Chuong04 Thiet Ke Mach To Hop

Thit k mch t hp
Bi Vn Hiu bvhieu@cse.hcmut.edu.vn
Dn nhp
Mch s c cc ng ra ch ph thuc vo gi tr/trng thi ca cc ng vo thi im hin hnh c gi l mch lun l t hp (combinational logic circuits) hay gi tt l mch t hp C th c nhiu mch t hp c thit k p ng cng 1 chc nng. Cc mch s ny c nh gi da trn nhiu yu t khc nhau. Tc hot ng phc tp Gi thnh phn cng Nng lng tiu tn S p ng v mt linh kin Thit k ch trng tng yu t ny c th dn n s gim st yu t khc (trade-off)
Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh 2
Mch cng nh phn

Mch thc hin tc v cng i vi 2 gi tr nh phn Hiu sut ca mch nh gi theo tc thc hin php ton C th da trn cc cng lun l ch to theo cng ngh thin v tc X C th tng ng k tc da trn cch thit k ph hp m khng qu ph thuc vo cng Y ngh ch to cng lun l Cn nhc la chn gia thit k u tin cho tc v thit k thin u tin cho chi ph phn cng
Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh
Binary adder
n+1
S khi
3
Thit k mch cng

Thit k theo phng php lp bng thc tr B cng 2 bit
X1 X0 Y1 Y0 S2 S1 S0 D C B A
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
Thit k mch cng

Thit k theo phng php lp X1 X0 Y1 Y0 S2 S1 S0 D C B A bng thc tr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 B cng 2 bit 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 S2 = DB + DCA + CBA 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 S1 = DCB + DBA + DCB + 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 DBA + DCBA + DBCA 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 S0 = CA + CA 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
B cng n bit?
1 1 1 1 1
Php cng hai s nh phn

+ 1010 11 + 1010 1110 000 11 + 1010 1110 00 01 + 1010 1110 0 0 + 1010 1110 1110 11000
Php cng hai s nh phn

+ 1010 11 + 1010 1110 000 x3 c3 s4 s3 y3 x2 c2 s2 11 + 1010 1110 00 y2 x1 c1 s1 01 + 1010 1110 0 y1 x0 c0 s0 0 + 1010 1110 1110 11000
y0
Mch cng bn phn (half adder)

A C S
A S B A B C
A B C S
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
S = BA + BA = B C = AB
A B A B
S S C
7
Mch cng ton phn (full adder)

B
A Co B
A Ci
Ci B A Co S
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
S
Ci
0 1
BA
00 01 1 1 00 0 1 1 01 1 11 10 1
A0 B1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
BA
S
A B Ci B A C
Co
Ci
11 1 1
10
S Co

B
A Co B
A Ci
Ci B A Co S
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
S
Ci
0 1
BA
00 01 1 1 00 0 1 1 01 1 11 10 1
A0 B1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
BA
S
A B Ci B A C
Co
Ci
11 1 1
10
S = CiBA + Ci BA + Ci BA + CiBA
S Co

B
A Co B
A Ci
Ci B A Co S
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
S
Ci
0 1
BA
00 01 1 1 00 0 1 1 01 1 11 10 1
A0 B1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
BA
S
A B Ci B A C
Co
Ci
11 1 1
10
S Co
= Ci

B
A Co B
A Ci
Ci B A Co S
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
S
Ci
0 1
BA
00 01 1 1 00 0 1 1 01 1 11 10 1
A0 B1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
BA
S
A B Ci B A C
Co
Ci
11 1 1
10
S Co
= Ci
C0 = BA + CiB + CiA

B
A Co B
A Ci
Ci B A Co S
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
S
Ci
0 1
BA
00 01 1 1 00 0 1 1 01 1 11 10 1
A0 B1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
BA
S
A B Ci B A C
Co
Ci
11 1 1
10
S Co
= Ci
C0 = BA + CiB + CiA = BA + Ci (B + A)

B
A Co B
A Ci
Ci B A Co S
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
S
Ci
0 1
BA
00 01 1 1 00 0 1 1 01 1 11 10 1
A0 B1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
BA
S
A B Ci B A C
Co
Ci
11 1 1
10
S Co
= Ci
C0 = BA + CiB + CiA = BA + Ci (B + A) = BA + Ci (BA + BA)

B
A Co B
A Ci
Ci B A Co S
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
S
Ci
0 1
BA
00 01 1 1 00 0 1 1 01 1 11 10 1
A0 B1
1 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 1 0 0 1
BA
S
A B Ci B A C
Co
Ci
11 1 1
10
S Co
= Ci
C0 = BA + CiB + CiA = BA + Ci (B + A) = BA + Ci (BA + BA) = BA + Ci(B A)

8
Mch cng ripple-carry

S3 S2 S1 S0 B3 C3 B2 C2 B1 C1
Half adder
S0
Full adder
Full adder
Full adder
A3
A2
A1
A0 B0
C4
S3
S2
S1
Full adder
Full adder
Full adder
B3 C3
B2 C2
B1 C1
Full adder
A3
A2
A1
A0 B0
C4
GND
Mch cng ripple carry

Thi gian tr ca mch cng Gi s cc cng u c thi gian tr l tp Thi gian tr ca mt tng full-adder: 2.tp Thi gian tr ca mch cng n bit trng hp xu nht l: 2.n.tp C phng php no gim thi gian tr ca b cng?
Mch cng carry lookahead

Thm phn mch cng tnh c nh S input cho mch ln hn 2 v nh hn 2n phc tp
Mch hai lp Carry lookahead Ripple carry
Thi gian tr
Mch cng carry-lookahead

nh ngha Generated Carry Gi = Ai Bi Propagated Carry Pi = Ai Bi Ci = Ai-1Bi-1 + Ci-1(Ai-1 Bi-1)
= Gi-1 + Pi-1Ci-1 = Gi-1 + Pi-1(Gi-2 + Pi-2Ci-2) = Gi-1 + Pi-1Gi-2 + Pi-1Pi-2Ci-2 Ci+1 = Gi + PiGi-1 + PiPi-1Gi-2 + PiPi-1Pi-2Gi-3 + + PiPi-1Pi-2P1G0 + PiPi-1Pi-2P1P0C0
Carry-lookahead mch cng 4 bit

C1 = G0 + P0C0
G0 P0 C0
G0 P0 C0
G0 P0 C0
C1
C1
C1
C2 = G1 + P1G + P P0C0
P0 C0
G1 0 P1 1 G0
G1 P1 G0 P0 C0
G2 P2 G1 P1
G1 P1 G0 P0 C2 C0
C2
C2
C3 = G2 + P2G1 + G2 + P2P1P0C0 P2
G1 P1 G0 P0
G2 P2 P2P1G0 G1 P1 G0 P0 C0
C3
G0 P0 C3 C0
C3
C4 = G3 + P3G2 + P3P2G1 + P3P2P1G0 + P3P2P1P0C0

C0
4-bit Adder with Carry Lookahead Mch cng Carry-Lookahead (tt)

! Complete adder:
" Same number of stages for each bit
! Drawback?
" Increasing complexity of lookahead logic for more bits
10/10/2007
Engin 112 - Intro to ECE
15
14
4-bit Adder with Carry Lookahead Mch cng Carry-Lookahead (tt)

! Complete adder:
Mch "cng 4 bit of stages for Same number

each bit
MchDrawback? bit, 64 bit? ! cng 16

http://fourier.eng.hmc.edu/e85/ of " Increasing complexity lectures/arithmetic_html/node7.html
lookahead logic for more bits
10/10/2007
Engin 112 - Intro to ECE
15
14
Mch cng b 2 (s c du)

Mch cng 2 s di dng b 2 c khc g so vi mch cng nh phn xem xt ?
15
Mch cng b 2 (s c du)

Mch cng 2 s di dng b 2 c khc g so vi mch cng nh phn xem xt ?
Overow
S3
S2
S1
S0
Full adder
Full adder
Full adder
XOR
C4
B3 C3
B2 C2
B1 C1
Full adder
A3
A2
A1
A0 B0
GND
15
Mch tr b 2
Mch tr c thay th bng mch chuyn i b 2 v mch cng Mch chuyn i b 2 ?
16
Mch tr b 2
Mch tr c thay th bng mch chuyn i b 2 v mch cng Mch chuyn i b 2 ?
16
Mch cng tr b 2
Dng mt mch thc hin chc nng cng v tr?
17
Mch cng tr b 2
17
Mch cng tr b 2
Mch pht hin trn ? (sv t c)

B dn knh
18
B dn knh
D liu sinh ra v tr A nhng c s dng v tr B
18
B dn knh
D liu sinh ra v tr A nhng c s dng v tr B Cn truyn d liu t A n B qua knh truyn thng
18
B dn knh
D liu sinh ra v tr A nhng c s dng v tr B Cn truyn d liu t A n B qua knh truyn thng Lm sao c th truyn d liu t nhiu ngun khc nhau trn cng mt knh truyn duy nht ?
18
B dn knh
18
B dn knh
18
B dn knh
18
B dn knh
C ch cho php chn d liu no truyn trn knh truyn gi l k thut dn knh / hp knh (multiplexing) Thit b thc hin dn knh gi l b dn knh (multiplexer) Pha thu, u bn kia ca knh truyn thng, cn b phn knh (demultiplexer) phn phi d liu trn knh truyn n cc ng ra
B dn knh
B dn knh s l mch c 2n ng d liu vo (input) 1 ng d liu ra (output) n ng vo select hay selector Cc ng vo Select s chn ng d liu vo no xut ra ng d liu ra B dn knh vi n = 3
D0 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
Multiplexer
s0 s1 s2
D1
19
B dn knh n = 1
Cn gi l b chn (selector) Bng thc tr? Biu thc? Mch?
D0 D1
MUX
s0
D0 r D1 s0
20
B dn knh n = 1 (tt)
s0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
D1 D0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
r
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
D 1D 0 s0
1 1 1 1
r = s0D0 + s0D1
D0 r D1 D2
D0 D1 s0
D3
21
B dn knh n = 2
Bng thc tr (64 t hp) r = s1s0D3 + s1s0D2 + s1s0D1 +s1s0D0
D0 r D1 D2 D3 s0 s1
D0 D1 r D2 D3
s0
s1
B dn knh n=3
s1 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 s0 s1 s2
B dn knh n=3
s1 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 s0 r
D0 D1 s0 r
D0 D1 D2 D3 s0 s1 r
D0 D1 D2
D0 D1 s0
r
D0 r
D1
s1
D2
D3
s2
D3
23
D4
B dn knh n=3
s1 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 s0
D0 D1 s0 r
D0 D1 D2 D3 r
s0 Mch dn knh (hin thc r bng mch hai lp)s1tng qut? D0 D1 D2
D0 D1 s0
r
D0 r
D1
s1
D2
D3
s2
D3
23
D4
Mch dn knh c Enable

r D1 D2 r
D0
Thm tn hiu Enable D3 Khi tn hiu Enable khng tch cc th ng ra gi nguyn mc 0 (hoc mc 1) D0
s0 s1 D1 D2 D3 s0 s1 EN r
ng dng khc ca mch dn knh

Tn ti cc mch dn knh c thng mi ha di dng MSI Dng b dn knh hin thc 1 mch t hp bt k B dn knh m-1 Selector c th c s dng hin thc mch t hp ca hm m bin f(x,y,z) = (1, 2, 4, 7) vi z l MSB = zyx + zyx + zyx + zyx Gn s1 = z, s0 = y: s1s0D0 + s1s0D2 + s1s0D1 + s1s0D3 Suy ra: D0 = D3 = x, D1 = D2 = x Mch ?
Bi tp
Thit k mch f (w, x, y, z) = (0, 4, 9, 13, 14) f (w, x, y, z) = (1, 3, 5, 6, 12,14, 15) z l MSB w l LSB
26
B phn knh
B phn knh s l mch c 1 ng d liu vo 2n ng d liu ra x n ng vo select hay selector Cc ng vo Select s chn ng d liu vo s xut ra ng d liu ra no Cc ng ra cn li c gi tr 0 (hoc 1) B phn knh vi n = 3
Demultiplexer
s0 s1 s2
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
27
B phn knh n=1

D0 x
DE MUX
s0
Bng thc tr
s0 x D0 D1
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 a
D1
s0 x D0 D1
0 a
a
0
D0 x D1 s0
Biu thc D0 = s0x D1 = s0x Mch
D0 D1
s0
28
B phn knh n=2

Bng thc tr
s1 s0 D 0 D 1 D 2 D 3
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1
x
0 0 0
0 0
0 0 0
x
0 0
x
0
x
D0 D1 D2 D3
Biu thc x D0 = s1s0x D1 = s1s0x s0 D2 = s1s0x D3 = s1s0x Mch
D0 D1
s0 s1
29
B phn knh n=3

D0 x D0 D1 D2 D1
D0 D1 D2
Bng thc tr
D3 s1 s0 s2 Ds0D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 0
D7
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
S0 S1 S2
D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
x 0 s1 0 x 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 x 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 x 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 x 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0
Mch
30
B phn knh n=3

D0 x D0 D1 D2 D1
D0 D1 D2
Bng thc tr
D3 s1 s0 s2 Ds0D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 0
D7
0 0 0 0
D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0
x 0 s1 0 x 0 0 0 0
0 0 x 0
0 0 0 x
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
Mch0phn knh (hin thc 0 0 0 x 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 x 0 0 bng0mch 0hai lp) tng qut? 0 0 0 0 0 x 0

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x
S0 S1 S2
Mch
30
B m ha - B gii m
B m ha (encoder) l mch t hp nhn d liu t cc ng nhp mt dng ri bin i thnh d liu thnh mt dng khc xut ra cc ng xut B gii m (decoder) l mch t hp thc hin chc nng ngc vi b m ha, bin i d liu tr li dng ban u Cho hai mch t hp: binary BCD; BCD binary Mch no l mch m ha, mch no l mch gii m
31
B m ha - B gii m
B m ha (encoder) l mch t hp nhn d liu t cc ng nhp mt dng ri bin i thnh d liu thnh mt dng khc xut ra cc ng xut B gii m (decoder) l mch t hp thc hin chc nng ngc vi b m ha, bin i d liu mli dng Khi no mch c gi l tr ban u
ha, gii m?
Cho hai mch t hp: binary BCD; BCD binary Mch no l mch m ha, mch no l mch gii m
31
M one-hot
Mt m kh ph bin c im C n ng d liu trng thi hot ng, ch c 1 trong n ng l tch cc, cn cc ng khc khng tch cc VD: m one-hot 4 ng d liu, tch cc l 1. Cc gi tr ca m l: 0000, 1000, 0100, 0010, 0001
32
Mch bin i binary one-hot

Cn gi l n-to-2n line decoder Xy dng da trn b phn knh B bt ng nhp d liu x Mi cng AND ch cn li n ng nhp B gii m 3 ra 8
33

Cn gi l n-to-2n line decoder Xy dng da trn b phn knh B bt ng nhp d liu x Mi cng AND ch cn li n ng nhp B gii m 3 ra 8
33

Cn gi l n-to-2n line decoder Xy dng da trn b phn knh B bt ng nhp d liu x Mi cng AND ch cn li n ng nhp B gii m 3 ra 8 Control inputs
S2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
Data outputs 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
33
S1 S0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B gii m n ra
n 2
(tt)
MSI gii m ng thng dng 2 4 , 3 8 , 4 16
Cc b gii m ln hn (6 x 64, 8 x 256 ...) ?
34
B gii m n ra
n 2
(tt)
Cc b gii m ln hn (6 x 64, 8 x 256 ...) ?
34
B gii m n ra
n 2
(tt)
Cc b gii m ln hn (6 x 64, 8 x 256 ...) ?
34
B gii m n ra
n 2
(tt)
Cc b gii m ln hn (6 x 64, 8 x 256 ...) ?
34
Gii m ma trn cng AND
35
Gii m ma trn cng AND
35
Gii m cy (tree decoder)
36
Gii m cy (tree decoder)
36
B gii m lm mch a nng
37
B gii m lm mch a nng
37
ROM (read-only memory)

C th dng b gii m n-to-2n lm ROM B gii m n-to-2n (n input v 2n output) Cc cng OR 2n ng nhp (ng ra ca mch) Mng kt ni ng ra ca b gii m vi ng vo ca cc cng OR Hai loi ROM n gin Mask programmable ROM Field programmable ROM (PROM)
38
PLA (programmable logic array)

Gim s lng cng AND Da vo tnh cht s lng term ti a ca mt biu thc n bin l 2n-1 p cng AND 2n ng nhp Cc cng OR p ng nhp Mng kt ni n ng nhp vi cc ng nhp ca cng AND Mng kt ni ng ra ca cc cng AND vi ng vo ca cc cng OR
39
PAL (programmed array logic)

Gim s kim kt ni so vi PLA C nh ng kt ni p cng AND vi cc ng vo ca cc cng OR
40

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Chuong04 Thiet Ke Mach To Hop

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Thit k mch t hp

Mch cng nh phn

Thit k mch cng

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Thit k mch cng

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Php cng hai s nh phn

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Php cng hai s nh phn

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng bn phn (half adder)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ton phn (full adder)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ton phn (full adder)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ton phn (full adder)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ton phn (full adder)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ton phn (full adder)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ton phn (full adder)

C0 = BA + CiB + CiA = BA + Ci (B + A) = BA + Ci (BA + BA)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ton phn (full adder)

C0 = BA + CiB + CiA = BA + Ci (B + A) = BA + Ci (BA + BA) = BA + Ci(B A)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ripple-carry

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng ripple carry

Mch cng carry lookahead

Mch cng carry-lookahead

Carry-lookahead mch cng 4 bit

C4 = G3 + P3G2 + P3P2G1 + P3P2P1G0 + P3P2P1P0C0

4-bit Adder with Carry Lookahead Mch cng Carry-Lookahead (tt)

Engin 112 - Intro to ECE

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

4-bit Adder with Carry Lookahead Mch cng Carry-Lookahead (tt)

Mch "cng 4 bit of stages for Same number

MchDrawback? bit, 64 bit? ! cng 16

lookahead logic for more bits

Engin 112 - Intro to ECE

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng b 2 (s c du)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch cng b 2 (s c du)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Mch pht hin trn ? (sv t c)

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

Khoa Khoa hc v K thut my tnh - B mn k thut my tnh

s0 Mch dn knh (hin thc r bng mch hai lp)s1tng qut? D0 D1 D2