung chnh ca in tr l cn tr dng in nn khi dng in chy qua
n s tiu th mt lng nng lng , c th y l in nng theo phng
trnh
P = I
2
R
Vi P : Cng sut tn hao trn in tr (W)
I : Cng dng in chy qua in tr (A)
R : Tr khng ca in tr ()
Chnh v vy khi phn loi in tr trn thc t ngi ta phn loi theo cng sut
tiu th ti a ca in tr :
- in tr cng sut ln ( > 1W)
- in tr cng sut trung bnh (1/4W-1W)
- in tr cng sut nh (1/8W 1/4W)
Tuy nhin, do ng dng thc t v do cu to ring ca cc vt cht to nn in
tr nn thng thng, in tr c chia thnh 2 loi:
- in tr: l cc loi in tr c cng sut trung bnh v nh hay l cc in
tr ch cho php cc dng in nh i qua.
- in tr cng sut: l cc in tr dng trong cc mch in t c dng
in ln i qua hay ni cch khc, cc in tr ny khi mch hot ng
s to ra mt lng nhit nng kh ln. Chnh v th, chng c cu
to nn t cc vt liu chu nhit.
c) Cch xc nh gi tr in tr:
Cch c gi tr cc in tr ny thng thng cng c phn lm 2 cch c,
tu theo cc k hiu c trn in tr. Di y l hnh v cch c in tr theo
vch mu trn in tr.
7

Hnh 1.2.1.1. Bng cc vch mu trn thn tr

i vi cc in tr c gi tr c nh ngha theo vch mu th chng ta c 3
loi in tr: in tr 4 vch mu v in tr 5 vch mu v 6 vch mu. Loi
in tr 4 vch mu v 5 vch mu c ch ra trn hnh v. Khi c cc gi tr
in tr 5 vch mu v 6 vch mu th chng ta cn phi mt cht v c s
khc nhau mt cht v cc gi tr. Tuy nhin, cch c in tr mu u da trn
cc gi tr mu sc c ghi trn in tr 1 cch tun t:
i vi in tr 4 vch mu
- Vch mu th nht: Ch gi tr hng chc trong gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th hai: Ch gi tr hng n v trong gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th ba: Ch h s nhn vi gi tr s m ca 10 dng nhn vi
gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th 4: Ch gi tr sai s ca in tr
i vi in tr 5 vch mu
- Vch mu th nht: Ch gi tr hng trm trong gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th hai: Ch gi tr hng chc trong gi tr in tr
- Vch mu th ba: Ch gi tr hng n v trong gi tr in tr
8

- Vch mu th 4: Ch h s nhn vi gi tr s m ca 10 dng nhn vi gi
tr in tr
- Vch mu th 5: Ch gi tr sai s ca in tr
V d
Nh trn hnh v, in tr 4 vch mu pha trn c gi tr mu ln lt l:
xanh l cy/xanh da tri/vng/nu s cho ta mt gi tr tng ng nh bng
mu ln lt l 5/6/4/1%. Ghp cc gi tr ln lt ta c 56x10
4
=560k v
sai s in tr l 1%.
Tng t in tr 5 vch mu c cc mu ln lt l: /cam/tm/en/nu s
tng ng vi cc gi tr ln lt l 2/3/7/0/1%. Nh vy gi tr in tr chnh
l 237x10
0
=237, sai s 1%.
1.2.2 T in
a) Khi nim v c trng vt l.
T in theo ng tn gi chnh l linh kin c chc nng tch t nng lng
in. Chng thng c dng kt hp vi cc in tr trong cc mch nh
thi bi kh nng tch t nng lng in trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh. ng thi t in cng c s dng trong cc ngun in vi chc nng
lm gim gn sng ca ngun trong cc ngun xoay chiu, hay trong cc
mch lc bi chc nng ca t ni mt cch n gin l t ngn mch (cho
dng in i qua) i vi dng in xoay chiu v h mch i vi dng in
1 chiu.
c trng cho kh nng tch tr nng lng in ca t in, ngi ta a
ra khi nim l in dung ca t in. in dung cng cao th kh nng tch tr
nng lng ca t in cng ln v ngc li. Gi tr in dung c o bng
n v Fara (k hiu l F). Gi tr F l rt ln nn thng thng trong cc mch
in t, cc gi tr t ch o bng cc gi tr nh hn nh micro fara (F), nano
Fara (nF) hay picro Fara (pF).
b) Phn loi
Phn loi theo c trng vt l
- T in c phn cc (c cc xc nh)
- T in khng phn cc(khng phn bit 2 cc dng m)
Phn loi theo cu to
- T ha
- T giy
- T gm
- T ko
c) Cch nhn bit cc loi t in
T phn cc : thng l cc t in mt chiu
T ha :
- T ha l mt loi t c phn cc. Chnh v
th khi s dng t ha yu cu ngi s dng
phi cm ng chn ca t in vi in p
cung cp. Thng thng, cc loi t ha
thng c k hiu chn c th cho ngi s Hnh 1.2.2.1 T ha
9

dng bng cc k hiu + hoc - tng ng vi chn t.
- C hai dng t ha thng thng l t ha c chn ti hai u tr trn
ca t (t c ghi 220F trn hnh ) v loi t ha c 2 chn ni ra cng 1
u tr trn (t c ghi gi tr 10F trn hnh ).
- Trn cc t ha, ngi ta thng ghi km gi tr in p cc i m t c
th chu c. Nu trng hp in p ln hn so vi gi tr in p trn
t th t s b phng hoc n t ty thuc vo gi tr in p cung cp.
Thng thng, khi chn cc loi t ha ny ngi ta thng chn cc loi
t c gi tr in p ln hn cc gi tr in p i qua t m bo t hot
ng tt v m bo tui th ca t ha.
T Tatanli
T Tantali cng l loi t ha nhng c in
p thp hn so vi t ha. Chng kh t
nhng nh thng c dng khi yu cu v
t c in dung ln nhng kch thc nh.
Cc loi t Tantali hin nay thng ghi r trn
n gi tr t, in p cng nh cc ca t. Cc
loi t Tantali ngy xa s dng m mu
phn bit. Chng thng c 3 ct mu
Hnh 1.2.2.2. T Tantali
(biu din gi tr t, mt ct biu din gi tr
in p) v mt chm mu c trng cho s cc s khng sau du phy
tnh theo gi tr F. Chng cng dng m mu chun cho vic nh ngha
cc gi tr nhng i vi cc im mu th im mu xm c ngha l gi
tr t nhn vi 0,01; trng nhn 0,1 v en l nhn 1. Ct mu nh ngha
gi tr in p thng nm gn chn ca t v c cc gi tr nh sau:
o Vng=6,3V
o en= 10V
o Xanh l cy= 16V
o Xanh da tri= 20V
o Xm= 25V
o Trng= 30V
o Hng= 35V
T khng phn cc
L cc t in xoay chiu chu c in p cao 50V-400V , khng c cc xc
nh trn 2 chn ca t. C 2 cch xc nh gi tr ca t khng phn cc
T dng m xc nh gi tr
M s thng c dng cho cc loi t c gi tr nh trong cc gi tr
c nh ngha ln lt nh sau:
Gi tr th 1 l s hng chc
Gi tr th 2 l s hng n v
Gi tr th 3 l gi tr 10
x
ca
t. Gi tr ca t c c
theo chun l gi tr picro Fara
(pF)

Hnh 1.2.2.3. T ko & t gm
10

V d: t ghi gi tr 102 th c ngha l 10 v thm 2 s 0 ng sau
=1000pF = 1nF ch khng phi 102pF
T dng mu xc nh gi tr
S dng ch yu trn cc t loi polyester
trong rt nhiu nm. Hin nay cc loi t
ny khng cn bn trn th trng na
nhng chng vn tn ti trong kh nhiu
cc mch in t c.
Mu c nh ngha cng tng t nh
i vi mu trn in tr. 3 mu trn cng
ln lt ch gi tr t tnh theo pF, mu th
4 l ch dung sai v mu th 5 ch ra gi tr
in p.
V d : t c mu nu/en/cam c ngha l 10000pF= 10nF= 0.01uF.
Ch rng ko c khong trng no gia cc mu nn thc t khi c 2 mu
cnh nhau ging nhau th n to ra mt mng mu rng. V d Di
rng/vng= 220nF=0.22uF
T xoay v t chn :
- T xoay : thng c s dng trong cc
mch iu chnh radio. Chng thng c cc
gi tr rt nh, thng thng nm trong khong
t 100pF n 500pF.
Rt nhiu cc t xoay c vng xoay ngn nn
chng khng ph hp cho cc di bin i rng
nh l in tr hoc cc chuyn mch xoay.
Chnh v th trong nhiu ng dng, c bit l
trong cc mch nh thi hay cc mch iu
chnh thi gian th ngi ta thng thay cc t
xoay bng cc in tr xoay v kt hp vi 1
gi tr t in xc nh.
- T chn : l cc t xoay c gi tr rt nh.
Chng thng c gn trc tip ln bn mch
in t v iu chnh sau khi mch c ch
to xong. Tng t cc bin tr hin ny th khi
iu chnh cc t chn ny ngi ta cng dng
cc tuc n vt loi nh iu chnh. Tuy
nhin do gi tr cc t ny kh nh nn khi iu
chnh, ngi ta thng phi rt cn thn v kin
tr v trong qu trnh iu chnh c s nh
hng ca tay v tuc n vt ti gi tr t.
Cc t chn ny thng c gi tr rt nh, thng
thng nh hn khong 100pF. C iu c bit l khng th gim nh
c cc gi tr t chn v 0 nn chng thng c ch nh vi cc gi tr
t in ti thiu, khong t 2 ti 10 pF.

Hnh 1.2.2.4. T dung mu
xc nh gi tr

Hnh 1.2.2.5.T xoay

Hnh 1.2.2.6. T chn
11

1.2.3 Cun cm
a) Khi nim v c trng vt l
Cun cm l mt phn t th
ng trong mch in c tnh cht
ngn cn dng in xoay chiu
i vi dng in mt chiu th
cun cm lc c coi n
gin nh mt on dy ni (ngn
mch).
Tnh cht ca cun cm : Cun
cm hot ng da trn nguyn l
in t.
Hnh 1.2.3.1. Quy tc bn tay tri
Thc t, trong cc ng dy in thng bnh thng, khi c dng in chy qua
th xung quanh ng dy xut hin mt t trng, chiu ca t trng ny c
xc nh bng quy tc bn tay tri:
tng t trng ln, chng ta cun cc
on dy thnh vng, nh m cc t
trng kt hp li vi nhau to nn cun
cm c t trng mnh hn rt nhiu.
Khi cung cp cho cun cm mt dng in
chy qua n th trong cun cm xut hin
mt t trng. Hnh nh minh ho sau s
ni ln iu :

Tr s ca cun cm ph thuc vo dng
in, s vng dy v cu to ca cun cm.
n v o : Henri (H)
Tuy nhin trn thc t cc cun cm thng
c gi tr rt nh nn n v hay c s
dng l mH = 10
-3
H
Hnh 1.2.3.2. T trng ca cun dy
b) Phn loi:
Cun cm c phn thnh 2 loi chnh:
Cun cm c in dung bin i.
Cun cm c in dung xc inh
Thc t hin nay trn th trng linh kin in t cc cun cm thng khng c tr s
chnh xc v vy trong cc ng dng thu pht Radio (RF) cn cc cun cm c
chnh xc cao nhiu khi ta phi t cun ly cun cm .
12


c) Cc ng dng thc t ca cun cm.
Bin p.

Hnh 1.2.3.3. My bin p
Nam chm in.

Hnh 1.2.3.4. Mt s hnh nh nam chm in
Micro in ng, loa in ng

Hnh 1.2.3.5: Micro v loa in ng
1.3 Linh kin bn dn
1.3.1 Gii thiu v cht bn dn
a. Cht bn dn l g ?
Cht bn dn ( Semiconductor) l vt liu trung gian gia cht dn in v cht
cch in. Cht bn dn hot ng nh mt cht cch in nhit thp v c tnh
dn in nhit phng. Gi l "bn dn" (ch "bn" theo ngha Hn Vit c ngha
l mt na), c ngha l c th dn in mt iu kin no , hoc mt iu kin
khc s khng dn in.
13



b. Vng nng lng trong cht bn dn
Tnh cht dn in ca cc vt liu rn c gii thch nh l thuyt vng nng
lng Nh ta bit in t tn ti trong nguyn t trn nhng mc nng lng gin
on (cc trng thi dng). Nhng trong cht rn, khi m cc nguyn t kt hp li
vi nhau thnh cc khi, th cc mc nng lng ny b ph ln nhau, v tr thnh
cc vng nng lng v s c ba vng chnh.


Hnh 1.3.1.1. Cc vng nng lng ca cht rn

- Vng ha tr (valence band): L vng c nng lng thp nht theo thang nng
lng, l vng m in t b lin kt mnh vi nguyn t v khng linh ng.
- Vng dn (Conduction band): Vng c mc nng lng cao nht, l vng m
in t s linh ng (nh cc in t t do) v in t vng ny s l in t
dn, c ngha l cht s c kh nng dn in khi c in t tn ti trn vng dn.
Tnh dn in tng khi mt in t trn vng dn tng.
- Vng cm (Forbidden band): L vng nm gia vng ha tr v vng dn, khng
c mc nng lng no do in t khng th tn ti trn vng cm. Nu bn
dn pha tp, c th xut hin cc mc nng lng trong vng cm (mc pha tp).
Khong cch gia y vng dn v nh vng ha tr gi l rng vng cm,
hay nng lng vng cm (Band Gap). Ty theo rng vng cm ln hay nh
m cht c th l dn in hoc khng dn in.
Nh vy, tnh dn in ca cc cht rn v tnh cht ca cht bn dn c th l gii
mt cch n gin nh l thuyt vng nng lng nh sau:
- Kim loi c vng dn v vng ha tr ph ln nhau (khng c vng cm) do
lun lun c in t trn vng dn v th m kim loi lun lun dn in.
- Cc cht bn dn c vng cm c mt rng xc nh. khng tuyt i (0
K) mc Fermi nm gia vng cm, c ngha l tt c cc in t tn ti vng
ha tr, do cht bn dn khng dn in. Khi tng dn nhit , cc in t s
nhn c nng lng nhit (k
B
.T vi k
B
l hng s Boltzmann) nhng nng
lng ny cha in t vt qua vng cm nn in t vn vng ha tr.
Khi tng nhit n mc cao, s c mt s in t nhn c nng lng
ln hn nng lng vng cm v n s nhy ln vng dn v cht rn tr thnh
14

dn in. Khi nhit cng tng ln, mt in t trn vng dn s cng tng
ln, do , tnh dn in ca cht bn dn tng dn theo nhit (hay in tr
sut gim dn theo nhit ). Mt cch gn ng, c th vit s ph thuc ca
in tr cht bn dn vo nhit nh sau:

Vi: R
0
l hng s, E
g
l rng vng cm.
Ngoi ra, tnh dn ca cht bn dn c th thay i nh cc kch thch nng lng
khc, v d nh nh sng. Khi chiu sng, cc in t s hp thu nng lng t
photon, v c th nhy ln vng dn nu nng lng ln. y chnh l nguyn
nhn dn n s thay i v tnh cht ca cht bn dn di tc dng ca nh
sng (quang-bn dn).
1.3.2 Cc ng dng ca cht bn dn
a. it (Diode)
it (diode) : l t ghp mang ngha "hai in cc", vi di l hai, v ode bt ngun
t electrode, c ngha l in cc, l mt trong nhng linh kin in t. Mt cng c
dng chnh lu dng in . Khi it dn in, it ch cho dng in chy theo
mt chiu t Cc m sang Cc dng.
it c to bi 2 cht bn dn. Khi ghp mt bn dn in m (bn dn N), vi
mt bn dn in dng (bn dn P) li vi nhau ta c mt it . Bn dn in m
thng cu to t Si . Bn dn in dng
thng cu to t Ge . T ta c mt linh
kin in t hai chn . Chn dng (Anode) l
chn ni vi bn dn in dng, Chn m
(Cathode) l chn ni vi bn dn in m.
Khi bn dn loi p cha nhiu l trng t do
mang in tch dng nn khi ghp vi khi
bn dn n (cha cc in t t do) th cc l
trng ny c xu hng chuyn ng khuch tn
sang khi n. Cng lc khi p li nhn thm cc
in t (in tch m) t khi n chuyn sang.
Kt qu l khi p tch in m (thiu ht l
trng v d tha in t) trong khi khi n tch in dng (thiu ht in t v d
tha l trng). bin gii hai bn mt tip gip,
mt s in t b l trng thu ht v khi chng
tin li Hnh 1.3.2.1 . in p tip xc
gn nhau, chng c xu hng kt hp vi nhau
to thnh cc nguyn t trung ha. Qu trnh
ny c th gii phng nng lng di dng nh
sang (hay cc bc x in t c bc sng gn
).
S tch in m bn khi p v dng bn khi n
hnh thnh mt in p gi l in p tip xc
15

(UTX). in trng sinh ra bi in p c
hng t khi n n khi p nn cn tr chuyn
ng khuch tn v nh vy sau mt thi gian
k t lc ghp 2 khi bn dn vi nhau th qu
Hnh 1.3.2.2.
in p ngoi ngc chiu

trnh chuyn ng khuch tn chm dt v tn
ti in p tip xc. Lc ny ta ni tip xc P-N
trng thi cn bng. in p tip xc trng
thi cn bng khong 0.6V i vi it lm
bng bn dn Si v khong 0.3V i vi it
lm bng bn dn Ge.
Hai bn mt tip gip l vng cc in t v l trng d gp nhau nht nn qu trnh
ti hp thng xy ra vng ny hnh thnh cc nguyn t trung ha. V vy vng
bin gii hai bn mt tip gip rt him cc ht dn in
t do nn c gi l vng ngho. Vng ny Hinh 1.3.2.3. in p ngoi cng chiu
khng dn in tt, tr phi in p tip xc c cn bng bi in p bn ngoi.
y l ct li hot ng ca it.
Nu t in p bn ngoi ngc vi in p tip xc, s khuych tn ca cc in t
v l trng khng b ngn tr bi in p tip xc na v vng tip gip dn in tt.
Nu t in p bn ngoi cng chiu vi in p tip xc, s khuych tn ca cc
in t v l trng cng b ngn li v vng ngho cng tr nn ngho ht dn in t
do. Ni cch khc it ch cho php dng in qua n khi t in p theo mt
hng nht nh.
c trng Voltage Ampe ca Diode.

Hnh 1.3.2.4 c trng Voltage-Ampe ca Diode
Phn loi it
it c chia ra nhiu loi ty theo vng hot ng ca it
16

it phn cc thun: Ch cn mt in p dng cho it dn in . it s
cho dng in i qua theo mt chiu t Cc m n Cc Dng v s cn dng in
i theo chiu ngc li. Th d : it Bn dn, LED...
it phn cc nghch: Ch cn mt in p m cho it dn in . it s cho
dng in i qua theo 2 chiu . Thng thng, dn in tt hn trong chiu nghch.
Th d : it Zener, it bin dung
- it bn dn: cu to bi cht bn dn Silic v Gecmani c pha thm mt s cht
tng thm electron t do. Loi ny dng ch yu chnh lu dng in.
- it Schottky: tn s thp, it thng thng c th d dng kha li (ngng
dn) khi chiu phn cc thay i t thun sang nghch, nhng khi tn s tng n
mt ngng no , s ngng dn khng th nhanh ngn chn dng in
sut mt phn ca bn k ngc. it Schottky khc phc c hin tng ny.
- it Zenner, cn gi l "it nh thng": l loi it c ch to ti u hot
ng tt trong min nh thng. y l ct li ca mch n p.



Hnh 1.3.2.5 Mt s loi it


17


Hnh 1.3.2.6 it pht quang

- it pht quang : hay cn gi l LED (Light Emitting Diode) l cc it c kh
nng pht ra nh sng hay tia hng ngoi, t ngoi. Cng ging nh it bn dn,
LED c cu to t mt khi bn dn loi p ghp vi mt khi bn dn loi n.
- it quang : (photodiode): l loi nhy vi nh sng, c th bin i nh sng vo
thnh i lng in.
- it bin dung (varicap): C tnh cht c bit, l khi phn cc nghch, it
ging nh mt t in, loi ny c dng nhiu cho my thu hnh, my thu sng
FM v nhiu thit b truyn thng khc.
- it n nh dng in: l loi it hot ng ngc vi it Zener. Trong mch
in it ny c tc dng duy tr dng in khng i.
- it Step Recovery : bn k dng, it ny dn in nh loi it Silic thng
thng, nhng sang bn k m, dng in ngc c th tn ti mt lc do c lu
tr in tch, sau dng in ngc t ngt gim xung cn 0.
- it ngc: L loi it c kh nng dn in theo hai chiu, nhng chiu nghch
tt hn chiu thun.
b. Transistor
Transistor l mt linh kin in t bn dn c ch to t Ge v Si dng khuych
i tn hiu hoc ng m mch in nh mt Rle. Ngi ta pha cc tp cht khc
nhau to cc bn dn loi P v loi N. Cc bn dn ny c sp xp theo 3 min
p-n-p hoc n-p-n. T 3 min khc nhau ny ngi ta ly ra 3 cc khc nhau l emit
(E) , baz (B) v colect (C). Ty theo th t sp xp m ta c loi transistor p-n-p
hay n-p-n.
Do c 3 min bn dn khc nhau nn trong transistor c 2 lp tip gip p-n l lp tip
gip BE v BC. transistor lm vic c ch khuch i tn hiu th gia BE
ngi ta t mt in p mt chiu u theo chiu phn cc thun, gia BC t mt
in p phn cc ngc. Trn k hiu ca transistor chiu mi tn l chiu phn cc
thun.

18


Hnh 1.3.2.7. Cu trc v cch mc ngun Transistor thun v nghch
kho st s phn cc cho transistor, ngi ta thng dng mch in n gin
di y .
Ba trng thi ca transistor c m ta trn c tuyn ng ra ca transistor. Hnh

Hnh 1.3.2.8. S mch v nguyn l hot ng ca Transistor
Tu theo mc phn cc m transistor c th lm vic mt trong ba trng thi l
ngng dn, khuch i tuyn tnh v bo ho.
Trng thi ngng dn:
Nu phn cc cho transistor c V
BE
< V
Z
( V
BE
=0 v 0.4 v ) th transistor ngng
dn, dng in I
B
=0, I
C
=0 v V
CE
=+V
CC

Lc ch c dng in d qua transistor rt nh khng ng k
Trng thi khuch i
Nu phn cc cho transistor c V
BE
=0,5 V - 0,7 V th transistor dn in v c dng
in I
B
dng in I
C
tng theo I
E
qua h s khuch i h
fe
. Lc , im lm vic ca
transistor s nm trn ng ti tnh v khi I
B
tng th I
C
tng v V
CE
gim.
Trng thi bo ho:
Nu phn cc cho transistor c V
BE
= 0,8 V th transistor s dn rt mnh gi l bo
ho. Lc I
B
tng cao lm I
C
tng cao n mc gn bng v in th V
CE
gim cn rt nh ( 0,2 V ) gi l in th V
CE
Sat (saturation) hay l V
CE
bo ho.
19


Ngi ta thng dng transistor khuych i tn hiu, bng vic phn cc cho
transistor hot ng vng khuch i tuyn tnh.
Lm vic ch khuch i, transistor c ng dng nhiu vo cc mch khuch
i tn hiu: My tng m l mt loi my p dng rt nhiu tnh nng khuch i ca
transistor.
Transistor cng c th dng nh mt kho in t bng vic phn cc cho
transistor ch hot ng hai mc ngng dn v dn bo ho. Hin nay ch to
transistor chuyn dng lm kho in t, nhng transistor ny thng c mc in
p phn cc t trng thi ngng dn sang bo ho rt gn nhau khin cho vic
chuyn trng thi t khng dn in sang dn in rt d dng. Kho in t dng
transistor c mt u im ln l c th hot ng tn s cao, do c th to ra
c mt dy xung in tn s rt cao. Chnh nh c im m transistor c
ng dng rt nhiu trong ngnh k thut xung, s.
Trong thc t, khi s dng chng ta cn phi kim tra xem transistor ca chng ta c
cn tt hay khng, lc chng ta cn kim tra nh sau:
Cch th transistor.
xc nh trng thi tt hay hng ca mt transistor c th dng ng h vn nng
thang o R x 100 ln lt o cc cp chn BE, BC v CE, mi cp chn o hai ln
bng cch i hai que o ca ng h.
.

Hnh 1.3.2.9. S mch th Transistor
20

Hnh trn l trng hp o in tr thun ca cc cp chn ca transistor i vi loi
NPN. Mun o in tr ngc th i u hai que o.
Cp chn Transistor Si Transistor Ge
Thun Ngc Thun Ngc
BE Vi K V cc Vi trm Vi trm K
BC Vi K V cc Vi trm Vi trm K
CE V cc V cc Vi chc K Vi trm K
Bng 1.3.2.1 kt qu o tr s in tr thun, nghch cc cp chn ca transistor.




Phn loi transistor


Hnh 1.3.2.10. Mt s loi Transistor
21


Hnh 1.3.2.11. S chn ca mt s loi transistor
BJT(Biopolar Junction Transistor) Transistor lng cc (hnh a)
Loi transistor thng hay c s dng trong cuc sng
Mt s c tnh ca transistor lng cc
I
E
= I
B
+ I
C

trong I
B
<< I
C
, I
E
Dng I
C
ph thuc vo
JFET(Junction Field Effect Trasistor) Transistor trng mi ni, iu khin
bng lp tip xc P-N (hnh b)
MOSFET(Metal Oxit Semiconductor FET) Transistor trng c cng cch
in(hnh c).
Transistor iu khin bng in p , khi knh G c in p > 0 (0,8V) th transistor
m ton phn , dng I
D
phu thuc vo in p V
DS
v ti ca mch\
1.4 Kt lun
Cc kin thc hc v cn nh trong chng 1
- Phn bit cc loi linh kin trong mch in
- Phn bit ngun dng v ngun p
- Bit cch xc nh gi tr ca cc linh kin th ng (in tr, t in, cun cm)
- Phn bit mt s loi linh kin bn dn: cc loi diode, cc loi transistor
- Bit cch o v xc nh chn ca transistor, chiu ca diode.

22

Chng 2. Mch khuch i


Bi ging s 2
Thi lng: 10 tit.
Tm tt ni dung :
Khi nim v phn loi khuch i
Cc thng s k thut c bn ca mch khuch i
B khuch i tn thp dng transistor
Khuch i dung vi mch thut ton
Khuch i cng sut

2.1 Khi nim v phn loi khuch i
2.1.1. Khi nim
Trong qa trnh bin i x l tn hiu thng phi x l vi tn hiu bin rt nh, cng sut
thp khng kch thch cho tng tip theo lm vic. Nh vy, cn phi gia tng cng sut cho
tn hiu. Mch in cho php ta nhn u ra tn hiu c dng nh tn hiu u vo nhng
c cng sut ln hn gi l mch khuch i.
Qu trnh khuch i l qu trnh bin i nng lng c iu khin, nng lng ca
ngun mt chiu ( khng cha ng thng tin ) c bin i thnh nng lng xoay
chiu ca tn hiu c mang tin, y l mt qu trnh gia cng x l tn hiu analog.
Mch khuch i c mt hu ht cc thit b in t. Trong mch khuch i in t c phn t
khuch i (transistor,IC ), ngun mt chiu v cc phn t th ng RLC. Chng ny nghin
cu cc mch khuch i in t thng dng.

2.1.2. Phn loi khuch i
Mch khuch i ( hay b khuch i ) c th phn loi theo cc du hiu sau:
- Theo phn t khuch i: c khuch i dng n in t 3,4 hoc 5 cc, khuch i
dng transistor lng cc , khuch i dng transistor trng, khuch i dng diode
tunen, khuch i tham s, khuch i IC( vi mch) ...
- Theo di tn s lm vic : C khuch i m tn, khuch i cao tn, khuch i siu cao
tn...
- Theo b rng ca di tn s khi cn khuch i : khuch i di rng, khuch i di hp.
- Theo dng ti : Khuch i cng hng (hay chn lc) c ti l mch cng hng ,
khuch i in tr(khng cng hng ).
- Theo i lng cn khuch i: khuch i in p, khuch i dng in, khuch i
cng sut.



23



2.2 Cc thng s c bn ca mch khuch i
nh gi cht lng ca mt mch khuch i ta thng s dng cc tham s v c tnh
sau :
2.2.1 H s khuch i
L t s gia i lng in u ra v u vo ca mch khuch i.
Cc i lng l in p, dng in hoc cng sut , tng ng c h s khuch i in p
u
.
K , h s khuch i dng in
.
K
I
v h s khuch i cng sut K
P
. H s khuch i in
p (hay dng in) l t s gia bin phc ca in p (dng in ) u ra v u vo ca
mch khuch i:

.
.
.
. .
U
U
U
K K
Vm
Rm
U = =


Vm
Rm
I
.
I
.
I
.
K =
V trong mch tn ti phn t qun tnh (cm khng, dung khng ) nn tng qut m ni K
U
v
K
I
l cc hm s phc ca bin tn s ( = 2xf ), tc l ph thuc vo tn s ca tn hiu
cn khuch i.
H s khuch i cng sut K
P
cho ta thy cng sut trung bnh ( tc dng) ra ti ca mch
khuch i ln hn bao nhiu ln cng sut trung bnh ( tc dng) u vo ca n.

V
R
P
P
P
K =

H s khuch i cng sut cn c biu th bng n v dexiben (dB)
K
Pb
= 10 lg K
p
(dB)
Trong mch khuch i dng transistorr trng FET vic xt h s khuch i dng in l
khng thc t v dng vo cc nh, do vy ngi ta ch xt h s khuch i in p
.
Ku .
khuch i dng transistorr lng cc c th dng c ba h s u K
.
,
.
K
I
, K
P
, tuy nhin thng
dng h s khuch i in p
.
K
U
, n gin thng k hiu l
.
K .
2.2.2 c tnh bin tn s v pha tn s
Qu trnh khuch i tn hiu thng i km vi qu trnh gy mo dng ca tn hiu. Mo tn
hiu c hai dng l mo tuyn tnh v mo phi tuyn.
24

Mo tuyn tnh pht sinh do tr khng ca phn t cm khng v dung khng ph thuc vo
tn s (Z
C
= 1/jc, Z
L
=jL). Do vy cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau(cc sng hi) s c
khuch i khc nhau, ng thi quan h pha gia chng u ra so vi u vo cng thay
i. Mo tuyn tnh c nh gi qua c tnh bin tn s (TBT), c tnh pha tn s(
TPT) v c tnh qu (TQ).
V h s khuch i in p l i lng phc nn ta c

) ( j
e ) ( K
) ( j
e ) j ( K ) j ( K
. .

= = (4.5)
) j (
.
K =K( =) - modun ca ) (j K

) (
- argument ca ) (j K

.
TBT ch s ph thuc ca modun h s khuch i ) j ( K
.
vo tn s ca tn hiu. Dng ca
TBT in hnh trnh by trn hnh 2.2.2.1a. Tt nhin TBT c th biu din bng th
U
Rm
(f) hoc U
Rm
() khi U
vo
=const. Khi phn tch khuch i ngi ta thng dng TBT
quy chun m = Ko / ) j ( K

, trong K
0
l gi tr cc i ca h s khuch i.T c tnh hnh
2.2.2.1a ta thy nu tn hiu c tn s qu thp hoc qu cao th khi i qua mch khuch i n
s c khuch i t hoc khng c khuch i.V vy ngi ta ch coi tn hiu nm trong
di thng c khuch i ,cn nm ngoi di thng b loi b. Di thng l di tn s m
trong h s khuch i khng nh hn 2 ln gi tr cc i K
0
.Cng trn hnh ny di
thng l
thp

cao
hay
t

c
.
TPT ch s ph thuc ca lng dch pha gia tn hiu u ra v u vo ca mch khuch
i vo tn s ca tn hiu.
TQ phn nh qu trnh qu trong mch khuch i. TQ k hiu l h(t), l in p
u ra ca mch khuch i biu din heo thi gian khi tc ng u vo l tc ng bc thang
n v.
Tc ng bc thang n v l sut in ng e(t) :
e (t) =

,
|
>
(
0 1
0 0
t khi
t khi

c tnh qu cho ta thy s mo dng xung khi khuch i tn hiu xung. Hnh 2.2.1.1b l
mt dng TQ in hnh
Tng qut m ni th trong mt mch khuch i TB, TPT v TQ lin quan cht ch
vi nhau, tc l dng ca c
tnh ny s quyt nh hai c
tnh cn li, tuy nhin tu theo
chc nng ca mch khuch
i m ngi ta quan tm n
c tnh no hn.

2

25

Mo phi tuyn l s mo dng tn hiu trong b khuch i o c tuyn VOLTAGE
AMPERE ca phn t khuch i khng phi l tuyn tnh ( m l phi tuyn). Do c tuyn
ca phn t khuch i khng tuyn tnh nn mt tn s a ti u vo ca b khuch i s
lm xut hin u ra nhng sng hi bc cao. Mo phi tuyn hay mo khng ng thng
c nh gi bng h s hi :
% 100
....
1
2
3
2
2
2
%
m
mn m m
h
U
U U U
K
+ +
=
Trong U
m1
, U
m2
, U
m3
, ......U
mn
l bin ca in p tn s c bn v bin cc hi bc 2,
3, ...n u ra ca mch khuch i.
Tu theo chc nng ca mch khuch i m K
h%
c nh mc khc nhau trong cc mch k
thut.
2.2.3 c tnh bin
l s ph thuc ca bin in p u ra vo bin in p u vo ca b khuch i.
U
ra
= f(U
vo
)
Dng ca n c trnh by trn hnh 2.2.3.1a.
Thc t khi in p vo bng khng ( khng c tn hiu vo) th vn tn ti mt in p ( tuy rt
nh ), l tp m ni b ca mch khuch i. Cn khi bin in p vo qu ln th bin
in p ra s khng tng v tnh phi tuyn ca phn t khuch i.
Hnh 2.2.3.1 a)c tnh bin ca cc mch khuch i
b)c tnh bin ca khuch i cng sut.
Khi bin tn hiu vo nm trong khong U
Vmin
U
Vmax
th mch khuch i c th coi l
mt mng bn cc tuyn tnh. Lc ni di ng ca mch khuch i l :
min V
max V
U
U
D =
Vi cc mch khuch i cng sut c tnh ng l quan h P
ra
= f(P
Vo
) hoc K
Pdb
= f ( P
vo
)
( hnh 2.2.3.1b,c) lc h s mo phi tuyn s l :
% 100
0
Vo
Ra
P
P
K
A
=
Cng sut vo cc i P
vomax
ng vi mc gim cng sut ra 1 db gi l bin trn ca c
tnh bin ( hnh 2.2.3.1c).
Ura
Uvo Umin
Umax
Pra
Pvo
KP dB
Pvo
Pv max
a)
b)
c)
AP
AK

26

2.2.4 Hiu sut ca mch khuch i:
c tnh bng t s gia cng sut ra ti ( cng sut hu ch ) v cng sut tiu th ngun
ca ton mch:

0

P
P
Ra
=
P
Ra
- cng sut ra ti
P
0
- cng sut tiu th ngun.
2.2.5 Tr khng vo, tr khng ra ca mch khuch i.
Tng tr hoc tng dn u vo v u ra cng l mt tham s quan trng ca mch khuch
i, chng c trng cho kh nng phi hp vi ngun cp tn hiu u vo v phi hp vi
ti u ra ca mch khuch i.Tng tr u vo ( hoc u ra ) l t s gia bin phc
ca in p v dng in u vo (hoc u ra )ca b khuch i:
Rm
Rm
R
Vm
Vm
V
.
I
.
U
Z ;
.
I
.
U
Z = =

Rm
Rm
V
R
R
Vm
Vm
V
V
V
.
U
.
I
Z
Z
Y ;
.
U
.
I
Z
Z
Y = = = = = =
1 1

Nghch o ca tng tr phc l tng dn phc .
Tr khng vo ca mch khuch i c nh ngha nh sau:

v
v
v
i
U
Z =

v i
i
u
v
v
v
r
v
r
u
Z Z
Z
K
E
U
U
U
E
U
K
+
= = = . .
*

Nh vy, nu Z
i
>>Z
v
th
*
u u
K K =
nu Z
i
<<Z
v
th 0
u
K
Tr khng ra ca mch khuch i c nh ngha l tr khng trong ca ngun tng ng
nu ta nhn t pha ti:

r
r
r
i
U
Z =

r t
t
r r
Z Z
Z
E U
+
= .
Nh vy, nu Z
t
>>Z
r
th
r r
E U
nu Z
t
<<Z
r
th 0
r
U
B khuch i in p l tng c K
u
rt ln v khng ph thuc vo ngun v ti:

,
|

0
r
v
u
Z
Z
K

27

B khuch i dng in l tng K
i
rt ln khng ph thuc vo ngun v ti:

,
|

r
v
i
Z
Z
K
0
Tt c cc tham s v c tnh va nu trn u quan trng i vi mt mch khuch i, tuy
nhin tu theo chc nng ca tng mch c th m cc tham s c th c cc yu cu khc
nhau. Ngoi ra cc tham s trn cn cn phi k n n nh ca h s khuch i, h s tp
m, tp m nhit, cc tham s khai thc...
28

2.3 Khuch i tn thp dng transistor
y chng ta s ch xem xt cc mch khuch i vi tn hiu u vo c tn s thp v cc
mch khuch i in tr.
Khuch i in tr l mch khuch i c ti l thun tr (in tr thunR
t
). Tuy nhin
trong cc mch khuch i ngoi ti l in tr R
t
cn c mc thm cc phn t cm khng
v dung khng thay i c tnh tn s, tuy nhin vn c th coi cng l cc mch
khuch i in tr, vi ti l tr khng phc. Cc mch khuch i thun tr dng khuch
i tn hiu yu, mch lm vic ch A. Mch c th l mch emit chung, baz chung
hoc colect chung
2.3.1 Khuch i mc Emit chung.
Khuch i hnh 2.3.1.1 mc emit chung l mch thng dng hn c. Trc ht ta xt tc dng
ca linh kin trong mch. in tr R
1
, R
2
v R
E
c tc dng nh thin v n nh ch cng
tc ( n nh nhit) cho transistorr.
T in C
E
c chn sao cho trong ton di tn s lm
vic ca mch khuch i n gn nh ngn mch hon
ton cc thnh phn tn hiu st trn R
E
trit b hi
tip m theo tn s tn hiu trn R
E
. in tr R
L
v C
L

to thnh mch lc ngun va ngn cch nh hng
ln nhau gia cc tng dng chung ngun E
CC
, va kh
st p xoay chiu trn ni tr ngun E
CC
. Mun vy
chn tr s ca t C
E
ln
E
R
C
E t

1

v L
L
t
R
C

1
Trong
t
= 2xf
t
, f
t
l tn s thp
nht ca tn hiu cn khuch i. Ngoi ra mch R
E
, C
E

cn dng sa c tnh tn s vng tn s thp.
in tr R
C
xc nh ch mt chiu nh sau:

E
C
CE CC
R
I
U E
Rc
O
O

=
Phn tch v tnh ton mch khuch i thun tr thng c tin hnh da trn s tng
ng theo tn s tn hiu, tc l coi cc tr khng
1 1
C C
E e
, l khng ng k. Lc ny s
dng s tng ng ca transistorr (xem gio trnh Cu kin in t)ta lp c s
tng ng ca mch nh hnh 4.17.
S tng ng ny ch tnh n cc in dung k sinh u ra ca mch khuch i . Cc
t C
n1
v C
n2
l cc t ni tng, thng cc thnh phn tn s tn hiu, ngn cch thnh phn mt
chiu t tng trc sang tng sau. Ti thun tr l R
t
. y C
ra
- in dung u ra ca transistorr
( C
ra
= C
CE
),in dung k sinh C
KS
=C
V
+C
Lr1
+C
Lr2
;C
lr1
v C
lr2
- in dung k sinh do lp rp
u ra ca tng ang xt v u vo ca tng tip theo(ti),C
V
in dung ca u vo ca tng
tip theo.Trong mch khuch i C
n
ln hn nhiu so vi C
lr1
, C
lr2
, C
ra
, C
V
v nh hng ca
chng cc vng tn s l khc nhau. Ngi ta phn thnh ba vng tn s: Vng tn s thp,
trung bnh v vng tn s cao. Xt c tnh tn s ca khuch i trong cc vng .

29

vng tn s trung bnh :tr khng ca C
n2
khng ng k, (
n tb
C
1

nh) nn n
c thay th gn ng bng dy dn, lc
C
t
= C
r
+ C
M1
+ C
M2
+ C
V
. Vi tr khng ca
in dung tng ng cc ln (
n tb
C
1

v
C
t
ch c vi chc pF )nn s tng ng
mch hnh 2.3.1.2 c dng nh hnh
2.3.1.3.a





Vi g
t
= g
ra
+ g
C
+ g
t
; g
ra
=
CE
r
1
;
C
c
R
1
g = ;
g
Rt
t
=
1

T ta c
td
V
Ra
g
SU
U = nn:

)
td
t c 2 td V
Ra
R S
g g g
S
g
S
U
U
K .
.
=
+ +
= = =
Nh vy vng tn s trung bnh h s khuch i l mt hng s, khng ph thuc vo tn s.
Du tr cho ta thy in p u ra ngc pha so vi in p u vo. Ta k hiu K vng tn
s trung bnh l
K
0
=S.R
t

Trong thc t th R
t
<< R
C
v r
CE
nn R
t
<R
t
:
K
0
< S.R
t

vng tn s cao :tr khng ca C
n2
cng nh, nhng tr khng ca C
ra
,C
lr
, C
v
cng bc vi
R
t
, r
CE
, v R
C
nn khng th b qua. Lc s tng ng mch ra s c dng nh hnh
2.3.1.3.b. T s ny ta tm c :
Hnh 2.3.1.2. S tung ung
khuch i Emito chung
Rn
Rb rbe
Cn1 Cn2
CKS Cr
SUV
rCE RC
Rt
UV
URa


30

td V Ra
td td C
td
td C td
td
Z SU U
R C j 1
R
C j g
1
Z . ; =
+
=
+
=

C
td
V
Ra
Cao
c
0
td
c
td
C
j 1
K
R j 1
R S
SZ
U
U
K K
X +
=
+
= = = =
- -
.

X
C
= R
td
.C
td
- hng s thi gian ca mch vng tn s cao.
Nh vy th :

)
2
c c
0
c
1 X +
K
= K
-

m
c
() =
)
2
c c
0
C
1
1
K
K
X +
= (*)
c tnh bin tn s ny trnh by trn hnh 2.3.1.4.
Tn s gii hn trn ca di thng
C
c xc nh theo biu thc (*) c tr s bng
2
l
=
0,707.
m
c 0,7
=
)
2
X + l
l
c c
=
2
l
, tc l
c
X
c
=1. T ta c :

c
=
td td c
C R
1 1
.
=
X

T cng thc trn ta thy khi C
td
cng ln th tn s gii hn trn ca di thng cng gim. Khi
tng R
td
th tn s gii hn trn cng gim nhng li tng tr s K
0
tc l h s khuch i
vng tn s trung bnh.
Ngi ta a ra khi nim "din tch khuch i" bng tch ca K
o
v
C
:
S
K
= K
0
c =
td
C
S

T cng thc ta thy din tch khuch i c xc nh ch yu bi cc tham s ca transistor
(h dn S v cc in dung k sinh).
vng tn s thp: tr khng ca C
ra
, C
lr1
,C
lr2
, C rt ln so vi R
t
v R
C
nn s tng
ng mch ra vng tn s thp c dng nh hnh 2.3.1.3 c.
T hnh ny ta tm c :

t t
t
j X
l
+ l
K
= K
0

31



v ng tn s thp v ng tn s trung bnh v ng tn s cao
K
0


2
K0





t1

t2

t3

C1

C2

C3

Hnh 2.3.1.4. TBT ca khuch i in tr.

Trong , X
t
- hng s thi gian vng tn s thp

+
+
= X
t
c
c
2 n t
R
R r
R r
C
CE
cE
.

)
2
X
l
+ l
K
= K
2
0
t
.
t
t

)
2
X
l
+ l
l
=
2
t
t
.
m
t

c tnh tn s vng tn s thp c dng nh hnh 2.3.1.4. Tn s gii hn di ca di
thng c xc nh theo cng thc

2
l
=
X
l
+ l
l
2
) (
t
t
=
t
X
l

T ta c th rt ra c tnh tn s vng tn s bt k xc nh theo biu thc:
)
2
0

X
l
X + l
K
= K
t
c

)
2

X
l
X + l
l
=
t
c
m
Xt c tnh tn s ca mch khuch i nh trn, ta cha xt n qun tnh ca transistor, tc
l coi h dn S=const.
Thc t h dn ca Transistor ph thuc vo tn s: S gim khi tn s tng.

X + l
=
0
j
S
S , X - hng s thi gian ca mch vo
32

X = (C
be
+ C
b'e
).
b be
e b b b
e b b b
r C
r r
r r
.
.
' '
' '
<
+

vng tn s thp v vng tn s trung bnh sai s ny c th b qua. vng tn s cao trong
cc b khuch i di rng c khi khng th b qua c.
)
) )
c j
c j t j
S
'
0 0
1
1 1
X
X X

+
K
<
+ +
= K
-

Trong X'
C
= X +X
c
v m
c
() =
)
2
X + l
l
'
c

Nh vy vng tn s cao trong mch khuch i in tr Transistor lng cc h s khuch
i b gim do hai nguyn nhn :
1. Tn s cng cao th h dn ca Transistor cng gim ,
2. Do in dung k sinh lp rp, in dung mch ra, in dung ti u song song
vi ti mch ra .
Tng tr u vo: ta ch xt vng tn s trung bnh. Theo s tng ng hnh 2.3.1.2 th
vng tn s trung bnh
Zv < R
n
+(R
b
// r
be
)
Trong R
b
=R
1
.R
2
/(R
1
+R
2
)
Tng tr u ra vng tn s trung bnh
Z
z
= r
CE
// R
C
< R
C
.
H s khuych i vng tn s trung bnh c th xc nh theo cng thc gn ng sau :
K
I
=
t C
C
t
t C
v
t
R R
R
R
R R
I
I
+
= =
//
.
B khuch i Emit chung cho h s khuch i dng in kh ln. Nu R
C
>> R
t
th K
i
< .
Thc t mch khuch i in tr Emit chung cho h s khuch i in p K
o
= 20 100,
K
I
=
Nh vy mch khuch i in tr Emit
chung khuch a c in p v dng in v
cho h s khuch i cng sut kh ln (0,2
5)10
3
, c tr khng vo tng i ln , tr
khng ra xc nh bi in tr colect R
C
,
in p u ra ngc pha so vi in p u
vo. Do cc c im trn m khuch i
emit chung c s dng kh ph bin
trong k thut
2.3.2 Khuch i mc baz chung
Mch khuch i baz chung c s
nguyn l trn hnh 2.3.2.1. Tn hiu vo t
gia cc E v cc B, tn hiu ra ly gia cc C v cc B . Cc in tr R
1
,R
2
v R
E
xc nh
im cng tc tnh ca tng. T C
b
ni cc B ca Transistor xung "mt" kh hi tip m
trn R
2
. Cch xt cc c tnh ca mch cng tng t nh mch emit chung xt.










+ECC
-
Rc
Cn2
R1
Cb
RE .
R2
Uv .
Cn1
Hnh 2.3.2.`1 S mch khuch
i mc bazo chung
33

y ta khng xt t m m ch nhn mnh mt s c im chnh ca mch ny nh sau. Tr
khng vo ca s nh ( v dng vo l I
E
ln)
Z
v
< R
E
// r
b
(4.46)
Tr khng ny c ch s ch vi chc m (20 50)O , l nhc im ln ca
s ny.
H s khuch i dng in:
l = K
t
t E
I
R
R R
.
H s khuch i in p:
K =
v n
t C
R R
R R
+

//
.
Trong R
n
- ni tr ca ngun tn hiu .

Tr khng ra: Zr = R
c
// r
CE

Nh vy mch khuch i baz chung ch khuch i in p m khng khuch i dng in,
in p u vo v u ra ca mch khuch i ng pha nhau, tr khng vo nh, tr khng
ra cng bc vi s emit chung . Mch khuch i baz chung vn c s dng trong k
thut do nhng nguyn nhn sau y:
V h c tuyn tnh ca Transistor mc baz chung c tuyn tnh cao nn Transistor c th
dng vi in p colect ln hn s emit chung . Chnh v vy tng baz chung c dng
khi c in p u ra ln.
vng tn s cao in dung vo ca tng emit chung kh ln, n l tng in dung C
be
v
in dung ghp gia mch ra v mch vo (C
bC
)phn nh v mch vo C
bC
= K.C
bC
, n c
10pF -100pF. Cn tng baz chung in dung vo
ch l in dung baz - emit c vi pF. in dung
ny cng vi in tr trong ca ngun tn hiu to
thnh mch lc thng thp vi tn s gii hn trn
ln hn tn s gii hn trn ca s emit chung
kh nhiu. Do vy s baz chung thng c
dng lm vic vng tn s cao.
2.3.3 Khuch i colect chung.
S nguyn l trnh by trn s hnh 2.3.3.1
Ta cng xt cc tham s ca mch vng tn s
trung bnh. Tn hiu vo a vo gia cc B v cc
E, tn hiu ra ly trn R
E
, tc l gia cc E v cc C.
Nu xy dng s tng ng ri tm cc quan
h ta c:
Z
V
= R
b
// r
V

r
V
= r
b
+ (1+)(r
d
+ R
E
// R
t
)
Thng R
d
<< R
E
// R
t
nn
Z
V
= R
1
// R
2
// (1+)(R
E
// R
t
)

+Ecc
R
1

R
2

R
t

R E
Hnh 2.3.3.1 Khuch i Colecto chung
U
r

C
n2
C
n1


34

Nh vy Z
V
ln hn nhiu so vi s emit chung. V d vi transistor c =50, chn R
E
//
R
t
= 1kO th R
V
= 51kO; lc c th chn R
1
// R
2
= R
b
kh ln c R
V
= 51kO.
Zr = R
E
// r
E

V R
E
nh nn tng tr ra nh Zr = 10 50O. Transistorr lun thng nn U
BE
nh, v vy U
V

= U
BE
+ U
KE
nn U
RE
U
V
. V vy:
l =
-
-
mV
mR
U
U
K
S colect chung khng khuch i in p, c in p ra xp x bng in p vo nn
ngi ta gi tng colect chung l tng lp emit hay tng lp li in p.
H s khuch i dng in

E t
E
I
R R
R
) ( K
+
+ l = (4.54)
So snh ta thy nu chn R
E
c R
C
th h s khuch i dng in trong s emit chung v
lp emit l gn nh nhau.
H s khuch i cng sut K
P
= K K
I
= K
I
.
Tr khng ra:
CE
r // R Z
E r
< (4.55)
Tr khng ra theo c (10 50)O.
Nh vy tng lp emit khng khuch i in p m ch khuch i dng in, tc l cng
khuch i cng sut, c tr khng ra nh, tr khng vo ln nn c dng phi hp gia
ngun tn hiu vi ti c tr khng nh ( gi l tng m) hoc dng lm tng ra lm vic
ch A.
2.3.4 Khuch i dng transistorr trng FET.
Cc s khuch i dng FET cng c tnh cht ging nh transistor lng cc. Nhng v h
dn ca FET nh hn ca transistor lng cc nn h s khuch i ca n nh hn khuch i
dng transistorr lng cc. FET knh dn n thng dng trong phm vi tn s rt cao. Cc
mch khuch i dng FET ch mc ngun chung hoc mng chung.
2.3.4.1 Khuch i FET mc cc ngun chung.
Hnh 2.3.4.1.1a l s nguyn l khuch i dng transistor trng MOSFET knh dn n t
sn, tng t nh s emit chung hnh 2.3.1.1. Hnh 2.3.4.1.1.a khuch i in tr cc
ngun cung v 2.3.4.1.1.b l ng ti trn h c tuyn .
Tn hiu cn khuch i a vo cc ca G v cc ngun S qua C
n1
, tn hiu ra ly gia cc
mng D v cc ngun S qua tC
n2
, tc l trn R
t
. Ch tnh ca tng c xc nh bi R
S
v
R
2
( c th c R
1
). Hnh 2.3.4.1.1b l h c tnh ra ca transistor trng vi cc ng ti.
Nguyn tc chn ch tnh ging nh mch emit chung. Chn c:
U
DS 0
> U
ra m
+AU
DS

ng ti tnh mt chiu ab cng dng tng t nh mch emit chung theo phng trnh
ti:
U
DS
= U
D
= E
D
- I
D
(R
D
+ R
S
)
im a ng vi U
DS
= E
D
, I
D
= 0, im b ng vi U
DS
= 0,
D S
D
D
R R
E
I
+
= . im cng tc tnh 0
chn trn ng ti tnh ab ng vi im U
GS0
, U
DS0
, I
D0
. ng ti xoay chiu xc nh theo
35

R
t~
= R
D
// R
t
. Nu ti cng l mt tng khuch i nh Hnh 2.3.4.1.1a th coi R
t
< v ng
ti xoay chiu trng vi ng ti tnh.
Khc vi transistor lng cc, FET ch tnh c th c U
GS0
l m, dng hoc bng 0.
- Trng hp U
GSO
< 0. in tr R
2
v R
S
xc nh U
GSO
<0 ( xem tit 4.4,3,c).
U
GS0
= - I
DO
.R
S
. in tr R
S
c xc nh:

DO
O S D
S
I
U
R = (4.58)
in tr R
2
chn nh hn tr khng vo ca trazisto vi bc gim nh hng ca
nhit v tnh tn mn tham s ca FET n tr khng vo ca tng. Chn R
2
= 1 5
MO. Mun tng n nh cn tng R
S
, nhng tng R
S
lm thay i U
GSO
v vy cn
mc R
1
b in p cho cc ca.
U
GS O
= U
S 0
- U
G 0
= I
D 0
R
S
-
2 1
2
R R
R . E
D
+

R
1
=
0
0
2
GS
s
D
U U
R . E

- R
2

Nh vy phi chn ngun
E
D
= U
DS 0
+U
S0
+ I
D
.R
D

in tr R
D
chn:
R
D
= (0,05 0,15) R
i

R
i
- Ni tr ca FET ( c chn)
U
S O
chn khong ( 0,1 0,3) E
D
E
D
c chn :

9 0 7 0
0 0
, ,
R I U
E
D D D
D

+
=
- Trng hp U
GS
> 0 . Trng hp ny l trng hp in hnh ca MOSFET knh
cm ng n, nn ta dng cc cng thc trn v i du trc U
GS0
.

U Dmax
U Do
2U Dm
U GSo
0
b d
a
c
a)
b)
I D
I D max
+E D
R1
R2
Rt
R S
Hnh2.3.4.1.1a) Khuch i cc ngun
chung
b)- ng ti tr n h c tuyn ra
R D
C n1
C n2

36

Tng t nh Transistor lng cc , transistor trng cn quan tm n U
DS max
, I
D max
,
P
D max
(xem Hnh 2.3.4.1.1b).
xc nh cc tham s ca tng khuych i cn dng s tng ng hnh 2.3.4.1.2
y ta ch phn tch vng tn s trung bnh, b qua cc in dung k sinh trong mch, ta
c:
U
ra
= - SU
v
. R
0
.
K = - SR
0

R
0
= R
i
// R
t ~
; R
t ~
= R
D
// R
t
.
Thng R
t
<< R
i
; R
t
<< R
D
nn
K < - SR
t

in tr vo : Z R R
R R
R R
V
< =
+
1 2
1 2
1 2
/ /
.

in tr ra:
D i D r
R R // R Z < =

2.3.4.2 S cc mng chung hay lp cc ngun.
S lp cc ngun ging nh s lp emit nhng tr khng vo ca n rt ln
( 10
7
10
12
)O. S hnh 2.3.4.2.1
H s khuch i in p
1 < =
mV
.
mra
.
..
U
U
K
Tr khng vo :
Z
V
= r
gS
+ (1 + )R
S
= r
gS
[ 1 - SR
S

]
Tr khng ra:
S ra
R //
S
Z
1
<

Tng quan v ba loi s dng transistorr lng cc v
transistorr trng.
L thuyt t m nghin cu 3 loi s dng transistorr lng cc v transistorr trng kh
phc tp. Tuy nhin c th thy c nhng tham s v c
tnh quan trng ca cc s thng qua vic nghin cu trn. nh gi so snh cc s ta
c th dng bng 2.3.4.2.1.
Bng 2.3.4.2.1

S

Tham s
Emit
Chung
(EC)
Colect
chung
(CC)
Baz
chung
(BC)
Ngun
chung
(SC)
Mng
chung
(DC)
Ca
chung
( GC)
K
U
K
i

Z
V

Z
r

N
Ln
Ln
Trung bnh
Trung bnh
x
Nh
Ln
Ln
Nh
0
Ln
Nh
Nh
Ln
0
T. bnh
Rt ln
Rt ln
T.bnh
x
Nh
Rt ln
Rt ln
Nh
0
T.bnh
Nh
Nh
Ln
0


37


T bng trn c th thy:
Mch khuch i emit chung c h s khuch i cng sut ln nht ( v Ku v Ki u ln ),
tr khng vo v tr khng ra ca n c gi tr trung bnh nn ghp vi ngun tn hiu v ti
kh tt . V vy s ny c s dng rng ri hn c. Trong khi tng FET mun

c K
u
ln cn c R
t
ln, lm gim tn s gii hn trn ca mch.
- Mch lp Emit chung v lp ngun thng dng phi hp tr khng vi ti nh
v ngun tn hiu vo c tr khng ln.
- Mch Emit chung c hi tip m trn R
E
thng c dng lm ngun dng,
mch lp emit dng lm ngun p.
- Mch dng FET c h s khuch i in p nh v h dn nh, mch lp cc ngun
c tr khng ra ln hn mch lp emit.
- Cc mch dng FET c u im ln l tr khng vo rt ln.
- tn s cao mch baz chung c nhiu u im hn so vi mch emit chung v
colect chung.
2.3.5 V d xy dng mch khuch i mc Emito chung.
Xt v d tnh ton mt mach khuch i tn hiu m tn sau y.
a.S liu ban u :
tnh ton mt mch khuch i in t ta cn c vo s liu ban u sau.
- Bin in p ra U
mr
,thng nh hn 1v
- Bin in p vo U
mv
,thng di 1mv
- in tr R
t
, vi trm O n vi kO
- Di thng f
t
f
C
t vi chc hz n vi chc khz
M
t
, M
c
- h s mo bin tn s thp f
t
v tn s cao f
C
.
E
CC
- in p ngun, c th cho trc hoc t chn.
Trong v d cho trc :
R
t
= 280O ; U
mra
= 220mv; U
m v
= 18mv
f
t
= 200 hz ; f
C
= 9khz ; M
t
= M
C
=
c t
m
,
1
= 1,2
E
CC
= 15v.
b. Chn Transistor
y l khuch i tuyn tnh lm vic ch A dng transistor cng sut nh tn s thp
(m tn) m bo khuch i cn thit .

12
18
220
= = = K
mv
U
mr
U

i vi transistor cng sut di 1w th h
11
= 300 3000 O.
v d th chn h
11 e
= 1kO ; K=SR
t
= Rt .
h
h
11
21

Tta c :
= h
21 e
= .
.
R
h .
t
e
42 =
2?0
l000 l2
=
K
ll

38

Tra s tay ta thy c nhiu transistor m tn cng sut nh c > 42 . V d chn MH - 37 o -
bng Nga c P = 150mw, f
g
= 1Mhz , = 50 .
Khi chn transistor nn chn loi r tin, sn c. Nu c tuyn ca transistor chn khng
cho trong cc s tay ta c th ly c tuyn ca n bng thc nghim. Transistor MH - 37 o -
c c tuyn ra trn hnh 2.3.5.1.
Nu nh sau khi tnh m K ln, tc l ln th c th chn 2 hoc 3 tng khuch i tho
mn .

c. Chn ch tnh ca transistor
(hnh 2.3.5.1)
in tr R
C
chn bng
(23)R
t
.Chn R
c
bng 1kO
Ti xoay chiu l :
R
t~
= R
C
// R
t
= =
l00 + 2?0
l000 2?0.
210O
Bin in p ra l 220mv nn
bin d dng in ra l :
I
mr
=
220
210
= 1mA
im cng tc O chn phi tho mn
I
C 0
> I
mra
+ I
c min
.
Theo c tuyn chn I
Cmin
= 1mA nh vy I
Co
> 2mA . c tuyn tnh tt ta chn I
Co
= 7mA ,
ng vi I
Bo
= 0,2 mA (xem hnh 4.25b), U
CE0
=5v.Chn I
c0
nh nh vy v bin tn hiu nh
v tiu hao cng sut.Cng sut tiu tn (to nhit) trn colect l :
P
o
= U
CE0
. I
C0
= 7[mA] . 5 [v]= 35mw nh hn 150mw, cho trong s tay ca MH - 37 o.
Nh vy transistor khng b nng.Theo c tuyn hnh 2.3.5.1 ng vi I
B0
=0,2 mA ta xc nh
c U
BEO
=0,16 v
d. Tnh ton cc in tr trong mch.
c tuyn ti tnh l ng dng theo phng trnh
U
CE
= E
CC
- I
CO
(R
C
+R
E
) nn
R
C
+ R
E
= O =

k ,
I
U E
co
CEo cc
4 1
7
5 15

R
E
chn sao cho U
RE
=(0,02 0,1) U
Rc
.Thng theo kinh nghim chn R
E
c tr s: 20O < R
E

< 100O.Chn R
E
= 30O th u
RE
= 30.7.10
-3
= 0,21v.Do vy U
BO
= U
BEO
+ U
REO
= 0,16 + 0,21
=0,37v.
U
BO
l st p trn R
2
. U
BO
n nh R
2
=3 h
11e
hoc I
R2
= (0,33) I
BO
.Chn I
R2
= 0,3 I
BO
=
0,3. 0,2 = 0,06mA. O < = = k
,
,
I
U
R
R
B
6
06 0
37 0
2
0
2
O =
+

=
+

= k
, ,
,
I I
U Ecc
R
B R
B
56
2 0 06 0
37 0 15
0 2
0
1
Nh vy theo cch chn v tnh ton trn ta c:
R
1
=56KO; R
2
= 6KO; R
C
= 1KO; R
E
= 30O.

o H 37 M

39

e. Tnh cc tham s ca mch khuch i
tnh khuch i ca tng cn xc nh
h
11e
, h
21e
. Chng c th o hoc xc nh
trn h c tuyn hnh 2.3.5.1.
B
BE
e
I
U
h
A
A
=
11

Uc=const

ng vi U
Co
= 5V,
Khi U
BEo
= 0,16V th I
B
= 0,2mA
Khi U
BEo
= 0,18V th I
B
= 0,3mA
200
2 0 3 0
16 0 18 0
11
<

=
) mA )( , , (
) V )( , , (
h
e


const U
B
C
e
C
I
I
h
=
=

21
:
Khi I
C
= 7mA th I
B
= 0,2mA,Khi I
C
=14mA th I
B
= 0,4mA.
h
21
14 7
0 4 0 2
35 =

=
, ,

Theo cc tham s trn th:
. , .
~ t
R .
e
h
e
h
K 75 36 210
200
35
11
21
= = =
Nh vy s bo m K ln hn 12 theo yu cu. Ngha l cn d h s khuch i nn cng
c th to hi tip m tng n nh ca mch.
Tr khng vo tnh theo cng thc:
O = O =
+ +
= 190 19 0
11 2 11 1 2 1
11 2 1
K ,
e
h R
e
h . R R . R
e
h . R . R
V
R .
f.Tnh ton cc t in : Chn t ni tng C
n1
v C
n2
tho mn :
) F ,
, . . .
C C ; Rv , ,
c
n n
n t
=
x
> =

5 12
3 0 190 200 2
1
3 0 1 0
1
2 1

Chn C
n1
=C
n2
=15F - 15v.
Chn C
E
tho mn: ) F
, . . .
E
C ;
E
R , ,
E
C
t
<
x
=

80
3 0 30 200 2
1
3 0 1 0
1


Chn C
E
= 100F - 16v
T lc ngun C
L
chn )
0
3 0 1 0
1
r , ,
C . E t

, r
o
l ni tr ca ngun.
Chn C
L
= 200F

56K
30
280
1K
6K
15
15
+ 15V
_
Uv
Ur
Hnh 2.3.5.2 .Khuch i in tr emit chung
v i c c thng s tnh trn tranzisto
100
F

F

100
F

F

O
O
M 37

40

2.3.6 Mt s cch mc transistor c bit dng trong khuch i .
2.3.6.1 Mc Darlington
Khi yu cu h s khuch i dng in ln hoc tng tr khng u vo cc mch lp emit ngi ta
mc t hp 2 transistor thnh 1 gi l mc
Darlington nh Hnh 2.3.6.1.1
Xt cch mc th nht Hnh 2.3.6.1.1a.
Ta c
I
c
= I
c1
+ I
c2

m I
c1
=
1
I
B1
+ I
c10
;
I
c2
=
2
I
B2
+ I
c20
; I
E1
=
I
B2
<I
C1
nn:I
C2
<
2
.
1
I
B1
+
2
I
C10
+I
C20

I
c
=
1
I
B1
+ I
C10
+
1
.
2
.I
B1
+
2
Ic
10
+ Ic
20.

Vi
1

2
kh ln th Ic <
1
.
2
I
B1

Nh vy hai transistor mc Darlington
hnh 2.3.6.1.1a tng ng vi mt transistor c h s khuch i dng tnh =
1

2
. Hnh
2.3.6.1.1b,c dng hai transistor khc tnh

b nhit. Cc transistor mc Darlington c cc c
im sau y :
- Dng d ca transistor mc Darlington ln (Dng ngc I
CE0
) v dng d ca T
1

c T
2
khuch i nn kh ln ,v vy khng mc thm tng th ba.
- V mt ghp emit - baz ca hai transistor, tc hai it , ghp ni tip nn in p
mt chiu cng nh mc tri ca in p ny ln gp i so vi trng hp dng
mt transistor.
2.3.6.2 Mch Kackot
Mch kackot dng hai transistor lng cc T
1
mc emit chung
T
2
mc baz chung nh hnh 4.28 kt hp u im ca c
hai cch mc. Tng ra T
2
lm nhim v ngn cch nh hng
gia mch vo v mch ra. Mch Emit chung c tr khng vo
ln, ti ca n l tng baz chung c tr khng vo nh nn tn
s lm vic tng cao(4.4.1).Mt khc in dung vo ca tng
baz chung nh nn tng emit chung lm vic tn s cao nh
tng baz chung. Mun vy ngi ta thit k tng T
1
c h s
khuch i in p K
1
= - 1 , Tng T
2
c h s khuch i in p
K
2
= SR
C2
. Nh vy K = K
1
.K
2
= - SR
C 2
.
I
I
I
I
I
I I
C1
C
C2
E1= B2
B
E
Hnh 2.3.6.1.1. C c d ng mc Darlington
a)
b) c)
B
B B
E
E E
C
C
C
T
T
1
2


41

2.4 Khuch i dng vi mch thut ton
2.4.1 Vi mch khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp)
Vi mch khuch i thut ton (Operational Amplifier) k hiu l OpAmp u tin c
dng ni v cc mch khuch i c kh nng thay i theo mch ghp ni bn ngoi
thc hin cc php bin i ton hc nh cng tr, bin i t l, vi tch phn... trong cc my
tnh tng t. Nh s pht trin ca cng ngh bn dn, opamp ngy cng tr nn tin cy, kch
thc nh, n nh nhit, v vy, ngy nay opamp c s dng nh l thnh phn c bn ca
cc ng dng khuch i, bin i tn hiu, cc b lc tch cc, to hm v chuyn i.
a. Cu to: c s ca vi mch khuch i thut ton l cc tng khuch i vi sai. Cc vi mch
khuch i thut ton bao gm ba phn:
+ Khuch i vi sai.
Dng khuch i tn hiu vo, c c im l khuch i nhiu thp, tr khng vo cao,
thng u ra vi sai.
+ Khuch i in p.
To ra h s khuch i in p cao, thng u ra n cc.
+ Khuch i u ra.
Dng vi tn hiu ra, cho php kh nng ti dng ln, tr khng ra thp, c cc mch
chng ngn mch v hn ch dng in.
Mt vi mch khuch i thut ton ph dng l 741. S mch bn trong ca vi mch khuch
i thut ton 741 c trnh by nh trong hnh v:

Hnh 2.4.1. Cu to vi mch KTT 741.

2.4.2 OpAmp l tng v thc t:
Vi mch khuch i thut ton (KTT) c k hiu nh hnh v:
42


Hnh 2.4.2.1. Hai cch k hiu vi mch KTT.

bao gm:
- Hai u vo:
- u vo 1 (u c k hiu du - trong vi mch KTT) gi l u vo o.
in p v
1
t vo u vo o s c khuch i v bin v o pha u
ra.
- u vo 2 (u c k hiu du + trong vi mch KTT) gi l u vo
khng o. in p v
2
t vo u vo khng o s c khuch i v bin
v khng o pha u ra.
- Mt u ra, in p ra k hiu l v
0
.
Mch tng ng n gin ca vi mch khuch i thut ton tn s thp c m t nh
hnh v:

Hnh 2.4.2.2. S tng ng vi mch KTT.

Mt b vi mch KTT khuch i vi sai in p v
d
=v
1
-v
2
gia hai tn hiu vo. H s khuch
i in p h mch c tnh theo cng thc:
d
OL
v
v
A
0
=
V bin , h s khuch i h mch A
OL
t gi tr t 10
4
ti 10
7
. Bin ln nht ca in
p ra c gi l in p bo ha. in p ny thng xp x nh hn in p ngun cp l 2V.
Nh vy:
- (Vcc - 2) < v
0
< Vcc - 2

43

Vi mch KTT l tng c 3 c im nh sau:
1. H s khuch i in p h mch l -.
2. Tr khng vo Rd gia hai cc 1 v 2 l v cng ln, v vy, dng vo bng 0.
3. Tr khng ra bng 0, nh vy, in p ra khng ph thuc vo ti.
S mch tng ng ca vi mch KTT l tng c trnh by nh sau:

Hnh 2.4.2.3. S tng ng vi mch KTT l tng.

T ba c im trn, vi vi mch KTT l tng ta lun c:

0 = =
=
+
+
I I
U U

2.4.3 Mch khuch i:
2.4.3.1 Mch khuch i o:
Mch khuch i o (hnh v) c u vo khng o ni t, tn hiu U
1
c a vo u vo
o qua in tr R
1
, mch thc hin hi tip m qua in tr R
2
. u ra U
2
o cc so vi u
vo U
1
.


Hnh 2.4.3.1.1. Mch khuch i o.

Tnh ton u ra U
2
:

0
0
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U

Xt ti nt A, ta c:
44

0 0
0
2
2
1
1
2 1
=

R
U U
R
U U
I I I

Thay 0 =

U vo ta c:

1
1
2
2
.U
R
R
U =

Nhn xt:
- in p vo c khuch i ln t l
1
2
R
R
ln.
- in p ra ngc pha vi in p vo.

2.4.3.2 Mch khuch i khng o:
Mch khuch i khng o c tn hiu vo c a ti u vo khng o, u vo o c
ni t qua in tr R
1
nh hnh v.

Hnh 2.4.3.2. Mch khuch i khng o.
Tnh ton u ra U
2
:

0
1
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U U

Xt ti nt A, ta c:

0 0
0
0
2
2
1
2 1
=

R
U U
R
U
I I I

Thay
1
U U =

vo ta c:

+ =
=

1
2
1 2
2
2 1
1
1
1
0
R
R
U U
R
U U
R
U


Nhn xt:
45

- in p vo c khuch i ln t l

+
1
2
1
R
R
ln. Nh vy, in p ra lun ln
hn in p vo v bin .
- in p ra cng pha vi in p vo.

2.4.4 Mch cng tr:
2.4.4.1 Mch cng:
Php cng l mt trong nhng thao tc c bn nht ca ton hc. C hai loi mch cng thc
hin s dng vi mch khuch i thut ton m ta s nghin cu l mch cng o v mch
cng khng o..
a. Mch cng o:
Mch cng o hai s s dng vi mch KTT c thc hin nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 2.4.4.1.1. Mch cng o.

Mch c 2 tn hiu vo U
1
v U
2
c a song song ti u vo o ca vi mch KTT.
Tnh ton u ra U
r
:

0
0
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U

Xt ti nt A, ta c:

0 0
0
1 1
2
1
1
2 1
=

= +

R
U U
R
U U
R
U U
I I I I
r
ht

Thay 0 =

U vo ta c:

)
2 1
1 1
2
1
1
0
U U U
R
U
R
U
R
U
r
r
+ =
=

+


Nhn xt:
+ in p ra s l tng cc in p vo, ly o du.

Tng qut: i vi trng hp nhiu u vo, mch cng o c thc hin nh sau:


46


Hnh 2.4.4.1.2. Mch cng o tng qut.

b. Mch cng khng o:
Mch cng khng o cho hai u vo c thc hin nh hnh v:


Hnh 2.4.4.1.3. Mch cng khng o.

Tnh ton u ra U
2
:

0 = =
= = =
+
+
I I
U U U U
B A

Xt ti nt A, ta c:

2
0
0
0
2 2
0
r
A
r A A
ht
U
U
R
U U
R
U
I I I
=
=

=


Xt ti nt B, ta c:

2
0
0
2 1
1
2
1
1
2 1
U U
U
R
U U
R
U U
I I I
B
B B
+
=
=

= +
+


/
1

/
N

=
=
N
i
i i r
U U
1
.

47

Thay
B A
U U = vo ta c:
)
2 1
U U U
r
+ =

Nhn xt:
+ in p ra s l tng cc in p vo, gi nguyn du.

Tng qut: i vi trng hp nhiu u vo, mch cng khng o c thc hin nh sau:

Hnh 2.4.4.1.4. Mch cng khng o tng qut.

2.4.4.2 Mch tr:
thc hin tr hai in p, ngi ta thng s dng mch nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 2.4.4.2.1. Mch tr.

Tnh ton u ra U
r
:

0 = =
= = =
+
+
I I
U U U U
B A

Xt ti nt A, ta c:

2
0
0
1
2 2
1
1
r
r
ht
U U
U
R
U U
R
U U
I I I
+
=
=

Xt ti nt B, ta c:
/
1

/
N

=
=
N
i
i i r
U U
1
.
48


2
0
0
0
2
1 1
2
0 2
U
U
R
U
R
U U
I I I
=
=

= +
+
+ +
+


Thay
+
= U U vo ta c:

1 2
U U U
r
=

2.4.4.3 Mch cng tr tng qut:
Mch cng tr tng qut c thc hin nh hnh v sau:


Hnh 2.4.4.3.1. Mch cng tr tng qut.

Nu

= =
=
N
i
i
N
i
i
1
'
1
th in p u ra s c tnh nh sau:
i
N
i
i i
N
i
i r
U U U . .
1
'
1
'

= =
=


2.4.5 Mch vi tch phn:
c tnh in ca t in:

dt
dU
C i
C
. =
2.4.5.1 Mch tch phn
Khi thay in tr hi tip ca vi mch KTT bng t in, do tnh cht in ca t in, ta s
c mch thc hin ly tch phn ca tn hiu vo nh hnh v:
/
1

/
N

/
1

/
N

49


Hnh 2.4.5.1.1. Mch tch phn.

Tnh ton u ra U
r
:

0
0
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U

Xt ti nt A, ta c:

=
=

=

dt U
RC
U
dt
dU
C
R
U
I I I
r
r
C
1
1
1
1
0 .
0
0

Nh vy, tn hiu ra chnh l tch phn ca tn hiu vo c o du.

2.4.5.2 Mch vi phn:
Khi thay t in vo in tr ni vi ngun tn hiu, do tnh cht in ca t in, ta s c mch
thc hin ly vi phn ca tn hiu vo nh hnh v:

Hnh 2.4.5.2.1. Mch vi phn.

Tnh ton u ra U
r
:

0
0
= =
= =
+
+
I I
U U

Xt ti nt A, ta c:
50


dt
dU
RC U
R
U U
dt
dU
C
I I I
r
r
ht C
1
1
.
0 .
0
=
=

Nh vy, tn hiu ra chnh l vi phn ca tn hiu vo c o du.

2.4.6 Bi tp:
Bi 1: Cho mch khuch i hn hp s dng vi mch khuch i thut ton nh hnh v:


Gi thit n l s nguyn dng ln hn 1; q l s thc c gi tr trong khong (0,1).
a. Xc nh biu thc tnh gi tr in p ra U
2
(U
1
).
b. Bit E= 9V, R0=20K, R=440K, n=45, U
1
=200mV. Tnh khong gi tr U
2
nhn
c li ra khi cho q bin thin trong khong (0,1).
c. Xc nh cc khong gi tr ca q vi mch khuch i thut ton lm vic ch
bo ha.

Bi 2: Cho mch in nh hnh v:

Bit: R
1
=10K, R
2
=110K, R
3
=15K, R
4
=1K, VR=2K, E= 12V.
U
1
l in p vo hnh sin bin 70mV.
a. Tm biu thc tnh U
2
.
51

b. Tnh khong gi tr ca VR vi mch khuch i thut ton khng gy mo dng
cho tn hiu.
2.5 Khuch i cng sut
Khuch i cng sut l khuch i phi m bo a ra ti mt cng sut danh nh vi ti
thng c tr s nh ( vi chc m n vi m). Thng trong khuch i cng sut bin ca
dng v p ra thng xp x vi dng v p cho php ca tranzistor, tc l cng sut ra gn
mc cng sut cho php ca tranzistor ( cng sut tiu tn t nng tranzistor) v cng xp x
vi cng sut tiu th ca ngun mt chiu.
Cc tham s quan trng c trng cho khuch i cng sut L%, cng sut (a ra ti), h s
mo phi tuyn ca tn hiu ra, mo tuyn tnh.
Cng sut xoay chiu a ra ti colect c th tnh qua bin dng in v in p colect:
P
~
= 0,5.U
Cm
. I
Cm

Cng sut cng c th tnh theo cng thc:
P
~
= 0,5.= .I
Co
. G . E
o

Trong : ] - h s s dng dng in,
Co
Cm
I
I
= ] ,
I
Co
- thnh phn mt chiu ca dng colect ( khi phn tch dng colect thnh
chui Furie)
G
0
=
E
cm
U
h s s dng in.
E
0
- in p ngun mt chiu
Nh vy hiu sut l
L ]G
G ]
5 , 0
0 0
0
.
0
5 , 0
= =
E
C
I
E
c
I

L% = 0,5]G.100
Ta thy hiu sut ca tng khuch i ph thuc vo h s s dng dng in v in p. C
th chng minh rng tn ti mt gi tr ti u ca in tr ti R
t_out
ra ng vi gi tr cc i
ca ca tch ].G . Trong thc t tr ti R
t
thng khc vi ti ti u R
t opt
nn cng

khng
thng mc trc tip ti vo colect ca tranzisto m mc qua bin p. Lc h s bin p n
ca bin p ra l n =
t
pt
t
R
R
0
Cng sut P
C
l cng sut t nng colect ca tranzisto, l hiu
gia cng sut tiu th ngun P
0
v cng sut xoay chiu P~.
P
C
= P
0
- P
~
, L =
0
~
P
P
; P
C
= P
0
- P
~
= P
0
(1 -
0
~
P
P
) = P
0
(1 - L)
= P
~
(
L L
L

=
1
) 1 (
) 1
~ ~
~
0 C
P
P hay P
P
P
.
Nh vy cng sut lun gn lin vi hiu sut L, cng nng cao hiu sut L th cng sut xoay
chiu ra cng ln.
52

2.5.1 Tng khuch i cng sut n dng bin p lm vic ch A.
S nguyn l trnh by trn hnh 2.5.1.1
Trong s ny thc t ngun U
CC
t ton b ln colect ca tranzisto v in tr thun r i
vi dng mt chiu I
C0
l kh nh. in tr ti R
t
bin i tng ng sang cun s cp ca
bin p ra thnh
n
R
t
R
2
t
=
,
, n l h s bin p n =
W
W
1
2
; W
1
, W
2
- s vng ca cun s cp
v cun th cp. Khi lm vic ch A bin
dng ra I
mC
nh hn dng mt chiu I
C0
, bin
in p ra U
mC
nh hn U
C0
nn ] G , nh hn 1,
tc l hiu sut L < 50% ( theo l thuyt).
Thc t hiu sut ch t vi phn trm v nu
tng hiu sut th mo s tng. Hiu sut thp l
nhc im c bn ca ch A, v vy cc tng
cng sut ch ny t c s dng. Mo tn s
trong tng ngoi nhng l do xt trong khuch
i in tr, cn mt nguyn nhn l bin p.
tng tn s gii hn trn cn gim in cm tiu tn
ca bin p, cn m rng vng tn s thp cn
tng in cm cun s cp ca bin p ra. Mo phi tuyn cng gy nn do li st t ca bin
p lm vic min bo ho t.
Ta xt cc quan h c th trong tng khuch i cng sut n c bin p hnh 2.5.1.1 theo
th c tuyn ra tng t nh khuch i in tr v cng lm vic ch A. (Hnh 2.5.1.2).
th trnh by phng php 3 mt phng phn tch khuch i .T th c tuyn ra ta thy
ng ti mt chiu qua im 0 v im U
0
rt dc, hu nh thng ng v ti mt chiu l
in tr thun ca cun s cp bin p kh nh. Pha tri l th dng colect bin thin hnh
sin, pha di l th in p colet bin thin hnh sin .Ti xoay chiu quay v cun s cp
ca bin p l:
r
t~
= r
1
+ n
2
( R
t
+ r
r
) < n
2
R
t

Trong r
1
, r
2
- in tr thun ( dy cun) cun s v cun th ca bin p,
n=
W
W
1
2
, h s bin p, W
1
, W
2
- s vng dy cun s v cun th ca bin p.
chn to tnh I
C0
, U
C0
phi xc nh c U
Cm
, I
Cm
. Cc tham s xc nh nh sau: cng
sut xoay chiu P
~
trn cun s cp ca bin p ( trong mch colect ca tranzistor) l:
P
~
=
ba
t
P
L

L
ba
= 0,8 0,95 - hiu sut ca bin p.


53

Tn hiu ra coi l hnh sin th:
t
R n
U
t
R
U
t
R
U
cm
I
cm
U
P
Cm
C
2
2
2
Cm
2
2
~
2
~
2
~
=
= = =

T :

t t
ba cm
t ~
Cm
R . P
. U
R P
U
2 2
2 2
L
= = L


Chn U
Cm
theo tr s in p d U
CE
sao cho U
CE0
< U
CC
, t xc nh:
I
Cm
= U
Cm
/ ( n
2
R
t
).
Sau khi tm c im cng tc tnh U
CE0
< U
C
, I
Cm
< I
C 0
th dng ng ti ng vi gc
nghing :
C
CE
~ t
I
U
R
A
A
=
Chn tranzistor phi ch n cc Iu kin sau:
I
C
cho php > I
C 0
+ I
Cm

U
CE
cho php > U
CE0
+ U
Cm
< 2U
CC

P
C
cho php

> P
C
= U
C 0
. I
C 0

Theo hnh (2.5.1.2) th :
2
Cm Cm
~
I U
P = chnh l din tch tam gic OQH.
Theo I
C 0
tm I
B0
ri tnh R
1
, R
2
nh mc 4.5.
Hiu sut ca tng khuch i L = L
c
.L
ba
;L
c
- hiu sut ca mch colect.
ch A khi khng c tn hiu P
~
= 0 th P
C
= P
0
nn cn chn ch nhit ca tranzistor
theo P
0
bo m tranzistor khng b h.
2.5.2 Khuch i cng sut y ko c bin p
tng hiu sut ca tng th khng th tranzistor lm vic ch A m lm vic ch
B hoc ch AB. Khi lm vic ch B th nu tn hiu u vo bng khng th dng
colect s bng khng, nn lc ny cng sut P
O
tiu hao ngun s bng khng, hiu sut tng.
Tuy nhin lm vic ch B hoc AB tn hiu ra ch tn ti trong mt phn ca chu k nn
mo phi tuyn ln. gim mo dng hai tranzistor mc y ko.Xt s nguyn l hnh
2.5.2.1a. y bin p BA
1
l bin p o pha ,to ra hai in p c bin nh nhau nhng
ngc pha kch vo baz ca hai tranzistor. BA
2
l bin p ra. Hai tranzisto T
1
v T
2
mc
y ko. Mch colect ca mi tranzisto mc vi mt na cun s cp ca bin p ra. T s
bin p ra l n
2
= w
1
/w
2
= w
1
'/ w
2
( w
1
= w
1
'). Nu tng lm vic ch AB th R
b1
, R
b2
m
bo thin p cho ch ny.Nu tng lm vic ch B khng cn nh thin ; R
b1
, R
b2
lc
ny c tc dng bo m cng tc cho mch vo ca tranzisto trong ch gn vi ch
ngun dng.













Hnh 2.5.1.2. c tuyn ra ca K n bin p

Ucm
Ucm
Ucmax
o
Q
H
Ic
Icm
Icm
Uc0
54

Xt s lm vic ch B. Khi khng c tn hiu vo th in p trn baz ca c hai
tranzisto so vi emit u bng khng. Nu ta b qua dng ngc colect th c th coi dng
in trong tng bng khng, in p trn ti cng bng khng. Trn colect ca mi tranzistor
c in p xp x bng E
0
.
Khi c tn hiu vo, gi s na chu k u l dng th T
1
s thng v khuch i, T
2
tip tc
ng. Trn cun w
1
s to nn in p U
w1
= i
C1
. R
t~
= i
C1
.n
2
2
.R
t
= .i
B1
.n
2
2
.R
t
. Trn ti R
t
s c
in p ra U
r
= U
w1
/n
2
. Khi tn hiu chuyn sang na chu k m th T
1
ng li, T
2
thng v
khuch i, i
C2
= i
B2
. in p trn w
1
'
cng tr s vi U
w1
nu hai tranzisto ht nhau, ngc
pha nn to nn ti in p bn chu k m. Hnh 2.5.2.1b m t mt na chu k ca mt
tranzisto. ng ti xoay chiu vi R
t~
= n
2
2
.R
t
c dng ti im U
CE0
= E
0
v I
C0
= I
0
< 0.
T ta c:
P
~
= 1/2U
Cm
.I
Cm


2
2
L
=
2
L =
mc
I .
mc
U
ba
~
P
ba t
P
Tr s trung bnh ca dng tiu th ngun I
O
xc nh theo thnh phn mt chiu ca chui
Furie trong mt na chu k:

= = =
x
x

x
0
2 sin
1
0
Cm
Cm
I
d I I TB C I

Cng sut ngun tiu th P
0
l:

x
2
= =
0
0 0
E . I
E . I P
mc
o

Hiu sut ca mch colect l :
0 4
2
2 E
U
.
E I
/
I . U
P
P
cm o cm cm cm
o
~
c
x
=
x
= = L
Hiu sut ca c tng khuch i l:
o
cm
ba ba c
E
U
. . .
4
2 2
x
L = L L = L
Nu chn in p d AU
CE
cng nh th hiu sut cng ln. Nu coi L
ba2
< 1 , U
C
< E
O
th
L = 785 , 0
4
=
x
.
55


Thc t L t 0,6 0,7, ln gp 1,5 ln so vi tng khuch i n.
Cng sut tiu tn trn colect ca tranzistor
] U U
E
[
R
U I
E . I
P P P
cm cm
~ t
Cm Cm
o Cm
~ o c
2
2
1 0 2 1
2
1 2

x
=
x
= = (*)
T (*) ta thy cng sut tiu tn ph thuc vo U
Cm
. Ly o hm (*) theo U
Cm
ta c P
Cmax
t
cc i khi U
Cm
= U
Cm
*
= 2E
O
/x = 0,64E
O
v:

t
o
max c
R
E
.
P
2
2
2
2
L x
2
=
Cn ch l khng th ch chn tranzisto
theo cng sut m phi chn theo c in
p. Bin in p trn cun s cp U
Cm

< E
O
nn in p ngc t ln tranzisto
ang kho l E
O
+ U
Cm
< 2E
O
.
ch B ,theo l thuyt, khng cn t
thin p cc B, tc l U
BE 0
= 0. Tuy
nhin on u ca c tuyn vo ca
tranzistor l on khng tuyn tnh ( khi
dng baz nh) nn mo phi tuyn tng,
gi l mo gc ( hnh 2.5.2.2a).
y l c tuyn vo ca hai tranzistor
v chung trn mt th. T hnh
2.5.2.2b ta thy nu u
V
l hnh sin th i
B

khng phi l hnh sin khi i
B
gn gc to
, v vy dng i
C
cng s khc dng hnh
sin. ch A hin tng ny khng c
v dng i
B
tnh ln loi b on gc to .

T1
Ib
T2
U BE
i b (t)
a)
T1
Ib
T2
U BE
b) i b (t)
Hnh2.5.2.2 c tuyn ca
khuch i y ko
a) ch B
b) ch AB

56

Mun gim mo gc phi chuyn sang lm vic ch AB bng cp in tr nh thin
R
1
R
2
. c tuyn vo ca hai tranzistor c nh thin U
BO
v chung th hnh4.44b. y
chn U
BO
, I
BO
v I
CO
kh nh nn mi cng thc ch B ng cho ch ch AB.
2.5.3 Khuch i cng sut y ko khng bin p.
Trong cc s khuch i cng sut xt dng bin p phi hp tr khng ti vi
tranzisto c cng sut ra ln , hiu xut cao. Nu tranzisto c h dn S ln th c th mc
ti trc tip vo colecto ca tranzisto (tr khng ti c th nh ti mc ch vi m), ngha l
khng cn bin p. Mch khuch i khng bin p n thng mc theo s lp emit d
phi hp tr khng. Tr khng ra ca mch lp emit c 1/S, khi S ln c th mc ti kh
nh. Tuy nhin nu cng sut ra c vi chc n vi trm mW tr ln th khng nn mc lp
emit v mch ny c hiu xut nh.Cc mch khuch i khng bin p thng mc theo s
y ko, lm vic ch B hoc AB. Mch c th dng tranzisto khc loi hoc cng
loi.
trnh phin phc khi la chn hoc thay th cc Tranzitor khc loi nhng li ng nht v
tham s, c th s dng hai Tranzitor cng loi nh hnh 2.5.3.1.a. y c tng khuch i
o pha trn T
3
to ra 2 in p cng bin ngc pha kch thch cho T
1
v T
2
mc y
ko. khuch i y ko, Tranzitor T
1
mc colect chung, tranzitor T
2
mc Emit chung. T
y ta thy dng Emit ca T
1
coi xp x bn dng Colect ca T
2
th dng 1 chiu qua in tr
ti R
t
coi nh bng khng,tc qua ti ch c dng xoay chiu tn s tn hiu .V vy c th mc
ni tip vi ti m t C
t
,v lc c th dng mt ngun v mc nh s hnh 2.5.3.1b.
Trong c hai s ny phi c tn khuch i o pha T
3
.

57

Mch in hnh 2.5.3.1.c cng tng t nh mch hnh 2.5.3.1.b nhng tng khuch i o
pha y khng dng bin p m dng khuch i in tr ly ra hai in p cc C v cc E
ta gi tng ng l U
C
v U
E
(so vi im mt).Vi cch ly ra nh vy th tng T
3
c gi l
tng o pha phn ti.
Tht vy nu ta chn R
C
<R
E
th in p tn hiu trn R
C
s c bin l U
Cm
=I
Cm
.R
C
, in p
trn R
E
s c bin l U
Em
=I
Em
R
E
.V I
Em
<I
cm
nn U
Cm<
U
Em
, mt khc 2 in p ny ngc
pha (v in p trn cc C ngc pha vi in p vo,in p trn cc E ng pha vi in p
v ).Nh vy tng o pha phn ti cng to ra 2 in p cng bin ngc pha nh tng o
pha c bin p. Tuy nhin tng ny khng khuch i in p v U
Em
< U
Vm
= U
Bm
.Hai in p
t 2 cc C v E a ti cc B ca 2 tranzisto tng ng qua hai t ni tng C
n1
v C
n2
.Hai
tranzisto T
1
v T
2
c nh thin ring tng ng bng R
b1
-R
b2
v R
b1
-R
b2
. Mch ra ca T
1

v T
2
cng mc nh mch hnh 2.5.3.1b.
Mch in hnh 2.5.3.1d l mch y ko dng hai loi bng khc tnh vi T
1
l tranzisto
ngc,T
2
-thun,dng ngun i xng(hai ngun ring bit).Do hai tranzisto khc loi nn
chng cngc kch thch bi mt in p ly t cc C ca tng T
3
(baz T
1
v T
2
vi nhau v
ni vi u ra ca tng T
3
).Mch ra ca s ny dng hai ngun nh hnh 2.5.3.1a,tuy nhin
cng c th dng mt ngun-Mch hnh 2.5.3.1.e.Cn lu l khi mc nh vy th hai tranzisto
phi c tham s v c tuyn c bn ging nhau. Khi lm vic ch B th khi khng c tn
hiu vo, c hai tranzisto u ng,in p ca cc colect l E
0
/2 (so vi mt),dng qua ti
bng khng,st p trn ti cng bng khng . Khi a vo tn hiu hnh sin th hai tranzisto s
xen k nhau ng m , cc dng colect s l cc dng hnh sin vi rng bng na chu
k(gc ct =90
0
) ;dng in trong cc tranzisto c chiu ngc nhau,dng qua ti l tng nn
cng c dng hnh sin.
Trong cc mch khuch i cng sut khng bin p c th n nh nhit bng mch b hoc
mch hi tip m nh trong cc mch khuch i
xt. Ngi ta dng iot, tranzitor hoc in tr nhit
b nhit. V d hnh 2.5.3.2 l khuch i y ko vi
u vo ca T
1
v T
2
u vi hai iot D
1
v D
2
va
nh thin to ch AB, va b nhit. Hai diot ny
c phn cc thun ,st p trn chng s t im
cng tc cho hai tranzisto.in p phn cc cho T
1
v
T
2
to U
B0
l in p thun st trn D
1
v D
2
, U
B1,B2

= (1,11,2)V v c h s nhit m(-1mA/
0
C) b li
s tng dng I
C 0
theo nhit . Ngoi ra cn to hi
tip m n nh nhit cho T
1
v T
2
.S lm vic ca
s ny cng tng t nh hnh 2.5.3.1d.
Cui cng cn nhn mnh rng, trong cc mch
khuch i cng sut ln, tng kh nng chu dng
ca cc tranzisto,cc tranzisto cng sut c th c
mc song song .Ngoi ra cn lp cnh to nhit tng
bn ca tranzisto.


T
1
E 01
T
2
E
02
D
1

D
2

R
t

Hnh 2.5.3.2 Khuch i nh
thin bng Diode

58


59

Chng 3. Mch dao ng


Bi ging s 1
Thi lng: 4 tit.
Tm tt ni dung :
Mch dao ng to xung
Mch dao ng to sin

3.1 Mch dao ng to xung
3.1.1 a hi to xung vung.
3.1.2 Mch to xung tuyn tnh.
3.2 Mch dao ng to sin
3.2.1 Khi nim chung
Cc dao ng hnh sin (hay cn gi l dao ng iu ho) c tn s t vi hz n hng ngn
Mhz c s dng rng ri trong cc my thng tin, my o lng, cc thit b y t vv... l
cc my pht sng c thit k cc di sng khc nhau vi mc ch s dng tng ng.
Cc dao ng hnh sin c th c to ra theo ba phng php sau y:
- To dao ng hnh sin bng mt h t dao ng gn vi mt h bo ton tuyn tnh.
- Bin i mt tn hiu tun hon t dng khng phi hnh sin v dng hnh sin
- Dng cc b bin i tng t - s (AD), s - tng t (DA)

I
F
R
Hnh 3.2.1.1 S khi t o xung


Trong chng ny ch xt nguyn l cc mch lm vic theo phng php th nht l cc mch
thng dng hn c. Tuy nhin trc tin tm hiu qua v nguyn l xy dng cc mch theo
phng php th hai v th ba.
Phng php th hai thng c s dng trong cc my pht sng a chc nng : to ra dao
ng dng xung vung, xung tam gic, dao ng hnh sin, thm ch c tn hiu iu ch.
60

Mt s khi dng ny trnh by hnh 3.2.1.1 y mch tch phn I v Rle R to thnh
mt h t dao ng cho ra xung vung v xung tam gic. Xung tam gic qua b bin i F
c bin thnh dao ng hnh sin. Nhc im ca dao ng hnh sin ny l c mo phi
tuyn ln hn so vi trng hp 1.
Phng php th ba to ra dao ng hnh sin nh s dng k thut s (Hnh 6.2a) .T
X
l b to
xung nhp , C l b m thun nghch dng m theo thi gian gi tr tc thi ca i s ,
DFC - b bin i s - hm to cc gi tr ca dao ng hnh sin dng s , DAC - b bin
i s - tng t bin i tn hiu s
u ra ca mch DFC sang dng
tng t l dao ng hnh sin.
mo ca dao ng hnh sin y
ph thuc vo s mu K c ly
trong mt chu k. (hnh 6.2b).S
lng ly mu K cng ln th
mo cng nh , chnh xc cng
cao.
By gi ta xt phng php th
nht l phng php thng dng
nht.Mt h dao ng t kch gn
vi mt h bo ton nng lng c
phn t khuch i n hng K v mch hi tip dng nh hnh 3.2.1.3.


K

=
l . K
K
(*)
Trong K l h s khuch i ca phn t
khuch i (n hng), hm truyn t phc
ca mch hi tip , K

l h s khuch i ca
mch khuch i c hi tip.



T (*) d dng nhn thy khi :
K

=
)
k
( j
e K

N + N
= 1 (**)
th K

= , mch trng thi t kch ,s l mt mch to dao ng.

iu kin (** )c thh vit c th hn
l = K (1)
N
K
+ N

= 2Kx (2)
iu kin trn gi tng ng l iu kin cn bng bin v cn bng pha.
V mt vt l h hnh (3.2.1.3) l mt h t dao ng khi phn t khuch i K b nng
lng tn hao trong vng hi tip (iu kin cn bng bin ) v b ng lc (iu kin cn
bng pha). Nu iu kin cn bng pha ch ng cho mt tn s th dao ng to ra s l dao
ng hnh sin ca tn s .
t
x(t)
b)
Tx DFC C DAC
a)
Hnh 3.2.1.2
a)S khi TDD hnh
sin trong KT s
b) th xp x dao
ng hnh sin bng c c
gi trgi n o n


K

Hnh 3.2.1.3 S khi hdao ng t kch



61

Qu trnh to dao ng hnh sin gm ba giai on nh sau:
- Khi ta ng ngun mt chiu cho mch th u vo ca mch khuch i s xut hin rt
nhiu cc thnh phn hi do t bin ngun. Chng c khuch i v qua mch hi tip
dng tr li u vo. Lc ny cc thnh phn c bin rt nh. Thnh phn tn s
tho mn iu kin (2) s c tng n v bin . Giai on ny gi l giai on t kch
hay pht sinh dao ng .
- Giai on th hai l giai on thit lp dao ng : bin ca dao ng tng dn. Trong giai
on ny bin v tn s ca dao ng dn tin v gi tr n nh . y l qu trnh qu
din ra trong mch.
- Giai on th ba l giai on xc lp dao ng , bin v tn s ca dao ng c gi tr n
nh.
Cc mch to dao ng hnh sin dng ny c th l thun khng LC ghp bin p, ghp phn p
in cm (bin p t ngu) , hoc phn p in dung , c th l dao ng RC. Ln lt s xt
nguyn l lm vic ca chng.
3.2.2 To dao ng hnh sin LC ghp h cm
Mch to dao ng loi ny c mt h thng chn lc (h thng cc khung cng hng LC)
mc mch ra hoc mch hi tip. Phn t khuch i K c th l n in t, tranzsto, khuch
i thut ton.
Xt s hnh 3.2.2.1 vi phn t khuch i l khuch i thut ton mc khng o ; Mch
hi tip l h cng hng LC , hi tip thc hin qua i lng h cm M (ghp bin p ) .


2 1
L L k M = , 0 k 1,
L
1
v L
2
l in cm tng ng ca cun s cp v cun th cp ).
y phn t khuch i l khuch
i thut ton mc khng o,h
thng cng hng l khung cng
hng song song LC,in p hi tip
ly trn cun th cp,cc du (*) ch
cc cc cng tn m bo hi tip
dng.H s khuch i ca mch
khuch i l:



*
* *
) ( ) (
K
R
R 1 K
1
R
R R 1 K
U
U
U
U
U
U
K
1
1
1
1 1
P
ra
N
ra
V
ra
=

+ =
+
= = = =

* *
+
_
U1 Uht
M
R
(K*-1)R1
R1
1
C
Hnh 3.2.1.1.M ch TD ghp h cm

62

V tr khng ra ca KTT nh nn mc thm in tr R gim nh hng tr khng ra nh ca
KTT n tr khng sng V ca mch cng hng LC. in p hi tip :

u
ht
=
1 1
u u
L
M
=
M - i lng h cm, L - in cm ca khung dao ng
u
ra
= K
*
u
ht

Ti nt 1 phng trnh nh lut kic khp 1 l :
0 dt u
L
1
dt
du
C
R
u u
1
1 r
=

1

Thay vo ta c phng trnh vi phn :
0 u
dt
du
2
dt
u d
r
2
0
r
2
r
2
= + + (*)
Trong =
RC
K
2
l
-
l h s suy gim ;

0
=
LC
l
Tn s cng hng ring ca khung dao ng LC.
Dng phng trnh (*) l mt phng trnh vi phn c trng cho mt h dao ng t do ni
chung ..
Nghim ca (*) c dng :
u
ra
= )t e U
2 2
0
t
0 ra


cos
Vi ba giai on din ra trong mch to dao ng th :
- Giai on t kch dao ng phi c bin
t
0 ra
e U

tng dn, ngha l < 0, K > 1 .
Nh vy khi t kch phn t khuch i cn b nng lng ln hn phn nng lng tn
hao trong vng hi tip dng.

M
Cb Rb CE RE
L C
CE
RE
-Ucc +
C L
Uht
M
a) b)


Hnh 3.2.2.2
a)T o dao ng ghp bin p mc emit chung
b) T o dao ng ghp bi n p mc baz chung



63


- Giai on hai l giai on qu , gim dn tin ti gi tr = 0.
- Giai on ba = 0, bin v tn s c dao ng c xc lp .
Nu > 0 th mch khng th t kch.
Tng t nh mch hnh 3.2.2.1 l cc mch hnh 3.2.2.2a,b dng tranzisto lng cc mc theo
s emit chung v baz chung. Hnh 3.2.2.2a mc emit chung, tranzisto o pha tn hiu t
u vo n u ra nn h s hi tip s c gi tr m, tc l M nhn gi tr m. cn mch
hnh 3.2.2.3b th tranzisto mc baz chung nn tn hiu khng o pha t u vo n u ra,
h s hi tip dng nn M cng ng tng t nh hnh 3.2.2.1.
3.2.3 To dao ng hnh sin kiu 3 im
Mch to dao ng LC c th c ba im ni gia h thng chn lc v phn t khuch i.
Lc ny phn hi tip dng c thc hin qua b phn p in dung hoc in cm. u tin
xt nguyn l chung nh s hnh 3.2.3.1 (s rt gn khng biu din mch cp
ngun).Trong Z
1
, Z
2
, Z
3
l cc phn t ca h cng hng ni tip theo mch vng vi
Z
1
= r
1
+ jX
1

Z
2
= r
2
+ jX
2

Z
3
= r
3
+ jX
3

r
i
- in tr tn hao ca tng tr Z
i
, X
i
c th m hocdng
tu theo tnh cht ca Z
i
v lun tho mn:
r
i
<< X
i

H s khuch i ca mch :
K = - S . Z
t

Trong Z
t
l tr khng mch ti ca mch khuch i :
Z
t
< Z
3
// (Z
1
+ Z
2
) = Z
3
=
) Z Z Z
Z Z Z
3 1 2
1 2 3
+
+ +

H s truyn ca mch hi tip:

2 1
2
ra
ht
Z Z
Z
U
U
+
< =
iu kin s l

)
)
1
Z Z Z
Z Z
Z Z
Z
Z Z Z
Z Z Z
K
3 2 1
3 2
2 1
2
3 2 1
2 1 3
=
+ +
=
+ + +
+
= .
) (

Kt hp iu kin ta s c
1
X X X j r r r
X X
S K
3 2 1 3 2 1
3 2
=
+ + + + +
<
) (

Nh vy th
X
1
+X
2
+X
3
= 0 (1)
1
r r r
X SX
3 2 1
3 2
=
+ +
(2)

Hnh 3.2.3.1 S
TD ba im tng qu t
Z
1

Z
3

U ht
Z
2

Ura

64

(1) v (2) tng ng l iu kin cn bng pha v
cn bng bin . T (2) suy ra X
2
v X
3
phi cng
tnh (cng du) cm hoc cng tnh dung. Kt hp
vi (1) th X
1
phi khc du vi X
2
v X
3
.
Nh vy c hai loi mch ba im tng qu hnh
3.2.3.2 l:
Mch ba im in cm(hnh 3.2.3.2.a)hay mch
Harley.
X
2
, X
3
> 0 ; X
1
< 0
Mch ba im in dung(hnh 3.2.3.2.b)hay mch
Collpid.
X
2
, X
3
< 0 ; X
1
> 0
Hnh 3.2.3.3 l mt mch to dao ng ba im
in cm (s Hartley) mc emit chung. y
X
3
=X
CE
= L
1
> 0
X
2
= X
BE
= L
2
> 0
X
1
= X
CB
= 0

C

H s hi tip :
n
L
L
U
U
CE
BE
= = =
l
2


Tn s cng hng bng tn s ca dao ng to ra tho mn (1)l:
f
d
= f
Ch
=
C ) L L ( 2 l+ x 2
l

Ti tn s cng hng tr khng ti Z
t
s l :
Z
tc h
= p
2
R
t
//
2
ll
n
h
e

H s khuch i:
K = - S . Z
tc h
= -

2
ll 2
ll
2l
n
h
// Rtd P
h
h
e
e
e

Trong p l h s ghp tranzisto vo mch cng hng
p =
2 l
l
+ L L
L


h
n
e 11
2
- tr khng vo ca tranzisto phn nh vo khung cng hng .
S=g
21
h dn ca tranzisto.
Thay vo iu kin ta s c :
(1+n
2
)h
11e
+ n
2
R
t
- nR
t
h
21e
0 (*)
Trong biu thc du " < " ng vi giai on qu ( khi K > 1 ); du " = " ng vi giai on
xc lp dao ng.


+Ucc
Rc R1
CE RE
R2
L1 C
E
L2
B
Hnh 3.2.3.3. M ch ba
im in cm mc Emit
chung

65

Thng n << 1 nn (*) c dng :
0 l +
ll
2l
ll
2
td
td
R
e h
e h
n
e h
R
n (**)
Gii (**) vi du "=" tm c hai gi tr ca n l n
1
v n
2
:

Rtd
h h h
n
e e
,
ll
2
2l 2l
2 l

2
=
Gi tr ca n nm trong khong: n
2
< n < n
1
th mch s dao ng .
Khi dao ng xc lp th n nhn gi tr n
1
hoc n
2 .

Hnh 3.2.3.4a l mch dao ng ba im in dung ( Collpid) mc emit chung.
y X
1
= X
CB
= L > 0
X
2
= X
BE
= 0

2
C

X
3
= X
CE
= 0

l
C

Tng t nh s ba im in cm, y :
K = - g
21e
Zt
c h
= -

2
ll 2
ll
2l
n
h
// Rtd p
h
h
e
e
e

= -
C
C
1
2
= - n
iu kin s l : 0 l +
ll
2l
ll
2
e
e
h
h
. nRtd
e h
Rtd
n
Tn s ca dao ng to ra s l:
f
d
= f
Ch
=
2 l
2 l
+
x 2
l
C C
C C
L

Mt dng mch Collpid trnh by trn hnh 3.2.3.4b gi l mch Clapp.
Khc vi mch hnh 3.2.3.4a,
mch Clapp hnh 3.2.3.4b th
X
CB
= X
1
= L -
C
l

tho mn iu kin cn bng pha
th ti tn s dao ng nhnh LC phi
mang tnh cht in cm ,tc:

d
L >
C
1
dd
.
.
H s ghp gia tranzisto v h thng
cng hng ( lp bi L v C
t
).

+Ucc
Cn
R 2
R
E
C
E
R 1
C 1
C 2
L
C
E
B
+Ucc
R1
R2
RE CE
R1
C1
C2 L
C
C
E
B
Rc Cr
CV
a) b)

Hnh 3.2.3.4 a) mch dao ng 3 i m in dung
b) mch dao ng 3 i m i n dung Clapp

66

p =
l
=
C
C
U
U
td
td
CE

Trong
C C C C
td
l
+
l
+
l
=
l
2 l

Thng chn C <<C
1
, C
2
nn C
t
< C . V vy p <
C
C
1
<< 1 ; Ngha l Tranzisto c ghp rt
lng vo khung cng hng nn in dung k sinh u vo v u ra ca n rt t nh hng
n khung cng hng. Tn s ca dao ng to ra l:
f
d
= f
c h
=
LC 2
1
LC 2
1
td
x
=
x

Phn tch iu kin nh lm trn xc nh c
n
1,2
=
2
l 2l
2
2l 2l

2 C
C
Rtd
h h h
e e e

Gi s vi mch 3.2.1.2.4a c cc tham s :
L = 25H; C
1
= 1nF ; C
2
= 100nF ; h
21
e = 100 ; h
11
e = 12,5kO.
Hy kim tra vi h s phm cht Q =80 xem mch c dao ng c hay khng.
iu kin cn bng bin

)
l >
+ l +
<
2
ll
2
ll
n e h R n
e h . nR
K
td
td

iu kin ny tng t nh
n = =
2
2
l
l0 = 0l 0 =
l00
l
= ,
C
C

C
t
= nF
.
C C
C C
l <
l00 + l
l00 l
=
+
2 l
2 l

R
t
= O = = = = =

k Q
Ctd
L
Q
r
65 , 12 80 . 10 . 25 80 .
10 . 1
10 . 25
. .
3
9
6 2
V
V

Thay vo v phi ca (6.30)
0l2 l <
00 l2 + l2o0 l0
l0 o0 l2 l0
=
4
2 2
,
. .
. , .
K
iu kin t kch v bin l tho mn. Cn iu kin cn bng pha tho mn ti tn
s:
f
d
= f
c h
=
20 x 2
l0
=
l0 l0 20 x 2
l
=
x 2
l
=
+
x 2
l
o
7 1
2 l
2 l . .
LCtd
C C
C C
L

= 0,010065.10
6
Hz = 10,065KHz < 10 kHz

67


3.2.4 To dao ng RC
Cc mch to dao ng LC tn s thp lm vic km n nh v c kch thc ln do tr s
in cm cn ln.V vy vng tn s thp thng s dng cc mch to dao ng RC ; tuy
nhin cng c th s dng cc mch to dao ng RC vi tn s ti vi MHz. cc mch to
dao ng RC khu hi tip s dng cc phn t in tr v in dung.C hai loi mch mch
to dao ng RC thng dng l mch kiu 3 khu RC (Cu Xiphorop) v kiu cu cn bng pha
(cu Vien)
3.2.4.1 Mch to dao ng kiu cu Xiphorop .
Mch to dao ng loi ny khi s dng phn t khuch i K l mch Emit chung hoc
khuch i thut ton mc o th in p ra s ngc pha vi in p
vo, tc l N
K
= x . Nh vy mch hi tip cng phi quay pha ( di pha ) tn hiu
mt gc N

=x tho mn iu kin .Mch RC quay pha(mch hi tip)thng dng l mch

lc thng cao hnh 3.2.4.1.1a hoc thng thp 3.2.4.1.1b .
Vi lc thng cao, mch to dao ng dng Tranzisto mc emit chung c dng hnh 3.2.1.3.1 .
Lp phng trnh dng in mch vng hoc
in th im nt cho mch hnh 3.2.4.1.1a ,
gii tm quan h gia U
B
= U
ht
v U
C
= U
ra
s
tm c:
) )

= =
2 2
1
6
1 1
5 1
1
RC
RC
j
RC
U
U
r
ht
(*)


c N

=x tc l mt s thc m th :

)
2

l
o
RC
= 0
T xc nh tn s ca dao ng :

RC 6 2
1
f
RC 6
1
dd dd
x
= = ;
Thay
d
vo biu thc(*) tm c: =
1
29
nh vy th K = -29
Vi mch quay pha l b lc thng thp hnh 3.2.4.1.1b s tm c

68



dd
RC
= =
1
10
7
1
18 4
;
,

S TD trn hnh 3.2.4.1.3.l mch cu
Xiphorop xy dng trn khuch i thut ton
tng t nh mch hnh 3.2.4.1.2. y c
hai mch hi tip: mch l mch hi tip
dng bo m cn bng pha,mach hi tip
m R
1
R
N
m bo h s khuch i :
k=
29
R
R
1
N
=
.
3.2.4.2 Mch to dao ng kiu cu Vin.
Nu phn t khuch i K c tn hiu vo v ra ng pha, tc N
K
= 0 th mch hi tip s l
mt mch cu Vin khng quay pha dng hnh 3.2.4.2.1 . l mt mch lc thng di .
D dng xc nh c hm truyn ca n ,coi Z
1
l R
1
mc ni tip C
1
, coi Z
2
l R
2
mc song
song C
2
:

+ + +
=
+
= =
1 2
2 1
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
2
1
1
C R
C R j
C
C R
Z Z
Z
U
U
r
v

= 0 th l mt s thc dng nn
R
1
C
2
-
l 2

l
C R
= 0 t s c tn s ca dao ng

2 1 2 1
dd
2 1 2 1
dd
C C R R 2
1
f
C C R R
1
x
= = ;

Nu chn R
1
= R
2
= R , C
1
= C
2
= C th
f
d
=
3
1
;
2
1
=
xRC
v K = 3
Hnh 3.2.4.2.2a l mch to dao ng RC cu Vin vi mch khuch i l gm 2 tng trn 2
tranzisto mc emit chung ghp qua C
n
c N
K
=0.Hai tng T
1
v T
2
c nh thin tng
ng bng R
b1
-R
b2
v R'
b1
-R'
b2
.
Mch hnh 3.2.4.2.2b s dng khuch i thut ton g vi mch hi tip m R
0
R
N
v hi tip
dng R
1
C
1
R
2
C
2
to thnh mch cu Vin c 4 nh l u vo o N, u ra ; u vo khng
o P v mat.
Nhnh hi tip m R
0
R
N
xc nh h s khuch i

Hnh

69


K = 1 +
0
N
R
R
= 3
do vy
R
N
= 2R
0

Thc R
N
= 2R
0
ra cng
l iu kin cn bng
ca cu. Khi cu cn
bng th mch khng
th dao ng nn cn
chn R
N
ln hn 2R
0

mt cht .

70

Chng 4. Mch ngun


Bi ging s 1
Thi lng: 5 tit.
Tm tt ni dung :
Ngun chnh lu
Ngun n p 1 chiu tuyn tnh
o n p tham s
o n p mt chiu kiu b
o n p xung

4.1 Ngun chnh lu
Mch chnh lu l mch bin i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu.
4.1.1 Mch chnh lu 1 na chu k:

Hnh 4.1.1.1. Mch chnh lu 1 na chu k.

Cc linh kin trong mch:
- V1 l in p li 220V, 50Hz.
- T1 l bin p, thc hin bin i dng xoay chiu thnh dng xoay chiu c bin thay
i.
- D1 l diode bn dn, nh tnh cht van dng in s chnh lu dng xoay chiu pha
th cp ca bin p thnh dng 1 chiu.
Mch in thc hin bin i in p li thnh in p mt chiu. Dng sng tn hiu vo-ra
ca mch chnh lu 1 na chu k c trnh by nh trong hnh v:

71


Hnh 4.1.1.2. Dng sng tn hiu vo-ra ca mch chnh lu 1 na chu k.

Tn hiu vo l tn hiu tun hon theo chu k T, do ta ch cn tnh ton trn 1 chu k
t 0 n T. Cc chu k cn li tn hiu s tun hon.

0 < t < T/2:
U
2
>0 => diode phn cc thun => U
0
=U
2
.

T/2 < t < T:
U
2
<0 => diode phn cc ngc => U
0
=0.

Nhn xt:
- Ti u ra, in p lun 0 nn mch thc hin vic chnh lu in p xoay chiu
thnh in p 1 chiu. Tuy nhin, in p ra ch tn ti trong na chu k dng ca
in p vo. V vy, mch c gi l mch chnh lu 1 na chu k.
- Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra c tnh nh sau (gi s U
2
l in p hnh sin, c
gi tr hiu dng l U
2
)

2
2 2
0
2
0
2
___
0
45 . 0
. 2
2
) 2 cos(
.
. 2
) sin( . . 2
1
U
U
f
ft
T
U
dt t U
T
U
T
T
= =

= =

x x
x


- Tn hiu ra U
0
l tn hiu 1 chiu tuy nhin tn hiu ny khng n nh. Tn hiu 1
chiu mong mun l tn hiu bng phng v n nh. lm cho tn hiu ra bng
phng hn, ta mc thm t in vo mch nh sau:
D1
V1
220 V
50 Hz
0Deg
R1
T1
U2 C1

Hnh 4.1.1.3. Mch chnh lu 1 na chu k c t in.
72


Do qu trnh phng v np ca t in lm cho in p ra bng phng hn.


Hnh 4.1.1.4. Dng sng tn hiu ca mch chnh lu 1 na chu k c t in.

4.1.2 Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k:
D1
V1
220 V
50 Hz
0Deg
R1
10kO
T1
D2
U
21
U
22

Hnh 4.1.2.1. Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k.

Cc linh kin trong mch:
- V1 l in p li, 220V, 50Hz.
- T1 l bin p c im t chung gia. Hai in p ra U
21
v U
22
s ngc pha nhau.
- Hai diode D1 v D2 phi hp vi nhau m bo in p ra tn ti trong c hai chu
k.
Mch in thc hin bin i in p li thnh in p mt chiu.

73


Hnh 4.1.2.2. Dng sng tn hiu vo-ra ca mch chnh lu 2 na chu k.

Tn hiu vo l tn hiu tun hon theo chu k T, do ta ch cn tnh ton trn 1 chu k t
0 n T. Cc chu k cn li tn hiu s tun hon.

0 < t < T/2:
U
21
>0 => Diode 1 phn cc thun
U
22
<0 => Diode 2 phn cc ngc

T/2 < t < T:
U
21
<0 => Diode 1 phn cc ngc
U
22
>0 => Diode 2 phn cc thun

Nhn xt:
- Ti u ra, in p ra lun 0 nn mch thc hin vic chnh lu in p xoay chiu
thnh in p 1 chiu. in p ra tn ti trong c hai na chu k. V vy, mch c gi
l mch chnh lu 2 na chu k.
- Gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra c tnh nh sau (gi s U
21
v U
22
l in p hnh sin,
c gi tr hiu dng l U
2
). D thy gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra trong mch chnh
lu 2 na chu k gp i trng hp chnh lu 1 na chu k, vy
2
___
0
9 . 0 U U =
- nh gi bng phng ca in p ra, thng s dng h s gn sng c nh
ngha i vi thnh phn sng bc n:
-
0
U
U
q
nm
n
= vi U
nm
l bin sng c tn s n., U
0
l thnh phn in p 1 chiu
trn ti. i vi mch chnh lu hai na chu k ta c: q
1
= 0.67
Tn hiu ra U
0
l tn hiu 1 chiu tuy nhin tn hiu ny khng n nh. Tn hiu 1 chiu mong
mun l tn hiu bng phng v n nh. lm cho tn hiu ra bng phng hn, ta mc thm t
in vo mch nh sau:

=> U
0
=U
21



=> U
0
=U
22


74

D1
V1
220 V
50 Hz
0Deg
R1
T1
U
D2
21
U
22
C1

Hnh 4.1.2.3. Mch chnh lu 2 na chu k c t in.

Do qu trnh phng v np ca t in lm cho in p ra bng phng hn.

Hnh 4.1.2.4. Dng sng tn hiu ca mch chnh lu 2 na chu k c t in.

Khi c thm t in, gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra s tng
2
___
0
. 2 U U = v h s gn sng
gim q
1
0.02.

4.1.3 Mch chnh lu cu:

V1
220 V
50 Hz
0Deg
R1
T1
D1
D2
D3
D4
U2
U0


Hnh 4.1.3.1. Mch chnh lu cu.
Cc linh kin trong mch:
- 4 diode D1, D2, D3, D4 mc nh trn gi l mc theo hnh cu.
- V1 l ngun in p li.
- T1 l bin p.
75

Mch thc hin bin i dng in xoay chiu t in p li thnh dng in mt chiu nh
hnh v sau:

Hnh 4.1.3.2. Dng sng tn hiu vo-ra ca mch chnh lu cu.

0 < t < T/2:
U
2
> 0 => D1, D3 phn cc ngc; D2, D4 phn cc thun => U
0
= U
2


T/2 < t < T:
U
2
< 0 => D1, D3 phn cc thun; D2, D4 phn cc ngc => U
0
= -U
2


Nhn xt:
in p ti u ra ca mch chnh lu cu ging nh mch chnh lu hai na chu k. Tuy
nhin, do lun c hai diode phn cc ngc nn in p ngc t ln mi diode khi phn cc
ngc ch bng mt na so vi trng hp mch chnh lu hai na chu k. iu ny rt c
ngha khi chn linh kin cho mch.
4.1.4 Chnh lu bi p.
Trong tt c cc s xt trn in p ra trong mi trng hp khng th vt qu mc bin
ca in p vo U
2m
. Trong thc t
nhiu lc i hi in p ra ln gp q ln
in p ca s chnh lu mt na chu
k. Lc s dng cc s chnh lu
bi (nhn) p. Xt s nhn i hnh
4.1.4.1. Thc cht s ny l hai s
chnh lu mt na chu k mc ni tip,
in p ra ca chng c cng li trn
ti. bn chu k dng diot D
1
thng, t
C
1
np in. Na chu k tip theo t C
2

np qua diot D
2
thng. Chiu ca cc in
p np c dng nh trn hnh v. T trn
hnh ny ta thy in p trn ti bng tng
in p trn hai t in(2E
0
). Tn s p
mch bng hai ln tn s in p ngun.

76

Hnh 4.1.4.2a li c cch mc nhn i in p, khng phi bng hai t mc ni tip nh xt,
m thc hin nh sau. Gi s trong thi gian na chu k th nht in p trn cun th cp ca
bin p c cc tnh sao cho diot D
1
thng, t C
1
np in n gi tr E
0
vi cc tnh nh trn
hnh v; na chu k tip theo diot D
2
thng, in p
trn t C
2
bng in p cun th cp cng vi in p c np trn t C
1
nn c tr s xp
x 2E
0
. Tn s p mch bng tn s ngun xoay chiu. Tng t nh vy c th xy dng s
nhn ba (hnh 4.1.4.2b), nhn bn, nhn nm.
4.1.5 Lc san bng.
Trng hp n gin nht lc san bng l dng chnh t C
t
tho mn h s p mch K

.Lc
cn chn t tho mn:
K

=2/(2xf
m
C
t
)
f
m
: tn s p mch
Tr s t C
t
thng l t ho t vi chc F n vi ngn F. .
Trong trng hp mc t lc c tr s kh ln (t cng ln th kch thc v gi thnh cng
tng) m h s p mch vn cha t yu cu th phi mc b lc san bng gia ti v mch
chnh lu. Mch lc san bng n gin nht l mch lc RC nh hnh 4.1.5.1a. Cn chn hng
s thi gian X=RC tho mn yu cu h s p mch i vi tn s p mch c bn. Hiu qu
san bng cng ln nu nh ta chn mc tho mn ca bt ng thc sau cng cao.
R>>1/(2xf
m
C)
f
m
: tn s p mchca in p ra .
V vy thng y ngi ta tng gi tr ca t C. Nu
tng gi tr ca C n mc kh ln m cha san
bng th cn thay in tr R bng cun cm L nh
hnh 4.1.5.1.b. Mch ny lc san bng tt nhng cun
cm c trng lng, kch thc ng k, gi thnh cao
nn t c s dng trong thc t.




4.2 Ngun n p 1 chiu tuyn tnh
Mt mch in t bt k s lm vic khng tt khi ngun mt chiu cung cp cho n khng gi
ng gi tr danh nh. Nguyn nhn ca s thay i c kh nhiu, nhng ng quan tm
nht l s thay i ca in li xoay chiu v s thay i ca ti. Mt trong nhng cch
khc phc s thay i in p ngun in li l s dng cc my n p xoay chiu c sn
xut cng nghip. Tuy nhin nh vy cha my in t lm vic bnh thng. V vy cn
to ra cc mch in gi cho in p mt chiu sau khi chnh lu c gi tr n nh trong mt
phm vi no .Ta gi cc mch l cc mch n p mt chiu hay thng gi tt l n p
R

a)
C C R
t


R


C C R
t
b)

Hnh 4.1.5.1. Mch lc
a)lc RC b)lc LC

77


4.2.1 Cc tham s n p mt chiu
Mt mch n p m hnh nh mt mng bn
cc hnh 4.2.1.1 c c trng bi cc tham
s sau y:
H s n p, l t s gia lng bin thin
in p tng i u vo v u ra :
const R
U
U
U
U
K
t
r
r
v
v
d
=
A
A
=
H s n p ng dy:
K
.dy
= %
U
U
r
r
100
A
(khi U
V
bin thin 10%)
H s n p ti:
K
.dy
= %
U
U
r
r
100
A
(khi AI
t
=I
t max
)
in tr ng u ra c trng cho s bin thin ca in p ra khi dng ra (dng ti) thay i
(ly theo tr tuyt i):
R
RA
=AU
RA
/AI
t
(khiU
V
=const.)
Hiu sut L, l t s gia cng sut ra ti v cng sut danh nh u vo:
L=
V V
t . RA
I . U
I U


4.2.2 n p mt chiu b tuyn tnh.
Mch n p tham s tuy n gin tit kim nhng c nhc im l c n nh khng cao,
tr s ca in p ra khng thay i c
tuy , c bit khi dng ra ti ln. khc
phc cc nhc im trn ngi ta xy
dng cc mch n p b tuyn tnh.
Tranzisto cng sut s hiu chnh in p
trn n b lng thay i in p cn n
nh. n p b tuyn tnh c th xy dng
theo s song song hoc ni tip nh
s khi hnh 4.2.3.1. l mt mch t
hiu chnh c hi tip. C hai cch xy
dng s khi: hnh4.2.3.1a-s song
song, hnh 4.2.3.1b- s ni tip.
Trong cc s trn th 1-phn t hiu
chnh, 2-phn t so snh v khuch i, 3-
phn t ly mu, 4-ngun chun .
Trong s song song phn t hiu chnh
mc song song vi ti. S ny hot


+ +
U
V
U
RA

R
t

_ _


Hnh 4.2.1.1 Mch n p
78

ng nh sau: Phn t ly mu 3 em so snh in p u ra vi ngun chun 4 phn t so
snh-khuch i 2, sai lch v in p s c khuch i ri a n phn t hiu chnh 1.
Phn t ny t hiu chnh dng ca n tng t nh diot tham s iu chnh st p trn in
tr R
1
, gi cho in p ra khng i. Trong s ni tip hnh 4.2.3.1b th phn t hiu chnh 1
mc ni tip vi ti. Phn t ny t iu chnh st p trn n theo tn hiu t u ra ca phn t
so snh-khuch i 2 gi cho in p ra n nh.
Trong hai cch xy dng n p trn th s n p song song c dng ti i qua in tr R
1
,
dn n tn hao nhit ln, v vy s ny c hiu sut thp hn. Tuy nhin s ny li c
u im l khng gp nguy him khi qu ti. S ni tip cho hiu sut cao hn nhng khi
dng ti tng qu mc (v d nh chp ti) th phn t hiu chnh d b nh thng. Trong thc
t thng dng s ni tip c mch bo v qu ti. Cc mch n p b c hiu sut khng
vt qu 60%.
Hnh 2.4.3.2 l mt mch n p b mc ni
tip c cc tnh m. Khi in p ra thay i,
cc in tr R
1
, R
2
v trit p P lp thnh b
phn p, ly mu in p ra. in p ny(U
B2
)
em so snh vi in p chun U
Z
to bi
diot n p D
Z
v in tr R
3
. Hiu s ca
chng chnh l in p baz-emit ca Q
2
(
phn t so snh-khuch i): U
BE2
=U
B2
-U
Z
.
in p ny iu khin mch khuch i so
snh Q
2
ly ra in p colect iu khin
Q
1
. Tranzistor Q
1
iu chnh mc m thay
i in p iu chnh U
C
b lng bin
thin ca in p ra l U
2
=U
1
-U
C
.
C th s n p ny lm vic nh sau.Gi s in p vo tng, lm in p ra tng tc thi
nn in p U
BE2
tng ( tr tuyt i), tc l in th baz ca Q
2
m hn. in p iu khin
baz ca Q
2
l U
BE2
cng m hn nn Q
2
thng nhiu hn, dng colect ca Q
2
tng, in p
U
CE2
gim. V vy st p trn R
4
tng ln, lm cho in th baz ca Q
1
dng ln, Q
1
ng bt
li; tc l in p U
C
=U
CE1
tng ln, in p u ra U
2
gim v gi tr ban u. Tng t nh
vy, nu dng ti tng lm cho in p ra gim th qu trnh cng din ra nh trn. Trng hp
in p vo gim th qu trnh din ra hon ton ngc li.
C th xc nh c h s n nh ca mch hnh 9.16 theo cng thc sau:
K

=
]
) R P .(R r
P) P](R ) (1 [R
[1
r
r
R . R
R
2 1 b
e
b
4
2 1
4 v
+ +
+ +
+ +

= ]
) r p (R . r
p) P](r ) (1 [r
r
r
1
2 1 1 b
2 1 d
v + +
+ +
+ + : l h s iu chnh, thng =1,52;R
V
,r
b
,r
e
,r
d
- tng ng
l cc in tr u vo, in tr khi baz, in tr emit ca Q
1
, r
d
in tr ng ca D
Z
; cn

1
l h s khuch i dng in ca Q
1
.H s n nh c th t ti vi trm.
Trong mch va xt t in C
1
,C
2
tng lc san bng v kh cc dao ng k sinh, C
3
tng
n nh cho cc i lng bin i chm theo thi gian.
79

Trn c s mch n p hnh 4.2.3.2 c th xy dng cc mch phc tp hn tng ca
mch bng cc bin php sau y :


- Tng nhy ca mch hi tip bng cch dng hai hay ba tng khuch i thay cho mt
tranzisto T
2
, hoc thay n bng cc tranzisto mc Darlington tng h s ti 10
3
10
4
.
- Thay cho T
2
khuch i bnh thng c th dng khuch i vi sai nh hnh 4.2.3.2 a.
Tng khuch i vi sai T
1
- T
2
c tri nh nn n nh ca mch tng.
- in p u ra ca mch khuch i vi sai ly khng i xng a ti phn t hiu chnh.
- C th tng n nh bng cch dng ngun ph n nh cp cho mch khuch i - so
snh nh hnh 4.2.3.2.b
- Dng khuch i thut ton trong khu khuch i. V khuch i thut ton c h s
khuch i ln v n nh cao nn cht lng ca n p tng. Mch in hnh 4.2.3.3.a
s dng khuch i thut ton A741 trong khu khuch i.
- Trng hp cn ngun i xng th xy dng mch nh hnh 4.2.3.3.b












a) b)
Hnh 4.2.3.2 a) n p dng khuch i thut ton
b) n p c ngun ph n nh









a b
Hnh 4.2.3.3 a)n p dng IC tuyn tnh b)n p to ngun i xng

T1
+
-
+
Rc
R3
T1 T2
C
R1
P
R2
-
Dz
+ U p -
+UV
R1
R1'
-UV
T1
T2
R2
R2'
T2'
T1'
C1
C1'
A1
-
+
A2
+
-
R3 R3'
R4
DZ R5
R6 C2'
C2
R7
R8
+U
r
-Ur
+
_
_
+
D1
R1
R2
R3
C5
C3
C2
C1
C4
D2
4
1
3

2
6 7
5
R1
-
UV
-Ur
+
+
+
_
80

4.2.3 Cc IC n p tuyn tnh.
Ngi ta ch to ra cc vi mch n p tuyn tnh vi gi thnh h v s dng rt tin li. Xt
mt s vi mch thng dng.
a. Vi mch MAA723(A723) cho cng sut ra ti 400mW vi dng ti 150 mA.
S nguyn l trnh by trn hnh 4.2.3.1.
Vi mch ny c cc cch mc trnh by trn hnh 4.2.3.2. Vi mt s linh kin mc ngoi s to
cc mc in p khc nhau nh cc hnh a,b,c,d,e,f,h,g :
a) cho U
r
=27V
b) U
r
=737V
c) U
r
=-(615)V
d) U
r
=-(9,537)V
e) U
r
<250V


10 1 2 3 4 5
9 8 1 6 U Z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 8 9
10

81

Cc in tr R
1
,
R
2
, R
3
chn theo
ch dn ca hng
sn xut, R
s
l
in tr hn dng.
Dng v IC trnh
by trn hnh
4.2.3.2.k.




b. Vi mch ba chn 78XX v 79XX.
y l loi vi mch rt thng dng trn th
trng vi gi thnh rt thp, s dng rt
tin li.
H 78XX cho in p ra cc tnh dng,
79XX cc tnh m
Hai s cui ch tr s ca in p n nh
u ra:
7805,7806,7808,7812,7815,7818,7824 c
in p ra tng ng l 5v ,6v ,8v , 12v ,
15v , 18v v 24v
7905,7906,7908,7912,7915,7918,7924 c in p ra
tng ng l -5v, -6v, -8v , -12v , -15v , -18v v -
24v.
Dng v cch mc mch trnh by trn hnh 4.2.3.3b.
Cc IC ny cho dng ti cc i khong 1 A. Mun
tng dng ta mc thm mt tranzisto cng sut nh
hnh 4.2.3.4.a, lc ny c th cho dng ti 5A.
Mun thay i in p ra ta mc thm diot zener nh
hnh 4.2.3.4.b, lc ny U
r
=xx+U
DZ
.
Trong thc t cn to ra ngun i xng (2 cc tnh)
cp cho cc khuch i thut ton. S b
ngun nh vy trnh by trn hnh 4.2.3.5 bao gm
c mch chnh lu v n p.
c. Vi mch LM317.
y cng l mt loi vi mch thng dng ba chn vi
in p ra c th iu chnh c trong khong 1,25
v25v. S mc mch c dng hnh 4.2.3.6. in p
chun l 1,25 v. in p ra tnh theo cng thc.
V )
R
R
( , U
l
2
+ l 2 l =
F
F

O

82


4.2.4 Nguyn l n p xung.
Trong cc thit b in t cht lng cao ngi ta s dng n p xung. V d cc my thu hnh
mu hay cc my tnh c nhn ta s dng ngy nay lm vic rt n nh, ta khng cm thy c
s bt n ca ngun khi vn hnh chng. S d nh vy v n p xung c nhng u im ni
bt so vi n p b tuyn tnh . l :
- Trong n p xung phn t hiu chnh khng phi lm vic lin tc m ch thng trong
khong thi gian tn ti ca xung nn tn hao nhit trn n gim, hiu sut cng nh
bn ca mch tng.
- Phm vi hiu chnh rng.
- Mch ngun gn nh v lm vic tn s kh cao.
Xt nguyn l n nh khi mt kho c iu khin ng ngt ngun lin tc nh hnh
4.2.4.1a to nn in p xung hnh 4.2.4.1b
Gi tr trung bnh ca xung c xc nh bng din tch xung h.t
x
trn di mt chu k
xung:
U
tb
=
T
U.t
T
h.t
x x
=
Trong n p xung ngi ta gi cho gi tr trung bnh U
tb
ca xung khng i. T biu thc trn
ta thy mun gi cho gi tr trung bnh
ca xung khng i cn cho t s
T
t
x

bin thin theo chiu ngc li vi
chiu bin thin ca U. Nh vy c th
thay i chu k hoc rng hay
rng (khong cch gia cc xung) ca
xung t mc ch trn. Trong thc
t ngi ta s dng kho in t trn
tranzisto cng sut thay cho kho c kh
K.
Ta xt nguyn l xy dng mt mch n p xung theo s khi hnh 4.2.4.2.a. Khi thng,
kho K dn nng lng t ngun mt chiu n phn t tch lu nng lng (l cun cm v t
in ). Khi kho tranzisto ngt th phn t tch lu cung cp nng lng cho mch ti. Tn s
ng m ca kho thng chn trong khong 1650 Khz chnh nhiu m thanh. Trong di
tn s ny ti l cun cm c li l pherit l thch hp nht. Trong hnh 4.2.4.2a kho K mc
ni tip vi ti. Mch so snh thc hin trn khuch i thut ton l mch so snh c tr. Khi
in p ra gim n mc U
2
( th hnh 4.2.4.2b) th kho K thng, ngun mt chiu cp nng
lng cho mch, cun cm np in, in p trn cun cm tng, in p ra tng theo. Khi in
p ra t gi tr U
r
=U
1
th kho

83

ngt, cun cm phng in cng chiu vi ti. Qu trnh lp li c chu k. gn sng bng
hiu hai in p AU=U
1
-U
2
( khong vi chc mV).
Cc mch n p xung trong thc t thng c xy dng theo s khi hnh 4.2.4.3 .
- Mch chnh lu 1 chnh lu in p xoay chiu ca in li 220V-50Hz thnh in p
mt chiu cp cho mch nghch lu v n p.
- Mch nghch lu bin i dng mt chiu thnh xung ngt-m vi tn s nh trn,
nn c th coi l dng xoay chiu hnh sin. Nng lng dng xoay chiu ny s qua bin
p xung chuyn sang mch th cp.
- Mch chnh lu th hai nn dng xoay chiu tn s cao, cho tn s p mch ln, ly ra
cc in p mt chiu cp cho cc mch trong my duy tr ch lm vic n nh
ca ton my.
- Mch n p: in p mt chiu trn c so snh in p ra vi mt mc in p chun;
Sai s thng qua mch d sai c dng iu khin ngt m kho in t nhanh hay
chm (tc ngt m-tc iu ch tn s xung) hoc lu hay chng (tc l iu ch
rng ca xung) tu theo mc in p ra. V d vi phng php iu ch rng ca
xung th: mc cao th thi gian thng ca kho ngn v ngc li; tc l gi cho gi tr
trung bnh theo l khng i.
U
r
c tnh thc
U
1

U
2


t

Y
t

a) b)

Hnh 4.2.4.2 a)Mt phng n xy dng n p xung
b) th thi gian in p ra U
r
v in p b so snh


K
U
r
Ur'
Rt
Uch
R3
R2 R1
L C
84

V d ta xt mch ngun n p xung trong mt my thu hnh mu trnh by trn hnh 4.2.4.4.
Mch n p ny duy tr ch l vic n nh ca ton my khi in p li bin thin trong
di rt rng: 80V260V
Mch nghch lu: in p mt chiu c cu nn trn 4 diot D
1
-D
4
chnh
lu thnh mt chiu, c lc bng t C
1
ri dn n cun (1)-(2) ri n chn 3 ca kho T
ch. Nu kho K thng th mi c dng qua n v in tr R
1
. Chnh dng in qua np cho t
C
2
(dng:+R
2
Baz kho K
(3)Emit(4)R
1
-) m thng kho K ln u
tin, lm cho dng colet qua cun (1dng +) -
(2m - ) cm ng sang (3dng+) - (4m -). m
(4) qua C
3
-R
3
quay v baz ng tranzisto li.
Kho tt th dng qua (1)-(2) gim t ngt v 0,
to nn in p cm ng sang (3)-(4) ngc du
khi trc. Xung dng (4) li thng kho K v
qu trnh nghch lu tip tc. Nng lng xoay
chiu qua bin p xung qua cun th cp v cc
diot chnh lu thnh cc in p mt chiu tng
ng cp cho cc mch trong my.
Mch n p: Khi ngun vo mc cao th h p
trn cun (1)-(2) cao nn ghp sang cun (5)-(6)
cng cao. Diot D
5
chnh lu, a lng mt chiu
ln v chn 1 IC d sai. Mc ny c so snh vi ngng ly ra t trit p VR. Kt qu so
snh em iu khin tranzisto kho K thng trong thi gian rt ngn. V vy nng lng
chuyn sang th cp vn n nh. Khi ngun thp th qa trnh din ra ngc li. Trong mach
ny ,khi ngun n nh th ngi ta a xung qut dng v cng ch mch nghch lu
thng - tt theo nhp tn s qut dng. Nh vy dng dao ng xung bin p xung c dng
nh hnh 4.2.4.5.
Hnh 4.2.4.4.Ngun n p xung .
D sai
VR
Chnh mc in p ra
+115V
+15V
-30V
R2 C2
R3 C3
C1
R1
1
2
3 4
5
(1)
(2)
(5)
(6)
(3)
(4)
C4
C5
C6
C7
D1
D2
D4
D3
80-260
V .
K
D5
D6
D7
D8
Chnh lu mc mt
Chnh lu mc hai
Nghch lu-n p

Xung tn s qut dng
t
t
Xung nghch l u khi mc in
pcaoU=260V
t
Xung nghch lu khi mc in p
vaU=180V
t
Xung nghch l u khi mc in p
thpU=80V
Hnh 4.2.4.5.

~