TR

NG I H C B C LIU Khoa S Ph m T Ha - Sinh

Mn h c:

HA

IC

NG A 1

Gi ng vin: Nguy n Hong Ly

Ch

ng I

CC KHI NI M NH LU T C S C A HA H C

Nguyen t
 Nguyen t la phan t nho nhat cua mot

nguyen to hoa hoc, khong the phan chia nho hn c na ve mat hoa hoc. Trong cac phan ng hoa hoc, nguyen t khong thay oi.

Nguyen to hoa hoc

 La chat c tao thanh t cac nguyen t

co ien tch hat nhan giong nhau.

Phan t
 Phan t la tap hp nhom cac nguyen

t (co the cung hoac khac loai). Cac nguyen t lien ket vi nhau trong phan t theo nhng kieu lien ket khac nhau.

n chat, hp chat:


n chat la cac chat c cau thanh t mot nguyen to (Oxy: O2, Kim cng: C, Nit: N2) Hp chat la cac chat c cau thanh t 2 nguyen to tr len (H2O, Ru, Dam)

Luat thanh phan khong oi:  Mot hp chat hoa hoc xac nh luon cha cung mot so nguyen to nh nhau vi t le khoi lng xac nh.

nh lu t c b n trong l nh v c ha h c: Trong ph n ng ha h c, t ng kh i l ng cc ch t tham gia ph n ng b ng t ng kh i l ng s n ph m t o thnh

7(mtr
L ch s :

c)

= 7 (msau)
t ra nh nh lu t ny

N m 1748 Mikhail Lomonossow

N m 1789 Antoine Lavoisier pht bi u

 Khoi lng cua 1H = 1.6735 x 10-24 g va 16O la 2.6560 x 10-23 g. nh ngha: Khoi lng cua 12C = chnh xac la 12 vC hay amu (n v Carbon, hay la n v nguyen t, atomic mass unit). T o: 1 amu = 1.66054 x 10-24 g 1 g = 6.02214 x 1023 amu

C cng s proton (cng 1 ng t ha h c) Khc s kh i hay s n tron.



V d : Cc
1

ng v c a Hydro (Z = 1)

 H-1, 1 H , protium - Hydro nh ( 99,98%); (1 proton,

khng c neutron trong h t nhn):

 H-2 or D, 2H, deuterium ( 0,016 % ); (1 proton v 1

neutron trong h t nhn).

 H-3 or T,

tritium ( 0,001%); (1 proton v 1 neutron trong h t nhn).

3H,

Nguyen t lng trung bnh

Trong t nhien, cac nguyen to ton tai cac dang ong v vi t le khac nhau, v du: C: 98.892 % 12C + 1.108 % 13C. Nguyen t lng trung bnh C: (0.98892)(12 amu) + (0.0108)(13amu) = 12.011 amu. Trong he thong tuan hoan la NTL trung bnh.

V d : Chlorine c 2
nguyn t l

ng v , Cl-35 and Cl-37, c

ng l n lu t l 34.96885 and 36.96590

amu. Nguyn t l ng c a n trong t nhin l 35.453 amu. Thnh ph n % c a t ng ng v ?

t x = ph n Cl-35, y = ph n Cl-37 Ta c x + y = 1 <=> y = 1 - x 34.96885*x + 36.96590*y = 35.453 T x = 0.7553 <=> 75.53% Cl-35 y = 1 - x = 0.2447 hay 24.47% Cl-37

nh luat t le boi. (nh luat alton)

Neu hai nguyen to hoa hp vi nhau tao thanh mot so hp chat th nhng lng khoi lng cua mot nguyen to so vi cung mot lng khoi lng cua nguyen to kia se t le vi nhau nh nhng so nguyen n gian. V du:
FeS, FeS2, vi cung 56 n v khoi lng Fe th t le S: Fe

lan lt la 32:56; 64:56. Do o t le S la 32:64 = 1:2

N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O5 vi 14 n v khoi lng N th t le

O:N lan lt la : (8/14):(16/14):(24/14):(32/14):(40/14) 8:16:32:40 1:2:3:4:5

C = 5/9 * (F - 32) F = (9/5)*C + 32 K = C + 273.15

E: alpha (a) F: beta (b) K: gamma (g) H ((): delta (d) I: epsilon (e) ^: zeta (z) L: eta (h) U: theta (q)

M: iota (i) O: kappa (k) P: (0) lambda (l) Q: mu(y) (m) R: nu(y) (n) \: xi (x) S: omicron (o) T: pi (p)

V: rho (r) W: (7) sigma (s) X: tau (t) Y: upsilon (u) N (*): phi (f) G: chi (c) ] (=): psi (y) [ (;): omega (w)

ng lng: (E)

ng lng cua mot nguyen to hay mot hp chat la so phan khoi lng cua nguyen to hay hp chat o ket hp hoac thay the va u vi mot ng lng cua mot nguyen to hay hp chat khac.

Cach tnh ng lng:

A = M/n

A la mot nguyen to
M n : khoi lng nguyen t : hoa tr nguyen to

V du: Trong CO: CO2 : C=12/2=6 C=12/4=3

A la acid
M n : Phan t lng cua axit : So H+ tham gia phan ng

V d : H2SO4 + NaOH p NaHSO4 + H2O

A

= 98/1=98 = 98/2=49

H2SO4 + 2NaOH p Na2SO4 + H2O

A

A la baz:
M n : Phan t lng cua baz : So OH- tham gia phan ng
V d : Ca(OH)2 + HCl p Ca(OH)Cl + H2O A = M[Ca(OH)2]/1 Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl p CaCl2 + H2O A = M[Ca(OH)2]/2

A la muoi
M : Phan t lng cua muoi n :So ien tch cua ion (anion hoac cation) a thay the
V d :
Al2(SO4)3 +3 A = M[Al2(SO4)3]/(2x3) theo Al -2 A = M[Al2(SO4)3]/(3x2) theo (SO4) Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NH4OH = 2Fe(OH)SO4 + (NH4)2SO4 [NH4OH] = M[NH4OH] (v ch c 1 nhm OH-) (v [Fe2(SO4)3] = [Fe2(SO4)3]/(1[SO4-2]x2) 2Fe.2(SO4).(SO4) c 1 nhm SO4-2 b thay th )

Trong ph n ng c th

trong

A la chat oxi hoa-kh

M : khoi lng phan t chat n : so e trao oi trong phan ng
V d : 8Al+3KNO3+5KOH+2H2O=3NH3+8KAlO2 Al0 - 3e p Al+3 N+5 - 8e pN-3
[Al]

= 27/3 (S e trao

i t Al0pAl+3=3e)

[KOH] = M[KOH] [KNO3] = M[KNO3]/8

(N+5pN-3 trao

i 8e)

ng lng gam ( lg)

ng lng gam cua mot chat la lng tnh bang g cua chat o co so o bang ng lng cua no.

V d :  ng l hay 98g.

ng c a H2SO4 l 49 hay 98 th 1 lg l 49g

nh luat ng lng Trong mot phan ng hoa hoc so ng lng cua cac chat tham gia phan ng phai bang nhau. Trong cac phan ng hoa hoc mot ng

Ph n ng: aA + bB = cD + dD S lg c a ch t i = mi/ i T nh lu t vi t thnh: mA/ A = mB/ B hay mA/mB = A/ B V: NAVA = NBVB = NCVC Trong Ni l n ng ng l ng c a ch t i.

Nong o ng lng:

 La so ng lng gam chat tan tren

mot lt dung dch.

 Ky hieu N hay CN. T ng quan gi a n ng mol v n ng NA = nCA (n: S ng l ng)

ng l

ng

V d : Cho ph n ng H2SO4 + 2NH4OH = (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O Tm kh i l ng NH4OH c n thi t ph n ng v a v i 2 lt dd H2SO4 0.5N. Ta c n c a H2SO4 l 2 v ng l ng l 49, nn CA=NA/2 = 0.25M. Kh i l ng axit l 2x0.25x98=49g m[NH4OH]=m[H2SO4]x( [NH4OH]/ [H2SO4])

pV = nRT
 p: ap suat (atm,mmHg)  V: the tch (ml, lt)  T: nhiet o Kenvin  n: so mol  R: Hang so kh R = 0.082 (l.atm/mol.K) R = 62400 (ml.mmHg/mol.K) R = 1.987 (cal/mol.K)

 nh

luat Avogadro

 Mot mol kh bat ky ieu kien tieu

chuan 00C, 760mmHg) phai cha mot so phan t la 6.023x1023. N = 6.023x1023 la so Avogadro.

 T o tnh c khoi lng chnh xac

cua nguyen t va phan t.

Quy t c Bt b (octet - Lewis v Langmuir)



c m t tr ng thi electron n nh gi ng kh tr , cc nguyn t c khuynh h ng nh n, cho, hay chia s cc electron t ng ngoi cng c th c ho c gp ph n vo 4 c p electron (bt b ).

Quy t c bt b c nh ng ngo i l . Th d nh v i hydrogen v helium, s electron t i a l 2 thay v 8; v i phosphorus (P) s ny l 10; v i sulfur (S) s ny c th l 12