CHNG 2

C U T O NGUYN T

N i dung
2.1. L ch s thuy t c u t o nguyn t

2.1.1. M hnh Thomson 2.1.2. M hnh Rutherfor 2.1.3. M hnh Borh

2.1.1. M hnh Thomson

Thuy t c u nguyn t c a Thompson 1903. Theo Thompson, nguyn t l m t q a c u bao g m cc i n tch dng phn b ng u trong ton th tch, i n tch dng c trung ha b i cc electron c kch th c khng ng k . Thuy t khng gi i thch c t i sao cc i n tch m v dng trong cng th tch nguyn t l i khng ht nhau trung ho.

2.1.2. M hnh Rutherfor (1871-1937)

1911, Rutherford a ra m u hnh tinh nguyn t u tin: Electron quay chung quanh h t nhn nguyn t gi ng nh hnh tinh quay xung quanh m t tr i. Nh c i m c a m u nguyn t ny l khng gi i thch c tnh b n c a nguyn t.

2.1.2. M hnh Rutherfor (1871-1937)

M i nguyn t g m h t nhn mang i n tch dng c kch th c nh (bn knh kho ng 10-15m) so v i kch th c nguyn t (bn knh kho ng 10-10m). Kh i l ng nguyn t t p trung ch y u h t nhn. Xung quanh h t nhn l cc i n t chuy n ng trn cc qu o khc nhau. Nguyn t trung ha i n nn s i n t c trong nguyn t b ng v i i n tch h t nhn nguyn t .

2.1.2. M hnh Rutherfor (1871-1937)

V t ch t = Ph n t r t nh Nguyn t Nguyn t = H t nhn (Proton + Ntron) + i n t Tch i n (+) (0) (-)

mp = 1,67.10-27 kg mn = 1,675.10-27 kg me = 9,11.10-31 kg mp = 1836 me

C u t o nguyn t Cacbon

2.1.3. M hnh Borh - 1913

Ba nh c a Bohr
Electron ch quay trn m t s qu o nh t nh, ng v i m t nng l ng xc nh (qu o d ng) Khi quay trn qu o d ng electron khng m t nng l ng. Nguyn t pht ra hay h p th nng l ng khi electron nh y t qu o d ng ny sang qu o d ng khc.

2.1.3. M hnh Borh

Thnh cng c a thuy t Bohr
Gi i thch m t s c trng c a ph H:

Tnh ton dy Balmer v cc dy ph khc Tnh ton gi tri RH ph h p v i th c nghi m a ra m t s bi u th c v bn knh nguyn t D on m c nng l ng c a nguyn t H Nguyn t 1 electron Ze2 c thay cho e2 trong phng trnh
Z l i n tch c a nguyn t

C th m r ng v i nh ng nguyn t gi ng H

2.1.3. M hnh Borh

Nh c i m c a m u nguyn t
-

Bohr

10

Nghin c u b ng cc thi t b quang ph hi n i cho th y r ng quang ph c a nguyn t hyro c s v ch nhi u hn s v ch tin on theo thuy t Bohr. My quang ph hi n i cho th y m i v ch tch lm 2 v ch. Khi t nguyn t trong i n tr ng hay t tr ng s v ch quang ph cn tng nhi u hn n a (hi u ng Ziman). Thuy t Borh khng th gi i thch c cc hi n t ng v a nu.

2.2. Thuy t c u t o nguyn t hi n i

2.2.1. Nh ng lu n i m c a c h c l ng t 2.2.1.1. Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng 2.2.1.2. Gi thi t De Broglie 2.2.1.3. Nguyn l b t nh Heisenbeg 2.2.1.4. Phung trnh sng Schodinger 2.2.2. Nguyn t 1 i n t 2.2.2.1. S l ng t chnh 2.2.2.2. S l ng t ph 2.2.2.3. S l ng t t 2.2.2.4. S l ng t spin 2.2.3. Nguyn t nhi u i n t : 2.2.3.1. Hi u ng ch n v xm nh p 2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t trong nguyn t 2.2.4. Hnh d ng m my i n t : s. p, d

11

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng [1] Tnh ch t h t

Hi n t ng quang i n

Tnh ch t h t
12

Th Hi n Hi n t ng Compton

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng [1] Tnh ch t h t

Hi n t ng Compton

Hi n t ng Compton l hi n t ng gi m t n s c a nh sng hay b c xa ni chung khi i qua l kim l ai.

13

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng [1] Tnh ch t h t

Hi n t ng quang i n

Hi u ng quang i n l hi n t ng b t i n t ra kh i kim l ai d i tc d ng c a nh sng.

14

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng [1] Tnh ch t h t

15

B n ch t h t c a nh sng th hi n hi u ng quang i n: E = h (1) Nm 1903 Einstein tm ra h th c: E = mc2 (2) T (1) v (2) ta c: m = h /c2 t c l nh sng cng c m t kh i l ng do c tnh h t.

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng [2] Tnh ch t sng

Hi n t ng Nhi u x

Tnh ch t sng
16

Th Hi n Hi n t ng Giao thoa

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng [2] Tnh ch t sng

Hi n t ng nhi u x

Nhi u xa l hi n t ng x y ra khi sng ph i i qua m t ch ng ng i gy ra vi c tch sng thnh nhi u nhm sng giao thoa v i nhau.

17

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng [2] Tnh ch t sng Hi n t ng giao thoa Giao thoa l hi n t ng m t chuy n ng c a sng ny l tng c ng hay lm y u chuy n ng c a sng khc.
18

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng [2] Tnh ch t sng

nh sng truy n i khng gian v i v n t c c, b c sng t n s . Khi : c = . 19

2.2.1.1 Tnh ch t sng v h t c a nh sng

T ng h p
Phng trnh th hi n b n ch t sng h t c a nh sng:

h = mc
20

2.2.1.3. Gi thuy t De Broglie

1924, Louis De Broglie a ra gi thuy t:

Electron cng nh cc v t ch t vi m u c b n ch t sng h t i v i chng h th c sau y ph i th a mn:

21

h = mv

2.2.1.3. Nguyn l b t nh c a Heisenberg

W. Heisenberg 1901-1976

22

2.2.1.3. Nguyn l b t nh c a Heisenberg

1927, Heisenberg a ra nguyn l b t nh i v i cc h t vi m nh electron, photon, proton Khng th xc nh chnh xc ng th ii Khng th xc nh chnh xc ng th v tr v tt c c a h ttvi m. v tr v c c a h vi m.

h v . x 2 m
23

v: b t nh v t c x: b t nh v v tr

2.2.1.3. Nguyn l b t nh c a Heisenberg

V d i v i vi m m= 10-27g, chuy n ng v i chnh xc t c v = 108cm th b t nh v v tr nh nh t x s l:
0 h 6,625.10 27 8 x = = 1,6.10 cm = 1,6 A 28 8 2m.v 2.3,14.9,1.10 .10

24

sai s xc nh v tr l qu l n so v i kch th c b n thn nguyn t . Tm l i n u xc nh chnh xc v tr h t vi m th khng th xc nh chnh xc t c c a n v ng c l i. Thay vo ng i ta ch ni xc xu t tm th y electron (hay cc h t vi m khc) t i m t th i i m no .

2.2.1.4. Phng trnh Schrodinger

Phng trnh sng Schrodinger m t chuy n ng c a cc h t vi m trong tr ng th nng U c a h khng thay i theo th i gian (h tr ng thi d ng). D ng c b n c a phng trnh sng Schrodinger trong to vung gc( to Descartes):

h 2 2 2 2 2 2 + 2 + 2 8 m x y z
Vi t g n:

+ U = E

25

H = E

2.2.1.4. Phng trnh Schrodinger

Trong :

2 2 2 = + + 2 2 x y z 2

l ton t Laplace l ton t Hamilton

H =

h2 8 m
2

+U

26

h : h ng s Plank U : th nng E : nng l ng tan ph n x, y, z : t a c a h t

2.2.1.4. Phng trnh Schrodinger

l hm sng m t tr ng thi h t trong to x,y,z. H t c kh i l ng m hm sng c th l hm th c hay hm ph c. Gi tr | (x,y,z) |2dxdydz cho bi t xc su t tm th y h t trong nguyn t th tch dv = dxdydz. Xc su t tm th y h t trong ton b khng gian b ng 1 nn:
+

27

(x , y , z )

dxdydz = 1

2.2.1.4. Phng trnh Schrodinger

M c tiu:
Gi i phng trnh Schrodinger tm ra hm v nng l ng E xc nh tr ng thi c a h t vi m.

1 E1

2 E2

3 E3

4 .......... E4 ..........

n En

M i ng v i m t ORBITAL vng khng gian tm th y electron. khng m t chnh xc v tr c a electron. 2 cho bi t xc su t tm th y electron t i m t v tr xc nh.

28

Bombing of Nagasaki, August 9, 1945.

29

Ph nguyn t

Hydro

30

Ph nguyn t

Hydro

31

Ph h p thu v pht x
Emission Spectra

32

Ph h p thu v pht x
Ph h p thu

33

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t

Gi i hm sng G n li n 4 s l ng t

c trng nguyn t

34

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t

S l ng t chnh: n S l ng t ph : l S l ng t t : ml S l ng t spin: ms

4 s l ng t

35

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t
chnh - n
Xc nh nng l ng electron

2.2.1.1 S l ng t n
V d

Nguyn t hydro

36

2 2me 4 1 E= = 13,6 2 2 2 n h n

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t
chnh - n
M i gi tr n, electron c m im c nng l ng Ei

2.2.1.1 S l ng t

Gi tr : n = 1, 2, 3, n cng l n E cng l n

ni

37

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t
chnh - n
Cho bi t Kch th c trung bnh m my i n t

2.2.1.1 S l ng t
n

38

M c nng l ng cng cao.

Kch th c m my i n t cng l n

n cng l n

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t

Cho bi t

S i n t t i a m c nng l ng l 2n2. S i n t c c i 2 x 12 = 2 2 x 22 = 8 2 x 32 = 18 2 x 42 = 32 ...

39

M c nng l ng Cng th c chung 1 2 2 3 4 ...

2n

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t

Cc i n t c cng m t s l ng t n t o ra nh ng m my i n t c kch th c g n b ng nhau trong nguyn t hnh thnh nh ng l p i n t.

n L p Chu k

1 K 1

2 L 2

3 M 3

4 N 4

40

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t
ph - l

2.2.1.1 S l ng t

Gi tr : l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,.....,n 1 t c l c n gia tr . l Xc nh tn AO l = 0, AO tng ng g i l s V d l = 1, AO tng ng g i l p l = 2, AO tng ng g i l d l = 3, AO tng ng g i l f

41

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t
ph - l

2.2.1.1 S l ng t

Cc i n t trn cc phn l p o c ky hi u l cc i n t s, p, d, f

l
Phan lp

42

S l ng t orbital l qui nh hnh d ng c a m my i n t

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t
ph - l

2.2.1.1 S l ng t

V i m t gia tr n ta c: n2 s l ng cc orbital tng ng. V d n = 1 c 1 orbital s. n = 2 c 22 = 4 orbital = 1s + 3p

43

Cc i n t c cng m t gia tr l thi t o thnh m t phn l p nng l ng.

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t
t - ml

2.2.1.3. S l ng t

+ So lng t t ml ac trng cho s nh hng cac orbital ngt

trong t trng va quyet nh so orbital co trong mot phan lp. + ml nhan cac gia tr t l + l ke ca gia tr 0 (2 l +1 gi tr )

V d

l = 0: ml co 1 gia tr ml = 0 tc la 1 orbitan s l = 1: ml co 3 gia tr la ml = -1,0,+1 tc la 3 orbitan p: px, py

44

va pz l = 2: ml co 5 gia tr la ml = -2,-1,0,+1,+2 tc la 5 orbitan d: dxy, dxz, dyz, dz2 va dx2-y2.

2.2.2. Nguyn

1 i n t

2.2.1.4. S l ng t Spin - ms
ms ac trng cho s t quay cua e xung quanh truc cua mnh
theo chieu thuan hay chieu nghch vi chieu quay kim ong ho va nhan mot trong hai gia tr t +1/2 ho c -1/2.

45

Tom lai
Bon so lng t n, l, ml, ms xac nh hoan toan trang thai cua electron trong nguyen t.
n 1 2 3

l
0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3

Orbital 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f

ml 0 0 -1, 0, +1 0 -1, 0, +1 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 0 -1, 0, +1 -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

ms +1/2 , -1/2 +1/2 , -1/2

So ng/t So orbital ng/t

to e toi a 2 2 6 2 6 10

+1/2 , -1/2

+1/2 , -1/2

2 6 10 14
46

2.2.3. Nguyn

nhi u i n t

2.2.3.1. Hi u

ng ch n v xm nh p

i v i nguyn t ch c m t i n t th ch c m t l c tng tc gi a h t nhn mang i n tch dng v i n t mang i n tch m. V i nh ng nguyn t c nhi u i n t th m i i n t trong nguyn t ch u tc d ng ng th i c a h t nhn nguyn t v c a cc i n t cn l i. Hnh thnh cc hi u ng

47

2.2.3. Nguyn

nhi u i n t

2.2.3.1. Hi u

ng ch n v xm nh p

H t nhn ht i n t b ng th nng ht:

Ze 2 Ze 2 Uh = 2 r = r r
Z : i n tch h t nhn r : kho ng cch t h t nhn n i n t kh o st e : i n tch c a i n t

48

2.2.3. Nguyn

nhi u i n t

2.2.3.1. Hi u

ng ch n v xm nh p

Cc i n t y nhau b ng th nng y:

e2 U = n ri
e : i n tch c a i n t n : s i n t tng tc v i i n t ang kh o st ri : kho ng cch gi a i n t i v i i n t ang kh o st.

49

2.2.3. Nguyn

nhi u i n t

2.2.3.1. Hi u

ng ch n v xm nh p

S tng tc y gi a cc i n t lm gi m l c ht gi a h t nhn v i i n t . i n tch gi m i do c tc d ng y g i l hi u ng ch n. Cc i n t bn ngoi cng c th xm nh p vo m c nng l ng bn trong g n h t nhn. Hi n t ng ny g i l hi u ng xm nh p.

50

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t
ta [1] Quy tac 1

trong nguyn t

Nng l ng c a cc i n t thu c orbital (n 1)d lun lun l n hn nng l ng c a i n t thu c orbital ns

V d n = 4 : nng l ng c a orbital 3d l n hn nng l ng orbital 4s.

51

n = 5 : nng l ng c a orbital 4d l n hn nng l ng orbital 5s.

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t

trong nguyn t

ta [1] Quy tac 1 Nng l ng c a cc i n t thu c orbital (n 1) d lun lun nho hn nng l ng c a i n t thu c orbital np V d n = 4: nng l ng c a orbital 3d nho hn nng l ng orbital 4p. n = 5: nng l ng c a orbital 4d nho hn nng l ng orbital 5p. Nng l ng c a cc i n t 4f cao hn nng l ng c a cc i n t 5s , 5p va 6s.

52

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t

trong nguyn t

ta [2] Quy tac 2 (qui t c d tr nng l ng nho nh t)

S p x p cc i n t b t u t m c nng l ng th p nh t. 1s < 2s <2p < 3s <3p < 4s <3d <4p <5 s <4d <5p < 6s < 4f 5d < 6p <7s < 5f 6d < 7p
53

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t

trong nguyn t

ta [3] Quy tac 3 (nguyn ly ngo i tr c a Pauli) Trong nguyn t khng th c hai i n t c b n s l ng t n, l, ml, ms gi ng nhau. Qui t c ny dng tnh s i n t c c i trong m t m c nng l ng va trong m t phn m c nng l ng.
c m t orbital s i n t c c i m c ny l 2 s i n t c c i l 6.

V d
L = 0 (s), m = 0

54

L = 1 (p), m = - 1, 0 , +1

c ba orbital

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t

trong nguyn t

S p x p cc i n t vo m c nng l ng va cc phn m c nng l ng

M c nng l ng n 1 2 3 S l ng t l 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3 S l ng t t m 0 0 -1, 0 , +1 0 -1, 0 ,+1 -2,-1, 0 ,+1,+2 0 -1, 0 ,+1 -2,-1, 0 ,+1,+2 -3-2,-1, 0 ,+1,+2,+3 S orbital tng ng 1 1 3 1 3 5 1 3 5 7 S i n t x p c t i a 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14 Ky hi u i n t theo cc phn l p 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2 4p6 4d10 4f14

55

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t

trong nguyn t

ta [4] Quy tac 4: quy t c HUND Trong m t phn l p i n t th cc i n t c s p x p trn cc orbital th no cho s cc i n t c thn l n nh t.

V d

56

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t
ta [5] Quy tac Klechkovski Qui t c Klechkovski 1:

trong nguyn t

X p cc i n t c a nguyn t vo cc orbital theo th t tng d n c a t ng hai s l ng t n + l.

V d Xt i n t c a orbital

3d c n + l = 3 + 2 = 5

57

4s c n + l = 4 + 0 = 4

4s < 3d

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t

trong nguyn t

ta [5] Quy tac Klechkovski Qui t c Klechkovski 2: V i cng m t tr s c a t ng n + l thi x p cc i n t theo h ng tng d n tr s c a s l ng t chnh n. V d Xt i n t c a orbital

3d c n + l = 3 + 2 = 5

58

4p c n + l = 4 + 1 = 5

3d < 4p

2.2.3.2. Qui t c s p x p cc i n t

trong nguyn t

Th t s p x p cc m c nng l ng
Chu ky 1 Chu ky 2 Chu ky 3 Chu ky 4 Chu ky 5 Chu ky 6 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p 3d 4d 5d 6d 7d 4f 5f 6f 7f

59

Chu ky 7

2.2.4. Hnh d ng cc m my [1] m my s

1s

S m my i n t c a i n t 1s

S m my i n t c a i n t 2s

60

Hnh c u

2.2.4. Hnh d ng cc m my [1] m my s

61

2.2.4. Hnh d ng cc m my [2] m my 2p

Hnh d ng m my i n t 2px

Hnh d ng m my i n t 2py

Hnh d ng m my i n t 2pz

Hnh d ng

62

2.2.4. Hnh d ng cc m my [2] m my 2p

63

2.2.4. Hnh d ng cc m my [3] m my 3d

64

2.2.4. Hnh d ng cc m my
[3] m my 3d

65

66

T ng k t

67

Bi t p Bi

CHNG 2
Cu 1 Vi t c u hnh electron c a cc nguyn t c b 4 s c a electron ngai cng:

b. n = 3, l = 2, ml = -1, ms = + c. n = 3, l = 1, ml = 0 , ms = +1/2 d. n = 3, l = 2, ml = +2, ms = -1/2

Cu 2 Cu 3 68 Cc s l ng t n, l, ml, ms cho bi t i u g? M i AO c c trng b i cc s l ng t no?

a. n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +