Chng 9 COMPOST

9.1 GII THIU: cc nc ang pht trin, nhng tr ngi c lin quan n kinh t, k thut v ngun nhn lc c trnh chuyn mn lm thu hp c hi la chn gii php qun l, x l, thi b cht thi rn chp nhn c. Nhng gii php c th bao gm: gim thiu, ti sinh ti ch, sn xut compost, thiu t v chn lp cht thi rn. Sn xut compost l gii php, c mt vi ngoi l, thch hp nht cho ngun nguyn liu hn ch nhng c sn cc nc ang pht trin. Mt c im lm cho sn xut compost c bit ph hp l kh nng thch nghi cao vi nhiu tnh hung khc nhau, mt phn bi v nhng yu cu cn thit cho qu trnh sn xut compost c th linh ng thay i. Kt qu l, gn nh c mi h thng compost cho mi trng hp, ngha l t h thng n gin cho khu vc mi pht trin cng nghip n cc h thng c gii ho phc tp cho khu vc pht trin cng nghip hin i. Gii php sn xut compost tn dng c nhiu li ch ca h thng sinh hc: gim chi ph cho trang thit b v chi ph vn hnh, thn thin vi mi trng v to ra c 1 sn phm c ch. Ngc li, sn xut compost thnh thong c mt s bt li, thng lin quan n h thng sinh hc, c th l tc phn ng chm v mt s vn khng th d on c. i vi nhng nhc im va nu, tc phn ng chm c th hp l v thi gian cn thit xy ra cc phn ng (retention times) c tnh bng tun hoc thng. Tuy nhin, nhc im khng th d on c th khng hp l. Nu tt c cc iu kin cn thit c xc nh, m bo v duy tr th tnh trng ca qu trnh sn xut s d bo c. Gia cc yu t tin quyt ch yu th iu kin quyt nh cho s thnh cng ca sn xut compost l s hiu bit cn k v ng dng cc nguyn tc c bn ca qu trnh. Nu khng c s hiu bit ny, th cc k hoch thit k v vn hnh sn xut compost s khng c chun b y . Nhng kin thc v sinh hc da trn kin thc v nhng nguyn tc c bn ca qu trnh. Kin thc na cho php c th a ra nhng nh gi hp l v tng k thut lm compost v s ng dng nhng k thut . Li ch hin nhin ca kin thc l gip ch cho vic la chn mt h thng ph hp nht thc hin cc nhim v a ra. Thm mt li ch km theo na l kh nng nh gi chnh xc h thng th nghim. 9.2 NH NGHA: C 2 nh ngha v compost: u tin l nh ngha theo ng thut ng, phn bit sn xut compost vi cc dng phn hy sinh hc khc. Th hai l nh ngha trn quan im sinh thi.

9.2.1 nh ngha theo ng thut ng: nh ngha phn bit sn xut compost vi cc qu trnh sinh hc khc nhau l: Composting is the biologycal decomposition of biodegradable solid waste under controlled predominantly aerobic conditions to a state that is sufficiently stable for muisance free strorage and handling and is satisfactorily matured for safe use in agriculture Sn xut Compost l s phn hu sinh hc ca cc cht thi rn d phn hu sinh hc di nhng iu kin hiu kh hon ton c kim sot thnh cht tnh trng n nh hon ton, khng gy cm gic kh chu khi lu tr, s dng v trng thnh s dng an ton trong nng nghip. Cc thut ng v cc cm t c s dng kt hp vi nhau phn bit nhng im khc nhau ca sn xut comost vi cc qu trnh phn hu khc l: biological decomposition (phn hy sinh hc), biodegradable (d phn hy sinh hc), under controlled predominantly aerobic conditions (di nhng iu kin hiu kh hon ton c kim sot), sufficiently stable (n nh hon ton), v mature (trng thnh). Cm t: biological decomposition c l s phn hu c tin hnh v hon thnh bi vi sinh vt. Biodegradable ni n c cht v s d b nh hng do qu trnh phn hu bi cc chng vi sinh vt, vd: vi khun, nm. Nhng cht ny l Cc cht dng hp cht hu c c to t vi sinh vt hoc bi s tng hp ho hc (nh halogenated hydrocarbons - nhng hydrocarbon b halogen ha) S phn hu nhng cht hu c tng hp i hi hot ng ca 1 s chng VSV nht nh di cc iu kin c bit. Cm t under controlled predominantly aerobic conditionsc 2 ngha: 1) l s phn bit sn xut compost vi cc qu trnh phn hu sinh hc ngu nhin din ra trong t nhin (vd: bi rc h, trong rng, trn cnh ng). 2) phn bit sn xut compost vi qu trnh phn hy k kh ( biogas). Tiu chun ca s n nh l an ton v lu tr khng gy mi kh chu. Tiu chun cho s trng thnh ( hoai mc hon ton) l nh hng s dng trong nng nghip. 9.2.2 nh ngha trn quan im sinh thi: Composting is a decomposition process in which the substrate is progressively broken down by a succession of population of living organisms. The breakdown products of one population serve as the subtrate for the succeeding population. The succession is initiated by way of the breakdown of the complex molecules in the raw substrate to simpler forms by microbes indigenous to the substrate. Sn phm compost l qu trnh phn hu m trong c cht lin tc b phn hy bi cc qun th VSV k tc nhau. Sn phm ca s phn hy ca qun th VSV ny s lm c cht cho qun th vi sinh vt tip theo. Cc qu trnh ni tip nhau bt u bng cch phn hy nhng phn t phc tp trong c cht th thnh cc dng n gin hn bi cc VK c sn trong c cht
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9.3 SINH VT THC HIN CHUYN HA COMPOST: Cc vi sinh vt a m, vi sinh vt chu nhit (mesophilis v thermophilic )v nm chim u th trong t chc sinh vt trong sut giai on u v giai on hot ng chuyn ha tch cc (active stage giai on nhit cao) ca qu trnh compost. C th phn chia cc VSV thnh cc nhm theo hnh thi ca chng l VK c hnh thi y (bacteria proper) v VK dng si. Tht ra, VK dng si n gin l VK b phn nhnh , n l 1 loi khun tia.(Khun tia l nhm VSV c tnh cht trung gian gia vi khun v nm. Chng c hnh dng tng t nh nm nhng vi chiu rng ca t bo t 0,5 1,4 m, trong cng nghip, nhm VSV ny c s dng rng ri sn xut cht khng sinh.) Thng th khun tia khng xut hin vi s lng ln cho n khi ht giai on nhit cao ca qu trnh phn compost. Ngu nhin cng vi s xut hin ca khun tia l s bin mt nhanh chng ca cellulose v cht g (lignin). Mc d mt vi VK phn gii Nito c th c mt, nhng cc iu kin khng cho php phn gii nit [23]. S bt u cho giai on n nh ca qu trnh l s xut hin ca SV hoi sinh. Ngun dinh dng cho SV hoi sinh l t cc VSV hoi sinh khng hot ng khc v cc cht thi ang phn hy. Cc dng u tin mi xut hin l cc dng cc nh (nh paramecium loi sinh vt n bo c lng mn, amoeba - amip, rotifer - phiu sinh vt a bo c khoang gi cc nh). Dn dn, cc dng ln hn nh sn v trng t tr nn nhiu. Nm trong s l Lumbricuse terestris, L. rubellus, v Eisenia foetida [24,25]. Khi lng compost s thay i kh ln ti thi im bt u xut hin trng t. D nhin, trng t vn c th xut hin t t vo thi gian trc , thm ch gn u giai on. Li ch tim tng c xc nhn khi s dng trng t trong sn xut compost khuyn khch phng php sn xut compost s dng trng t vermiculture [25]. 9.3.1 Phng php sn xut compost s dng trng t: Khi ni n phng php sn xut compost s dng trng t, cn phi lun lun ghi nh rng: trong sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh sn xut compost lun lun c trng t, v sn phm cui cng chnh l cht bi tit m trng t thi ra sau khi phn gii cht thi. V cng chnh l sn pham compost. Trong s cc li ch c nu ca vermiculture c nhng li ch sau y: 1) gim kch thc ht sn phm nhiu hn, 2) sn pham compost cht lng cao hn v trong sn phm compost c cht bi tit ca trng t rt giu nit, 3) gia tng s trao oi carbon v dinh dng nh tng s tng tc gia cc sinh vt hoi sinh ln v nh , v 4)
H nh 9-1 : Red californian 3

Sn phm bi tit ca trng t c cht lng hn hn sn phm compost truyn thng Khng phi loi trng t no cng u ph hp sn xut compost (to ra protein v cht bi tit). Trong cc loi trng t c th gi li sn xut compost, loi thng dng l loi c gi l trng californian red californian( Eisenia foetida). Ban u, ngi ta chn loi trng ny tng khi lng c cht c s dng v theo cch lm tng lng phn compost c to thnh. ng tic, kt qu ca nhng c gng khng tch cc lm v cc n lc chuyn hng sang ci tin kh nng sinh sn ca chng cng nh c gng lm tng tui th ca trng. Mi con trng loi californian trng thnh c chiu di 6-8 cm, ng knh 3 -4 mm. trng lng trung bnh khong 1g. Thi gian sng c th ln n 6 nm. Thnh phn chnh trong 1 con trng l nc, nc chim 70 95% khi lng. Phn cn li (khong 5 -30%) ch yu l protein. Sn phm compost lm t trng c khi lng kh c bn nh sau: protein khong 53 72%, m khong 1 17%, v cht khong l 9 23%. Sn xut compost bng trng t c th c tin hnh quy m nh. Mt module sn xut c bn c khong 60000 con trng, chng sng trn din tch c chiu di: 2m, rng 1m, to thnh 1 lp phng. C cht c ph trn lp trng t vi b dy khong 15 25cm. Ty thuc iu kin kh hu, c th dng mt mi che n gin bo v lp trng t. Cng ging nh nhiu qu trnh sinh hc khc, trng t cn cc iu kin thun li. V vy, cn chm sc cn thn cc lp trng t, cung cp cho chng cc iu kin tt nht, c bit l ngun dinh dng, m (70 80%), v nhit ( 20 -25o). Thm vo , cn c 1 ch cho n (thm c cht ) nht nh cho lp trng t m bo chng tng trng tt nht v s phn hy din ra ti u. Tnh ton cho thy mt module c bn 60000 con trng c th sn xut trn 800kg cht mn trong 3 thng .

H nh 9-2 : Hnh minh ha cho th nghim

Mc d trng t sinh ra trong qu trnh ch l ngun protein thp, nhng chng kim hm phn ln cht nhim kim loai nng trong c cht. L do l trng c xu hng gi cc cht nhim ny trong m ca chng. Mc d phng php sn xut compost s dng trng t xng ng c c bit lu tm n, nhng n c nhng hn ch rt nghim trng v cn c kim sot mt cch cht ch, c bit trong cc h thng quy m ln (ngha l
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ln hn 10Mg/ngy). Hn na, c nhng ni sn xut m cc iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh x l bng trng khng th t c. V d iu ny c th xy ra cc h thng quy m nh khi x l cc c cht tng i ng nht. 9.3.1 VSV thm vo tng tc qu trnh sn xut compost S dng inoculums trong sn xut compost t ra nhiu nghi vn hay ni ng hn l phn i. R rng, s dng inoculums l tng xng vi nhu cu b sung VSV nu nh khng c qun th VSV v SV c sn trong c cht phn hu (lm compost) c cht Nt c trng cc cht thi d gp trong sn xut compost l chng thng c sn cc qun th vi sinh trong mi loi cht thi, v vic thm vo inoculums th khng cn thit. Ngc li, thm inoculums s c li vi cc cht thi khng c sn qun th VSV hoc c nhng khng . V d cc cht thi nh cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut dc phm, cht thi b tit trng hay kh trng, v cht thi c thnh phn ng nht ( mn ca hoc v bo g, tru, cht thi ca du th ) Nu xc nh l c nhu cu cn inoculums, th phi nghin cu sn xut 1 inoculums, tr khi c sn inoculums thch hp. Nh s c trnh by trong tho lun di y, vic nghin cu sn xut 1 inoculums l mt nhim v kh khn, n i hi tin hnh bi 1 nh vi sinh vt cc giic nhng hiu bit su sc v qu trnh sn xut compost. Mt kh khn tht s l trn thc t vic sn xut ra sn phm compost l 1 qu trnh chuyn ha c thc hin bi nhiu nhm vi khun ni tip nhau lin tc, tun t tng tc vi c cht. Mun nghin cu sn xut inoculums th bc u tin phi nhn din ra nhng nhm VSV ny , sau phi phc ha c vai tr ca tng nhm sinh vt c nhn din. Xc nh chnh xc VSV v tm hiu c vai tr hp l ca chng l vic cc k kh khn khi cc qun th vi khun trong qu trnh l hn hp nhiu qun th sinh vt khc nhau. t hiu qu, nhng sinh vt trong inoculum phi cnh tranh thng li vi nhng sinh vt c sn trong cht thi. Kh nng cnh tranh ca sinh vt c b sung vo s b nh hng bt li nu c cy i cy li nhm VSV nhm duy tr mi trng VSV . Ni tm li, tnh hnh s dng inoculums khng kh quan v qun th sinh vt c sn trong cht thi qu phong ph, cng l c im ca hu ht nhng cht thi c b sung inoculums chun b sn xut ra sn phm compost. Trc khi c chp nhn, xc nhn v inoculums phi c chng minh l ng bng cch lm th nghim 1 cch khch quan hoc xy dng m hnh trnh din. Hn na, cn ch rng, thng thng, nhng chng sinh vt thm vo khng cnh tranh tt di iu kin sn xut thc t [26,27]. Nu cn b sung 1 inoculum hoc thm VSV , c th s dng phn nga phn hy, thnh phm compost , hoc 1 loi t mn mu m . Tt c 3 vt liu va nu u c cha 1 h vi sinh vt rt phong ph. 1 hnh thc b sung inoculums thng c s dng trong thc t lm compost l: tun hon, b sung tr li 1 phn thnh phm compost mass inoculation, ngha l, thm sn phm compost vo nguyn liu u vo. Ngoi kh nng c th ci tin kt cu
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ca cht thi u vo, mass inoculation c hiu qu hay khng vn cn cha chc chn. 9.4 CC YU T CA QU TRNH SN XUT COMPOST: Ngoi s c mt ca nhng sinh vt cn thit, nhng yu t chnh nh hng ln qu trnh sn xut compost c th c nhm thnh 03 nhm chnh l: nhm nhng yu t dinh dng, mi trng v vn hnh. Tm quan trng tng i ca mi mt loi yu t c xc nh bng quan h ca n i vi s sinh trng v hot ng ca nhng sinh vt ch yu (then cht) trong qu trnh. Nhng sinh vt quan trng ny quyt nh tc v quy m ca vic sn xut ra sn phm compost, bi v chng c h enzym phc tp cho php chng tn cng, phn gii, v s dng cht hu c trong rc thi ti (th). Nhng sinh vt khc ch c th s dng nhng sn phm b phn hy (sn phm trung gian). Do , sn xut ra sn phm compost t cht thi l kt qu ca nhng hot ng nh ni ti phn trc c thc hin bi nhiu nhm vi khun ni tip nhau lin tc, tun t tng tc vi c cht Ni ngn gn, cc nhm sinh vt c ln lt chun b iu kin cho cc nhm tip sau. 9.4.1 Cc yu t dinh dng: Ngun dinh dng nht nh trong cht thi ch c cc vi khun s dng nu c sn Tnh c sn th hin di 2 mt gi l ho hc v vt l. Mt cht dinh dng c gi l c sn v mt ha hc i vi 1 loi vi khun hoc 1 nhm vi khun nu n l 1 phn ca phn t cho php d dng b 1 loi hay nhiu loi VK tn cng. Thng thng s tn cng ,c ngha l s b gy cht hu c hay phn hy, c thc hin bi enzym m VK c hoc c kh nng tng hp. Tnh c sn v mt vt l c ngha l kh nng VK c th tip cn. N ph thuc vo t l khi lng hoc th tch trn din tch b mt ht rc thi, nhng i lng ny ph thuc vo kch c ht cht thi. 9.4.1.1Nguyn t a lng v vi lng: Nhng cht dinh dng c th c phn thnh 2 loi: a lng v vi lng. Cc nguyn t a lng bao gm: C, N, P, Ca v K. Tuy nhin, hm lng Ca v K cn thit th thp hn nhiu so vi C, N v P. Bi v chng ch cn hin din vi hm lng vt, chng thng c gi l nguyn t vt khng th thiu Trong thc t, hu ht chng tr nn c nu nng vt qu vt. Nm trong s nhng nguyn t vt khng th thiu cn c Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, S. Hu ht nhng nguyn t dng vt c vai tr trong vic trao i t bo cht. C cht l ngun gc cung cp cc nguyn t dinh dng a lng v vi lng cn thit. Cho d c s bt n nh trong qu trnh hot ng, nhng trong thc t, mun c li ch bt buc phn ln hoc tt c c cht ca qu trnh sn xut compost phi l cht thi. S bt n nh c cp n y c nguyn nhn l do gia cc nguyn liu khc nhau c nhng d bit v s sn c 1 s cht dinh dng i vi vi khun. Nhng d bit v s sn c, n lt n, li ph thuc vo s chnh lch bn gia cc phn t hu c trc s tn cng
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ca vi khun. V s chnh lch bn l nguyn nhn dn ti nhng khc bit v tc qu trnh. V d nhng vt liu c bn cao l lignin (g) v chitin (lng v, ng vt c v cng) v vi dng xenlul. 9.4.1.2 T l C:N (carbon/nit) T l C:N l h s dinh dng chnh. Da trn nhu cu carbon v nit tng i cho s pht trin ca t bo, t l trn l thuyt l 25:1. T l ny nhn mnh ch yu vo lng carbon; bi v trong s trao i cht ca vi khun v tng hp t bo cht, lng Carbon c s dng nhiu hn Nit. Theo , lng C khng ch c s dng trong s hnh thnh thnh t bo hay mng t bo, cht nguyn sinh, v tng hp cc sn phm lu tr, m phn ln chng c xy ha to ra CO2 trong qu trnh trao i cht. Ngc li, N ch c s dng nh 1 cht dinh dng , c gi l thnh phn thit yu ca nguyn sinh cht. Do , qu trnh chuyn ha cn nhiu C hn so vi N Trong qun l cht thi, t l C:N bin ng rt ln. Ni chung, t l ny ln hn t l 810oC c sn: 1N c sn (cn ghi ch s nhn mnh ch c sn). Trong thc tin sn xut compost, t l ny vo khong 20:1 n 25:1. Theo kinh nghim chung, nu t l C:N vt qu gii hn va nu, tc phn hy s b chm li. Ngc li, nu t l thp hn 20:1, N c kh nng b tht thot. L do tht thot N bi v N d chuyn ha thnh N trong NH3. Giai on chuyn ha tch cc (active stage) trong sn xut compost c c im l nng pH v nhit kh cao, c im ny c th gy ra s bay hi ca NH 3. 1 nc ang pht trin, t l C:N khng thun li, cao c th c h thp xung bng cch b sung thm cht thi c nhiu nit vo nguyn liu u vo. Nu kh nng kinh t cho php, c th h t l C:N bng cch thm phn bn N ha hc, nh phn ur, hay amni sunpht (NH4)2SO4. Tri li, cht thi c nhiu C c th c s dng nng t l C:N thp. Nng N v t l C:N trong cc loi rc thi v cht thi khc nhau c lit k trong bng VIII-1. 9.4.1.3 Phn tch C v N: Trong nhng phng php phn tch hu ch xc nh lng N, phng php Kjeldahl tiu chun vn lun l phng php va thc tin va c cht lng. Xc nh lng C rt kh khn nhng nc ang pht trin bi v n cn c trang b thit b phn tch t tin v ngi phn tch cng cn c k nng chuyn mn cao. c c mu i din trong phm vi nghin cu do cc phng php phn tch hin nay xut, rt hp v l cng vic ht sc kh khn, nht l khi vi lng cht thi hn tp nh cht thi rn. Phng php Stop-gap (tm gi l lp y khong trng) thch hp vi sn xut compost trong qun l cht thi rn c dng tnh ton hm lng C da trn mt cng thc pht hin vo 1950 [1]. Cng thc nh sau:
%Cacbon 100% ash 1,8

Bng 9-1. Hm lng N v t l C:N c trong nhng loi rc thi v cht thi khc nhau : Cht thi Bn hot tnh Mu Phn b Bn phn hy M c, b c Rc tri cy C b xn Phn nga C hn hp Phn bc Rc rau c, khng k cc loi rau u Phn heo Thn, l khoai ty Phn gia cm Bn ti Mn ca Rm, yn mch Rm, la m Nc tiu Hm lng N 5 10 14 1.7 26 6.5 10 1.5 36 2.3 214 5.5 6.5 2.5 4 3.8 1.5 6.3 47 0.1 1.1 0.3 0.5 15 18 T l C:N 6 3.0 18 4 28 5.1 34.8 12 15 25 19 6 10 11 12 4 19 25 15 11 200 500 48 128 150 0.8

Theo 1 bng bo co [28] nhng gi tr xc nh bng cng thc nm trong khong 2% - 10% cc gi tr thu c trong phng th nghim. Trong trng hp khng phn tch c C v N , ngi ta c th a ra 1 gi nh kh thi da trn thnh phn c cht. Gi nh l nu t l th tch cht thi th (loi rc thc phm trong qu trnh chun b nu n, hay trong qu trnh chun b nhng th nu n, hay cc loi phn ti) mu xanh (hay tnh theo mu) i vi cht thi kh, khng xanh dao ng trong khong 1 4, t l C:N s thuc phm vi cho php. 9.4.1.4 Kch c ht: Kch thc cc ht trong cht thi l yu t c lin quan n dinh dng, bi v cht thi l c cht trong qu trnh sn xut compost v c cht li chnh l ngun dinh dng. S lin quan n dinh dng l do bi nh hng ca kch c ca mi ht trn tnh sn c v mt vt l ca cht dinh dng, ngha l, kh nng tip cn cht dinh dng. Nh trnh by trc y, kch c ht quyt nh t l khi c ph by thnh b mt mass-to-surface v, do , quyt nh khi ht tip xc trc tip vi s tn cng ca VSV. Bi v t l ny cng tng khi kch thc ht cng nh, tc phn hu ( tc sn xut compost) theo l thuyt s tng khi kch c ht cng nh. Tuy nhin, tng tnh theo l thuyt khng phi lc no cng l hin thc trong thc t. Tht bi c
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th do 1 hay nhiu yu t. V d nh bn cht vt l ca c cht c th lm hn ch kch thc cho php ti thiu. Ngi ta nh ngha kch thc cho php ti thiu l kch thc nh nht cho php m nu nh hn na s nh hng c hi n qu trnh compost. Cui cng, tiu chun xc nh kch thc cho php ti thiu l vi kch thc ht c th to thnh c cht c trng thi xp va c kh nng chu ng p lc thng kh cn thit. xp ph thuc phn ln vo sc bn ca cu trc ca cht liu ht. Nguyn vt liu c cu trc chc, khe, chu c lc nn p nh g, rm, v giy, gi c xp cao vi kch thc ht rt nh. Nhng cht thi nu trn c kch c ht thch hp khong 1,5 n 7 cm. Kch thc ht ph hp i vi g dng dm bo c dy khong 1cm v c chiu rng khong t 2 ti 5 cm. Nhng cht thi c ngun gc t si v do ct ta cy ci (rc vn) c kch thc thch hp t 5 ti 10 cm. Nu nhng nhnh cy v cnh cy con c ng knh nh hn 1 cm th knh thc ht c th ln hn. Kch thc hat cho php ti thiu i vi nhng loi rc mm c xu hng ln hn bi v nhng ht vt liu mm c kch c nh qu mc cho php c khuynh hng kt li thnh mt khi v nh hnh n mc rt t l xp hoc thm ch khng c l xp no. Nh vy, kch c cho php ti thiu ca rc thc vt ti, rc thi rau qu v rc nh bp c th to khong 15cm v thm ch c th ln hn vi nhng loi rc khc mm hn Nhng cht thi xanh ti nh rau dip v tri cy chn mi (nh u v xoi) c th khng cn gim kch thc hoc nu c l rt t Nu khng trn ln vi cc vt liu lt y loi, phn ng vt khng cn gim kch c. Trong trng hp gim kch thc, bt k s gim kch thc no cng cn phi quyt nh da trn c trng ca lp vt cht lt y. Trong mt nc ang pht trin, kinh t v k thuat l nhng tr lc ngn cn vic tin hnh gim kch thc rc thi trong sn xut compost. S gim kch c lun lun c tin hnh vi mt thit b ct hoc my xay nghin, thng l thit b ln v t tin .V th c th chn gii php khc cho vic ct gim kch thc, l o trn vt liu lm cho chng gy v, b rch, b dp mt cch tng i .o trn c th c thc hin vi trng quay hoc thng quay.. 9.4.2. Nhng yu t MT Nhng yu t mi trng ch yu nh hng n qu trnh sn xut compost l nhit , nng pH, m, v thng kh. ngha ca cc yu t mi trng i vi qu trnh sn xut compost l chng c th l tng yu t hoc nhiu yu t kt hp li - quyt nh tc v mc phn hy. Theo , tc v mc phn hy tng ng vi mc trong mi yu t dinh dng v yu t mi trng u tin dn ti s ti u. Nu khim khuyt mt yu t bt k no s hn ch tc v mc phn hy c th ni mt cch khc , yu t b khim khuyt chnh l yu t lm hn ch qu trnh. Cn ht sc lu tm ghi nh rng yu t cui cng lm hn ch qu trnh sn xut compost l yu t to nn cc qun th vi sinh vt khc nhau thuc v di truyn. 9.4.2.1 Nhit
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Mt d c nhng lp lun rt thuyt phc ni v s thun li ca qu trnh sn xut compost khong nhit thermophilic v mesophilic trong vic sn xut ra sn phm compost, nhng vn cn rt nhiu nghi vn vn ang c tranh ci v qu trnh sn xut compost. L do l trong qu trnh sn xut compost bnh thng ,qu trnh bt u t nhit thng khong nhit mesophilic), tng nhit t t v t ti khong nhit thermophilic, sau li gim xung khong nhit mesophilic.Qu trinh sn xut compost no cng tng v gim nhit nh vy tr khi tin hnh bin php ngn chn no . Nu nhit trn 650C qu trnh sn xut compost hu nh s b nh hng xu 1 cch nghim trng. L do l vi sinh vt hnh thnh bo t ti mc nhit cao hn 650C. Tr khi chng l VSV hot ng trong khong nhit thermophilic, nu khng chng s ri vo giai on ngh hoc cht . v vy phng php sn xut compost hin nay s dng quy trnh vn hnh c thit k trnh nhit cao hn 600C. 9.4.2.2 pH pH ca khi thng thng thay i theo thi gian, nh biu din trn ng cong trong hnh 9-3. Nh trn hnh biu din, vo giai on u ca qu trnh sn xut compost, pH thng b gim xung , tuy nhin chng bao lu sau n bt u tng ln n pH cao nh pH = 9. S d ban u pH gim xung l do nhng phn ng to thnh acid hu c, nhng acid ny s ng vai tr l c cht cho qun th vi sinh vt k tip. ng biu din pH sau tng ln tng ng vi vic VSV s dng nhng acid va sinh ra trong giai on trc . Bi v pH ti thiu trong giai on gim xung ban u khng gy c ch i vi hu ht cc loi VSV, khng cn thit phi c cht m v nu c thm ch n c th cn gy h qu bt li . V d, nng pH, ngi ta dng nc vi trong Ca(OH)2, vic ny c th dn n s tht thot N di dng NH3-N ti nhit tng i cao . Tuy nhin, thm nc vi trong c th c li trong mt vi trng hp. V d nh nc vi trong gip ci thin iu kin vt l ca khi , mt phn c l bng cch hot ng nh mt loi vt liu ht m . Hn na mt vi nh nghin cu bo co rng c th thm vi vo qu trnh sn xut compost t rc thi tri cy [2], bi v trong giai on u, pH thng gim xung t ngt hn.

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Hnh 9-3 s bin i ca pH biu din theo thi gian trong qu trnh sn xut compost

9.4.2.3 Yu t m Mt c im quan trng ca vic sn xut compost t rc thi th l mi quan h mt thit gia m v s thng kh, c bit l trong qu trnh sn xut compost theo phng php nh lung (windrow composting). C s ca mi quan h ny da trn thc t l ngun oxy ch yu cn cung cp cho qun th vi khun l khng kh gi li trong nhng khe h gia nhng ht cht thi. Vic khuch tn oxy trong khng kh vo bn trong khi cht thi tha mn nhu cu oxy ca vi sinh vt l khng quan trng lm . Bi v trong cc khe h gia nhng ht cht thi cn cha m t do trong khi , gia m v oxy c sn phi c mt s cn bng . tin s dng, s cn bng ny c th c gi tn l m cho php. Theo n s mc m nu cao hn na s thiu oxy s din ra v tnh trng k kh s bt u pht trin

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Hnh 9-4: Biu din mi quan h gia m v khng kh (ngha l oxy)

Trong nhng tnh cht vt l ca c cht nh hng ln m cho php c yu t kh nng chu lc ca cu trc ca cc ht trong c cht . Kh nng chu lc ca cu trc ny quyt nh ht trong c cht c d b nh hng hay khng trc s bin dng v lc nn Yu t m t nh hng n s lm thng kh trong nhng phng php sn xut compost s dng thng kn tin hnh qu trnh (in-vessel compost system), trong cht thi b o trn gn nh lin tc bng my. Tuy nhin trong nhng h thng , ngoi s hn hp ca cc khong h gia cc ht, cn c nhng yu t khc lm nh hng n ngng trn ca m cho php. S thu hp dn cc khong h gia cc ht l khuynh hng chung ca vt liu dnh kt li vi nhau to thnh khi trn. Khuynh hng ny pht trin t t cho ti khi ton b khi vt liu chuyn sang dng bn nho (slurry). Phm vi m ti thi im ny trng khp vi mc m cao nht cho php. Tm quan trng ca vic gi m ca c cht trn 40% n 45% thng b coi nh trong qu trnh sn xut compost. iu ny thc cht rt quan trng bi v m thp hn s km hm hot ng ca vi khun v tt c vi khun ngng hot ng ti m 12% Hnh 9-4 Hnh phng i, minh ha mi quan h gia khng kh, nc v cc khe h trong sn xut compost

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9.4.3 S thng kh 9.4.3.1 Sn xut compost k kh so vi hiu kh Thot u, sn xut compost k kh c xem l 1 gii php kh thi c th thay th cho sn xut compost hiu khv ngi ta a ra nhiu lp lun mnh m bnh vc cho n .Mt trong nhng l l l kh nng c th gim thiu s tht thot N , mt l l khc l c th kim sot kh thot ra tt hn . Thc t l nhng u im ny cha bao gi c v s tr thnh hin thc. Thm ch khi nhng u im ny thnh s tht i na, chng khng b cho nhng nhc im trong hot ng ca qu trnh k kh. Nhng nghi ng v s hiu qu ca qu trnh sn xut compost k kh ngy cng nhiu v vo khong nhng nm cui ca thp nin 1960, sn xut compost k kh c xem l mt gii php khng c chp nhn. Gn y, c xu hng xem sn xut compost l mt qu trnh hon ton hiu kh . Tuy nhin hin mi ngi cng ang bt u tha nhn trong qu trnh sn xut compost, mt giai on k kh ngn hn l cn thit phn hy halogenated hydrocarbons. Giai on k kh ngn hn ngoi tc dng trn cn c th kt hp lm gim N tht thot xng ng c c bit lu tm. So snh vi phng php sn xut compost k kh, phng php sn xut compost hiu kh c rt nhiu u im, trong c:1) S phn hu xy ra nhanh hn. 2) Nhit cao lm cht nhng mm bnh. 3) S lng v nng kh hi thi gim mnh. Mi kh chu l vn khng th trnh trong x l v thi b cht thi. ci thin ng k nng v s tp trung mi trong sn xut compost hiu kh cn cung cp nhu cu Oxi cho qun th vi khun hot ng bng cch s dng quy trnh thng kh thch hp. Kh sinh ra c th c kim sot bng cch thu kh t khi compost do qu trnh phn hy v x l chng bng h thng x l ho hc hay sinh hc, nh vy mi hi kh chu s gim. a. Tc thng kh Tc thng kh sao cho khi compost duy tr hiu kh (ngha l p ng nhu cu oxy ca vi khun) ph thuc bn cht v cu trc ca cc thnh phn cu rc thi v ty thuc vo phng php thng kh. VD: nhu cu Oxi ca 1 qun th vi khun ln v hot ng nhiu, trong qu trnh sn xut compost cht thi d phn hu hin nhin s ln hn nhu cu Oxi ca qun th vi khun tha tht v t hot ng hn trong sn xut compost nguyn vt liu kh phn hy. Tnh ton chnh xc tc thng kh thch hp cho mi trng hp l 1 vic kh khn. Kh khn ny sinh t vn l c rt t s liu thc s dng k thut v trang thit b ph hp vi thc t . Trong ti liu c qu nhiu d liu, iu c chng minh bng kt qu ca nhng cuc iu tra trnh by di. Mt trong nhng kho st u tin [3,4] l O2 thi kh theo nhiu tc khc nhau vo trng quay, sau o nng Oxy trong dng kh thot ra.
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Mc du nhng iu kin thc nghim khng tnh ton chnh xc tng nhu cu Oxi cn thit cho nguyn liu, nhng kt qu thc nghim xc nh c tc tiu th O2 . T l h hp c tm thy l 1 (ngha l CO2 sinh ra: O2 tiu th = 1). Trong 1 giai on khc trong cng kho st trn, cc nh nghin cu tp trung xc nh mi quan h gia s tiu th O2 vi cc yu t mi trng ch yu. Mt trong nhng pht hin khng my ngc nhin l tc tiu th O2 tng ln tng quan vi yu t tin dn ti mc ti u . VD: tc thng O2 tng t 1mg/g cht bay hi 30oC thnh 5mg/g 63oC. Ngc li, tc tiu th O2 gim t l vi yu t ngy cng xa mc ti u. S thay i c minh ha chi tit hn bi kt qu thu c t nhng iu tra khc c thc hin sau ny. Sau y l 3 VD ca nhng iu tra :
1.

2.

3.

Trong 1 iu tra, ngi ta pht hin phm vi O2 cn thit dao ng t 9mm3/g/gi i vi compost phn hy n 284mm3/g/ gi i vi sn phm compost ti lm c cht [5]. Trong 1 iu tra khc, ngi ta pht hin phm vi O2 cn thit dao ng t 900mg/g/gi i vi ngy 1 ca qu trnh sn xut compost n 325mg/g/ gi i vi ngy 24 [6].. thng kh c quan st trong iu tra ny l 1mgO2/gcht rn bay hi/ gi nhit 30 oC v m l 45%; v l 13,6mgO2/gcht rn bay hi/ gi nhit 45oC v m l 56% [7].

Da vo Nhng kt qu thu c t nghin cu iu tra trnh by trn, v 1 s kho st khc, tc thng O2 c chng minh ph thuc vo cng hot ng ca vi khun. Khi tc thng kh s gim khi n nh cu compost tng ln, ngha l compost trng thnh. b. D on nhu cu xy cn thit Nhu cu Oxi cn thit khng th d on 1 cch chnh xc nu ch da trn s lng Cacbon b Oxi ho. L do l v 1 phn Cacbon b chuyn ha thnh t bo cht, cn 1 s khc c cu to bn n mc vi khun khng th phn gii chng. Khi thit k s b 1 h thng sn xut compost trong thng kn (in-vessel system) v 1 h thng sn xut compost dng nh lung s dng kh cng bc (forced-air windrow system), ngi ta c th gi nh tc kh np vo l 530 n 620 m3/Mg rc thi [3] . Tc thng kh trong thit k cui cng nn ly c s t lng Oxi tiu th, v c tnh ton bng nhng th nghim lc u vi rc thi s sn xut compost l c cht. Vi h thng nh lung o trn (turining windrow system), thng s cn xc nh l tn s o trn. Biu nng O 2 biu din theo su ca lung c o trn c th ly t hnh 9-5 Trong thc nghim v trong vn thit k trnh by sau ny, cn lun lun ghi nh mi kh chu ta ra t khi compost khng nht thit l kt qu tt yu cu qu trnh phn hu k kh. Trn thc t, nhng sn phm phn hu trung gian v bn thn cc c cht cng c th c mi kh chu.
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Ngoi ra, cho d c th loi b hon ton mi hi, khi compost ln hn 1m3 c th khng kh thi v k thut v kinh t.

Hnh 9-5. Oxygen concentrations (%) within compost windrow

9.4.4 Cc thng s vn hnh 9.4.4.1. Gim st qu trnh sn xut compost. pht trin 1 chng trnh gim st sn xut compost hiu qu, cn phi xc nh v nh gi cc thng s vn hnh thch hp, v cc mi quan h cu chng ln qu trnh sn xut Compost Da trn nhng kin thc chuyn mn su sc v trnh t ca cc tnh hung din ra trong sut qu trnh sn xut compost trong iu kin tt c cc iu kin u c tha mn, cc thng tin v thng s vn hnh v mi quan h ca chng c th c xc nh v c thng hiu tng tn. Trong qu trnh sn xut compost, c mt s im bc l vai tr ny v chng c xem l i lng gip gim st hot ng ca h thng sn xut compost. 3 im ng ch l: 1) S thay i nhit ( tng hay gim). 2) S bin i cc tnh cht vt l ( mi, hnh thc, cu trc ). 3) S phn hu cc cht rn d bay hi. a. S tng hay gim nhit : S thay i nhit c bn l mt thng s ph thuc vo thi gian c trnh by biu hnh 9-6. c th hin bng ng cong trn biu , nhit ca nguyn liu a vo sn xut compost, sau 1 thi gian rt ngn, bt u tng ln sau khi to lp nhng iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh sn xut compost (ngha l sau khi nguyn liu c nh lung hay c a vo b phn ng). S thay i nhit ban u song song vi giai on (incubation) ca qun th vi khun. Di nhng iu kin thun li, giai on ny s c k tip bi giai on gia tng nhit gn nh theo cp s m ti nhit 60 oC n 70oC. S gia tng nhit rt cao l kt qu phn hu nhng thnh phn d phn hy trong cht thi (vd nh: ng, tinh bt, mt s protin n gin) . Trong sut thi k ny, s lng
15

vi khun tng ln theo cp s m. Nhit tip tc c duy tr (tng i bnh n) qua 1 thi gian , di ca giai on ph thuc vo loi h thng sn xut compost s dng v bn cht ca cht thi. Sau , nhit gim dn xung cho n khi bng mi trng xung quanh.

Hnh 9-6. Typical temperature variations in a compost pile

Giai on nhit cao bnh n c th b ko di nu c cht phn ln kh phn hy hoc cc iu kin vn hnh khng t mc ti u. Nn lu rng s gia tng nhit cao v mnh m s gim nhiu nu rc thi c cha nhiu cht tr. C th xc nh nhiu cht tr trong cht thi da trn thng s cht rn d bay hi thp ( v d nh bn th loi 3). nhng trng hp , nhit c th s thp hn, ngha l nm trong khong 50oC n 60oC. Nu xut hin nhng iu kin vn hnh khng thun li, giai on nhit cao s ko di ra v mc nhit cao s h thp xung . Sau khi nhng thnh phn d phn hy c phn r, v trong c cht ch cn nhng thnh phn bn vng hn, hot ng ca vi khun cng gim i v nhit bt u gim xung. Theo , trong nhng qu trnh sn xut compost thng thng, c th ni rng ti thi im nhit gim xung bng hay gn bng nhit khng kh, cc thnh phn cha n nh v mt sinh hc bt u qu trnh n nh, nh vy, nguyn liu c hoai mc thnh compost phm cht, cho php lu tr hoc s dng. Mt d nhit pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut compost l kt qu ca qu trnh bin dng ca vi khun, nng lng nhit c gi li trong khi compost ph thuc vo lin h ca khi compost vi mi trng xung quanh. Ni tm li, nhit tng ln gip xc nh lng nhit pht sinh trong qu trnh trao i cht ca vi khun v nang lng nhit c gi li trong khi . Nh vy c hai nhn t lm nhit tng ln - l lng nhit do hot ng ca qun th vi khun to ra v hiu qu gi nhit trong khi compost bng bt c 1 vt liu che ph no hoc bng 1 thng cha ng kn khi compost. Hiu qu cch nhit mt phn ph thuc vo kch
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thc khi compost. nhng khu vc c nhit khng kh bn ngoi cao hn t 8 n 10oC, th tch ti thiu cho php gi nhit l 1m3. Giai on trng thnh (maturation), mc d khng c cc yu t xc nh ranh gii (ngha l vn duy tr nhng iu kin ti u), c nhn bit nh s bt u gim nhit lin tc, v ng thi nh 1 s ch th khc v hot ng ca vi khunNi tm li, nhit gim xy ra ng thi vi giai on hon thnh sn phm compost v kt qu l lm tng n nh ca sn phm. Nhng kinh nghim qua cho thy rng sn phm compost c th s dng an ton hoc c th lu tr c sau khi nhit cui cng gim n mc 40oC b. S thay i nhng tnh cht vt l . 1. Hnh thc b ngoi Khi compost dn dn sm li, chng t qu trnh compost din ra ng hng v tha ng. Sn phm compost cui cng lun lun c mu xm sm hoc mu hi nu nu. 2. Mi Ch vi ngy sau khi bt u qu trnh sn xut compost mt lot cc mi khc nhau xut hin thay th cho mi vn c ban u ca c cht Nu nh c cht l MSW th mi ban u l mi rc ti (th). Sau , nu qu trnh tin trin theo hng tt th cc mi tip theo c th c m t chung chung l gy bun nn faint cooking ; tuy nhin nu iu kin khng thun li(v d nh tnh trng k kh din ra )th mi c trng s l mi thi ra. Nu t l C:N trong c cht thp hn 20:1 v pH khong 7,5 th mi ch yu l amoniac.Giai on trng thnh cui cng c tiu biu bng mi thm ca t. 3. Kch c ht Cc ht c cht c khuynh hng ngy cng nh v s phn r v s c st din ra gia cc ht , Ngoi ra, s phn hy lm cho cc th si tr nn dn, d gy v lm cho vt cht khng c hnh dng nht nh tr thnh c dng ht. 4. S phn hy ca cht rn d bay hi Mc v tc phn hy cht rn d bay hi l nhng thng s vn hnh ch yu.Thay i nhng thng s ny s khin phn hy cht d bay hi, bin i cu trc phn t v gia tng n nh . Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan trng gy ra s thay i ny l s phn hy nhng c cht rn d bay hi ( ngha l cht hu c), oxy ha sinh hc chng, to ra sn phm l CO2 . Bi v qu trnh sn xut compost l mt qu trnh phn hy sinh hc c kim sot, trong qu trnh nhng cht phc tp c phn hy thnh nhng cht n gin hn, nhng cu trc phn t phc tp c thay th bng nhng cu trc phn t n gin hn Nhng phn t 1 phn hay hon ton bn vng c khuynh hng khng thay i. . S phn hy cht rn d bay hi v s chuyn ha cu
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trc phn t phc tp n dng n gin hn lm cho n nh ca cht hu c lm c cht tng ln. 9.4.4.2. S dng i lng: Vai tr ca cc thng s vn hnh phn tch v iu chnh nhng sai st ca qu trnh sn xut compost b sung cho chc nng dng gim st qu trnh ca chng. Nhng v d minh ha vai tr kp ny c trnh by trong cc on vn di y. V d u tin l v thng s nhit : Nu nhit ca khi compost khng tng, hoc tng chm rt chm, mc d cht thi c nh lung hay c a vo b phn ng xong, c th nhn nh sau y ng: mt s iu kin trong qu trnh sn xut compost cha hp l hoc gy c ch Trong trng hp , vn c kh nng xy ra cao nht l m cao qu mc hoc thp qu mc. Mi hi ngy cng nhiu l du hiu ca m qu mc. Ngc li, khng c bt c mi no s biu th cho m qu thp. 1 nguyn nhn khc khng lin quan n hi m l t l C:N cao hn mc gii hn. Rt kh phn tch vn ny v trong thc t, khi t l C:N cao, thnh thong vn c du hiu tng nhit . Kh nng th 3 l pH thp hn khong 5.5 hoc cao hn khong 8.5 m cao qu c th iu chnh bng cch thm vt liu nng (c nhiu cht x, ). Mt gii php khc l tng cng lm thong kh. Lm thong khng ch cung cp oxi cn thit, m cn lm hi m bay hi. Thm nc l bin php ng nhin iu chnh m qu thp. T l C:N cao c th h thp bng cch thm vo c cht vi cht thi c hm lng Nit cao (bn thi t nh my x l nc thi; phn gia cm,heo hay cu). Nc vi trong c th dng tng pH. Tuy nhin, dng nc vi trong s dn ti mt s kh khn c trnh by trong phn ni v pH. Mt s thay i t ngt trong thng s vn hnh l du hiu ca qu trnh pht trin compost khng bnh thng. V vy, 1 s gin on bt ng khi nhit ang tng vt theo cp s m s biu th cho 1 tnh hung hn ch s pht trin , v d nh m trong lung compost cao qu mc hoc h thng lm thong trong h thng sn xut compost in-vessel c g trc trc. Cho d lm thong khng thch hp hoc m khng , vn no cng t ngt lm chm li s gia tng nhit hoc thu ngn giai on nhit duy tr cao. Mi hi l du hiu ca s thiu ht oxi, thng l v c cht c m qu cao. Nu m khng phi l nguyn nhn, h thng hoc qu trnh lm thong khng y c th l nguyn nhn k tip. L do l mi hi thng c lin quan vi VSV k kh, mc d hi th thin, nhng lc ny khu gic ging nh l 1 thit b quan trc. C th s dng 1 my o Oxy; tuy nhin, mc d hiu qu hn, ng tin cy hn , n rt t tin . Vi 1 h thng in-vessel, lng oxi trong khng kh cp vo hin nhin s ln hn trong dng khng kh thot ra. 9.4.4.3. o lng n nh ca sn phm/qu trnh: Xem sn xut compost l 1 gii php x l cht thi, ngi ta khng ngng tm kim th nghim no va thc t v mt khoa hc va tit kim xc nh
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mc n nh ca qu trnh hay ca sn phm. Do , rt nhiu th nghim v k thut phn tch c xem xt. Vn l tt c nhng th nghim t hay nhiu u c nhng khim khuytlm gim tnh c ch ca chng. V d nh vi th nghim da trn nhng thay i tnh cht vt l ca sn phm compost hay c cht, th nghim ny thng c tnh ch quan cao, v ch quan th thng kh c c thng tin xc thc. S nhm ln s n nh vi n nh tm thi gy ra bi lng hi m thp minh ha cho tnh ch quan. Mt khim khuyt khc rt thng gp l thiu tnh tng qut, th hin di dng nhng gi tr khng thch hp. V d nh th nghim xc nh n nh da trn nng cht rn d bay hi. Gi thit cho th nghim ny l tt c cht liu cha cht rn d bay hi s phn hy vi tc nh nhau v phn hy sinh hc ging y nh nhau. T gi thit ny, do thiu tnh tng qut, s c th xut hin nhng l lun sai lm. Cc khim khuyt ni chung nhanh chng c khc phc nh nhng ci tin phng php phn tch v s tin b trong k thut phn tch Nhng rt tic, nhng tin b cng i hi ngi thc hin phi c trnh chuyn mn cao v s dng nhng trang thit b t tin. Danh sch nhng th nghim tng c s dng xc nh tnh n nh bao gm t l C:N thp; nhit sau cng gim xung thp kh nng t sinh nhit; mc oxy ha [12]; tiu th O2 [13]; s sinh trng ca nm Chaetomium gracilis [13]; Th nghim KMnO4 [21]; th nghim tinh bt [14]; th nghim cht bo [23,29-31]. Ly mu cho nhng th nghim ny v mt s th nghim tiu biu khc v quy trnh phn tch cc th nghim c trnh by v tho lun di y: a. T l C:N thp: C t l C:N thp hn 20:1 th khng nht thit biu th n nh; v do nu dng n o tnh n nh hoc s tng trng c l khng ph hp. T l C:N ca phn ti (khng bao gm lp tri nn) thng thp hn 20:1. b. Nhit sau cng gim xung thp: Trong 1 trong nhng th nghim u tin, tiu chun t c tnh n nh l khi compost(composting mass) gim dn v gim lin tc nhit sau cng. Tnh k thut ny da trn s tht rng s gim st nhit xy ra do khng cn vt liu d phn hy (khng n nh). u im ca thng s ny l s dng n u cng u nh nhau; kiu tng gim nhit (ngha l hnh dng ca ng cong nhit ) th no vn biu din cng 1 tnh cht, bt k vt liu c sn xut compost l g. Nhng mc d n ng tin cy, th nghim ny tn thi gian, khng c tnh k thut ng dng tng qut, v ph thuc vo t ta nhit ca vt liu [10]. Tuy nhin, th nghim ny hon ton hp l khi ng dng cc nc ang pht trin v cho nhng vn hnh sn xut nh v va cc nc cng nghip.

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c. Self-heating capacity(kh nng t sinh nhit) Th nghim, v kh nng t sinh nhit ca vt liu, l bin s cho s thay i gim nhit sau cng [10]. Lm th nghim ny l a mu vo bnh Dewar flasks. Bnh Dewar c qun trong nhiu lp vi lt ctng hoc bt k cht liu cch nhit no khc. Sau khi qun, bnh Dewar c t trong l . Mc n nh c biu th bi mc tng nhit sau . Phng php ny tng qut v s gim st thng s nhit l nh nhau trong mi tnh hung.. Nhc im ca n l rt mt thi gian, , c th l rt nhiu ngy. Tuy nhin, n kh n gin, tng i r, v hp l s dng trong cc nc ang pht trin. d. Mc oxi ho: Mt tiu ch khc dng o lng s n nh s khc bit rng ri gia t l vt liu d phn hy trong nguyn liu u vo feedstock v trong mu ang lm th nghim. T l vt liu d phn hy c ngha l nng cht c th oxy ha. Do , phng php c thit k xc nh lng cht d phn hy, ngha l, tnh ton cht c th oxi ho, trong 1 mu i din [11]. C s cho th nghim l s khc nhau gia nng vt liu d phn hy trong rc thi th v trong mu ang th nghim biu th mc n nh ca mu. Quy trnh th nghim c bn l xc nh lng cht oxi ha s dng trong phn tch. Bi v n nh trong sn xut compost l 1 vn oxy ha n u, nn lng vt liu b oxi ho trong 1 sn phm compost s o c n nh ca sn phm. Khi tin hnh th nghim, mu c cho phn ng bng dung dch K2Cr2O7 c mt H2SO4. Phn ng s tiu th 1 lng Cr2O7 c th c cho vo d oxi ho ht cc hp cht hu c. Phn cht oxi ho cn li sau khi phn ng s c chun vi ferrous ammonium sulphate Fe(SO4)(NH4)2SO4.6H2O v s tnh c lng K2Cr2O7 s dng trong phn ng. (Fe(SO4)(NH4)2SO4.6H2O l tinh th mu xanh lc nht, tan trong nc, dng trong y hc, ho phn tch, luyn kim cn gi l iron ammonium sulphate.) Lng cht hu c d phn hu c th c xc nh bng cng thc sau:
DOM = (mL)(N)(1-T/S)*1,34

Vi : DOM: cht hu c d phn hu di dng % khi lng kh mL: th tch dung dch K2Cr2O7 (mL) N: ng lng K2Cr2O7 (vC) T: lng ferrous ammonium sulphate Fe(SO4)(NH4)2SO4.6H2O c chun (mL) S: tng lng ferrous ammonium sulphate Fe(SO4)(NH4)2SO4.6H2O trong th nghim vi mu trng (mL)

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S lng cc hp cht hu c bn vng th bng hiu s gia tng khi lng mt i do s thiu hy vi khi lng mt i do phn hy phn ng oxi ho. C s s dng kh nng oxy ha kh tnh ton trng thnh [12] l oxy-ha s tng khi tng s khong ho cc hp cht hu c. S tng ln c gy ra bi cc hot ng ca VK khi c mt cht hu c d phn hy. S c mt cht hu c d phn hy lm tp trung hot ng ca VK, do lng oxi c hp thu cng tng lnlm gim kh nng oxi ha Mt nh nghin cu [12] trnh by rng n nh s t c nu kh nng oxi ha ca khu vc li ca mt lung < 50mV thp hn xy ha khu vc ngoi cng. R rng tiu chun ny khng ng dng cho in-vessel composting(h thng sn xut compost trong tht b kn). Mt thiu st quan trng ca khi tnh ton bng kh nng oxi ho l th nghim thiu chnh xc v n rt nhy cm, c th b nh hng bi cc nhn t tc ng. e. Fungus growth: s sinh trng ca nm Hiu qu ca s (maturity) trng thnh hay hoai mc c cht ln tc ln ln v s pht trin ca cc bo t nm Chaetomium gracilic l c s o lng s hoai mc [13]. Th nghim bao gm vic nui cy nm nghin cu trn cht dinh dng dng rn cha compost nghin nh (loi compost cn xc nh n nh thng qua th nghim). Sau12 ngy nhit 37oC, m cc bo t ca nm. Gi s, s lng bo t nm gim l tng maturity (quoai mc). Li ch ca th nghim b st gim nghim trng v thi gian th nghim di, cng nh l ph thuc vo cc nh phn tch, phi c k nng v s hiu bit v khoa hc nm. f. Starch test: Th nghim tinh bt Mt cch th nghim khc l th nghim tinh bt (Starch test), da vo gi thit rng nng tinh bt trong c cht s gim theo cng vi s phn hu ca cc hp cht hu c, tc l tng s n nh [14]. C s ca th nghim l bi v tinh bt l cht d phn hu v thng l thnh phn khng bn trong tt c cc loi cht thi. S phn hu tinh bt s lm tng s n nh ca cht thi. Bi vy, sn phmcompost t phm cht, hon ton trng thnh (hay hoai mc) phi khng cn cha tinh bt. Do nng tinh bt l 1 ch th cho s n nh. Xc nh nng tinh bt lin quan ti s hnh thnh (starch iodine) phc hp tinh bt iodin, trong mt phn ng chit xut bng axit t mu compost. Rt kh c kt qu chnh xc cng vi vic khng c gi tr ng dng tng qut , iu lm cho th nghim tinh bt b hn ch s dng. g. S tiu th O2/ s hnh thnh CO2: Mc VSV tiu th O2 hoc s hnh thnh CO2 trong sut qu trnh phn hu cc hp cht hu c l mt tiu chun cho s n nh vt liu. Tc s dng O2 cao, v theo , CO2 to ra, s biu th c tn ti qu trnh phn
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hu tc l cc cht khng n nh v mt sinh hc. S n nh ca c cht ch xy ra khi tc tiu th O2 hoc to thnh CO2 mc thp. Qu trnh trao i cht ca VSV s khng c 1 im dng xc nh m tc trao i cht t t s gim khi vt cht b phn hu xong. Do , cn c kt qu phn tch nhng cht tham kho, hoc thng s thc t hoc c 2, mi nh gi c n nh ca vt liu em i th nghim Nhn chung, th nghim v lng O2 tiu th hoc CO2 to thnh ri vo phm tr chung ca qu trnh h hp (respirometry). Nhiu t chc khc nhau cng b cc kt qu th nghim lin quan n qu trnh h hp (respirometry), trong gm c: Standard Test Method for Determining the Stability of Compost by Measuring Oxygen Consumption, D5975, American Society for Testing and Material; Specific Oxygen Uptake Rate, Test Methods for the Examination of Composting and Compost (TMECC), 5.08 a, US Composting Council; and Carbon dioxide Evolution Rate (TMECC), 5.08 B, US Composting Council. Thm vo , rt nhiu nh nghin cu bo co vs pht trin v ng dng cc qu trnh h hp o lng oxi cn thit cho sn xut compost [37,38]. 9.5 CNG NGH: 9.5.1 Nguyn tc chung : Cng ngh sn xut compost c 3 nhim v chnh: u tin, (nhim v 1) l giai on chun b: chun b hay x l s b cht thi u vo sao cho n tr thnh c cht thch hp cho qu trnh compost. Nhng cht thi c ni n y l nhng cht thi h c t rc thi th. Giai on 2, (nhim v 2) tin hnh qu trnh sn xut compost. Giai on 3, (nhim v 3) l chun b lu tr sn phm an ton, khng c vn gy kh chu hoc nng cao cht lng ca sn phm v d nh ci thin kh nng s dng, hay ci thin kh nng tiu th. 9.5.2 Trang thit b : Vai tr chnh ca trang thit b l cung cp nhng iu kin mi trng thun li v nhng yu t m bo cho s sinh trng, pht trin ca VSV, nhng vn m bo tnh kinh t v k thut. Yu t quan tm ni bt l nng Oxy trong compost, c cung cp nh s lm thong ng compost. Nhn bit s quan trng ca yu t ny cn phi ch
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 n s lm thong mt cch hiu qu khi thit k hay quy hoch cc thit b compost, cc bung compost, v cc bc tin hnh qu trnh compost. Kh trong cc k h gia cc ht vt liu sn xut compost (kh bn trong) l ngun Oxy cho qun th VSV tch cc. Tuy nhin , Oxy trong khng kh xung quanh c kh nng xm nhp vo b mt ca compost (lp kh b mt) cng l 1 ngun Oxy quan trng trong 1 vi h thng sn xut compost. Do , gi tr thng thng ca Oxy trong compost ph thuc vo tnh xp ca ng compost. Trong Qu trnh phn hu, Oxy trong cc k h v lp khng kh b mt c VSV s dng cho h hp v thi ra CO2. Nu Oxy trong cc k h v trong lp khng kh b mt khng c thay th thng xuyn bng khng kh sch vi lng oxy th qu trnh ym kh s nhanh chng xy ra. Do , thit b lm thong phi c thit k sao cho khng kh trong cc k h v lp b mt phi c phc hi theo 1 tc sao cho oxy lun lun c . Qu trnh o trn c hc cc ht cht thi s cung cp ngun oxy mi trong cc k h v lp b mt, bng cch to ra nhng k h mi, lp khng kh b mt mi, km theo l cung cp Oxy. Qu trnh o trn c thc hin bng 1 trong 2 cch sau: xo trn (tumbling), hoc rung lc (stiring) hoc kt hp c hai: Xo trn l a ht ln cao sau cho n ri xung. Trong cc lung/ng (windrow) compost, xo trn c thc hin bng cch o (turning) nhng vt liu a vo sn xut compost,. Ngoi ra xo trn cn c thc hin trong mt s h thng sn xut compost dng trong thng hay knh mng (IN_VESSEL), bng cch th ri nhng ng compost t sn ny qua sn khc hoc t 1 bng truyn ny n 1 ci khc thp hn hay s dng nhng trng xoay chm, hoc cc thit b hnh tr c chong chng bn trong xo trn 1 nhm gm nhiu h thng sn xut compost dng trong thng hay knh mng. Trong cc h thng lin quan n rung lc, ch yu l chuyn ng theo phng ngang, v khng cn phi xo trn ( ngha l khi xy ra qu trnh rung th tin hnh xo trn ng thi l khng cn thit). Trong nhiu h thng sn xut compost, cc ht cht thi vn nguyn v tr, ch c kh trong cc khe h l c thay th gn nh lin tc (vic c thay i v tr ca vt th khng quan trng, min l lm sao c th cp kh cho ng compost, chng hn trong tnh(static windrow), kh vn c cung cp mc d ng compost khng h thay i). S trao i kh c thc hin bng cch thay th kh bo ho CO2 bng kh mi. Khng kh b mt cng c thay th thng xuyn bng kh cng bc v loi b kh c s dng ra khi ng compost. Nhng h thng lin quan n trao i khng kh nh vy c gi l h thng kh cng bc. Tnh hiu qu ca h thng ny c nh gi bng tc cng nh kh nng phn phi kh ng u n ton b ng compost

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9.5.3 Lc sinh hc : Nh trnh by trong chng trc, qu trnh sn xut compost to ra sn phm ph l mi. Loi v mc mi l kt qu ca loi vt liu cho vo qu trnh, kiu qu trnh compost, cc iu kin vn hnh. Mi pht sinh gy kh chu v phin h cho ngi dn sng xung quanh. Kim sot mi ngay ti ngun pht sinh, trong khu vc sn xut compost l 1 iu cn lu trong thit k nu ni sn xut compost t gn cc khu dn c. Yu t quyt nh mc mi khu vc x l tp trung l thnh phn ho hc (cc kh gy mi), mc mi pht sinh ni sn xut, iu kin thi tit, kh tng a phng ( chng hn: s n nh ca kh quyn, vn tc gi) v khong cch n ni nhy cm vi mi gn nht. Ngun pht sinh mi c th do cc loi vt liu u vo, nhng vt liu compost d phn hy, nhng ng lu tr compost khng n nh ( cha phn hu hon ton), v nhiu l do khc. Lc sinh hc l phng php hu hiu x l v gim mc mi pht sinh do qu trnh x l cht hu c [35]. M, ngy nay, hu ht nhng ni sn xut compost dng ng hiu kh u ng dng lc sinh hc x l mi. Hn na, phn ln nhng a im sn xut u s dng nhng cng trnh lc sinh hc truyn thng trn mt t. Xu hng gn y trong cng nghip a ra 1 s thit k khc (thit b sn xut compost) chng hn: ng dng sn lc (agitated beds), nhng thng cha c ng (roll_off container), nhng loi kho x l khc (other types of enclosures), nhng thit k ny c th kt hp vi cc thit k lc sinh hc. Trong sut thp nin 90s cho n nay,s tng nhanh v s lng ca cc a im sn xut compost t rc xanh_green waste (l cy ti, c, phn gia sc) c nghin nh M v sn xut compost t cht hu c chu u u kt hp xem xt k lng s pht sinh mi v kim sot chng t nhng ni sn xut compost. Cc thit k v vn hnh lc sinh hc c tp trung nghin cu v pht trin [35,36]. Nhng lp vt liu lc sinh hc thng thng nht bao gm hn hp sn phm compost (compost thnh phm), nhng v dm bo, i khi thm vo nhng vt liu khc, chng hn than bn, vi, v cy, hoc ct. Loi v c tnh ca lp lc nh hng trc tip n hiu qu ca qu trnh lc, cng nh bn ca n. La chn lp lc cng da vo nng ca nhng hp cht gy mi trong dng kh thot ra, xp ( rng) ca hn hp vt liu trong lp lc sinh hc. n lt xp, n c nh hng trc tip n s gim p lc p lc cn to y kh qua chiu su lp vt liu lc v do i hi nng lng vn hnh h thng_ qut gi hoc my nn kh, v n cn nh hng n kh nng h tr cho qun th VSV. Lc sinh hc c th c cu trc nh sau: kh cn x l c dn n nh mng li nhng ng c khoan l. Nhng ng ny c t y ca lp lc lm nhim v phn phi kh. 1 lp 45 cm si c ra sch,trn c dt trn nhng ci ng . trnh lm tc nhng ci l v cho php kh i ln, 1 lp
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lc c t trn lp si. 1 gii php cho lp lc thng c s dng trong nhng nh my compost M l ng dng vi a cht. Chc nng thch hp ca vi a cht da vo kch thc l ca vt liu ( ln l lc ca n). Sau khi t lp vi a cht( hoc bt k 1 loi lp lc no khc) vo v tr, 1 lp vt liu lc 100-120cm c t ln trn. Lp vt liu lc ny nn c la chn 1 cch thch hp lc theo ng yu cu k thut. Trong nhiu trng hp, 1 lp vt liu lc khc dy khong 30cm c t ln trn lp va xong. Hiu qu, hiu sut ca lp lc da vo nhng thng s sau: nhit , m, C/N, nng cht dinh dng, v nhng yu t khc.

Hnh nh minh ho lc sinh hc

Nhit ca vt liu trong lc sinh hc b nh hng do iu kin mi trng xung quanh cng nh tc dng kh, m, v nhit ca kh c x l. Nhiu nh thit k a ra nhng thit k khc gim nhit ca kh vo t mc nhit cao xung n mc nhit thp (30-400C). Mt vi phng php khc l s lm long vi kh bn ngoi, kh ngoi tri hoc kh trong phng, hoc dn qua nc. Mc lm long phi c tnh ton thch hp v s lm long c th dn ti thm nng lng cung cp cho qut m khng t c mc gim nhit nh . duy tr qun th VSV mong mun trong lp lc sinh hc, cn phi gi m trong khong 50-55%. m c th c iu khin bng nhng thit b lm m v gi m trong ng phn phi khi hoc lp t nhng vi phun, xt pha trn vt liu lc. m thm vo phi tnh ton cn thn duy tr m mong mun v trnh nc r r sinh ra ng thi, v lm tc nhng khong h trong lp vt liu lc, cng nh trong ng. T l C/N v hm lng dinh dng gip cho vic duy tr qun th VSV x l kh thot ra. Nhng thng s ny lin quan ti vic la chn lp vt liu lc thch hp. Nhng thng s khc nh hng n hot ng ca lc sinh hc bao gm: rng, kh nng gi nc, v s phn phi kch thc ht( khong kch thc ht thch hp). S phn phi rng v m c th iu chnh bng vic xo
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trn, o trn theo chu k. Phng tin lc sinh hc s dn dn tin ti 1 gii hn m khi hiu qu lc gim mnh v nn c thay th. Mc d im thay th thc s rt khc nhau v ph thuc vo tng trng hp c th v tng loi vt liu s dng, ngi vn hnh nn c nhng k hoch khi qut thay th vt liu 2-3 nm 1 ln. 9.5.4 Nhng Yu T S Dng La Chn H Thng: S dng nhng yu t thch hp quyt nh la chn h thng l cn thit, khng ch la chn h thng trang thit b hp l m cn thc hin thnh cng ton b qu trnh sn xut compost. Tri nghim thc t chng minh nhng nguyn l c bn thc s c ch, v nhng yu t quyt nh la chn h thng c tho lun trong phn ny. Nguyn l c bn v cc k c gi tr l s phc tp th khng chc s thnh cng, c th l bi v s phc tp khng to ra hiu qu ca qu trnh(ngha l, khng phi lc no nhng qu trnh phc tp cng mang li hiu qu cao, c lc nhng qu trnh n gin vn t c kt qu cao hn). Cht lng sn phm khng nht thit c ci tin l nh vo s phc tp. Quan trng hn, kinh t ca qu trnh compost ch cho php mc phc tp rt thp. D , bt k s gim thi gian sn xut no c th thc hin c bng vic tng tnh phc tp cng khng m bo v kinh t (ngha l chi ph cho vic lm tng s phc tp nhm lm gim thi gian ca qu trnh l qu cao, trong khi vic lm gim thi gian th khng tht s mang li hiu qu kinh t). C th hnh dung, c th thit k 1 bung compost (reactor) m sn phm compost c th c sn xut trong thi gian 1-2 ngy. V d, c 1 phng php nh vy to ra 1 loi bn rt tt v sau c s dng lm bn hot tnh trong qu trnh x l nc thi [22]. Tuy nhin, ch ph u t v vn hnh s cao n ni khng th thc hin c. Mt trong s nhng yu t quyt nh khc lin quan n kinh t. Ni 1 cch n gin, h thng c la chn phi thch hp vi iu kin kinh t v nng lc lm vic ca a phng m n c s dng. Yu t ny lm cho hon ton khng th ngh la chn 1 h thng tng i t ng i vi cc quc gia khng phi cng nghip ho, v n vt qu kh nng ca h, v do vy chc chn s thiu ngun nhn lc c chuyn mn v thiu ngun ti chnh cn thit. Mt yu t quyt nh quan trng mang tnh hng dn khc c lin quan n nh gi hot ng v sau i vi vic vn hnh 1 h thng sn xut compost t ng. Mt nh gi nh vy nn lu tm n khuynh hng ca ngi sn xut thng a ra nhng nhn nh khng ng s thc (qu tuyt vi) v hiu sut, tc ca qu trnh, hiu qu qu cao hoc cho ra nhng sn phm cc k tt. Nhn nh v thi gian cho qu trnh nn tnh ton n tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh sn xut compost, tc l, qu trnh (incubation), hot ng (active) (nhit cao v chuyn ha) v trng thnh (maturing). Mt cch l tng, vic nh gi s bao gm s theo di trc tip t u n cui h thng c la chn trong khi n hot ng. Rt cn thit phi quan st, theo di v
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nh gi bi 1 c nhn hoc nhiu c nhn, nhng ngi am hiu tng tn qu trnh sn xut compost cng nh qun l cht thi rn. Hn na, sn phm compost nn c ly mu v kim tra 1cch chnh xc ti nhng ni sn xut compost vo ngy n c sn xut. Cui cng l qu trnh sinh hc, sn xut compost th phi tun theo c tnh gii hn ca tt c h thng sinh hc. Do , s pht trin nhanh chm ca qu trnh v mc phn hu di nhng iu kin c cht, mi trng, iu kin vn hnh thun li l chc nng c bn ca cu to di truyn ca qun th VSV. V vy, cho d phc tp n mc no, bung compost hoc thit b khng th mang li nhng tin b vt bc v tc v mc ca qu trnh phn hu(i.e, tc v phm vi ca qu trnh phn hu ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh di truyn ca VSV ch khng phi vo cc thit b.) 9.6. NHNG H THNG SN XUT COMPOST Nhng h thng sn xut compost hin ang c a thch s dng c th phn thnh hai loi r rng, l : windrow (nh lung) v in-vessel (trong thng hay knh mng). 9.6.1 H thng sn xut compost dng windrow Nh cc bn nghi ng, tn gi h thng sn xut compost dng windrow ni ln vic s dng cc lung (windrows) sn xut compost, y chnh l nt c trng tiu biu ca nhng h thng mang tn ny. H thng sn xut compost dng windrow c th c c gii ho cao v thm ch phn no nh 1 quy trnh t ng. Hin nay, trong thc t, c hai kiu h thng sn xut compost dng windrow c s dng, l: h thng tnh (static hay stationary) v h thng c o trn (turned). Nh phn trc c trnh by, cch lm thong kh (aeration) chnh l im khc nhau c bn gia kiu tnh v kiu c o trn. Trong , i vi kiu tnh, cch lm thong kh khng cn xo trn lung compost, ngc li, i vi kiu c o trn, cch lm thong kh l git lung mnh xung sau dn ng tr li. Mt qu trnh sn xut compost dng windrow gm cc bc c bn sau: Trn ln vt liu c hm lng cht x cao kch thch hot ng phn hy (bulking agent) vo cht thi rn nu cn thit (VD nh i vi bn trong qu trnh x l nc thi hay biosolids) nh lung v b tr phng php lm thong kh Tin hnh qu trnh compost. Sn lc hn hp sn phm compost loi b nhng vt liu c hm lng cht x cao c th ti s dng v hoc to ra sn phm t tiu chun kthut. X l sn phm compost (curing qu trnh cho php 1 phn sn phm compost tp trung li thnh ng trong 1 khong thi gian nht nh, y l 1 phn ca qu trnh lm cho sn phm compost hon ton n nh (mature) trong ton b qu trnh sn xut compost).
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 Lu tr. 9.6.1.1 Sn xut compost dng lung kiu tnh (Static windrow) C 2 kiu ng compost tnh, l: cp kh th ng (passive) v cp kh cng bc (forced-air) . Mc d 2 kiu h thng c phn bit, nhng thut ng sn xut compost dng lung kiu tnh (static pile) v sn xut compost lm thong kh cng bc (forced-air aeration) thng c thay phin s dng trong tp ti liu ny. a. Sn xut compost lm thong kh thu ng m bo ngha c tha nhn ca t th ng, ngi ta khng xo trn lung compost m phng php lm thong kh l t nhin. Phng php hay cch thc ny khng c s can thip ca my mc (VD nh: qut hay thit b o trn). Do o n c v l phng php lm thong kh rt ph hp vi nhng nc ang pht trin. Trong sn xut compost lm thong kh th ng, mc d mt lng oxy c th xm nhp vo lp ngoi cng ca lung bng cch khuch tn, lc chuyn ng c bn a khng kh bn ngoi xm nhp vo trong lung compost v thay th CO2 l s i lu. V mt l thuyt, kh i vo lung khng cn c s can thip ca my mc. S i lu xut hin do chnh lch nhit gia bn trong lung compost v lp khng kh bn ngoi, do chnh lch nng oxy v do dng khng kh thi ngang qua lung . Trong mt vi trng hp, y mnh s i lu v s di chuyn ca khng kh, ngi ta thit k thm b phn cho h thng. Nhng b phn ny thng c thit k theo hnh dng cc ng thng kh v l thng hi , chen vo trong cc ng compost. Ly VD, Trung Quc, ngi ta s dng mt h thng sn xut compost c phng php lm thong kh th ng. Cht hu c c x l trong h thng (trong trng hp c quan st, l cht hu c trong rc thi v phn bc) dng hn hp. Hn hp ny c dn thnh ng c chiu cao khong chng 15-20cm. Sau , 4 cy g c ng knh khong t 6-8cm c t nm ngang trn hn hp theo hnh #. Khong cch gia nhng cy g khong 1m. Ti nhng im chng giao nhau, dng ln 4 cy g ng thng (hoc nhng ci cc trc) . Sau , cht rc thi ln cho n khi lung t cao khong chng 1m. Tip theo ton b lung c ph bn (xem hnh 9-7). Ngay khi bn kh, ngi ta ly nhng cy g ra khi lung . Theo li ca ngi i din ca chnh quyn thnh ph n thm (thnh ph Tianjin), qu trnh compost mt khong 3 tun trong ma h v khong 4 tun trong ma ng s hon thnh .Nhng ngi thit k h thng cho rng h thng ny c nhiu u im, bao gm; 1) t c nhit cao trong ng compost. 2) t c s phn phi nhit kh ng u. 3) S pht thi mi t nht. ng tic, hiu qu ca nhng thit k nh vy v s i lu trong h thng m bo duy tr iu kin hiu kh trong ton b khi compost cha tt. Vn l s di chuyn kh cnh bn khng .

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Hnh 9-7:V d ca phng php lm thong kh t ng c s dng Trung Quc

b. Sn xut compost lm thong kh cng bc Tn gi lm thong kh cng bc th hin phng php lm thong kh trong h thng l dng thit b thi khng kh t di ln trn (p lc dng) hoc dng thit b ht khng kh t trn xung (p lc m) i xuyn qua ng compost khng xo trn. T nhng nm 1950s[15], h thng vi phng php lm thong kh cng bc c gii thiu v nghin cu . Tuy nhin, cho n nhng nm 1970, n mi c ch n . Mc d thc t chng minh hiu qu ca n trong sn xut compost t phn bn[8], nhng mi ngi chuyn hng ch sang ng dng khc v c bn h thng c kh nng thch nghi nhanh chng vi x l bn thi[16,32]. im hp dn ca phng thc ht kh cng bc t trn xung (p lc m) l kh nng dn kh thot ra i qua thit b x l mi. Thit b c th
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l lc sinh hc vi vt liu lc l khi vt liu hu c n nh. X l mi trong sn xut compost cc nc ang pht trin bng lc sinh hc l cch gii quyt rt thch hp . Cc thit b x l mi khc c th kt hp s dng cng ngh x l kh thot ra t qu trnh t chy ci tin. Trong ng compost tnh, nu m khng cao qu mc, iu kin hiu kh c th c duy tr mc hp l khng k nhng gin on ngn nh k do qu trnh lm thong ( m an ton l trong phm vi 40-55%). Bi v tc cn thi/ht kh ph thuc vo mt s nhn t thay i nn mun xc nh tc thc s cn thi/ht kh trong trng hp c th nn tin hnh th nghim[19,20]. V d sau cho ta nhng ch s thc nghim v tc kh c th gp phi. V d cho gi thit l c mt lung compost cao 17m, cha khong 73 tn cht thi rn dng bn thi. i vi loi h thng ny h thng thi khng kh vo ng compost c trnh t thi gian biu l 16m3/h trong 5-10 pht vi thi gian gin cch l 15 pht. Gi thit v nhu cu kh, trong trng hp ny, l khong 4L/s/tn khi lng bn thi kh. c. Thit k v xy dng : Mt h thng sn xut compost dng lung kiu tnh c b tr c bn nh trong hnh 9-6. Qu trnh xy dng h thng thng thng nh sau: t 1 vng ng c l ng knh 10-15cm trn v tr t ng compost. Vng ng c l c t dc theo lung v ngay chnh gia sao cho n s di phn cao nht ca ng compost. trnh khng kh b tc nghn, phi iu chnh chiu di ng va ng chm dt cch l lung compost khong 2-3m. Ni vng ng c l vi qut gi bng ng khng c l. Ph ln trn vng ng va lp t mt lp vt liu c hm lng cht x cao (bulking material) hay sn phm compost hon thnh. Lp nn ny nn tri ht din tch c lung compost . N lm cho s chuyn ng ca kh c d dng v kh s c th c phn phi u trong sut qu trnh din ra hot ng compost. Do lp vt liu nn c kh nng hp thu , n c th lm gim nc r r sinh ra t lung compost bng cch hp thu m d tha. Sau , cht thi d nh sn xut compost c nh lung ln trn lp nn, hon tt lung compost. Ton b lung sau cng nn c hnh dng nh th hin trong hnh 9-6. Kch thc ngh ca mt lung compost nh sau: chiu di, khng c gii hn; chiu rng (ti nn) khong 4,6m; v chiu cao, khong 2,3m. Thng thng, pha trn lung compost ph 1 lp sn phm compost hon thnh khong 0,3-0,4m. Lp ph ny gip cho lung c cch ly, m bo nhit bn trong ton b ng t c mc nhit cao tiu dit cc mm bnh , nh vy gn nh tiu dit hon ton tt c cc loi mm bnh.

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Hnh 9-8_Lc ca mt lung c lm thong kiu tnh

Sn xut compost dng lung lm thong kh ko di (extended aerated pile) l tn gi 1 h thng sn xut compost lin tc (continuous culture) kiu thong kh cng bc . N l phng php c li v x l c mt s lng ln vt liu. Khi tin hnh h thng kiu ny, ngy-1 l nh lung compost ging nh cch thc trnh by on trn. Tuy nhin, ch ph vt liu cch ly na bn lung v hai u lung phn na bn cn li phi ra ngoi. gim thiu s pht thai mi, phn phi ra ngoi c ph nh bng mt lp sn phm compost mng. Mi ngy tip theo sau , thm vng ng c l v lung compost mi cng vi lp ph thch hp vo st cnh bn lung ca ngy trc . Phn b sung mi ngy c xy dng theo quy trnh ging nh vi lung compost ngy-1. Quy trnh ny c lp li trong sut nhng ngy tip theo. Sau 21 ngy, kt qu c c l mt lung compost c lm di ra. Tip theo , ngi ta thu dn ng compost ca ngy-1 (ng compost-1) v thay vo bng mt vt liu mi (vt liu ti/th). S trao i ny c th tip tc vo mi ngy tip theo. Ni tm li, sn phm compost hon thnh (c gi l sn phm compost) c ly i sau 21 ngy k t khi xy dng ng compost-1. (Nu sn phm thu c vn cha n nh gi l compost th ngy thu dn sn phm compost s di li cho n khi chc chn l n hon ton n nh). Nu trong ngy th 21, sn phm compost thu c t ng ngy-1 n nh hon ton, th ngy th 22, ng compost-2 cng c ly i v c thay th bng vt liu mi. S trao i tng t din ra vo ngy th 23. V c mi ngy, s trao i c th tin hnh cho n khi tt c cc ng c xy dng li. Sau , b ngoi ca lung compost cho thy n l 1 lung di, m t u bn ny, sn phm compost hon thnh c c ly i ri thay vo vt liu ti (mi) dn dn cho n u bn kia. Hiu qu ca
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h thng chnh l t ti v gi c s lin tc; v thi gian lu ca vt liu l 21 ngy. u im quan trng ca phng php ko di va nu l gim c ng k nhu cu v khng gian x l. i vi bn thi, din tch t cn cho h thng sn xut compost 1 lung, c km din tch thu gom, lu tr v qun l nc ma, l khong 1 ha c th x l 7-10 tn bn thi (tnh theo trng lng kh) d. nh gi phng php sn xut compost dng lung kiu tnh: V vn phn ln u t cho a im x l, nn phng php sn xut compost ny kh c th c chi ph u t thch hp. Mc d nu u t v yu cu trang thit b va phi c th lm cho n gim bt chi ph , nhng vn l phng php ny ch x l tt cho nhng cht thi c cu to dng ht, kch thc ht khng qu 3-4cm v tng i ng u. Nu trong c cht c qu nhiu dng ht c kch thc to qu mc s xut hin v pht trin nhng ti k kh. Khuynh hng ny l hu qu ca khng kh i qua lung compost (lung kh thi) khng c phn phi ng u v di chuyn khng u. 9.6.1.2 Sn xut compost dng lung kiu c o trn (turned windrow) Hin nay, mi kin u nht tr l phng php sn xut compost dng lung kiu c o trn xut hin sm hn kiu (tnh) lm thong kh cng bc. Nh phn trc nu, im ring bit ca dng lung kiu c o trn l lm thong kh bng cch o trn vt liu trong lung theo chu k, ngha l, git lung mnh xung sau dn ng tr li. Mc d l do c bn ca qu trnh o trn l lm thong kh, nhng n ng thi cn c vai tr c ch khc. Thc vy, nh o trn, tt c cc phn ca ng compost theo nh k c tip xc trc tip vi phn bn trong ca lung, y chnh l ni din ra cc hot ng ht sc tch cc ca vi khun. o trn cn lm gim kch thc ht xung nh hn. o trn lm ng compost nhanh chng b mt nc. Vic ny s l u im nu m tha, tri li, n s l nhc im khi m qu thp. a. Xy dng lung compost Thng thng, mt ct 1 lung compost c bn c hnh nn. Tuy nhin, mt s iu kin nht nh c th lm thay i hnh dng ny. Nu c thay i, tt nht nn chn hnh dng no thch hp nht trong hon cnh c th . Vo ma kh, gi ln, tt nht nn thit k lung compost c hnh dng ging nh bnh m, vi mt trn phng, v t l din tch b mt tip xc : th tch s thp hn cc dng thit k khc. Tuy nhin, vo ma c ma hay c tuyt, mt trn bng phng s tr thnh nhc im. Nu o trn bng my, th hnh dng v kch thc ca lung compost ph thuc vo thit k ca thit b o trn. trnh b nn cht, chiu cao ca lung compost khng nn vt qu 2,3m
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b. Yu cu khng gian cho vic o trn Ton b khong khng gian cn tin hnh qu trnh o trn c th rt ln. Nu o trn th cng, din tch yu cu kh ln. Ngc li, c 1 s loi thit b o trn, din tch yu cu rt nh. Theo cch o trn trong s hnh 9-9, din tch yu cu o trn th cng 1 lung compost l 2-2,5 ln din tch nguyn ca lung ban u. o trn th cng trong ngy th hai a ng tr li v tr ban u. Din tch cn cho o trn tip tc gi nguyn nh th mi ngy cho n khi vt liu c phn hy n nh hon ton.

Hnh 9-9:Quy trnh o trn nhng lung compost bng phng php th cng

Nu o trn bng my, yu cu khng gian o trn ty thuc vo loi thit b s dng. Nh vy, s c nhng loi thit b m khng gian o trn cn thit rt nh. Nhng thit b loi ny thng c thit k vi thn my nm bn trn lung . Khi thit b chuyn ng ln pha trc n git lung pha di xung v sau dn li thnh lung mi. Nh vy, khng gian o trn i hi ch ln hn khng gian ang s dng ca lung compost 1 cht. Khong khng gian thm vo l t thit b. Nu khng s dng thit b treo l lng nh trn m t th khng gian o trn bng my c th gn bng vi khng gian cn trong o trn th cng. Nguyn nhn l do lung mi to thnh sau khi o trn cn din tch st bn vi tr lung va c git xung . c. Xy dng li lung compost Hnh thnh lung compost mi trong qu trnh o trn d nhin l cn thit lm cho nhng mm bnh c th ang tn ti trong ng compost b tiu dit. Hn na, khi hnh thnh lung mi, cc thnh phn trong vt liu cng c kh nng c phn b ng u hn. Bi v khi xy dng li lung b git xung, lp vt liu ngoi cng ca ng xung tr thnh phn pha trong ca lung mi. Trong mt s trng hp nht nh, v d nh do thit k ca thit b o trn, lung compost khng th o ngc v tr trong tt c cc ln o trn khi b li mt phn, ngi ta tng tn sut o trn. V d nh c th nng s ln o trn ln 23 ln o trn/ngy.
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d. Tn sut o trn Theo l thuyt, s ln o trn phi lm sao t c cc yu cu sau: 1) cung cp oxy y , v 2) tiu dit tt c nhng mm bnh. Tuy nhin, trong thc t, v nhng l do kinh t v k thut, ngi ta buc phi dung ha gia thc t v l thuyt. p ng nhu cu oxy, tn sut o trn ty thuc vo th tch l xp c trong ng compost. Th tch l xp c trong ng ph thuc vo xp v m ca ng compost. Th tch l xp ni chung li ph thuc vo s bn vng trong lin kt gia cc ht trong lung v kh nng gi nguyn vn l xp. Do , vt liu cng kh, ln kt gia cc ht cng bn chc, th s ln o trn cn cng t. Yu t c kh nng lm thay i tn sut o trn l tc phn hy c ngi vn hnh yu cu, v s thng kh lm nh hng n tc phn hy. Nu nh khng c s nh hng ca cc yu t khc, tc phn hy tng khi thng kh tng cao, v thng kh tng cao mnh lit khi tn sut o trn tng. Kinh nghim thc t [9,17,20]cho thy tc ca qu trnh compost c th nhanh hn nu t c 2 t hp iu kin nh sau: Th nht l s dng c cht: 1) cung cp cht dinh dng cho vi khun hot ng; 2) c vt liu c hm lng cht x cao, chng hn nh c kh, l kh, dm bo, mn ca, hay giy; 3) m khong 60%. Th hai l quy hoch o trn sao cho: ln o trn u tin bt u vo ngy th 3 k t khi xy dng xong ng compost, sau thc hin tip bn ln o trn ging nh vy, ngha l, mi ngy mt ln. Sau ln o trn th t, ch cn 4 ngy o trn mt ln hoc 5 ngy o trn 1 ln. Hai t hp iu kin va nu thng khng ng dng c cho sn xut compost t MSW v bn thi. Khi tn sut o trn nhiu, VD, mi ngy 1 ln, thng c th lm gim bt s pht thi mi thi ra, bi v nhng mi nh vy l du hiu ca qu trnh phn hy k kh. Ch o trn mi ngy mt ln cng c th gip m tha trong lung compost gim nhanh hn. e. o trn th cng o trn th cng l mt phng php rt thch hp cho bt c ni no sn xut compost quy m nh, nhng n ph hp nht nhng khu vc c tha lao ng chn tay. Cng c dng o trn th cng thit thc nht l ci cha. C mt s nhn t chnh phi nh khi o trn ng bng th cng. Chiu cao ca ng khng nn vt qu chiu cao trung bnh ca 1 ngi lao ng. Khi thit k lung compost phi tnh ton khng gian cho php hnh thnh ng mi trong khi lm thong. Khi o trn hnh thnh ng mi, nh lu a lp vt liu ngoi cng ca ng c vo pha bn trong ng mi to thnh. V khng phi lc no cng thun tin o trn ng theo cch nh vy, trong
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thc t, nhng ngi gim st nn nh hng c gng o vt liu bn ngoi ng vo bn trong ng mi cng nhiu ln cng tt trong sut qu trnh sn xut compost. Nu cch lm l tng ny khng thc hin c, c th b li bng cch tng tn sut o trn (VD, t 2 ln/tun tng ln 3 ln/tun). Khi o trn, hnh thnh li ng mi phi lu lm sao vt liu sn xut compost khng p vo nhau lm cn tr s lu thng ca khng kh. Da trn kinh nghim ca cc tc gi, mt ngi lao ng tch cc c th o trn khong 8-10 tn vt liu hu c trong mt ngy lm vic 8h. Trong thc t, ngi ta c s dng o trn th cng trong nhng ni sn xut compost vi cng sut 20-30 tn vt liu hu c/ngy. iu quan trng l nu o trn th cng c thc hin, cng nhn s phi c hun luyn mt cch cn thn v quy trnh sn xut compost v nhng bin php an ton lao ng. Ngoi ra, cng nhn phi c cung cp trang b an ton chng hn nh mt n chng bi, giy ng, gng tay bo h, v ng phc. Nh my sn xut compost nn trang b b dng c s cp cu, cng nh nh v sinh v phng tm vi hoa sen. f. Thit b o trn lung compost Khi khng th o trn th cng, ngi ta buc phi s dng mt s dng thit b o trn. Nhng thit b c sn hin nay c th phn thnh hai loi chnh: 1) Nhng thit b dnh ring cho vic o trn lung compost, v 2) Nhng thit b vn chuyn, x dch t ni chung. Nhng thit b trong loi th nht thng gi l thit b o trn (mechanised turners). 1. Thit b o trn Hin nay, c rt nhiu loi thit b o trn. Nhng tr ngi ln khi mun s dng thit b l chi ph mua v chi ph vn hnh kh cao. N thng vt qu kh nng kinh t v k thut ca hu ht cc nc ang pht trin cng nh i vi nhng nh my sn xut compost nh cc nc cng nghip. Trong trng hp c kh nng mua v s dng thit b o trn, th quy m ln ca 1 nh my sn xut compost li yu cu phi gii trnh chi ph u t. C rt nhiu loi thit b o trn ang c mt trn th trng. Chng khc nhau v hiu qu v bn. Cng sut thay i ty theo kiu thit b; mt s kiu c cng sut khong 1000 tn/h, mt s kiu khc c th t cng sut 3000 tn/h. Gi c dao ng khong US$20,000US$180,000, 2. Thit b vn chuyn, x dch t ni chung Nhng thit b ny thng bao gm xe i t, xe xc t (vi mng xc ng trc hoc ng sau), v dng c o mng rnh bng gu xc ngc (backhoe ditch digger). Nhng thit b ny c s dng trong vic xy dng lung compost v o trn lung . Nhc im ca vic s dng nhng thit b ny l chng c khuynh hng nn p vt liu sn xut compost, o trn v lm thng kh khng tt. c bit l
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khi s dng my i t. Hu nh chc chn l s sinh ra nhng mi kh chu. Mc d chng hot ng rt khng ph hp vi yu cu o trn, nhng nu chng c s dng cn thn bi nhng ngi iu khin thnh tho th c th chp nhn c. My phay t (Rototiller) c s dng rt thnh cng o trn nhng khi vt liu compost kh nh (ngha l, khng ln hn vi tn/ngy). Rototiller l mt b phn tng i nh trong thit b canh tc t vn. o trn bng rototiller gm bn bc: Git ng compost hoc lung compost xung; Tri vt liu thnh lp 30-60 cm o trn (xi trn) ng compost, ngha l, di chuyn thit b qua li xuyn qua lp vt liu; Hnh thnh li ng compost hoc lung compost. 3. S chun b ia im sn xut compost Bao gm rt nhiu hot ng, cc a im xy dng cn c chun b sao cho: mt bng phi v ph hp vi tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh sn xut compost; v phi c ch cho thu gom v x l nc r r; v tch nc ma. nhng vng xa mc, ngi ta dng hng ro chn gi thng ng che chn cho lung compost khi nhng lung gi kh v, v th, trnh c vic m gim qu mc do s bc hi nc. nhng ni c c im l c lng ma t va phi n ln, th nn xy dng mi che cho lung compost, c bit l trong giai on hot ng tch cc (active stage) v u giai on trng thnh (maturing stage) V mt bng cho sn xut,trong sut thi gian lm vic (ngha l trong khong thi gian trc khi sn phm compost c hon thnh v chun b lu tr), mt bng t lung compost nn c lt hay trng , bi v n cn thit gip cho:1) D dng xp vt liu. 2) D dng kim sot nc r r v tch nc ma. 3) Ngn chn u trng rui lan truyn ra xung quanh khu vc sn xut. Nu c s dng thit b o trn th vt liu thch hp lt mt bng l nha ng v b tng. Do trng lng ca thit b o trn kh nng n nn chng cn mt bng lm vic vng chc, m ch c nha ng v b tng mi m bo c. i vi nhng quy trnh sn xut khng s dng thit b o trn th vt liu lt nn thch hp khng ch l b tng v nha ng m cn c th l si xp cht, nghin, v t nn cht. Tuy nhin, t nn cht t khi ph hp bi v khi t t, v d nh trong ma ma,hot ng lu thng v o trn gp phi rt nhiu tr ngi nghim trng 4. Trang b cho lung compost Khi sn xut compost dng lung, l tng nht l trong nh.Trong , nn c thit b thng gi kim sot v x l kh pht ra. Cc lung

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compost nn c o trn bng thit b o trn t ng. Giai on trng thnh c th xy ra bn trong hay bn ngoi nh. Nhng ht nha do (plastic) v nhng cht gy nhim tng t trong sn phm compost c th c loi b bng cch sng lc. C th chn phng php ny loi b ht nha do ngay lp tc bi v a phn cc ht khng lt qua sng lc l ht nha do. Khuynh hng ca ht nha do l khng lt qua sng lc v n nh (t trng ca n ngha l trng lng ca n so vi trng lng ca nc c cng th tch thp), n c c im hnh dng khng phi l hnh khi (ch c 2 chiu khng gian), v d nhin, n thng to hn l sng nn khng th lt qua sng lc. Nu sn phm compost cui cng c cha nhng ht thy tinh (glass), ngi ta s tin hnh qu trnh ct gim kch thc ln 2. Tuy nhin, cn nh gi mc gim kch thc cn thit , c bit l nhng nc ang pht trin, v qu trnh ct gim kch thc l mt qu trnh i hi nhiu nng lng v cn bo tr cao . 5. Tnh ton kinh t (T kinh t c s dng y l tt c nhng g lin quan n sn xut, phn phi v tiu th hng ha, c cp n chi ph) Gia cc phng php sn xut compost dng lung c rt nhiu khc bit, v vy c 1 cng thc tnh ton kinh t cho qu trnh sn xut compost ni chung l rt kh khn. Ch c mi 1 iu l ngoi l, c trnh by sau y, l: cho d sn xut compost dng lung kiu tnh hay kiu c o trn, th sn xut compost dng lung cng thng t tn km hn dng trong thng kn (in-vessel). Nhng im khc nhau gia cc kiu sn xut compost dng lung hin nay l v quy m, mc c gii ho v phng php sn xut. Nhng im khc nhau ny c nhng nh hng nht nh, c v d bng s chnh lch kh ln gia kinh t ca quy trnh sn xut compost mt vi tn mt ngy vi kinh t ca nh my sn xut compost vi trm tn mt ngy. Chi ph cho thit b o trn l khong ch yu trong kinh t ca nhng quy trnh c quy m t trung bnh n quy m ln. Nu trong sn xut c s dng nh che lung compost th n khng cn phi cu k phc tp, nhng phi nn c nhng thit b kim sot v x l s pht thi mi hi v bi bn. Nh che s c bit quan trng nu nh my sn xut compost c xy dng kh gn nhng khu dn c v khu thng mi. Theo cc bo co th chi ph sn xut sn phm compost t cht thi rn th, phn bn v bn thi nm trong khong US$30-US$60/tn. 6. Nhng hn ch Ngoi nhng hn ch v kinh t - chnh tr - x hi, hn ch c bn ca sn xut compost dng lung bt ngun t vn sc kho cng ng hoc l lin quan n mi trng . Nu c phn ngi hoc c nhng ng vt truyn nhim cn li trong c cht ca qu trnh sn xut compost th c kh nng sc khe cng ng s b nh hng nghim trng, ty thuc vo mc t n v duy tr nhit gy cht mm
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bnh . Vn l nhit gy cht mm bnh thng khng lan ta ht khp ton b lung ; iu chc chn xy ra i vi lp ngoi cng. Thm mt vn na l s ti nhim ca vt liu tit trng, do qu trnh o trn, chng c kh nng b nhim bn tr li bi vt liu cha tit trng . Tuy nhin, s ti nhim nh vy c th c khc phc bng cch tng tn sut o trn. S pht thi mi gn nh khng trnh c bt chp h thng ngn nga chng l nguyn nhn gy nh hng mi trng nghim trng. Hn ch ny v nhng bin php ngh khc phc n c tho lun trong phn khc. Tuy nhin, cn nhn mnh rng c dim ca hu ht nhng h thng x l s b v x l cht thi th l u c mi kh chu. Thi gian compost kh di v yu cu din tch ln hn i km c hiu l mt hn ch ca qu trnh sn xut compost dng lung. Hn ch ny khng nht thit l bt li bi v, nh gii thch t sm, qu trnh sn xut compost nhanh ch l u im khi din tch t cn b gii hn hoc l khi sn xut compost dng trong thng hay knh mng. V trong trng hp sau, nu gim c chi ph cho din tch t yu cu th cng cn 1 chi ph tng ng hoc hn cho bung compost (reactor) trong h thng sn xut compost trong thng hay knh mng. 9.6.2 Sn xut compost trong thng hay knh mng (in-vessel reactors) Mc tiu tin hnh sn xut compost trong thng hay knh mng l :1)Tng tc qu trnh compost thng qua vic duy tr nhng iu kin tt nht cho vi sinh vt hot ng. 2) Gim thiu hoc loi b nhng tc ng c hi ln mi trng xung quanh. B qua nhng im khc bit khng quan trng, nhng h thng sn xut compost trong thng hay knh mng hin nay thng c nhng c im sau:1) Thit k ca mi bung compost c 1 t khc bit so vi cc bung khc cng loi. 2) S dng nhiu phng php thng kh khc nhau hoc kt hp cc phng php vi nhau trong c mt s phng php thnh cng hn cc phng php cn li. H thng lm thong kh khi thit k thng yu cu mt hay vi cch c bn sau: lm thong kh cng bc (thi kh), khuy trn v o trn. hu ht h thng sn xut compost trong thng hay knh mng, thi khi c s dng ti mt mc nht nh no Khuy trn l dng li cy xi ln hay dng mi khoan xoy theo 1 ng trn xuyn qua ng compost. o trn l vt liu sx compost t 1 v tr xung v tr khc thp hn ( t bng chuyn ny sang bng chuyn khc,t sn ny qua sn khc).Mt c ch o trn khc l s dng trng quay nm ngang, bn trong c cnh qut cng c t theo phng ngang.

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9.6.2.1 V d mt vi h thng sn xut compost trong thng hay knh mng tiu biu Qua nhiu nm s dng phng php ny, c rt nhiu loi h thng sn xut compost trong thng hay knh mng c s dng Trong phn ny s m t mt vi h thng tiu biu: a. Trng compost Dano (Dano drum) Trng compost Dano xut hin trn th trng t nhng nm 1940[33]. N l i din cho dng bung compost hnh trng nm ngang. Do im c trng ca thit b ny l di, gn nh nm ngang, c ng knh ln hn hoc bng 3m v c tc quay khong 2v/p. Do nhng tr ngi kinh t, thi gian lu trong trng b hn ch trong giai on hot ng tch cc ca qu trnh compost (:active stage). V vy, giai on trng thnh (maturation) s c thc hin bn ngoi thit b v c lin quan n sn xut compost dng nh lung. Ngi ta nghi ng rng trng compost Dano khng th ng dng cc quc gia ang pht trin do gi thnh, chi ph vn hnh v bo dng cao. b. Mt s h thng hnh trng nm ngang khc Trng compost Ewsson c thit k khc vi trng compost Dano ch bung compost trong trng quay ny c chia thnh nhiu ngn vi thi gian lu trong mi ngn c th khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn c 2 thit k hnh trng khc c s dng trong h thng Ruthner v PLM-BIAS[18]. Mc d mt s h thng va nu hin nay khng cn xut hin trn th trng nhng trong hnh 9-8 th hin 1 v d trng compost Eweson vn cn ang hot ng.

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Hnh 9-10: Trng compost Ewsson

c. H thng sn xut compost Naturizer H thng sn xut compost Naturizer u tin l m hnh ca phng php sn o trn (tumbling floor approach). H thng gm 2 silo (tm dch: thp ) ng cnh nhau.Mi silo c 3 lp sn. im c bit ca thp l cc sn c cu to bi nhng mng hnh ch V t st nhau.Vt liu compost c th t sn cao hn xung sn thp hn ngay pha di bng cch o ngc cc mng ny sn trn. Rc thi c a n x l s c chuyn bng bng chuyn vo sn trn cng ca silo th nht, thi gian lu li trn sn trong khong 24 gi. Sau , cht thi c xung sn gia, tip tc lu li 24 gi ln th 2, ri sau c xung sn y silo. Sau khi c gim kch thc, vt liu compost tip tc c chuyn n sn cao nht ca silo th 2, v qu trnh lp li ging nh silo th 1. Thi gian lu trong c 2 silo, ci trc ci sau, khong 6 ngy. Sau khi chuyn ra khi silo th 2, vt liu compost s c nh lung v c cho trng thnh vi khong thi gian t 1 n 2 thng. d. H thng sn xut compost dng trong knh mng H thng ny kt hp gia thi kh v o trn. N s dng 1 con knh hoc thit b phn ng h, t nm ngang kh di. y knh hay y thit b c c l pha di v thit b c trang b 1 my o trn di ng o trn vt liu trong knh. (xem hnh 9-9) (Thng thng my o trn s dng kiu bng ti di ng khng ngng - travelling endless belt hay l trng quay rotting drum) Nhng loi h thng ny i khi cng c gi tn l h thng sn c thi kh v o trn
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Bn cnh hiu qu hot ng ca my o trn vt liu, khi compost cn c thng kh nh c thi kh thng qua nhng l nh di y mng. Thng thng nu iu chnh tn sut di chuyn (hot ng) ca thit b o trn mt cch thch hp th ngi ta c th khng cn thi kh m vn khng lm nh hng n hot ng ca h thng. Tuy nhin, i khi ngi ta vn s dng bin php thi kh nu mun kim sot nhit .

Hnh 9-11: H thng sn xut compost dng trong knh mng

Chu trnh sn xut compost bt u bng vic rc thi c gim kch thc vo b, sau thit b o trn di ng s di chuyn tin hnh o trn ng rc thi. ng thi kh s c thi xuyn qua ng vt liu. Thit b o trn o ton b ng vt liu sn xut compost mi ngy mt ln. Nh sn xut ngh thi gian lu trong mng nn l 6 ngy. Sau vt liu sn xut compost s tip tc c nh lung trong 1 n 2 thng. Hin nay trn th trng c rt nhiu h thng sn xut compost s dng nhng thit k tng t nh h thng Metro. e. Bung compost Fairfield Thit b ny c c im l lm thong kh bng cch s dng thit b khuy trn kt hp vi thi kh. Cu to gm mt b h hnh tr trong c gn 1 dy nhng mi khoan rng, mp mi khoan c c l. Nhng mi khoan c bi mt cu ni gn vi trc trung tm ca b phn ng. Bung compost Fairfield c th hin trong Hnh 9-10. Cu ni cng vi tp hp cc mi khoan c quay chm chm bn thn cc mi khoan cng xoay khi cu ni quay. Khng kh thot ra t nhng l c l trn mi khoan v xm nhp vo vt liu compost khi mi khoan i xuyn qua khi compost. Thi gian lu compost trong bung compost Fairfield khng xc nh. Nu thi gian lu nh hn 2 hoc 3 tun th vt liu phi c nh lung m bo sn phm compost n nh.

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Hnh 9-12: Bung compost Fairfield

9.6.2.2 Vn kinh t Bng trc gic, mi ngi s phng on rng kinh t ca sn xut compost dng trong thng hay trong knh mng cc nc ang pht trin s t c trin vng nh sn xut compost dng nh lung. u thp nin 1970, vn u t cho d n sn xut compost M l 15.000-20.000 USD trn mt tn trong cng sut mt ngy v chi ph vn hnh l 10-15 USD mt tn. n na sau thp k 90, vn u t nm trong khong 40.000-100.000 USD mt tn trong cng sut mt ngy,v chi ph vn hnh t 30-60 USD mt tn. Nhc im chung trong tnh ton v d kin vn u t, chi ph bo tr v chi ph vn hnh l ngi ta c khuynh hng gi nguyn chi ph nhn thy c do phn b cc chi ph cho cc thit b khng m bo v nhng nhu cu lao ng b nh gi qu thp. Nhng yu t khc c xem xt nh gi so snh h thng sn xut compost dng ny c tho lun trc trong phn ny (phn Cng ngh) 9.7 TIP TH V PHN PHI SN PHM 9.7.1 Nhng th trng tim nng Li ch ca vic s dng compost ci to t c chng minh .Sn phm compost lm tng hm lng cht hu c trong t, c th gip ci thin cu trc t, hm lng cht dinh dng, kh nng gi nc v kh nng thng kh ca t.

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Da trn li ch ca sn phm compost, compost c th ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau, di y l 1 s v d [34]: Nng nghip trng cy lng thc v nhng loi cy khc, v trng c Cnh quan hoa vin - bo dng cc khu t v cc mnh t thng mi Vn m trng cy sng trong chu, trng cy r c, trng cy ging cho rng Nhng cng trnh cng cng cnh quan ng cao tc, khu vui chi gii tr, cc khu t cng cng khc Nh - lm vn v to cnh quan ti nh Nhng lnh vc khc - ci to t v ph bi chn lp. Tu theo cht lng m compost c nhng cch s dng thch hp. v d nh vn m cn nhng sn phm c cht lng cao, trong khi vic ci to t v ph bi chn lp cn nhng sn phm c cht lng thp hn. Cht lng ca sn phm compost ph thuc vo mt s yu t nh loi v c tnh ca vt liu u vo (cht thi), thit k v vn hnh h thng sn xut compost v qu trnh hon thin sn phm, (nu c) ( ci thin cht lng sn phm). Mt s qu trnh hon thin sn phm gm c: gim kch thc sn phm, sng lc, thm N v ng gi. Th trng tiu th compost c tim nng nht l ngnh nng nghip c bit l cc quc gia ang pht trin. Tuy nhin vic thm nhp vo th trng ny c th vp phi nhng kh khn nht nh. Nhng nhn t c th cn tr s dng compost trong nng nghip cng nh trong cc lnh vc khc l: thiu nguyn liu u vo c sn, gi c khng hp l, thiu hiu bit v li ch ca sn phm, khng quan tm, kh khn khi s dng, v vn ha hay thnh kin khng s dng nhng sn phm t rc. 9.7.2 Bn gi Khng phi tt c nhng tnh ton quyt nh gi bn sn phm hp l u s dng cho sn phm compost. Mt ngoi l nh vy l thc t l gi bn sn phm compost khng cn phi thanh ton ht cc chi ph sn xut sn phm (bng tin) nguyn nhn bi v compost l 1 dch v v l 1 gii php x l v thi b rc hu c kh thi. V n l 1 dch v, vic sn xut sn phm compost khng cn sinh li nhun. Nhng ngc li, mun s dng phng php compost trong thc t x l cht thi, chi ph hot ng sn xut compost phi cnh tranh c vi cc gii php x l, thi b cht thi khc nh chn lp hay thiu t. V d nhin, kh nng cnh tranh ca sn phm compost s tt hn nu n c li nhun t vic bn sn phm. T nhng nm 2000, gi bn sn phm compost t bn thi v rc vn M khong 7-25 USD mt tn. cc nc ang pht trin, gi compost l 5 USD mt tn. Kh nng cnh tranh ca hot ng sn xut compost c tng cng bi thc t l sn xut compost l 1 hot ng thu hi ti nguyn vi rt nhiu li ch cho mi trng.
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Mc d gii php sn xut compost c nhiu li ch , nhng vic nh gi bn sn phm compost rt d gp phi nhng vn nghim trng. Mt vn nh vy l vic tiu th compost b hn ch hon ton bi kinh t ca cc hot ng nng nghip thng khin ngi tiu dng la chn phn bn ho hc v nhng cht ph gia v c. iu ny n lt n, li nh hng mnh m n vic nh gi bn sn phm compost. Khi hnh thnh nhng chnh sch ni v gi tr ca cht ci to t dng hu c, cc c quan nh nc trung ng, khu vc, v a phng, nhng quc gia ang pht trin nn thc c rng vic tip tc bn phn cho t ph thuc vo vic duy tr hm lng cht hu c c trong t. V s bo dng ny c lm tt nht thng qua vic s dng sn phm compost, nn h thp gi bn sn phm thng qua tr gi c th l hp l. Tuy nhin, s hp l ny khng c c s vng vng nu sn phm compost ch c dnh ring c bit cho chm sc cnh quan cng vin, vic trng trt cy cnh, m khng c dng duy tr v chm sc nhng khu vc cng cng, khu vc vui chi gii tr. 9.7.3 Pht trin th trng: Ging nh vi cc sn phm khc, pht trin th trng sn phm compost lin quan n vic tuyn truyn cho khch hng tim nng hiu c li ch ca sn phm compost. Thm vo hot ng ny cn c vt qua nhng thnh kin, v tnh cn ang tn ti. Trong phn ny, khi ni n pht trin th trng,s m t v gii thch 1 k hoch pht trin th trng vi i tng l nhng cng ng dn c lm nng nghip sng vng nng thn bn kh hn c cao khong 2600m, . Bp (zea maiz) l cy lng thc chnh, v t ai rt cn cht hu c. K hoch c ngh c 1 im rt thu ht, l a ra 1 chng trnh gio dc, tuyn truyn khuyn khch s dng sn phm compost. K hoch cn c s hp tc tham gia, trong chnh quyn thnh ph v cc hp tc x nng dn l 2 i tng lin quan tch cc nht. Phn quan trng ca k hoch l nhng n lc ti sinh hoc sn xut compost. Theo nh k hoch, thnh ph s bt u 1 chng trnh thu hi ti nguyn, x l cht thi,sao cho nhng vt liu c th ti s dng s c phn loi v tch ra, li nhng cht thi c th a vo qu trnh compost. Nhng cht thi ny s c a n hp tc x/ hi nng dn c tham gia. HTX sau se sn xut compost ti ni ca h. Sn phm compost s c phn phi cho nhng thnh vin ca HTX s dng trong nng tri ca chnh h. Hnh 9-13 miu t 1 m hnh pht trin th trng loi tng t, c hnh thnh trc bi s cng tc ca tc gi v 1 hp tc x nng nghip nng thn 1 quc gia ng u.

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Hnh 9-13: Mt m hnh pht trin th trng c thc hin ti mt hp tc x nng nghip nng thn.

im c bit ca k hoch l c kt hp chng trnh tuyn truyn v gio dc, c thit k thuyt phc ngi nng dn v nhng li ch ca sn phm compost trong trng trt. Theo , chng trnh phi c dng nh 1 cuc trnh din nhng nh hng c li ca compost ln sn lng cy trng. Theo kin ca cn b khuyn nng c kinh nghim ti a phng, trong m hnh trnh din, u tin nn khuyn khch ngi ng u hp tc x nng dn kim tra cht lng sn phm compost trn chnh trang tri ca h. S tham gia ca nhng ngi tin phong ny rt c gi tr, nu khng ni l rt cn thit, v h c nhng ngi nng dn khc tn trng v chng t c kh nng trong cng vic trng trt v iu hnh hot ng nng nghip Trong nm th nghim u tin nhng ngi ny s c s dng sn phm compost min ph.Trong mt phm vi cho php, h s s dng sn phm compost theo cc th nghim khoa hc di s hng dn ca cc cn b khuyn nng. L do ph thuc vo nhng ngi tin phong thc hin nhng th nghim ny l rt r rng v nu h b thuyt phc bi cht lng ca sn phm th khng cn phi c gng qu nhiu vn thuyt phc c nhng ngi nng dn khc. C 3 mc tiu phi lm th nghim Tnh ton lng phn ho hc cn trn cung vi compost. Chng minh s gia tng sn lng ma mng l do mi vic bn thm sn phm compost. Chng minh s gia tng kh nng gi nc ca t v nng cao hiu qu s dng nc ti tiu (li ch ny l mt ng lc ln, do nc ti tiu l mt nhu cu thit yu ca khu vc , v chi ph cn thit c nc l mt yu t quan trng trong ngn sch ca ngi nng dn). Cn ch rng k hoch th nghim khng thm vic tin hnh nhng m hnh kim sot tc l m hnh ch n thun s dng mi 1 mnh sn phm compost cung cp ngun NPK. V nhng l do rt thc t, ngi nng dn s khng ch n sn phm compost l, Do khan him t ai canh tc,
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h khng th mo him vi th nghim nhiu ri ro nh vy, v th nghim c th khin sn lng trng trt bnh thng ca h b gim st. Nn khng c g ng ngc nhin khi h khng tham gia thm vo m hnh ny. 9.7.4 Vn chuyn v phn phi sn phm Nhu cu tiu th sn phm compost ca th trng gia tng th nh my sn xut compost mi tn ti. Mt cch hp l, khi c nh my sn xut, tip theo phi t k hoch v thit lp mt h thng phn phi sn phm c nng sut cao v c hiu qu. va t nng sut cao, va hiu qu, h thng phn phi ny phi m bo s lng ti a khch hng c th tip cn d dng vi sn phm compost, vi gi thnh thp nht Trong , 1 trong nhng yu t quan trng c 1 h thng phn phi l tng, hoc t nht l tha ng, l gim thiu qung ng vn chuyn gia ni sn xut n ni tiu th. Yu t qung ng rt quan trng v chi ph vn chuyn quyt nh ngng gnh nng ti chnh ti a sau cng m ngi tiu th phi tr. iu chnh qung ng vn chuyn cn thit, ngi ta tm rt nhiu phng cch. Trong c mt gii php i hi xy dng 1 nh my sn xut tp trung t ti trung tm. S ph hp ca gii php ph thuc vo nhng li ch tng i ca nh my sn xut compost ln, tp trung so vi nhng a im sn xut compost nh, nm ri rc. D nhin nh my sn xut compost tp trung c kinh t theo quy m (economics of scale) l ln hn. Nhng, chi ph vn chuyn c th tng. Ngc li, cc a im sn xut compost nh, nm ri rc, tuy c kinh t theo quy m thp hn, nhng chi ph vn chuyn, b li, cng thp hn. Cui cng, c th thy cc nc ang pht trin, kinh t theo quy m khng phi l yu t quan trng nh cc nc cng nghip. Nu cc a im x l compost c t ri rc, phn phi sn phm c th bng cch ngi tiu th n ni sn phm t vn chuyn v ni tiu th. Lc s khng c qung ng no vn chuyn (i vi nh sn xut). Ngc li, i vi 1 nh my sn xut compost tp trung quy m ln, h thng phn phi c th s bng cch khch hng tim nng n tn ni sn xut t vn chuyn n ni tiu th. Ni tm li, c bao nhiu tnh hung s c by nhiu c ch phn phi sn phm.

TI LIU THAM KHO Second Interim Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Utilization of Organic Wastes, New Zealand Engineering, 6(1-12), November/December 1951. 2. Composting Fruit and Vegetable Refuse: Part II, Investigations of Composting as a Means for Disposal of Fruit Waste Solids, Progress Report, National Canners Association Research Foundation, Washington, DC, USA, August 1964. 1.

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3. Schulze, K.F., Rate of Oxygen Consumption and Respiratory Quotients During the Aerobic Composting of Synthetic Garbage, Compost Science, 1:36, Spring 1960. 4. Schulze, K.F., Relationship Between Moisture Content and Activity of Finished Compost, Compost Science, 2:32, Summer 1964. 5. Chrometzka, P., Determination of the Oxygen Requirements of Maturing Composts, International Research Group on Refuse Disposal, Information Bulletin 33, August 1968. 6. Lossin, R.D., Compost Studies: Part III. Measurement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand of Compost, Compost Science, 12:12-31, March/April 1971. 7. Regan, R.W. and J.S. Jeris, A Review of the Decomposition of Cellulose and Refuse, Compost Science, 11:17, January/February 1970. 8. Senn, C.L., Role of Composting in Waste Utilization, Compost Science, 15(4):24-28, September/October 1974. 9. Golueke, C.G., Composting, Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, Pennsylvania, USA, 1972. 10. Niese, G., Experiments to Determine the Degree of Decomposition of Refuse by Its Self- Heating Capability, International Research Group on Refuse Disposal, Information Bulletin 17, May 1963. 11. Roll, G. and E. Orsanic, A New Method of Determining Decomposable and Resistant Organic Matter in Refuse and Refuse Compost, International Research Group on Refuse Disposal, Information Bulletin 21, August 1964. 12. Mller, F., Oxidation-Reduction Potential and Hygienic State of Compost from Urban Refuse, International Research Group on Refuse Disposal, Information Bulletin 32, August 1968. 13. Obrist, W., Enzymatic Activity and Degradation of Matter in Refuse Digestion: Suggested New Method for Microbiological Determination of the Degree of Digestion, International Research Group on Refuse Disposal, Information Bulletin 24, September 1965. 14. Lossin, R.D., Compost Studies, Compost Science, 11:16, November/December 1970. 15. Wylie, J.S., Progress Report on High-Rate Composting Studies, Engineering Bulletin, Proceedings of the 12th Industrial Waste Conference, Series No. 94, May 1957. 16. Epstein, E., G.B. Willson, W.D. Burge, D.C. Mullen, and N.K. Enkiri, A Forced Aeration System for Composting Wastewater Sludge, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 48(4):688, April 1976. 17. Golueke, C.G. and P.H. McGauhey, Reclamation of Municipal Refuse by Composting, Tech. Bulletin No. 9, Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, University of California,Berkeley, California, USA, June 1953. 18. Dean, R.B., European Manufacturers Display Systems at Kompost 77, Compost Science,19(2):18-22, March/April 1978.

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19. On-Farm Composting Handbook, Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, Cooperative Extension, Ithaca, New York, USA, 1992. 20. Diaz, L.F., G.M. Savage, L.L. Eggerth, and C.G. Golueke, Composting and Recycling Municipal Solid Waste, Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, 1993. 21. American Public Works Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 13th Edition, APHA, Washington, DC, USA, 1971. 22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion of Municipal Wastewater Sludge, EPA/625/10-90/007, Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory and Center for Environmental Research Information, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, September1990. 23. de Bertoldi, M., G. Vallini, and A. Pera, The Biology of Composting: A Review, Waste Management & Research, (1):157-176, 1983. 24. Hortenstein, R., A.L. Leaf, E.F. Neuhauser, D.H. Dickelhaupt, and F. Hortenstein, Physiochemical Changes Accompanying the Conversion of Activated Sludge into Castings by the Earthworm, SUNY College of Environmental Science Forestry, Syracuse, New York, USA, 1979. 25. Collier, J., Conversion of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant Residual Sludges into Earthworm Castings for Use as Topsoil, First Annual Report to National Science Foundation, NSF Grant ENV77-16832, 1978. 26. Bartha, R., Biotechnology of Petroleum Pollutant Biodegradation, Microbial Ecology, 12:155-172, 1986. 27. Golueke, C.G. and L.F. Diaz, Bioremediation for Hazardous Wastes, BioCycle, 31(2):54-55, February 1990. 28. University of California, Reclamation of Municipal Refuse by Composting, Technical Bulletin No. 9, Sanitary Engineering Research Project, Berkeley, California, USA, June 1953. 29. Dinel, H., M. Schnitzer, and G.R. Mehuys, Soil Lipids: Origin, Nature, Contents, Decomposition and Effects on Soil Physical Properties, Soil Biochemistry, 6:397-429, ed. J.M. Bollag and G. Sotzky, Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, 1990. 30. Dinel, H., M. Schnitzer, and S. Dumontet, Compost Maturity: Chemical Characteristics of Extractable Lipids, Compost Science Utilization, 4(1):16-25, Winter 1996. 31. Savviozzi, A., R. Riffaldi, R. Levi-Minzi, Compost Maturity Analysis, Compost Production, Quality, and Use, ed. M. de Bertoldi, M.P. Ferranti, P. LHermite, and F. Zucconi, 359-367 pp., Elsevier Applied Sciences, London, England, 1987. 32. Biosolids Composting, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, Virginia, 187pp., 1995. 33. Golueke, C.G., Composting Refuse at Sacramento, California, Compost Science, 1(3),Autumn 1960. 34. Eggerth, L.L., Compost Marketing Trends in the United States, The Science of Composting, Part 2, proceedings of May 1995 International
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Conference on The Science of Composting, sponsored by European Commission and University of Udine, Bologna, Italy, 1996. 35. Park, K.J., M.H. Choi, and J.H. Hong, Control of Composting Odour Using Biofiltration, Compost Science & Utilization, 10(4):356-362, Autumn 2002. 36. Lau, A.K., M.P. Bruce, and R.J. Chase, Evaluating the Performance of Biofilters for Composting Odour Control, Journal of Environmental Science & Health, A31(9):2247-2271, 1996. 37. Lasaridi, K.E. and E.I. Stentiford, A Simple Respirometric Technique for Assessing Compost Stability, Water Resources, 32:3717-3723, 1998. 38. Chica, A., et al., Determination of the Stability of MSW Compost Using a RespirometricTechnique, Compost Science & Utilization, II(2):169-175, Spring 2003.

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