THIEU QUANG QUOC VIET

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Cu trc ca t bo thc vt
Cng ging nh ng vt, c th thc vt cng c xy dng t cc t bo. Do khng c bo v bng c ch phn x v min dch, t bo thc vt c bo v k trong lp v rn chc. V cu trc, cc t bo thc vt c sp xp c kht v lin kt vi nhau rt bn vng. Rn chc l yu t to nn s bn vng ca thc vt trong t nhin. Khi t bo thc vt cht i, khi lng kh ca t bo ch yu tp trung thnh t bo. Thnh t bo l h lignocellulo bao gm 3 thnh phn chnh l cellulose, hemicellulose v lignin. Cu to t bo v cu trc lp v cy tho mc c minh ha hnh sau:

a s cc loi thc vt u cha hm lng cellulose, hemicellulose v lignin ng k, tp trung ch yu trong cu trc thnh t bo. Cellulose l polyme ca ng 6-gluco (bao gm nhiu phn t ng 6 carbon).

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Hemicellulose l polyme ca hn hp cc loi ng 5 carbon v ng 6 carbon nh xylose, mannose, glucose, arabinose, galactose v acid uronic. Lignin l polyme ca cc hp cht cha vng thm, rt bn vng vi cc h enzyme, ha cht v vi sinh vt. Ngoi 3 thnh phn chnh nh nu trn (cellulose, hemicellulose v lignin, c gi chung l lignocellulose), t bo thc vt cn cha cc cht hu c nh lipid, protein. Bn cnh cn c cc mui v c nh canxi, magi, kali, lu hunh, pht pho, silic Nhng mui kim loi khng bay hi sau khi t c tnh vo trong thnh phn tro. Nhng t bo ht hay c thng cha nhiu tinh bt hay lipid; trong khi t bo thn thng cha ch yu l lignocellulose.

Hnh dng ca cc t bo trn mt ct ngang ca mt chic l tuyt tng

Cu to ca thnh t bo c chia lm 3 lp c bn: S1: lp ngoi cng (primary wall) S2: lp gia (secondary wall) S3: l lp trong cng ca thnh t bo. Gia t bo thc vt cy g v tho mc c s khc nhau nhiu v cu trc v thnh phn ca lp S2. Hn na lp S2 cn quy nh hnh dng v kch thc ca t bo thc vt. Hnh sau m t chi tit cu trc ca cc lp ca thnh t bo.

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Tng th cu trc ca thnh t bo thc vt

Cu trc ca lp S1 (trn thnh t bo)

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Thnh phn ha hc cc lp khc nhau trn thnh t bo

C th thy rng cu trc c bn ca thnh t bo c nh v bi cc si micro cellulose. Gia cellulose v hemicellulose c lin kt vi nhau bi lin kt hydro. Mc d lignin khng lin kt trc tip vi cellulose nhng li lin kt cng ha tr vi hemicellulose (Terashima and Fukushima 1993). Nh vy cellulose, hemicellulose v lignin lin kt ln nhau to thnh h composit bn vng cho vch t bo.