CH

NG II

Dimitri Mendeleev

Gi ng vin: Nguy n Th Nh t Ph

ng

I.

II.

NH LU T TU N HON V I N TCH H T NHN NGUYN T C U TRC ELECTRON NGUYN T V H TH NG TU N HON CC NGUYN T HA H C C U TRC ELECTRON NGUYN T V S THAY I TNH CH T C A CC NGUYN T TRONG HTTH

III.

Tnh ch t cc thay

n ch t c ng nh

d ng tnh ch t c a cc h p ch t i tu n hon theo chi u t ng i n tch h t nhn nguyn t .

1. 2. 3. 4.

Cc h nguyn t s, p, d, f Chu k Nhm Cch xc HTTH nh v tr ngt trong b ng

a. Cc nguyn t h s (ns1,2): b. Cc nguyn t h p (ns2np1-6)

ns1np1 ns1np2 ns1np3 ns1np4 B - Al C - Si N-P

ns1 kim lo i ki m ns2 kim lo i ki m th : ns1np6

ns1np5

O - S Halogen Kh tr

c. Cc nguyn t h d (n-1)d1-10ns1,2 : KL chuy n ti p d. Cc nguyn t h f (n-2)f1-14(n-1)d0,1ns2 : cc nguyn t t hi m 4f1 14 : lantanoit 5f1 14 : actinoit

s-groups

p-groups

d-transition elements

lanthanides actinides
f-transition elements

1s

2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0

2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0

H: 1s1
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1

1s

2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0

2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0

He: 1s2
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1

1s

2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0

2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0

Li: 1s2 2s1

n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1

1s

2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0

2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0

Be: 1s2 2s2

n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1

1s

2s

2p

B: 1s2 2s22p1
electron ho tr

1s

2s

2p

C: 1s2 2s22p2
Hunds rule: maximum number of unpaired electrons is the lowest energy arrangement.

1s

2s

2p

N: 1s2 2s22p3 O: 1s2 2s22p4

1s

2s

2p

F: 1s2 2s22p5 Ne: 1s2 2s22p6

Na: 1s22s22p63s1 Mg: 1s22s22p63s2

or [Ne]3s1 or [Ne]3s2

P: [Ne]3s23p3 Ar: [Ne]3s23p6

L dy cc nguyn t vi t theo hng ngang  trong CK tnh ch t cc ngt bi n i tu n hon  STT chu k = n c a l p electron ngoi cng

 Chu k I (CK

c bi t): ch c 2 nguyn t h s

 Chu k II, III (CK nh ): 8 nguyn t = 2(s) + 6(p)  Chu k IV, V (CK l n): 18 ngt = 2(s) + 10(d) + 6(p)  Chu k VI (CK hon h o): 32 ngt = 2(s) + 14(f) +

10(d) + 6(p)
 Chu k VII (CK d

dang): c 2(s) + 14(f) + ... (d)

c t d c cc ngt c t ng s e ha tr b ng nhau
 Phn nhm: Cc ngt c c u trc e t

ng t nhau

p tnh ch t ha h c t

ng t nhau

 8 phn nhm chnh A (nguyn t h s v p)  8 phn nhm ph B (nguyn t h d v f)

S th t PN chnh = t ng s e

l p ngoi cng

( t ng s e ha tr )
IA ns1 IIA ns2 IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA

ns2np1 ns2np2 ns2np3 ns2np4 ns2np5 ns2np6

S th t PNP = t ng s e trn ns v (n - 1)d

IIIB ns2(n-1)d1 Nguyn t f VIIB ns2(n-1)d5 IVB ns2(n-1)d2 VIIIB ns2(n-1)d6,7,8 VB ns2(n-1)d3 IB ns2(n-1)d9 pns1(n-1)d10 VIB ns2(n-1)d4 pns1(n-1)d5 IIB ns2(n-1)d10

 T t c cc nguyn t d v f u l kim lo i PNP VIIIB c 9 nguyn t PNP IIIB c 14 PNP th c p (PNP lo i 2):  6s24f1 14 : lantanoit  7s25f1 14 : actinoit

S th t = Z = e + q S th t chu k = nmax S th t nhm = t ng s e ho tr (n m trn AO ha tr )

 Cc nguyn t h s, p:  Cc nguyn t h d:
Nguyn t d (n-1)dansb

n m n m

PNC (A). PNP (B).

AO ha tr : nsnp AO ho tr : ns(n 1)d

a = 10 s nhm = b a < 6 s nhm = a+b a = 6,7,8 s nhm = VIIIB

 Cc nguyn t h f thu c PNP IIIB

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Bn knh nguyn t v ion N ng l ng ion ha I

i l c electron F m i n G S oxy ha

 C u trc e t

ng t p tnh ch t ha h c l c

ng t .

 T

trn xu ng: s l p electron t ng

ht c a h t nhn

i v i e ngoi cng gi m:

tnh kim lo i t ng, tnh phi kim gi m tnh kh t ng, tnh oxi ha gi m

 s l p e khng thay

i,

 t ng s e l p ngoi cng t ng p l c

ht c a h t nhn t ng:

i v i e ngoi cng

tnh kim lo i gi m, tnh phi kim t ng tnh kh gi m, tnh oxi ha t ng

a. b. c.

Quy

c v bn knh

Bn knh nguyn t Bn knh ion

 Coi nguyn t

hay ion nh nh ng hnh c u.

 H p ch t l cc hnh c u ti p xc nhau.  Bn knh nguyn t

hay ion

c xc

nh d a trn

kho ng cch gi a cc h t nhn nguyn t

p bn knh hi u d ng r ph thu c vo: b n ch t nguyn t  c tr ng lin k t

tr ng thi t p h p

 Trong m t chu k : rq do Zo
Trong chu k nh : r gi m r r t Trong chu k l n: e i n vo (n - 1)d p hi u ng ch no p r gi m ch m v u n h n

Trong m t phn nhm chnh:

s l p e op hi u ng ch nop ro

Trong m t phn nhm ph : ro nh ng khng

T dy 1 xu ng dy 2: ro do t ng thm m t l p e T dy 2 xu ng dy 3: r h u nh khng t ng do hi n t ng co lantanit