Giao Trinh KTMT Profed (100108)

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Faculty of Informatic Technology
TNG QUAN V MN HC 1. Mc tiu mn hc

Sau khi hon thnh module ny, ngi hc c kh nng: Gii thch c cch thc lu tr v x l thng tin bn trong my tnh. c v gii thch c cc thng s k thut trn cc thit b phn cng. La chn c cc thit b lp hon chnh my tnh ph hp yu cu s dng. Phn tch c cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca cc thnh phn chnh to nn mt my tnh (BUS, CPU, H thng nh, h thng vo ra) Thit k c s , m hnh cu to hon chnh mt my tnh n gin c y cc khi chc nng c bn. Tng tnh ch ng trong vic nghin cu, t chc thc hin. Module ny s gip ngi hc pht trin cc nng lc: Phn tch, t vn, thit k mc 1
2. Ni dung mn hc
Bi 1: Gii thiu chung v Kin trc my tnh 1.1. Cu to c bn v hot ng ca my tnh 1.2. Lch s pht trin ca my tnh 1.3. Phn loi my tnh 1.4. Biu din thng tin trong my tnh Bi 2: Cc phn t logic c bn v mch logic t hp 2.1. Cc phn t logic c bn 2.2. Mch logic t hp 2.2.1. Mch cng 2.2.2. Mch tr 2.2.3. Mch so snh 2.2.4. Mch m ho v gii m 2.2.5. Mch dn knh v phn knh Bi 3: Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt my tnh 3.1. Mainboard 3.2. CPU 3.3. B nh trong
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3.4. Cc thit b lu tr 3.5. Cc thit b vo/ra 3.6. Tnh tng thch gia cc thnh phn Bi 4: Thc hnh: c cc thng s k thut trn cc thit b phn cng Bi 5: Thc hnh: Lp t phn cng my tnh Bi 6: B nh bn dn 6.1. Cc phn t nh c bn 6.2. Phn loi b nh bn dn 6.3. B nh ROM 6.4. B nh RAM Bi 7: B nh c bit 7.1. B nh CACHE 7.2. B nh o Bi 8: B nh t 8.1. Phng php lu tr t tnh 8.2. a t v a t Bi 9: B nh quang 9.1. Phng php lu tr quang 9.2. a quang v a quang Bi 10: Thc hnh Phn tch cu to bn trong ca b nh v cc a Bi 11: Cu to chung b Vi x l 11.1. Lch s pht trin ca b vi x l 11.2. Cu trc b vi x l 8086
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Bi 12: Tp thanh ghi ca b vi x l 8086 Bi 13: Tp lnh ca b vi x l 8086 Bi 14: Thc hnh: S dng DEBUG Bi 15: Cc kin trc b Vi x l khc 15.1. Kin trc b vi x l RISC 15.2. Kin trc b vi x l VLIW Bi 16: Thc hnh S dng PCSpim cho h vi x l RISC Bi 17: Kin trc c bn ca h thng vo ra 17.1. Cc dng tn hiu 17.2. Cc kin trc BUS vo ra 17.3. H thng cc cng vo ra 17.4. Cc phng php trao i tin Bi 18: Cc thit b vo c bn 18.1. Bn phm 18.2. Chut 18.3. Scanner Bi 19: Cc thit b ra c bn 19.1. Mn hnh 19.2. My in Bi 20: Thc hnh Phn tch cu to ca bn phm, chut. Thit k m hnh Bi 21: Thc hnh Phn tch cu to ca mn hnh, my in. Thit k m hnh
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3. Phng php hc tp
- Da vo khung chng trnh xy dng, ging vin hng dn sinh vin nghin cu cc ni dung lin quan trong tng bi hc. Mt s ni dung ging vin cn ging gii k lng cho sinh vin. Thng qua s hng dn ca ging vin, sinh vin cn suy ngh c lp v phn tch vn gp phi, sau tho lun trc lp. Trong thi gian tho lun, ging vin c th chia lp thnh cc nhm. Vic tho lun trc lp c thc hin vi cc thnh vin (do nhm chn ra) vi s nh hng ca ging vin - Sinh vin cn ch ng t cu hi v nhng vn m mnh cn cha hiu r hoc nhng vn khc ang quan tm c lin quan n bi hc. Nhng cu hi do sinh vin t ra c th c thnh vin khc trong lp gii p, song ch yu vn l s gii p hoc kt lun ca thy. - Ging vin a ra mt ti liu tham kho chnh sinh vin khng b phn tn. Sinh vin da ch yu ti liu ny. Song, c th vn ang nghin cu khng c trong ti liu ny, sinh vin cn phi tham kho mt s ti liu khc (ging vin hng dn). - Sinh vin cn phi c kin phn hi cho ging vin v ni dung, phng php dy-hc, cc ngun hc liu, cc thit b, dng c thc hnh,... T , ging vin c hng iu chnh cho cc bi hc sau.
4. Ngun hc liu
4.1. Sch gio khoa, gio trnh, my tnh, Projector, vt mu. 4.2. Ti liu tham kho *[1] Computer Architecture and Organization *[2] Nguyn Nam Trung. "Cu trc my vi tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi". NXB Khoa hc v k thut 1996. [3] Hennessy. "Fundamentals of Computer Design" (E-book) [4] Parhami. "Computer Architecture". UCSB - 2006 (Ebook) [5] http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6823Fall-2005/LectureNotes/index.htm [6] http://ebook.moet.gov.vn/?page=1.3&view=507 [7] Trn Quang Vinh. "Cu trc My vi tnh". NXB Gio dc - 1998
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BI 1: GII THIU CHUNG V KIN TRC MY TNH

Cu to c bn v hot ng ca my tnh Lch s pht trin ca my tnh Phn loi my tnh Biu din thng tin trong my tnh
1.1. Cu to c bn v hot ng ca my tnh

My tnh (Computer) l thit b in t thc hin cc cng vic sau: Nhn thng tin vo, X l thng tin theo dy cc lnh c nh sn bn trong, a thng tin ra. Dy cc lnh nm trong b nh yu cu my tnh thc hin cng vic c th gi l chng trnh (program) ==> My tnh hot ng theo chng trnh.
1.1.1. Cu to chung ca h thng my tnh
Mt h thng my tnh c bn gm c cc thnh phn chnh sau:
1/ B x l (Processor):
+ Chc nng: iu khin hot ng ca my tnh X l d liu + Nguyn tc hot ng c bn:
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CPU hot ng theo chng trnh nm trong b nh chnh. + Thnh phn
n v iu khin (Control Unit - CU): iu khin hot ng ca my tnh theo chng trnh nh sn. n v s hc v logic (Arithmetic and Logic Unit - ALU): thc hin cc php ton s hc v cc php ton logic trn cc d liu c th. Tp thanh ghi (Register File - RF): lu gi cc thng tin tm thi phc v cho hot ng ca CPU. n v ni ghp bus (Bus Interface Unit - BIU) kt ni v trao i thng tin gia bus bn trong
(internal bus) v bus bn ngoi (external bus).
+ Tc ca b x l Tc ca b x l: S lnh c thc hin trong 1 giy MIPS (Millions of Instructions per Second) Tn s xung nhp ca b x l: B x l hot ng theo mt xung nhp (Clock) c tn s xc nh T c c a b x l c nh gi gin ti p thng qua t n s c a xung nh p
2/ B nh (Memory): Lu tr d liu. Bao gm:

- B nh trong: + Ch c nng v c i m:
Ch a cc thng tin m CPU c th trao i tr c ti p
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T c r t nhanh Dung l ng khng l n
S d ng b nh bn d n: ROM v RAM
+ Cc lo i b nh trong: * B nh chnh (Main Memory): Cha cc d liu, chng trnh trong qu trnh my tnh lm vic. ROM (Read Only Memory) - B nh ch c: Cha chng trnh c lp trnh sn phc v cho vic iu khin vo ra c s (BIOS - Basic Input/Output System) RAM (Random Access Memory) - B nh truy cp ngu nhin: Cha cc chng trnh v d liu c np vo trong qu trnh thc hin
Ch a cc chng trnh v d li u ang c CPU s d ng. T ch c thnh cc ngn nh c nh a ch . Ngn nh th ng c t ch c theo byte.
N i dung c a ngn nh c th thay i, song a ch v t l c a ngn nh lun c nh.
Ni dung 01010000 10010001 00101101 00111000 01010100 11010101 01101100 00111010 11010000 00010001 00111111 01111010 11010100 11011101 01000100 10101010
a ch 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111
* B m nhanh (Cache Memory): Cha cc d liu, chng trnh trong qu trnh my tnh lm vic. B nh c tc nhanh c t m gia CPU v b nh chnh nhm tng tc CPU truy cp b nh Dung lng nh hn b nh chnh Tc nhanh hn Cache thng c chia thnh mt s mc Cache c th c tch hp trn chip vi x l.
Cache c th c hoc khng
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- B nh ngoi (Auxiliary Storage): Lu tr d liu, chng trnh ngay c khi my khng hot ng nh cc a t (a mm, a cng), a quang (CD, DVD), cc a Flash + Ch c nng v c i m
Lu gi ti nguyn ph n m m c a my tnh c k t n i v i h th ng d i d ng cc thi t b vo-ra Dung l ng l n T c ch m
+ Cc lo i b nh ngoi

B nh t : a c ng, a m m B nh quang: a CD, DVD B nh bn d n: Flash disk, memory card
3/ Thit b vo ra:
- Ch c nng: Trao i thng tin gi a my tnh v i th gi i bn ngoi. - Cc thao tc c b n:
+ Vo d li u (Input) + Ra d li u (Output)
- Cc thnh ph n chnh:
+ Cc thi t b ngo i vi (Peripheral Devices) + Cc m-un vo-ra (IO Modules) - C u trc c b n c a h th ng vo ra
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4/ BUS: Ghp ni cc thnh phn khc nhau trong h thng Gm:

- Data BUS: Vn chuyn cc tn hiu d liu trao i gia cc thnh phn - Address BUS: Vn chuyn cc tn hiu xc nh a ch ca mt thnh phn hoc v tr ca khi nh trong b nh - Control BUS: Vn chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin t Processor hoc cc tn hiu yu cu t cc thnh phn khc
1.1.2. Hot ng ca my tnh 1. Thc hin chng trnh

- L ho t ng c b n c a my tnh - My tnh l p i l p l i hai b c:
+ Nh n l nh:
B t u m i chu trnh l nh, CPU nh n l nh t b nh chnh. B m chng trnh PC (Program Counter) c a CPU gi a ch c a l nh s c nh n. CPU nh n l nh t ngn nh c tr b i PC. L nh c n p vo thanh ghi l nh IR (Instruction Register). Sau khi l nh c nh n vo, n i dung PC t ng tng tr sang l nh k ti p.
+ Th c hi n l nh
B x l gi i m l nh c nh n v pht tn hi u i u khi n th c hi n thao tc m l nh yu c u. Cc ki u thao tc c a l nh:

Trao i d li u gi a CPU v b nh chnh Trao i d li u gi a CPU v m-un vo-ra X l d li u: th c hi n cc php ton s h c ho c php ton logic v i cc d li u. i u khi n r nhnh K t h p cc thao tc trn.
- Th c hi n chng trnh b d ng n u th c hi n l nh b l i ho c g p l nh d ng.
2. Ngt (Interrupt)
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- Khi nim chung v ngt: Ngt l c ch cho php CPU tm dng chng trnh ang thc hin chuyn sang thc hin mt chng trnh khc, gi l chng trnh con phc v ngt. - Cc loi ngt: + Ngt do li khi thc hin chng trnh, v d: trn s, chia cho 0. + Ngt do li phn cng, v d li b nh RAM. + Ngt do m-un vo-ra pht tn hiu ngt n CPU yu cu trao i d liu. - Hot ng ngt + Sau khi hon thnh mi mt lnh, b x l kim tra tn hiu ngt + Nu khng c ngt => b x l nhn lnh tip theo ca chng trnh hin ti + Nu c tn hiu ngt: Tm dng chng trnh ang thc hin Ct ng cnh (cc thng tin lin quan n chng trnh b ngt) Thit lp PC tr n chng trnh con phc v ngt Chuyn sang thc hin chng trnh con phc v ngt Cui chng trnh con phc v ngt, khi phc ng cnh v tip tc chng trnh ang b tm dng - X l vi nhiu tn hiu yu cu ngt + X l ngt tun t Khi mt ngt ang c thc hin, cc ngt khc s b cm. B x l s b qua cc ngt tip theo trong khi ang x l mt ngt Cc ngt vn ang i v c kim tra sau khi ngt u tin c x l xong
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Cc ngt c thc hin tun t + X l ngt u tin Cc ngt c nh ngha mc u tin khc nhau Ngt c mc u tin thp hn c th b ngt bi ngt u tin cao hn => xy ra ngt lng nhau
3. Hot ng vo-ra
- Hot ng vo-ra: l hot ng trao i d liu gia thit b ngoi vi vi cc thnh phn bn trong my tnh. - Cc kiu hot ng vo-ra: + CPU trao i d liu vi m-un vo-ra + Module vo-ra trao i d liu trc tip vi b nh chnh (DMA).
1.2. Lch s pht trin ca my tnh 1.2.1. Th h th nht: My tnh dng n in t chn khng (1946-1955)
- ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Intergator And Computer)
+ My tnh in t u tin
+ D n ca B Quc phng M + Do John Mauchly v John Presper Eckert, i hc Pennsylvania thit k. + Bt u t nm 1943, hon thnh nm 1946
- My tnh von Neumann + l my tnh IAS: Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies c bt u t 1947, hon thnh1952 Do John von Neumann thit k c xy dng theo tng chng trnh c lu tr (storedprogram concept) ca von Neumann/Turing (1945) + c im chnh ca my tnh IAS Bao gm cc thnh phn: n v iu khin, n v s hc v logic (ALU), b nh chnh v cc thit b vo-ra. B nh chnh cha chng trnh v d liu
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B nh chnh c nh a ch theo tng ngn nh, khng ph thuc vo ni dung ca n. ALU thc hin cc php ton vi s nh phn n v iu khin nhn lnh t b nh, gii m v thc hin lnh mt cch tun t. n v iu khin iu khin hot ng ca cc thit b vo-ra Tr thnh m hnh c bn ca my tnh - Cc my tnh thng mi ra i + 1947 - Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation + UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer) + 1950s - UNIVAC II
Nhanh hn B nh ln hn
- Hng IBM (International Business Machine) + 1953 - IBM 701

My tnh lu tr chng trnh u tin ca IBM S dng cho tnh ton khoa hc Cc ng dng thng mi
+ 1955 IBM 702
1.2.2. Th h th hai: My tnh dng transistor (1956-1965)

- My tnh PDP-1 ca DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation) my tnh mini u tin - IBM 7000 - Hng trm nghn php cng trong mt giy. - Cc ngn ng lp trnh bc cao ra i.
1.2.3. Th h th ba: My tnh dng vi mch SSI, MSI v LSI (1966-1980)

- Vi mch (Integrated Circuit - IC): nhiu transistor v cc phn t khc c tch hp trn mt chip bn dn. + SSI (Small Scale Integration) + MSI (Medium Scale Integration) + LSI (Large Scale Integration) - Siu my tnh xut hin: CRAY-1, VAX
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- B vi x l (microprocessor) ra i: B vi x l u tin, Intel 4004 (1971).
1.2.4. Th h th t: My tnh dng vi mch VLSI (1981 - nay)

- Cc sn phm chnh ca cng ngh VLSI: + B vi x l (Microprocessor): CPU c ch to trn mt chip. + Vi mch iu khin tng hp (Chipset): mt hoc mt vi vi mch thc hin c nhiu chc nng iu khin v ni ghp. + B nh bn dn (Semiconductor Memory): ROM, RAM + Cc b vi iu khin (Microcontroller): my tnh chuyn dng c ch to trn 1 chip. - Xut hin my vi tnh IBM - PC vi h iu hnh DOS
1.2.5. My tnh trong tng lai:

Vic chuyn t th h th t sang th h th 5 cn cha r rng. Ngi Nht v ang i tin phong trong cc chng trnh nghin cu cho ra i th h th 5 ca my tnh, th h ca nhng my tnh thng minh, da trn cc ngn ng tr tu nhn to nh LISP v PROLOG,... v nhng giao din ngi - my thng minh. n thi im ny, cc nghin cu cho ra cc sn phm bc u v gn y nht (2004) l s ra mt sn phm ngi my thng minh gn ging vi con ngi nht: ASIMO (Advanced Step Innovative Mobility: Bc chn tin tin ca i mi v chuyn ng). Vi hng trm nghn my mc in t ti tn t trong c th, ASIMO c th ln/xung cu thang mt cch uyn chuyn, nhn din ngi, cc c ch hnh ng, ging ni v p ng mt s mnh lnh ca con ngi. Thm ch, n c th bt chc c ng, gi tn ngi v cung cp thng tin ngay sau khi bn hi, rt gn gi v thn thin. Hin nay c nhiu cng ty, vin nghin cu ca Nht thu Asimo tip khch v hng dn khch tham quan nh: Vin Bo tng Khoa hc nng lng v i mi quc gia, hng IBM Nht Bn, Cng ty in lc Tokyo. Hng Honda bt u nghin cu ASIMO t nm 1986 da vo nguyn l chuyn ng bng hai chn. Cho ti nay, hng ch to c 50 robot ASIMO.
1.3. Phn loi my tnh 1. Cc siu my tnh (Super Computer):

L cc my tnh t tin nht v tnh nng k thut nht. Gi bn mt siu my tnh t vi triu USD. siu my tnh thng l cc my tnh vect hay cc cao Cc
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my tnh dng k thut v hng v c thit k tnh ton khoa hc, m phng cc hin tng. Cc siu my tnh c thit k vi k thut x l song song vi rt nhiu b x l (hng ngn n hng trm ngn b x l trong mt siu my tnh).
2. Cc my tnh ln (Mainframe)
L loi my tnh a dng. N c th dng cho cc ng dng qun l cng nh cc tnh ton khoa hc. Dng k thut x l song song v c h thng vo ra mnh. Gi my tnh ln c th t vi trm ngn USD n hng triu USD.
mt
3. My tnh mini (Minicomputer)

L loi my c trung, gi mt my tnh mini c th t vi chc USD n vi trm ngn USD.
4. My vi tnh (Microcomputer)
L loi my tnh dng b vi x l, gi mt my vi tnh c th t vi trm USD n vi ngn USD.
5. My tnh nhng (Embedded Computer)

c t trong thit b khc iu khin thit b lm vic v c thit k chuyn dng. V d: in thoi di ng My nh s B iu khin trong my git, iu ho nhit Router b nh tuyn trn mng
1.4. Biu din thng tin trong my tnh 1.4.1. H m thng dng 1. H thp phn (Decimal System): Con ngi s dng
+ C s 10 + 10 ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 + Dng n ch s thp phn c th biu din c 10n gi tr khc nhau: 00...000 = 0 99...999 = 10n - 1
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2. H nh phn (Binary System): my tnh s dng

+ C s 2 + 2 ch s nh phn: 0 v 1 + ch s nh phn gi l bit (binary digit) + Bit l n v thng tin nh nht + Dng n bit c th biu din c 2n gi tr khc nhau: 00...000 = 0 11...111 = 2n - 1 + K hiu l b. V d, 10001000b + chuyn mt s t c s 10 sang c s 2 ta phi chuyn c phn nguyn v phn thp phn ca n (nu c). Chuyn phn nguyn : Ly phn nguyn chia lin tip cho 2 sau ly ngc phn d V d : 1510 ta s biu din sang c s 2 : 15/2=7 ---------------------------------------------------------------------d 1 7/2 = 3 -------------------------------------------------------------d 1 3/2 = 1 -----------------------------------------------------d 1 1/2=0 ----------------------------------------------d 1 dng cho kt qu 1510=11112 Chuyn phn thp phn : Nhn lin tc phn thp phn vi 2, gi li phn nguyn ca php nhn ny. dng li khi phn thp phn = 0 hoc ti chnh xc no . Sau ly thun phn nguyn ta c kt qu khi ghp hai phn li vi nhau. V d : biu din 0.635 sang c s 2 0.635*2=1.27 ------------------------------------------------------nguyn 1 0.27*2=0.54----------------------------------------------------nguyn 0 0.54*2 =1.08-------------------------------------------nguyn 1 0.08*2=0.16 ------------------------------nguyn 0 Dng. Kt qu : 0.63510=0.1012 Tng qut mt s biu din bi c s 2 c dng sau ; N2 = nk.2k+nk-1.2k-1+.. + n1.21+n0.20+n-1.2-1+.. + n-i.2-i n : nhn gi tr 0 hoc 1
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3. H mi su (Hexadecimal System): dng vit gn cho s nh phn

+ C s 16 +16 ch s: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, A,B,C,D,E,F + Dng vit gn cho s nh phn: c mt nhm 4-bit s c thay bng mt ch s Hexa + K hiu l h. V d : 20 = 0001 0100 1 4 = 14h
1.4.2. M ha v lu tr d liu trong my tnh
1. Nguyn tc chung v m ha d liu

- Mi d liu a vo my tnh u phi c m ha thnh s nh phn - Cc loi d liu + D liu nhn to: do con ngi qui c D liu s nguyn: m ha theo mt s chun qui c D liu s thc: m ha bng s du phy ng
D liu k t: m ha theo b m k t
+ D liu t nhin: tn ti khch quan vi con ngi

m thanh Hnh nh
B cm bin tn hiu
Tn hiu in lin tc Tn hiu s
Tn hiu vt l
B chuyn i ADC
My tnh
Tn hiu vt l B ti to Tn hiu B chuyn
Tn hiu s
tn hiu
in lin tc
i DAC
- di t d liu + di t d liu l s bit c s dng m ha loi d liu tng ng + Thng l bi ca 8-bit. V d: 8, 16, 32, 64 bit
2. Biu din s nguyn:
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C hai loi s nguyn: + S nguyn khng du (Unsigned Integer) + S nguyn c du (Signed Integer) a/ Biu din s nguyn khng du - Nguyn tc tng qut: Dng n bit biu din s nguyn khng du A: an-1an-2....a1a0 - Gi tr ca A c tnh nh sau: A= ai 2 i
i =0 n 1
V d, vi n = 8 bit 0000 0000 = 0 0000 0001 = 1 0000 0010 = 2 0000 0011 = 3 ... 1111 1111 = 255 Biu din c cc gi tr t 0 n 255 - Trc s hc my tnh:
b/ Biu din s nguyn c du

- S b mt v S b hai + nh ngha: Cho mt s nh phn A c biu din bng n bit, ta c: S b mt ca A = (2n-1) A S b hai ca A = 2n A + S b hai ca A = (S b mt ca A) +1 V d: vi n = 8 bit, cho A = 0010 0101 S b mt ca A c tnh nh sau: 1111 1111 (28-1) - 0010 0101 (A) o cc bit ca A: 1101 1010
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S b hai ca A c tnh nh sau: 1101 1010 + 1 = 1101 1011 - Biu din s dng + Dng tng qut ca s dng A: 0an-2....a2a1a0 + Gi tr ca s dng A: A= ai 2 i
i =0 n2
+ Di biu din cho s dng: 0 n 2n-1-1 - Biu din s m + Dng tng qut ca s m A: 1an-2....a2a1a0 + Gi tr ca s dng A: A= 2 n 1 + ai 2 i
i =0 n2
+ Di biu din cho s dng: -1 n - 2n-1 - Trc s hc my tnh:
==>
S 8 bit (n=8) biu din t S 16 bit (n=16) biu din t Vi n=32bit: biu din t Vi n=64bit: biu din t
-128 n 127 -32768 n 32767 -231 n 231-1 -263 n 263-1
c/ Biu din s nguyn theo m BCD (Binary Coded Decimal code)

- Dng 4 bit m ha cho cc ch s th p phn t 0 n 9:
0 => 1 => 2 => 0000 0001 0010 5 => 6 => 7 => 0101 0110 0111
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3 => 4 => 0011 0100 8 => 9 =>

1000 1001
- C 6 t h p khng s d ng:
1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111
- BCD khng gi (Unpacked BCD):Mi s BCD 4-bit c lu tr trong 4-bit thp ca mi byte. V d: S 35 c lu tr nh sau: - BCD gi (Packed BCD): Hai s BCD c lu tr trong 1 byte. V d: S 35 c lu tr nh sau:
d/ Thc hin cc php ton vi s nguyn:

- Php cng: + Khi cng hai s nguyn khng du n-bit, kt qu nhn c l n-bit: Nu khng c nh ra khi bit cao nht th kt qu nhn c lun lun ng (Cout=0). Nu c nh ra khi bit cao nht th kt qu nhn c l sai, ta ni c trn nh ra ngoi (Cout=1) Trn nh ra ngoi (Carry Out) xy ra khi tng > 2n - 1 + B cng s nguyn n bit:
- Php tr
+ Php tr hai s nguyn: X-Y = X+(-Y) + Nguyn t c: L y b hai c a Y c Y, r i c ng v i X + B tr s nguyn n bit
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- Php nhn + Cc tch ring phn c xc nh nh sau: Nu bit ca s nhn bng 0 => tch ring phn bng 0. Nu bit ca s nhn bng 1 => tch ring phn bng s b nhn. Tch ring phn tip theo c dch tri mt bit so vi tch ring phn trc . + Tch bng tng cc tch ring phn + Nhn hai s nguyn n-bit, tch c di 2n bit (khng bao gi trn). + B nhn
- Php chia Bc 1. Chuyn i s b chia v s chia v thnh s dng tng ng. Bc 2. S dng thut gii chia nguyn khng du chia hai dng, kt qu nhn c thng Q v phn d R u dng s s l l
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Bc 3. Hiu chnh du ca kt qu nh sau: (Lu : php o du thc cht l thc hin php ly b hai)
+ B chia:
3. Biu din s thc du phy ng (Floating Point Number): a/ Nguyn tc chung

- Tng qut: mt s thc X c biu din theo kiu s du phy ng nh sau: X = M * RE M l phn nh tr (Mantissa), R l c s (Radix), E l phn m (Exponent). - Chun IEEE754/85 + C s R = 2 + Cc dng: Dng 32-bit
31 30 23 22 0
e S l bit du: S = 1 -> s m
S = 0 -> s dng e (8 bit) l m excess-127 ca phn m E:
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE e = E+127 <==> E = e 127
gi tr 127 gi l l lch (bias) m (23 bit) l phn l ca phn nh tr M: M = 1.m Cng thc xc nh gi tr ca s thc: X = (-1)S *1.m * 2e-127 Gii gi tr biu din: 10-38 n 10+38 Dng 64-bit
63 62 52 51 0
e S l bit du
e (11 bit): m excess-1023 ca phn m E => E=e1023 m (52 bit): phn l ca phn nh tr M Gi tr s thc: X = (-1)S *1.m * 2e-1023 Di gi tr biu din: 10-308 n 10+308
Dng 80-bit
79 78 64 63 0
e S l bit du E => E = e 16383
e (15 bit): m excess-16383 ca phn m m (64 bit): phn l ca phn nh tr M Gi tr s thc: X = (-1)S *1.m * 2e-16383 Di gi tr biu din: 10-4932 n 10+4932
4. Biu din k t
- B m ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) Do ANSI (American National Standard Institute) thit k M ASCII biu din bng 8 bit
00 01 02
T 00h-7Fh: M ASCII chun

03 04 05 06 07 08 BS 09 TAB EM 0A LF 0B VT 0C 0D 0E FF CR SO 0F SI US
00 NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL
10 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN
SUB ESC FS GS RS
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20 30 40 50 60 70 0 @ P ` p ! 1 A Q a q " 2 B R B R # 3 C S c s $ 4 D T d t % 5 E U e u & 6 F V f v ' 7 G W g w ( 8 H X h x ) 9 I Y i y

* : J Z j z + ; K [ k { , < L \ l | = M ] m } . > N ^ n ~ / ? O _ o DEL
T 80h-FFh: M ASCII m rng - B m Unicode + Do cc hng my tnh hng u thit k + B m a ngn ng + C h tr cc k t ting Vit + B m k hiu UTF-xx 8bit: UTF-8 (tng t m ASCII) Kh nng m ho 28 = 256 k t 16bit: UTF-16 Kh nng m ho 216 = 65536 k t 32bit: UTF-32 Kh nng m ho 232 ~ 4 t k t !!!
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Bi 2: Cc phn t logic c bn v mch logic t hp

Cc phn t logic c bn Mch logic t hp Mch cng Mch tr Mch so snh Mch m ho v gii m Mch dn knh v phn knh
2.1. Cc phn t logic c bn 2.1.1. Cng V (AND gate)

Chc nng: Thc hin php ton logic V (AND) u ra ch bng 1 khi tt c cc u vo bng 1 Cng V 2 u vo: K hiu:
Bng tht: A
0 0 1 1
B
0 1 0 1
Out
0 0 0 1
Biu thc: out = A . B
2.1.2. Cng HOC (OR gate)

Chc nng: Thc hin php ton logic HOC (OR) u ra ch bng 0 khi tt c cc u vo bng 0 Cng HOC 2 u vo: K hiu:
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Bng tht: A
0 0 1 1
B
0 1 0 1
Out
0 1 1 1
Biu thc: out = A + B
2.1.3. Cng O (NOT inverter)

Chc nng: Thc hin php ton logic O (NOT) Cng O ch c 1 u vo: K hiu:
Bng tht: A
0 1
Out
1 0
Biu thc: out = A
2.1.4. Cc mch s c bit khc: cc cng NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR

1/ NAND Chc nng: Thc hin php O ca php ton logic V u ra ch bng 0 khi tt c cc u vo bng 1 Cng V O 2 u vo: K hiu:
Bng tht:
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A
0 0 1 1
B
0 1 0 1
Out
1 0 0 0
Biu thc: out = A . B 2/ NOR Chc nng: Thc hin php O ca php ton logic HOC u ra ch bng 1 khi tt c cc u vo bng 0 Cng HOC O 2 u vo: K hiu:
Bng tht: A
0 0 1 1
B
0 1 0 1
Out
1 1 1 0
Biu thc: out = A + B 3/ XOR Chc nng: Exclusive-OR Thc hin biu thc logic HOC C LOI TR (php ton XOR - hay cn l php cng module 2) u ra ch bng 0 khi tt c cc u vo ging nhau Cng XOR 2 u vo: K hiu:
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Bng tht: A
0 0 1 1
B
0 1 0 1
Out
0 1 1 0
Biu thc: out = A B = A.B + A.B 4/ XNOR Chc nng: Exclusive-NOR Thc hin php O ca php ton XOR u ra ch bng 1 khi tt c cc u vo ging nhau Cng XNOR 2 u vo: K hiu:
Bng tht: A
0 0 1 1
B
0 1 0 1
Out
1 0 0 1
Biu thc: out = A B = A.B + A.B
2.2. Mch logic t hp

Cc phn t logic c cu thnh t cc linh kin in t Cc linh kin in t ny khi kt hp vi nhau thng dng cc mch tch hp hay cn gi l IC (Integrated Circuit). Mch tch hp hay cn gi l IC, chip, vi mch, bo c c im:
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u im: mt linh kin, lm gim th tch, gim trng lng v kch
thc mch. Nhc im: hng mt linh kin th hng c mch. C 2 loi mch tch hp: Mch tch hp tng t: lm vic vi cc tn hiu tng t Mch tch hp s: lm vic vi cc tn hiu s SSI - Small Scale Integration: cc vi mch c mt tch hp c nh: < 10 cng/chip MSI - Medium Scale Integration: cc vi mch c mt tch hp c trung bnh: 10 100 cng/chip LSI - Large Scale Integration: cc vi mch c mt tch hp c ln: 100 1000 cng/chip VLSI - Very Large Scale Integration: cc vi mch c mt tch hp c rt ln: 103106 cng/chip ULSI - Ultra Large Scale Integration: cc vi mch c mt tch hp c cc k ln: > 106 cng/chip Mt s dng IC:
H t hp l h m tn hiu ra ch ph thuc vo tn hiu vo ti thi im hin ti H t hp cn c gi l h khng c nh H t hp ch cn thc hin bng nhng phn t logic c bn
2.2.1. Mch cng

Chc nng: thc hin php cng gia 2 s nh phn. Bn tng (Half-Adder): Thc hin php cng gia 2 bit thp nht ca php cng 2 s nh phn.
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S khi:
ai Half-Adder bi ri+1 si
Bng tht:
a 0 0 1 1 b 0 1 0 1 Si 0 1 1 0 Ci+1 0 0 0 1
Biu thc u ra ph thuc u vo:
si = ai bi Ci +1 = ai .bi
S mch:
B cng y (Full-Adder) Chc nng: thc hin php cng gia 2 bit bt k ca php cng 2 s nh phn. S khi: ri: bit nh u vo ri+1: bit nh u ra
ai bi ri Full-Adder
si ri+1
Bng tht:

si = ai bi ri ri +1 = ai .bi + ri (ai + bi )
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S mch:
B cng 2 s nh phn n bit, kt qu nhn c l 1 s nguyn n+1 bit.
2.2.2. Mch tr
Chc nng: thc hin php tr gia 2 s nh phn. Bn hiu (Half-Subtractor): Dng thc hin php tr gia 2 bit thp nht trong php tr gia 2 s nh phn S khi: Di: hiu Bi+1: bit mn Bng tht:
ai Half-Subtractor bi Bi+1 Di
Di = ai bi Bi +1 = ai .bi
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B tr y o Chc nng: dng thc hin php tr gia 2 bit bt k trong php tr 2 s nh phn. o S khi: Bng tht:
ai bi Bi Full-Subtractor Bi+1 Di
Di = ai bi Bi Bi +1 = ai .bi + Bi .(ai bi )
S mch:
2.2.3. Mch so snh

Dng so snh 2 s nh phn C 2 kiu so snh: So snh n gin: Kt qu so snh: bng nhau, khc nhau So snh y : Kt qu so snh: ln hn, nh hn, bng nhau C 2 loi b so snh:
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B so snh n gin B so snh y Gi s cn xy dng b so snh n gin 2 s A v B: A a3 a2 a1 a0 B b3 b2 b1 b0 S = 1 <=> A = B S = 0 <=> A B Ta c:

a3 b3 = 1 a3 = b3 a3 b3 = 0 a = b a b = 0 2 2 a b2 = 1 2 2 2 A= B a1 = b1 a1 b1 = 0 a1 b1 = 1 a0 = b0 a0 b0 = 0 a b = 1 0 0
u ra S
Suy ra:
S = a3 b3 .a2 b2 .a1 b1.a0 b0

S mch:
2.2.4. Mch m ho v gii m

1/ M ha M ha l vic s dng k hiu biu din c trng cho mt i tng no . K hiu tng ng vi mt i tng c gi l t m.
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Th d:
Chc nng: thc hin vic m ha cc tn hiu tng ng vi cc i tng thnh cc t m nh phn.
i t ng tn hi u T tn hi u m
B m ha
Th d:
A S0 B C D
B m ha
S1
2/ B gii m: Chc nng: B gii m thc hin chc nng ngc vi b m ha. Cung cp thng tin u ra khi u vo xut hin t hp cc bin nh phn ng vi 1 hay nhiu t m c chn. T t m xc nh c tn hiu tng ng vi i tng m ha.
Gii m cho 1 t m:
Nguyn l: ng vi mt t hp cn gii m u vo th u ra bng 1, cc t hp u vo cn li, u ra bng 0. VD: S = 1 nu (AB) = (10), S = 0 nu (AB) (10)
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A S B
BGM
Gii m cho ton b m: Nguyn l: ng vi mt t hp no u vo th 1 trong cc u ra bng 1, cc u ra cn li bng 0.

S0 A B
B G M
S1 S2 S3
2.2.5. Mch dn knh v phn knh 1/ Mch phn knh:

MultiPlexor MUX C nhiu u vo tn hiu v 1 u ra
Chc nng: chn 1 tn hiu trong nhiu tn hiu u vo a ra u ra S khi:

E1 S E0 C0
E3 E2 E1 E0
C1 C
Tn hiu chn:
Tn hiu ra:
S = C0 E0 + C0 E1
S = C1 C0 E0 + C1C0 E1 + C1 C0 E2 + C1C0 E3
S mch:
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2/ B phn knh: DeMultiPlexor DeMUX

C 1 u vo tn hiu v nhiu u ra Chc nng: a tn hiu t u vo ti 1 trong nhng u ra
S khi:
S0
E S0 S1 S2
E S1 C0
C0
C1
S3
Tn hiu chn:
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Bi 3: Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt my tnh

Mainboard CPU B nh trong Cc thit b lu tr Cc thit b vo/ra Tnh tng thch gia cc thnh phn
3.1. Mainboard
C rt nhiu chng loi bo mch chnh. Thng thng cc bo mch c thit k theo hnh dng AT v ATX. Ngy nay, chng loi ATX chim u th trn th trng.
3.1.1. Loi bo mch AT
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Thng thng cc loi bo mch AT s dng u ni ngun 6 dy kp, cc u ni COM1, COM2 v LPT l cc Cable ni c cm vo bo mch ch (tr u cm bn phm).
3.1.2. Loi bo mch ATX

Loi bo mch ATX c thit k gn gng hn. Dy cable ngun s dng cc u ni 20 dy. Cc u ni COM1, COM2, LPT v bn phm c thit k dnh lin trn bo mch (khng s dng Cable ni). C thm cc cng USB, cng bn phm c s dng l PS/2. Ngy nay cc my tnh s dng ch yu bo mch ch dng ATX. Bo mch ch l mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng nht ca my tnh. N c vai tr iu khin tt c cc thit b ca my tnh v phi hp vi b vi x l x l cc nhim v ca my tnh. Trn bo mch ch c cc thnh phn sau: a. Chipset: L thnh phn quan trng nht trn bo mch ch, n c cc nhim v sau: - L ni trung chuyn cc thnh phn nh b vi x l, b nh, Card Video trao i vi nhau to ra mt h thng my tnh hot ng. - iu khin b nh, iu khin Bus v h thng vo ra. Hin nay, Chipset pht trin vi tc rt nhanh p ng tc pht trin ca b vi x l. Cc loi Chipset ca Intel c th k n nh: Chipset 845/ 865/ 915/ 975, b. Khe cm CPU: C th dng Socket (370, 478, 775, A, ) hoc Slot 1. c. Khe cm RAM (Ram bank): C th c cc dng - SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module): Loi khe cm 1 hng chn. Dng cho cc loi RAM c dung lng <= 8MB. - DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module): Loi 2 hng chn. Dng cho cc loi RAM c dung lng >= 16MB (Bus 33/ 66/ 100/ 133). - RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module): Loi 2 hng chn, tc truyn DL cao. Dng cho cc loi RAM >= 128MB (Bus 200, 266, 333, 400, 533, 667, 800) d. Khe cm giao tip cng: + S dng chun giao tip no: IDE/ATA hay SATA + Tc truyn d liu cho php: - ATA 66/ 100/ 133 MB/s - SATA 150/ 200/MB/s e. Khe cm cc Card m rng (Slot): Gm Slot: AGP, PCI, ISA hay PCI Express
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f. ROM BIOS: L ni lu tr chng trnh ca h vo ra c s. L loi b nh theo kiu EEPROM, lu tr cc la chn chng trnh trong ROM. Cc chng trnh ny c th c np li. g. CMOS RAM: B nh lu tr cc thng s do ngi s dng quy nh. Thng tin trong n c duy tr b mt cc PIN. h. Jack cm ngun: Jack cm ni vi ngun in t ngun my tnh (cung cp in cho bo mch ch) quy nh cc chn cm tu thuc vo loi bo mch AT hay ATX. i. H thng Jump: t tc v in p lm vic cho b vi x l, RAM, j. H thng cng tc, n tn hiu: Cm cng tc Power, Reset, Power Led, HDD Led,
3.2. CPU
L b phn quan trng nht ca h thng my tnh. C nhim v phn tch, iu khin, x l, tnh ton, lu tr, truy xut cc thng tin. N c coi l b no (tri tim) ca my tnh. C rt nhiu loi CPU vi cc tn gi khc nhau (tu thuc vo nh sn xut) - Hng Intel: Celeron, Pentium, Xeon - Hng AMD: AMD K5/K6, - Hng Cyrix Cc thng s ca b vi x l gm: - Loi v tc ca b vi x l: Pentium IV 3.06 GHz - B nh m ca b vi x l (Cache L2): 256/ 512 KB hay 1/ 2/ 4/ 6MB - Bus ca b x l l bao nhiu?: 400/ 533/ 800 MHz - C h tr cng ngh siu phn lung (HT) khng? - in p lm vic ca b vi x l
3.3. B nh trong
L ni lu tr tm thi cc chng trnh v d liu ang s dng. Do , h thng cn mt b nh c dung lng ln v tc cao. C th phn loi RAM theo nhiu cch: + V cu to t bo nh: C 2 loi SRAM (RAM tnh) v DRAM (RAM ng) + V cc dng bng mch b nh: - SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module): Loi 1 hng chn 2/24/2011
DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module): Loi 2 hng chn

42
RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Module): Loi 2 hng chn tc cao
Cc thng s ca b nh: - H thng s dng loi b nh no?: SDRAM hay DDR RAM hay DDR SDRAM - Dung lng b nh l bao nhiu?: 128/ 256/ 512 MB hay 1GB - S dng loi Bus no?: 100/ 133/ 200/ 266/ 333/ 400/ 533/ 667/ 800/...MHz
3.4. Cc thit b lu tr 3.4.1. cng (Hard Disk Drive)

L thit b dng lu tr cc chng trnh (H iu hnh, chng trnh ng dng) v d liu c nh ngay c khi my khng hot ng. V vy, h thng lun i hi phi c thit b lu tr vi dung lng ln v tc nhanh. Cc thng s v cng: - Dung lng cng: 10/ 20/ 30/ 40/GB - Tc truyn d liu: 66/ 100/ 133/ 150/ 200/MB/s (Lin quan n tc quay ca a) - B nh m l bao nhiu: 1/ 2/ 4 hay 8 MB ? - S dng chun giao din no: ATA hay SATA hay SCSI?
3.4.2. CD ROM DVD hoc CD RW

- CD ROM: L thit b dng c d liu, nghe nhc hoc xem phim. V vy, n l thit b cn thit a d liu vo trong my tnh cng nh phc v cng vic gii tr. Tham s chnh ca CD ROM l tc c (Hin nay thng s dng tc c l 52X, tc c c s ca CD ROM l X = 150 KB/s). - DVD (Digital Versatile Disk): L a dng c cc a c mt lu tr ln v tc c nhanh hn CD ROM. - CD RW: L c th c v ghi d liu ln a. N l mt thit b cn thit trong mt h thng my tnh. Tham s chnh ca CD RW l tc c/ tc ghi/ tc ghi li.
3.4.3. a mm (Floppy Disk Drive)

Dng lu tr d liu (c/ ghi) vi dung lng nh. a mm gm 2 loi: 5 inch v 3 inch. Hin ti ch cn loi 3 inch, do c thit k an ton, nh gn dng c/ ghi a mm 1.44 MB.
3.5. Cc thit b vo/ra

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3.5.1. H thng Card giao tip

1. Card mn hnh (VGA Card) C nhim v chuyn d liu ra mn hnh, quyt nh phn gii v s mu hin th trn mn hnh. Card mn hnh cng nh hng n tc ca my tnh. Cc tham s ca Card mn hnh: - B nh RAM ca Card l: 32/ 64 hay 128 MB ? - Tc truyn d liu: 2x/ 4x/ 8x hay 16x ? - AGP 4x, tc truyn 1.07 GB/s - AGP 8x, tc truyn 2.1 GB/s - PCI Express 16x, tc truyn 8.0 GB/s - VGA BIOS l loi no? VGA Card c 2 loi: Loi Onboard v loi cm ri. 2. Card m thanh (Sound Card) C nhim v chuyn i tn hiu m thanh k thut s thnh tn hiu tng t v xut ra loa hay ngc li thu tn hiu m thanh vo trong my tnh. C 2 loi Bus giao tip cho Sound Card, l PCI v ISA. Cc thnh phn trn Sound Card gm: - Chip iu khin m thanh - Cng Audio Out, Audio in, Micro. - Cng Game Port Sound Card gm 2 loi: Loi Onboard v loi cm ri. 3. Card vo ra (I/O Card) L loi Card giao tip, cho php my tnh giao tip vi cc thit b vo ra nh: Cng COM 1, COM 2, LPT, a cng, a mm, Cc thnh phn trn I/O Card c th k n nh: - Chip iu khin vo/ ra - Cc cng COM - Cng LPT - Chn cm cho Cable HDD, FDD, I/O Card hin nay cn rt hu ch trong trng hp mt hoc mt s thnh phn Onboard b hng. 4. SCSI Card
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Chc nng tng t nh I/O Card nhng cho php kt ni nhiu thnh phn hn, tc nhanh hn. Cc thnh phn trn SCSI Card c th k n: - Cc Chip iu khin - Cc chn cm a (nu c) - Chn cm mt s thit b ngoi vi ngoi - Jack cm ra cc thit b c giao tip SCSI
3.5.2. Bn phm (Keyboard) v chut (Mouse)

1. Bn phm: L thit b dng a thng tin vo trong my tnh. Thnh phn c bn ca bn phm l h thng phm nhn. Cc thng s v bn phm gm: - S lng cc phm trn bn phm - Cng giao tip ca bn phm vi my tnh: DIN, PS/2, USB. 2. Chut: L thit b nhn d liu vo di dng v tr im tng i. Cc thng tin v chut gm: - S lng phm nhn - Loi chut (Chut c, chut quang) - Cng giao tip vi my tnh: COM, LPT, PS/2, USB
3.5.3. Mn hnh (Monitor)

L thit b dng hin th thng tin trong mt h thng my tnh. Cc thng s v mn hnh c th k n nh: - Kch thc mn hnh: 14, 15, 17, - phn gii ca mn hnh: Pixel (im nh) - su mu (s lng mu c th hin th c) - Tn s lm vic ca mn hnh: MHz - Loi mn hnh: CRT, tinh th lng, Plasma,
3.6. Tnh tng thch gia cc thnh phn
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Bi 4: Thc hnh c cc thng s k thut trn cc thit b phn cng

- Gio vin gii thiu sinh vin tng thnh phn phn cng, cc thng tin c bn cn nhn bit ca tng thit b. - Sinh vin la chn cc thit b lp ghp hon chnh mt my tnh, sau vit ra cc thng s ca tng thit b v bo co gio vin - Gio vin nh gi kt qu nhn bit thng s ca sinh vin - Tng kt bi
Bi 5: Thc hnh Lp t phn cng my tnh 5.1. CHUN B LP T PHN CNG MY TNH 5.1.1 Dng c
- T vt 2 cnh, 4 cnh cc loi - ng h vn nng - Thm cch in, bt th in - Pank, km m nhn
5.1.2 Thit b, ph kin my tnh

- Mainboard, CPU, RAM, Case, Power Supply, HDD, FDD, CD ROM, cc loi Card, Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse - Cable cc loi, c vt
5.1.3 Kim tra ban u

Trc khi tin hnh lp t phn cng my tnh vi cc thit b v ph kin k trn, cn phi kim tra tnh tng thch ca cc thit b (kh nng ghp ni gia chng) v tnh trng ca cc thit b.
5.2. LP T 5.2.1. LP T MAIN CPU RAM a/ Lp CPU vo Main

Bc 1: Tho gi Main trn Case
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Bc 2: Xc nh v tr v chiu lp Main trn gi . Bc 3: Lp cc cch in cho Main trn gi Bc 4: Lp CPU vo Main (Lp CPU vo Socket) o Xc nh chiu lp CPU trn khe cm (Cn c vo gc vt trn Socket v gc vt trn CPU). o M cn gt gi CPU trn Socket mt gc 900. o a CPU vo Socket theo hng thng ng, ng chiu xc nh, sao cho cc chn ca CPU ngp hon ton trong khe cm. o Nhn v gi phn trung tm ca CPU, sau ng cn gt li. o Lp h thng lm mt cho CPU (Ch cp in cho CPU Fan)
b/ Lp RAM vo Main
Tu thuc vo tng loi RAM ta c cc cch lp khc nhau. Di y ch gii thiu cch lp RAM DIMM. Bc 1: Xc nh chiu lp RAM trn khe cm Bc 2: M kho 2 u khe cm RAM Bc 3: a RAM vo khe cm theo hng thng ng Bc 4: n u hai u RAM vi lc va phi, sao cho cc chn ca RAM ngp hon ton trong khe cm (Khi kho 2 u RAM t ng ng li). Lm tng t i vi cc thanh RAM cn li (trong trng hp c nhiu thanh RAM).
c/ Lp Main vo Case
Bc 1: a Main ( c RAM, CPU) ln gi theo ng v tr v chiu xc nh. Bc 2: Dng vt c nh Main trn gi (vt vi lc va phi). Bc 3: a gi ln Case ng v tr Bc 4: Dng vt c nh gi trn Case Bc 5: Cm Cable ngun cho Main Bc 6: Cm h thng cng tc, n bo ch th.
5.2.2. LP T THIT B LU TR a/ Lp t cng
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Do mi Cable d liu cng c th kt ni 2 cng hoc 2 CD ROM hoc 1 cng + 1 CD ROM. Khi kt ni > 1 a trn 1 Cable, ta phi thit lp ch lm vic cho a. Bc 1: Thit lp ch lm vic cho a (da vo bng Jump trn b mt a). Cc ch lm vic ca a c th l: Ch ch (Master) Ch khch (Slave) Theo la chn ca Cable (Cable Select)
Khi kt ni > 1 a trn cng 1 Cable, nht thit 1 phi lm vic ch Master, cn li ch Slave hoc c 2 cng ch Cable Select. Bc 2: a a vo khay theo chiu t sau ra trc, sao cho phn giao din ca a hng ra sau v phn v mch ca a hng xung di. Bc 3: Dng vt c nh a trn Case (vt u 2 bn a) Bc 4: Cm Cable d liu cho a Mt u Cable cm xung Main (da vo chn s 1 l dy khc mu trn Cable) Hai u cn li cm vo a, sao cho dy khc mu trn Cable d liu hng v pha Cable in Bc 5: Cm Cable in cho a, sao cho dy mu trn Cable in hng v pha Cable d liu.
b/ Lp t mm
Bc 1: Xc nh v tr lp mm trn Case Bc 2: G b tm chn mt trc ca Case ti v tr lp t tng ng. Bc 3: a mm vo Case theo chiu t trc ra sau, sao cho phn giao din ca a hng ra sau v phn v mch ca a hng xung di. Bc 4: Cm Cable d liu cho mm - Mt u Cable mm (xa on xon) cm xung Main (da vo dy khc mu) - u cn li (pha bn kia on xon) cm vo mm, sao cho dy khc mu trn Cable hng v pha Cable in. Bc 5: Cm Cable in cho a, sao cho dy mu trn Cable in hng vo trong.
c/ Lp t CD-ROM
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Khi tin hnh lp t CD ROM, ta phi thit lp ch lm vic cho a ging nh vi cng. Thao tc lp ging nh mm. Cm Cable in v Cable d liu nh cng.
5.2.3. LP T CARD GIAO TIP V THIT B NGOI VI a/ Lp Card giao tip

Bc 1: Xc nh loi Card v loi khe cm ph hp Bc 2: G b tm chn bng kim loi ti v tr lp t tng ng trn Case. Bc 3: a Card vo khe cm theo chiu t trn xung, sao cho phn giao din ca Card hng ra sau. Bc 4: Nhn u 2 u Card vi lc va phi theo phng thng ng, sao cho cc chn ca Card ngp hon ton trong khe cm. Bc 5: Dng vt c nh Card trn Case.
b/ Lp cc thit b ngoi vi
- Lp mn hnh - Lp chut v bn phm (theo mu) - Lp Cable ngun cho b ngun v mn hnh
5.2.4. THIT LP THNG S H THNG a/ Khi nim

Thit lp thng s h thng l cng vic c thc hin sau khi lp t hon chnh h thng nhm mc ch to ra mi trng lm vic thch hp nht cho cc thnh phn bn trong h thng. Cng vic ny cng c th c tin hnh khi cc thng tin c thit lp b mt hoc khi lp thm mt thnh phn phn cng no . Cc thng s thit lp c ghi trong CMOS RAM v c thc hin bi mt chng trnh c tn: FIRMWARE
b/ Thit lp thng s cho cc my tnh ng Nam

My tnh ng Nam l cc my tnh c lp rp ti cc nc ng Nam hoc Trung Quc. Cc b phn ca h thng do nhiu hng sn xut khc nhau.
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Bc 1: Bt cng tc ngun Bc 2: Nhn DEL hoc Delete vo thit lp thng s h thng (Nhn bit ti dng th 2 t di ln). Bc 3: Tu thuc vo tng loi ROM BIOS m cc mc chn c th khc, nhng nhn chung bao gm cc thng tin chnh sau: 1. Setup cc thnh phn cn bn (Standard CMOS Setup): y l cc thnh phn c bn m Bios trn tt c cc loi my PC phi bit qun l v iu khin chng. 2. Setup cc thnh phn nng cao (Advanced Setup): * Internal cache: Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) Cache (L1) ni trong CPU 486 tr ln. * External cache: Cho hiu lc (enable) hay v hiu ho (disable) cache trn mainboard, cn gi l Cache mc 2 (L2). * Quick Power On Self Test: Nu enable Bios s rt ngn v b qua vi mc khng quan trng trong qu trnh khi ng, gim thi gian khi ng ti a. * Boot Sequence: Chn a cho Bios tm h iu hnh khi khi ng. C th l C ri n A hay A ri n C hay ch c C. Bn nn chn C,A hay ch c C, phng trng hp v tnh khi ng bng a mm c Virus. Hin nay trn cc Mainboard Pentium. Bios cho php bn ch nh khi ng t 1 trong 2 mm hay trong 4 cng IDE hay bng cng SCSI thm ch bng CD Rom cng c. * Memory Parity Check: Kim tra chn l b nh. Chn theo mainboard v c loi cho php mc ny enable, c loi bt bn phi disable mi chu chy. u tin bn chn enable, nu my treo bn chn li l disable. Mc ny khng nh hng n h thng, ch c tc dng kim tra Ram. * Security Option: Mc ny dng gii hn vic s dng h thng v Bios Setup. Setup: Gii hn vic thay i Bios Setup, mi khi mun vo Bios Setup bn phi nh ng mt khu quy nh trc.
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System hay Always: Gii hn vic s dng my. Mi khi m my, Bios lun lun hi mt khu, nu khng bit mt khu Bios s khng cho php s dng my. 3. Setup cc thnh phn c lin quan n vn hnh h thng (Chipset Setup): * Auto Configuration: Nu enable, Bios s t ng xc lp cc thnh phn v DRAM, Cache...mi khi khi ng ty theo CPU Type (kiu CPU) v System Clock (tc h thng). Nu Disable l cho bn t ch nh. * Power Management Setup: i vi CPU 486: Phn ny l cc ch nh cho chng trnh tit kim nng lng sn cha trong cc Bios i mi. Chng trnh ny dng c cho c 2 loi CPU: Loi thng v loi CPU kiu S. CPU kiu S hay CPU c 2 k t cui SL l mt loi CPU c ch to c bit, c thm b phn qun l nng lng trong CPU. Do trong phn ny c 2 loi ch nh dnh cho 2 loi CPU. i vi Pentium: Dng chung cho mi loi Pentium hay cc chp ca cc hng khc cng i vi Pentium. * Power Management/Power Saving Mode: Disable: Khng s dng chng trnh ny. Enable/User Define: Cho chng trnh ny c hiu lc. Min Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian di nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nng lng t nht). Max Saving: Dng cc gi tr thi gian ngn nht cho cc la chn (tit kim nhiu nht). 4. Phn dnh ring cho Mainboard theo chun giao tip PCI c I/O v IDE On Board (peripheral Setup): * PCI On Board IDE: Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) 2 u ni a cng IDE trn mainboard. Khi s dng Card PCI IDE ri, ta cn chn disabled. * PCI On Board Secondary IDE: Cho hiu lc (enabled) hay v hiu (disabled) u ni a cng IDE th 2 trn mainboard. Mc ny b sung cho mc trn v ch c tc dng vi u ni th 2. * PCI On Board Speed Mode:
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Ch nh kiu vn chuyn d liu (PIO speed mode). C th l Disabled, mode 1, mode 2, mode 3, mode 4, Auto. Trong mode 4 l nhanh nht. * PCI Card Present on: Khai bo c s dng Card PCI IDE ri hay khng v nu c th c cm vo Slot no. Cc mc chn l: Disabled, Auto, Slot 1, Slot 2, Slot 3, Slot 4. * PCI IRQ, PCI Primary IDE IRQ, PCI Secondary IDE IRQ: Ch nh cch xc lp ngt cho Card PCI IDE ri. Ch : Trong mc ny c phn xc lp th t gn ngt cho cc Card b sung. Th d: 1 = 9, 2 = 10, 3 = 11, 4 = 12 c ngha l Card u tin cm vo bt k Slot no s c gn ngt 9, nu c 2 Card th Card cm vo Slot c s th t nh s c gn ngt 9, Slot c s th t ln s c gn ngt 10.v..v... * IDE 32Bit Transfers Mode: Xc lp ny nhm tng cng tc cho a cng trn 528Mb, nhng cng c a khng khi ng c khi enabled mc ny d fdisk v format vn bnh thng. * Host to PCI Post Write W/S, Host to PCI Burst Write, Host to DRAM Burst Write: Cc mc ny xc lp cho PCU Bus, khng nh hng nhiu n tc CPU, c th nguyn xc lp mc nhin. * PCI Bus Park, Post Write Buffer: Khi enabled cc mc ny c th tng cng thm tc h thng. * FDC Control: Cho hiu lc hay khng u ni cp v xc lp a ch cho a mm. * Primary Seral Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. * Secondary Serial Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng COM 2 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny. Ch : Nu bn s dng Card b sung c xc lp i ch l COM 1 hay COM 2, bn phi disabled cng tng ng trong hai mc trn. * Parallel Port: Cho hiu lc hay khng cng LPT 1 v xc lp a ch cho cng ny.
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Bi 6: B nh bn dn
Cc phn t nh c bn Phn loi b nh bn dn B nh ROM B nh RAM Cu trc chung ca b nh bn dn
6.1. Cc phn t nh c bn 6.1.1 Phn t nh

L phn t c kh nng lu tr mt trong 2 trng thi cn bng n nh tng ng vi 2 mc logic l 0 hoc 1. Trong in t, phn t c kh nng trn gi l Flip-Flop (FF). Flip-Flop l mch in m trng thi tn hiu li ra khng nhng ph thuc vo trng thi tn hiu li vo m cn ph thuc vo trng thi li ra thi im trc . Khi ngng cung cp tn hiu li vo, li ra vn gi nguyn trng thi hin hnh (cho n khi ngun in cung cp cho n b ngt). Tu tng loi FF do ch to c th c thm u vo xo (0-Clear) vo u thit lp (1-Preset). Mt s loi FF cn c u vo ng b (Clock). 6.1.2 Phn loi o Phn loi theo chc nng ca cc u vo iu khin: Hin nay thng s dng loi FF 1 u vo l T-FF, D-FF hoc 2 u vo l RS-FF, JK-FF. i khi cn c th gp mt s loi FF nhiu u vo. o Phn loi theo cch lm vic: C 2 loi FF ng b v khng ng b. Loi khng ng b, cc tn hiu iu khin vn iu khin c hot ng ca FF m khng cn tn hiu ng b. Loi ng b, cc tn hiu iu khin ch iu khin c hot ng ca FF khi c tn hiu ng b. Flip - Flop
Normal D - FF T - FF JK-FF RS-FF ASync Sync M-S
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6.1.3 Trig RS (RS-FF)

S R Q Q RS-FF l mt FF c 2 u vo iu khin R 0 0 0 0 v S. S l u vo thit lp (Set), R l u vo xo 0 0 1 1 (Reset). S khi m t nh sau: 0 1 0 0 Bng trng thi ca RS-FF gm 4 ct, 3 ct u l 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 S, R v Q l gi tr ca cc tn hiu iu khin 0 1 1 1 (S,R) v trng thi (Q) ca FF ti thi im t. Cc 0 cm 1 1 gi tr cc hng trn 3 ct ny biu din tt c cm 1 1 1 cc t hp c th c c ca S, R v Q, ct th 4 l ct trng thi s chuyn ti ca FF sau thi gian t+t. T bng trng thi ta c nhn xt: - Khi S = R = 0 th FF gi nguyn trng thi c (Q = Q). - Khi S=0, R=1, u vo xo c tn hiu. Khi Q = 0 (d trc FF trng thi 0 hay 1) S R Q - Khi S = 1, R = 0, u vo thit lp c tn hiu. Khi 0 0 Q FF chuyn sang trng thi 1. 0 1 0 - Khi S = R = 1 l t hp cm. Khi FF khng 1 0 1 nhn ng thi 2 tn hiu Set v Reset. 1 1 cm T cc nhn xt trn ta c th rt gn bng trng thi Bng chc nng thu gn ca FF ca FF nh sau: FF khng ng b dng NAND
S S Q
FF khng ng b dng NOR

R Q
Q S
6.1.4 Trig JK (JK-FF)
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Trig RS c mt t hp bin cm dng l R = S = 1, trng thi ca trig ny s khng c xc nh nu gp phi t hp ny. Ngi ta khc phc tnh trng ny bng cch dng 2 mch phn hi t Q v R v Q v S R Q Q S ta s to c trig JK. Trig JK ging nh 0 0 0 0 trig RS, J tng ng vi S, K tng ng vi 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 R. Trig JK khc RS l khng c trng thi 0 1 1 0 cm khi J = K = 1 li ra i trng thi ngc 0 0 1 1 li vi trng thi c trc (TOGGLE). 1 1 1 0 S khi v bng chn l c cho nh sau: 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0
S JK FF khng ng b dng NAND J Q Q
S JK FF ng b dng NAND Pr J C K Cl Q Q
6.1.5 Triger D (D-FF)

Trig D l loi trig c dng nhiu trong cc b ghi lu tr cc bit thng tin nh phn. N c mt li vo d liu k hiu l D hot ng ng b vi li vo xung nhp Ck. Trig D hot ng theo nguyn tc: S liu li vo D s c chuyn n li ra Q ca trig sau mt xung nhp, tc l s liu c chuyn n li ra b chm mt mt nhp bng rng ca xung nhp. Chnh v vy m n c tn l trig D (Delay - tr). S khi v bng chn l c cho nh sau:
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D 0 0 1 1
Q 0 1 0 1
Q 0 0 1 1
Mch cu to D-FF t 4 cng NAND v D-FF cu to t RS-FF ng b c b xung 1 cng o G5

D S Q D S Q
Q C E
6.1.6 Trig T (T-FF)

Trig T c mt u vo iu khin T. S khi v bng chn l nh sau: Q T T - FF Q
a) S kh i
T 0 0 1 1
Q 0 1 0 1
Q 0 1 1 0
T Q Q
T Q
b) B ng chn l
c) S T-FF khng ng b dng NAND
6.2. Phn loi b nh bn dn

B nh my tnh l ni lu tr chng trnh v d liu trc khi thc hin chng trnh, thit b iu khin c th s dng mt phn b nh ct gi tm thi kt qu trung gian v c d liu chng trnh x l. S pht trin ca cc thit b nh gn cht vi s pht trin ca tng th h my tnh in t. S phn loi b nh : 1. B nh theo nguyn tc chp nh, b nh in Xero.. 2. a ghi m, a video, compact Disk (CD- Rom). 3. Cc b nh in t trn c s bn dn (Rom, Ram..).
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4. Cc b nh t tnh thng dng b nh ngoi Tuy vy trong thc t hin nay ngi ta ch s dng hai loi b nh c bn l b nh Bn dn v B nh t tnh. S phn cp b nh nh sau: Thanh ghi Cache ROM/RAM Storage
Xt t tri qua phi ta nhn thy : - Tc truy nhp gim dn - Gi thnh gim dn - Dung lng tng dn. Cc c trng KT ca b nh: 1. Dung lng n v o l byte (1 byte= 8 bit), kilobyte (1KB= 210 byte= 1024 byte), megabyte (1MB= 210KB=220 byte), gegabyte (1GB= 230byte)... 2. Tc hat ng (tc truy nhp), o bng micro giy (1s=10-6s) hoc nano giy (1ns=10-9s). 3. tin cy khng c chun o lng quc t, ngi ta thng s dng mt i lng l MTBF (Mean Time Between Failures), l i lng c th nguyn thi gian ch tin cy. 4. Gi thnh, kch thc 5. Kh nng c/ghi - B nh c nh - B nh bn c nh - B nh c/ghi. Phn loi b nh bn dn : B nh bn d n B nh c nh
ROM PROM
B nh bn c nh
EPROM EEPROM
B nh c ghi
ROM RAM
6.3. B nh ROM 6.3.1 Khi nim v ROM

B nh ROM c cc thuc tnh sau:
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- Ch cho php c ni dung c ghi sn t trc cha trong n. Ni dung ny do ngi iu hnh thit k lp trnh v ghi vo bng mt phng php c bit. - Ngi s dng khng th hoc kh lng thay i c ni dung bn trong n. - Ni dung c ghi trong ROM c tnh cht c nh, khng b mt i theo thi gian hay do s c mt ngun nng lng cung cp. Do nhng thuc tnh trn, ROM c dng khi: - Cha cc chng trnh vn hnh my tnh, chng trnh h tr vic lp trnh hay cc chng trnh gim st vic iu hnh theo cc bc nghim ngt, c nh. - Cc chng trnh ci t cho my tnh chuyn dng ch thc hin mt nhm cc cng vic c gii hn, c lp i lp li c quy lut do cng ngh t ng ho i hi. - Lu gi cc bng biu quan trng c thng xuyn s dng ti nh l cng c cho vic tnh ton, x l ca my tnh v cc thit b lin quan.
6.3.2 Cu trc chung ca ROM

ROM bao gm c 4 khi c bn: - Mng b nh cha cc v tr nh. n v c bn l nh trong 1 v tr. - Mng mch in iu khin tip nhn cc tn hiu t knh iu khin nhn bit phi lm vic g? - B gii m a ch xc nh v tr nh trong mng b nh. - Mch u ra a ni dung tm thy trong v tr nh ti knh d liu gi n cc thit b c lin quan cn tip nhn ni dung ny.
6.3.3 Cc loi ROM

Gm 4 loi ROM. 1. ROM mt n (Maskable ROM): Thng tin c ghi vo khi ch to v khng th xo c.
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2. PROM (Programable ROM): l ROM c kh nng lp trnh c. Thng tin cha trong Rom khi ch to l khng c g. Ngi s dng c th ghi thng tin ln bng thit b np c tn l WORM (Write Once Read Many-Ghi mt ln, c nhiu ln). 3. EPROM (Erasable PROM): Tng t nh PROM nhng c kh nng xo c bng tia cc tm. 4. EEPROM (Electronic Erasable PROM) tng t nh PROM nhng c kh nng xo c bng tn hiu in.
6.4. B nh RAM
L b nh m ta c th ghi hoc c thng tin trn . Thng tin trn RAM ch mang tnh tm thi trong mt thi gian no v s b mt khi mt in.
6.4.1 Cu trc ca RAM

Ging nh ROM, RAM gm 4 phn chnh. im khc bit cn quan tm l: Mch iu khin RAM phi c thm u vo R/W iu khin 2 qu trnh c bn trong thao tc ca RAM, l: Ghi d liu vo n vo xut thng tin ra khi n. Mch u ra c kh nng kim sot 2 chiu trc khi cho giao tip vi knh d liu theo nguyn tc la chn: ang c th khng ghi, ang ghi th khng c, ch th 3 c th l ch quyt nh.
6.4.2 Cc loi RAM

RAM tnh (SRAM Static RAM) c ch to bng cc Tranzitor, kh ch to, tc truy cp nhanh, thng c dng lm b nh truy cp nhanh (CACHE). RAM ng (DRAM Dynamic RAM) c ch to bng cc t in, d ch to, gi thnh r, tc truy cp thp. Cn c mch b in p (gi l mch lm ti) n nh thng tin.
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Bi 7: B NH C BIT
B nh CACHE B nh o
7.1. B nh CACHE 7.1.1 Khi nim

L b nh c xy dng bi nhng phn t nh SRAM v c tc truy nhp nhanh. B nh ny thng s dng lu tr tm thi d liu mi truy nhp v c cc chng trnh hay s dng.
7.1.2. V tr
B nh CACHE nm gia CPU v b nh chnh (RAM), nhm lm tng tc trao i d liu gia cc thnh phn ny. c 2 loi CACHE : s cp v th cp
CACHE L1 CACHE L1 L2
CPU
CACHE CACHE L1
CACHE L1 RAM
Hnh 8.1 V tr ca CACHE trong h thng
- CACHE s cp (L1) : l CACHE nm ngay trong CPU (Primary Cache) - CACHE th cp (L2) : l CACHE nm trn bo mch chnh (MainBoard), c tc truy cp chm hn so vi CACHE s cp. (Secondary Cache)
7.1.3. Nguyn tc xy dng

Cache c xy dng trn c s 2 nguyn l v tra cu b nh (nguyn l v thi gian v nguyn l v khng gian). - Nguyn l thi gian: Mt mc thng tin m c truy cp th n c mt xc sut ln v ngay sau c th c truy cp li. Vd : i:=i+1 ( i trc c truy nhp, i sau li truy nhp n chnh n) - Nguyn l v khng gian: Mt mc thng tin c truy nhp th mc ln cn n cng c truy cp sau . 1 2 3 ....... N Vd: cho mng A: Phn t th 1 c truy nhp th phn t th 2, 3 s c xc sut ln cn c truy nhp.
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7.1.4. Vai tr
- B nh CACHE khng th thiu c trong mt my tnh hin i. Nu khng c CACHE th my s chy chm hn 30% so vi bnh thng khi c CACHE. - Dung lng CACHE cng ln s lm cho tc cng nhanh.
7.1.5. Cc thao tc c ghi trong CACHE

- Cache hit: Truy nhp thng tin m thng tin ang trong CACHE. c (READ) l chuyn thng tin t CACHE sang CPU. Ghi (WRITE) l chuyn thng tin t CPU v CACHE. Ghi xuyn thng t CPU CACHE B nh chnh l ng thi ghi c ln Cache v b nh chnh thng qua Cache. Ghi sau (Write Back) thng tin ch c ghi vo b nh Cache m cha c ghi vo b nh chnh. Khi no ng tng ng trn b nh Cache c thay th th phi chuyn thng tin c trong Cache sang b nh chnh a thng tin mi ra Cache. - Cache miss: L truy cp mt thng tin no khng c trong Cache, ta phi c thng tin t b nh chnh vo Cache sau a sang CPU Thao tc c l c t b nh chnh vo Cache v t Cache sang CPU. Thao tc ghi: Ghi thng xuyn qua Cache sang CPU v ghi sau l ghi vo Bus chnh sau ghi sang Cache.
7.1.6. Cc phng php nh x a ch

- Phng php nh v trc tip : (Direct Mapping Cache) l phng php nh v khng gian lu tr trong b nh CACHE. Trong mi mt n v lu tr lin kt vi vi ba v tr (gi l cc khi) trong b nh chnh. c im : Tnh kinh t, Hay b Cache Miss -Phng php lin kt y : (Full- Associative Cache) l phng php lu tr ca Cache c th c lin kt vi bt k bt k v tr lu tr no trong b nh chnh. c im : Tc chm, t c Cache Miss - Phng php lin kt khi : (Set- Associative Cache) CACHE c chia thnh 2,4,8 khi nh v trc tip
7.1.7. Cc kiu b nh CACHE.

- Cache ghi thng : (Wrie Thought Cache) Thng tin t trong b nh c ra v c gi li, nhng cc thng cc thng tin li c ghi thng vo RAM.
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- Cache ghi li : (Write Back Cache) Thng tin ghi vo v c ra t b nh u c gi li trong b nh Cache.
7.2. B nh o
Cui thp nin 50 th b nh mi ch c khong 2000 t. Vi b nh 4096 t 18 bit cho c h iu hnh v cc chng trnh ca ngi s dng. Nh vy ngi lp trnh phi tn nhiu thi gian nn kch thc cc chng trnh sao cho t va trong mt b nh nh. Thng thng phi s dng gii thut tc chm m li tit kim b nh. Gii php t ra cho vn ny l dng b nh ph, nh a chng hn. ngi lp trnh chia chng trnh thnh nhiu gi nh gi l overlay mi overlay t va trong b nh. chy chng trnh,overlay u tn c a vo b nh v chy trong mt khong thi gian. Khi overlay ny hon tt, chng trnh c overlay tip theo v gi overlay ny ... ngi lp trnh phi chi trch nhim tch chng trnh ca mnh, b tr sp t cc overlay cho hp l nht. Vo nm 1961 mt nhm nh khoa hc Anh cp gii php t ng ho qu trnh qun l cc overlay, ngi lp trnh thm ch khng cn bit overlay ang din ra. Phng php ny c gi l phng php b nh o. Phng php b nh o lin quan n cc khi nim v Phn trang hay khung phn trang, cc phng php nh x a ch .
7.2.1. Khi nim

B nh o l mt k thut cho php x l mt tin trnh khng c np ton b vo b nh vt l. B nh o m hnh ho b nh nh mt bng lu tr rt ln v ng nht, tch bit hn khi nim khng gian a ch v khng gian vt l. Ngi s dng ch nhn thy v lm vic trong khng gian a ch o, vic chuyn i sang khng gian vt l do h iu hnh thc hin vi s tr gip ca cc c ch phn cng c th. - Cn kt hp k thut swapping n chuyn cc phn ca chng trnh vo-ra gia b nh chnh v b nh ph khi cn thit. - Nh vic tch bit b nh o v b nh vt l, c th t chc mt b nh o c kch thc ln hn b nh vt l. - B nh o cho php gim nh cng vic ca lp trnh vin v h khng cn bn tm n gii hn ca vng nh vt l, cng nh khng cn t chc chng trnh theo cu trc overlays.
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Hnh 7.2. B nh o
7.2.2. Ci t b nh o
B nh o thng c thc hin vi k thut phn trang theo yu cu (demand paging). Cng c th s dng k thut phn on theo yu cu ( demand segmentation) ci t b nh o, tuy nhin vic cp pht v thay th cc phn on phc tp hn thao tc trn trang, v kch thc khng bng nhau ca cc on. - Phn trang theo yu cu ( demand paging) Mt h thng phn trang theo yu cu l h thng s dng k thut phn trang kt hp vi k thut swapping. Mt tin trnh c xem nh mt tp cc trang, thng tr trn b nh ph ( thng l a). Khi cn x l, tin trnh s c np vo b nh chnh. Nhng thay v np ton b chng trnh, ch nhng trang cn thit trong thi im hin ti mi c np vo b nh. Nh vy mt trang ch c np vo b nh chnh khi c yu cu. Vi m hnh ny, cn cung cp mt c ch phn cng gip phn bit cc trang ang trong b nh chnh v cc trang trn a. C th s dng li bit validinvalid nhng vi ng ngha mi: valid : trang tng ng l hp l v ang trong b nh chnh . invalid : hoc trang bt hp l (khng thuc v khng gian a ch ca tin trnh) hoc trang hp l nhng ang c lu trn b nh ph. Mt phn t trong bng trang m t cho mt trang khng nm trong b nh chnh, s c nh du invalid v cha a ch ca trang trn b nh ph. - C ch phn cng :
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C ch phn cng h tr k thut phn trang theo yu cu l s kt hp ca c ch h tr k thut phn trang v k thut swapping: Bng trang: Cu trc bng trang phi cho php phn nh tnh trng ca mt trang l ang nm trong b nh chnh hay b nh ph. B nh ph: B nh ph lu tr nhng trang khng c np vo b nh chnh. B nh ph thng c s dng l a, v vng khng gian a dng lu tr tm cc trang trong k thut swapping c gi l khng gian swapping.
Hnh 7.3 Bng trang vi mt s trang trn b nh ph

Li trang
Truy xut n mt trang c nh du bt hp l s lm pht sinh mt li trang (page fault). Khi d tm trong bng trang ly cc thng tin cn thit cho vic chuyn i a ch, nu nhn thy trang ang c yu cu truy xut l bt hp l, c ch phn cng s pht sinh mt ngt bo cho h iu hnh. H iu hnh s x l li trang nh sau : + Kim tra truy xut n b nh l hp l hay bt hp l + Nu truy xut bt hp l : kt thc tin trnh + Ngc li : n bc 3 + Tm v tr cha trang mun truy xut trn a. + Tm mt khung trang trng trong b nh chnh : - Nu tm thy : n bc 5
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- Nu khng cn khung trang trng, chn mt khung trang nn nhn v chuyn trang nn nhn ra b nh ph (lu ni dung ca trang ang chim gi khung trang ny ln a), cp nht bng trang tng ng ri n bc 5 + Chuyn trang mun truy xut t b nh ph vo b nh chnh : np trang cn truy xut vo khung trang trng chn (hay va mi lm trng) ; cp nht ni dung bng trang, bng khung trang tng ng. + Ti kch hot tin trnh ngi s dng.
Hnh 7.4 Cc giai on x l li trang
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Bi 8: B NH T
Phng php lu tr t tnh a t v a t
8.1. Phng php lu tr t tnh

1) Vt liu t l g ? L vt c th t ho c tc l bin thnh mt nam chm khi t gn t trng ca mt nam chm hay ca mt dng in 2) Nguyn l c ghi tin trn vt liu t Ghi tin trn vt liu t l lm nhim t hay t ho cc phn t ca n Tn hiu mt -> vt b nhim t Tn hiu 0 vt liu khng b nhim t
Khi nguyn nhn gy ra t ha mt i th t tnh ca vt liu cn gi mi. c:u t nh mt nam chm in.Khi ghi d liu th chiu ca t trng (SN).da trn nguyn tc bin i t thng (t 1->0 hay t 0->1) trong cun dy sinh ra dng in cm ng.Do ch c nhng tin c gi tr 1 v 0 lin tip nhau th c ngha l u t c sai. c ghi trn cc thit b ghi t ngi ta thng dng m iu ch v nhng bin th ca n.Tu vo tng vt liu t ngi ta chn nhng m iu ch khc nhau. Xo d liu trn vt liu t
Cho vt liu t i qua u t v cho ng in xoay chiu qua cun dy c ghi hoc ghi nn d liu c ->d liu c x b mt i 3) u t Thc cht u t l cun dy qun xung quanh mt li st.mun c ghi c phi c s chuyn ng tng i gia vt liu t v u t 4) Phng php lu tr + Phng php iu tn (iu ch tn s FM) Frequency Modulator Dng CD(Clock Data)
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C D
+ Phng php iu tn bin i (l phng php l phng php va iu tn va iu bin) MFM (Modiyf FM)
M Header
CDM-Clock Data Modify
Sector
Track
8.2. a mm v a mm 8.2.1. T chc ca a mm

+ Hnh trn c hai mt (0,1) + Trn mi mt c cc rnh (Track) Mi rnh c cc cung (Sector) Trn mi cung cha mt lng thng tin nht nh V d a mm 1.44 MB c hai mt 40 rnh s cung trn mt rnh l 12 mi cung cha 512 byte +Cluster (Lin cung) ni gia cung cung n vi cung kia a mm mun dng c th phi nh dng trc
8.2.2. Cu trc ca a mm
a) Boot Record (bng ghi mi khi ng) vng ny cha cc tp khi ng ca HH.n cho BIOS bit
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- Cc chng trnh khi ng v iu khin a no. - H iu hnh s dng cc tp khi ng no. b) Directories: Cc th mc cha cc thng tin.Mu th mc ny c th cha cc tp tin v cc th mc con ca khc v to ra mt h thng phn cp c gi l cy th mc. Cy bt ngun t gc (Root) c) FAT (File Allocation Table) Bng nh v File Bng ny cung cp bn dc cho h thng tm v tr tng File.Trong bng Fatc cha cc thng tin v cc Cluster. Mt a mm c KHong 355 n 400 Cluster,cc Cluster c nh du t 2 tr i n ht.Mi Cluster tham chiu 1:1 cc mc thng tin Mt a mm c hai bng FAT (FAT 0 v FAT 1). Mt bng hot ng dng d tr, nu bng hot ng b hng th bng FAT d tr s c cp nhp ngay.
Mi file c mt k t kt thc.H thng bng Fat s dng cho a mm l Fat 12 Code 000h 001h 002-FEFh FF0-FF6h FF7h FF8-FFFh ngha Khng s dng Cluster li Cluster s dng cho 1 File D phng Cluster Bad (hng) cui cng ca mt File
Bng tng kt cc thng s a: Loi a Byte/Secter S Fat a vo th Mc Tng s Secter Fat Secter Sectet/Track 380 Kb 200 2 70h 200h 2 9 720 Kb 200 2 70h 5Ah 3 9 1.2Mb 200 2 EOh 950h 7 Fh 1.44Mb 200 2 EOh B40h 9 12h
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8.2.3. a mm
1) cu to 2) iu khin a mm - Ngt BIOS 13h. + Hm 00h Khi php h a (ch gi hm ny khi c li tuy nhp a) + Hm 01h trng thi a theo trng tha thanh ghi AH + c cc cung ca a Ngt DOS INT 21 Hm 0Dh Khi php a Hm 3Dh M tp v c Hm 3Eh ng tp Dng lnh ca DOS + DIR + COPY + COMPARE So snh Hai tp + Seach tm Tp +Delete(ERASE) xo mt tp +Undel Phc hi tp b xo. +Format nh dng a +Verify Kim tra s c mt cc cung ca a hay tp +Copycon:To tp...
8.3. a cng a cng 8.3.1 a cng:

8.3.1.1. Khi nim:
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L mt a trn bng kim loi (Nhm) Hoc thu tinh c ng knh 14,8,5 1/4 , 3 1/2... trn b mt c ph mt lp mng (0,5-0,7m) cht t tnh gn y l 0,05-1m Pht pho kn hoc l Phot pho cabon 8.3.1.2. Cu trc vt l - Theo l thuyt trc y a cng bao gm mt chng a.Mi a c hai u t,cc rnh,v cc rnh trn mi a c cng bn knh to thnh mt t trc Cylinder.Trn mi a cng chia theo cc cung secter. a cng s dng c chng ta phi phn chia v nh dng cho a bng chng trnh FDISK v Format hoc l cc ttrnh tin ch khc.Qu trnh ny x to ra cc cc thng s sau cho a: + Cc bng Fat:Mi vng phn chia c hai bng Fat ging a mm.Mi Fat chim 41 hoc l 82 Sector ; +Boot:ging Boot recorder ca a mm 8.3.1.3. Cu tc logic Mi a cng c th chia thnh cc Partition (cz) Mi partition c th coi l mt a theo ngha logic. Master Boot nm Sector 1(Sector u),Track 0 (Rnh u tin),Side 0 (Mt u tin)cn Boot Record thng nm Sector 1,Track 1,v Side 0 512 byte u tin Sector 1,Track 0,Side 0 ca a cng gm hai phn: + Phn u t offset 0 n 1BD h l Master Boot (thc cht ch s dng t 0 n 1DHFh) + Phn hai t 1BE h n 1FF h l bng Partition Master Boot l mt on chng trnh ngn np vo Ram t a ch 0:7600h v c thc thi khi boot my. Nhim v ca Master Boot: +Kim tra bng Partition xem Partition c l ch + Np Boot Record ca bng Partition ca ch vo b nh ri chuyn iu khin cho Boot Record n tip tc khi ng my.
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Mi Partition c th bao gm mt vi thng s sau ; +Gm hai bng Fat cha bn a ch ch ti cc tp tin v th mc.Tu theo tng h thng (HH) m FAT trong mi Partition c th l:FAT16 (DOS Win95),FAT32(WIN95 OSR/2- WIN98- WIN2000),NTFS (WIN NT), HPFS(OS/2) + Mt Boot Record nm ti v tr Boot Sector ca Partition + Mt th mc gc Root Directory + Cc th mc con do ngi s dng to ra dng cha cc tp tin +cc tp tin chnh l cc d liu trn a * Cu trc ca a cng Master phn Boot FAT 1 Boot b che Sector Phn h thng Boot sector bao gm hai phn Xc nh tham s ca a Cha cc chng trnh phc v np h iu hnh. Kt thc bng 2 byte 55AA Byte 0002h 0304h 0B0Ch 0D0Eh 0E0Fh 10h 1112h 1314h 15h 1617h 1819h 1A1Bh 1C1Dh 1E21h 22h
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FAT 2
Root
Data
Gi tr Ch th Jump v chng trnh b ng tn nh sn xut v s phin bn S Byte /Sector S Sector/cluster S sector dnh cho Boot sector S bng FAT s im vo trn th mc gc s sector trn a (Volume) m t mi trng lu tr tin(Media Descriptor Byte) s Sector dnh cho bng FAT s Sector /Track s u t s Sector n s Sector nu kch thc ln hn 32MB S a
71
23h 24h 2528h 2933h 343Bh 3C200h
D tr ch k Boot sector ni m rng S th t Tp a (Volume) s nhn din h thng tp tin Chng trnh khi ng (Boot Runtime) Boottrap Loader
Bng sector Khi ng (Boot sector) Fat 16 c tng s 216 Cluster Bng cu trc im vo mt th mc gc Byte 0007h 080Ah 0Bh 0C15h 1617h 1819h 1A1Bh 1C1Fh ni dung tn File (c in k t trng) Phn phn loi (c in k t trng) thuc tnh file D tr Gi thay i thng tin cui cng Ngy thay i thng tin cui cng Clustor u tin ca File Kch thc ca File
8.3.2. A CNG
8.3.2.1. cu to 8.3.2.2. hot ng 8.3.2.3. b iu khin a cng * S b iu khin
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Gii thch s : A: Clip iu khin B : Ram vi m C : B Vi x L D : ECC logic(Logc kim tra m ECC (error Corecting Code) E : B Phn tch d liu F : Chun IC Ghp ni ST412/506 G: Cc a 4, Tc v chun ghp ni a) tc : Tc ca a tu thuc vo cu trc ca a v thi gian truy nhp ca cng, ph htuc vo tc quay ca Motor,vng nh m v chun giao tip a b) Chun Ghp ni - ST413/560 (chun giao tip ca Segate Technology) chun ny c vi t tnh sau: + Giao tip tun t + Tc thp 5Mbit/s + Dng m MFM sau ci tin m RLL
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+ Board iu khin Phc tp. ESDI: (Enable Small Interface) xut hin vo u nm 1983: +Tc cao hn ST560 24Mbit/s + S dng m RLL + Board iu khin Phc tp IDE (Intelligent Divce Elictronic) (Intergated Dri Elictronic) i khi ngi ta cn gi l ATA AT Architech + Tc d cao linh hot ln + Dung lng ti a l 528 MB + Khng cn Card iu hp + R tin ETDE:(Enhanced IDE) Chun nng cao ca IDE - ATA2 + Tc cao,linh hot + Dung lng cao > 528 MB + Khng cn card iu hp SCSI (Small computer System interface): l mt loi giao tip cho php gaio tip ghp ni nhiu thit b ngoi vi xut hin u tin vo nm 1986 + Tc truyn thng cao hn IDE + dung lng khng hn ch + phi c card iu khin v t tin -SCSI2-SCSI3 Bng c t a cng Kiu ghp ni Tc truyn Mbit/s Tc truyn ngoi ST560 5 0,6 ESDI 10 1,2 IDE EIDE 1936 32 8 >13 SCSI 1935 10 SCSI2 2541 10
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Track to track Tm kim trung bnh(s) Tc quay vng/pht S a S u c ghi S secter /Track Secter /Disk Byte/Sector S Clyinder Cache nh v u t
20 65 3600 2 4 17 41800 512 615 Khng khng
4 15 3600 3 5 36 192960 512 1072 Khng c
1,52 11 4500 4 7
1,5 14 3800 16 51 853584 512 1024 112 c
1,5 11 4500 4 7
1.5 11 5500 4 7
512 1874 256 c
512 1872 256 c
512 1872 256 c
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Bi 9: B nh quang 9.1. Phng php lu tr quang

Khng ging nh cc a cng c ghi d liu ln b mt bng t, a quang s dng cc tnh cht quang hc lu tr d liu. Khi nim track trn a quang cng ging nh a cng, mi track l mt vng trn, tuy nhin a quang cc track l cc vng trn h ni tip nhau. Trn a quang c cc rnh theo hnh xon chn c t trong ra ngoi (khng ging nh cc track ng tm a cng) cha cc chm sng (c kh nng phn x tia sng n) v ti (khng phi x hoc phn x yu i vi tia sng chiu vo), tia nh sng (thng l tia laser c cng sut thp) c cc chm v chuyn sang tn hiu nh phn. Tia sng khi chiu vo b mt a quang nu gp mt im sng, tia sng s c phn x ngc l ngun pht sng, khi gp mt im ti, tia laser khng phn x ngc li bi im ti hp th tia sng (chuyn ho chng thnh nhit nng nn a quang thng nng ln khi lm vic). Ti a quang, trn ng chiu ca tia sng c h lng knh phn x tia sng truyn ngc li (khi chiu vo im sng) khng chuyn tia sng ny v ngun pht, m i hng chng n mt b cm bin nhn tn hiu (thng l cc it cm quang). Tn hiu nhn c dng nh phn, tng ng vi im sng v ti cho kt qu 1 v 0.
9.2. a quang v a quang 9.2.1. a quang

Mt kiu lu tr quang hc thng c s dng nht l CD. Cc CD c sn xut t polycarbonat plastic c cc l nh, cc l nh ny c sp xp theo hnh xon c xung quanh a, l cc l dng biu th d liu. Trn polycarbonat ny l mt lp vt liu phn chiu mng, thng l aluminum hay vng v trn l mt lp acrylic bo v a. Khi mt CD ang c, tia laser s p vo lp polycarbonat v c phn chiu vo lp vt liu phn chiu. Tia laser phn chiu quay tr li c pht hin bng mt cm bin quang, dng chuyn i tn hiu tia laser nhn c thnh tn hiu in. Ph
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thuc vo tia laser tp trung vo cc l hng khc nhau th tn hiu in thu c cng s khc nhau v tia phn chiu khc nhau. S khc nhau trong cc tn hiu in l cch mt my tnh c th c d liu trn a CD nh th no. l trng hp i vi cc CD thng thng, nhng vic ghi d liu ln cc a CD nh th no? Mt CD-R cng tng t nh mt CD trong cu trc chung ca n ngoi tr c hai kha cnh chnh. u tin l n khng c cc l. Th hai, gia polycarbonat v aluminum phn chiu c mt lp thuc nhum trong sut. lu d liu vo CD-R, tia laser dng ghi c tp trung vo phn xon c mun ghi (ng xon c ny khng tn ti cho ti khi bn to n bng vic ghi d liu ln) v nung nng lp thuc nhum. Cc thuc tnh ha hc ca lp thuc nhum thay i tng ng m ca n vi nhit t nng. V vy tia laser dng ghi c th chuyn ng dc theo ng xon c v thay i m ca cc vng nh, s khc bit trong m th hin ra d liu l cc con s 1 v 0. D liu sau c c t CD-R theo cch nh mt CD. CD-R ch c th c ghi mt ln. iu ny l bi v khi lm lp thuc nhum thay i th bn khng th lm cho n trong sut li c ln na. Vy sau CD-R l g? CD-RW s dng lp thuc nhum khc, lc u c mu c, sau khi c t nng c mu trong sut. Thuc nhum ny cng c thuc tnh kh th v l c th tr li trng thi ban u nu c t nng n mt nhit cao hn. iu ny cho php bn d dng xa cc d liu c lu trn a trc .
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Cc a DVD lm vic cng ging nh a CD. Cc a ny c th lu nhiu d liu hn a CD v v bn cht chng gm nhiu a CD mng c ct tr trn mt DVD. iu c to t mt s lp polycarbonat v vt liu phn chiu. Cc tia laser v cm bin quang cng c nhiu ci tin hn, trong tia laser c kh nng xuyn qua cc lp khc nhau v cm bin quang cng c th pht hin c tt c cc lp khc nhau . C mt s phng php chung trong vic lu tr d liu mi. Bn hy n c phn tip theo ca bi bo, trong phn chng ti s gii thiu cho cc bn mt s k thut mi nh b nh pulse-change v b nh holographic.
9.2.2. a quang
a quang l mt loi thit b dng c a quang, n s dng mt loi thit b pht ra mt tia laser chiu vo b mt a quang v phn x li trn u thu v c gii m thnh tn hiu. Bi ny vit v nhng a quang c s dng trong cc my vi tnh bao gm c d liu (Read-only) v c-ghi kt hp (Burn and Read) Tiu chun nh gi cht lng ca CD Rom: Chng loi CD Rom
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Tc c d liu ca CD Rom : Tc c d liu ca CD Rom c tnh bng s X 1X c tc truy cp d liu l 150KB => 10X s c tc truy cp l 10 x 150K = 1.500KB => 48X c tc truy cp l 48 x 150K = 7200KB => 52X c tc truy cp l 52 x 150K = 7800KB S khi ca a CD Rom Lazer pickup : L mt c, c nhim v c d liu ghi trn a v i ra tn hiu in dng tn hiu s 0,1. Mch tch tn hiu : khuch i tn hiu t mt c sau tch ra hai thnh phn => Tn hiu iu khin : L cc tn hiu sai lch c cc tia lazer ph pht hin cung cp cho mch to p iu khin => Tn hiu s : L tn hiu chnh ta cn thu c, tn hiu ny c ua sang IC s l tn hiu s trc khi chuyn v b nh my tnh Mch to p iu khin : To in p iu khin iu khin mt c hng tia lazer c ng ng track v hi t ng trn b mt a, ngoi ra mch iu khin cn iu khin tc quay ca a . Mch khuch i thc Moto : Khuch i tn hiu iu khin cung cp cho Moto v cc cun dy trn mt c . IC x l tn hiu s : X l tn hiu thu c t mt c sau gi theo ng Bus v b nh chnh ca my
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Cu to ca mt c Cun Tracking : iu khin im hi t lch theo phng ngang c ng tm ng Cun Focus : iu khin im hi t ln xung theo phng ng hi t ng trn mt a . A,B,C,D L cc Diode i nh sng lazer thnh dng in, 4 diode ny c ra tn hiu chnh v pht hin sai lch hi t E,F l hai Diode pht hin sai lch tracking LD ( Lazer Diode ) l Diode pht ra tia lazer MD (Monitor Diode ) l Diode gim st bo v cho mch t ng iu khin cng sut tia lazer Bin tr : Chnh kch mt khi tia lazer b yu B c ca CD Rom B phn ra vo ca a. Bao gm : + M t Loading + Dy cu loa + H bnh rng truyn ng + Khay a B phn dch chuyn cm mt c. Bao gm + M t Sleed + H bnh rng + Thanh trt M t quay a : M t Spind Cm mt c : Lazer Pickup
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Bi 10: Thc hnh
PHN TCH CU TO BN TRONG CA B NH V CC A

a cng a CD-Rewrite v DVD-Rewrite USB Flash
10.1. a cng
Cu to bn trong ca a cng HDD chia thnh nm phn c bn nh sau: Khung sn cng (Base Casting): Cha tt c thnh phn bn trong ca cng, c gn c nh vo my tnh. Hai bn cnh thng c dn tem bo hnh ca ni bn. V th khi gn nh cn thn v nh nhng trnh lm try cnh hay rch tem. a t (Platter): Ni cha d liu ca a cng. Bao gm mt hoc nhiu lp a mng t trn mt mt c tc quay rt cao. Ch mt chn ng nh cng c th lm mt chy khng n nh khin a b ku v gim tc truy xut d liu.
- u c (Head): c gn trn kim v p st b mt a, khi quay vi tc cao s xut hin dng khng kh thi vo gip nng u c ln khi mt a. Thng c cc li: - H u c: Khi c chn ng, u c dp mnh xung, lm gi b gy, gy ra h u c. - Try mt a: Do h xung qu mnh, ngoi gy gi cn c kh nng u c gy ra mt vt lm trn b mt a to nn ng xc. Mt khc u c lc ny b dnh bn khi di chuyn n cc v tr khc s pht tn cht bn ra khp b mt a. - Kim t (Actuator Arm): t gia hai thanh nam chm trn trc quay c gn bc n, mt cun dy ng xen vo gia hai thanh nam chm. Khi c dng in chy qua lm thay i t trng khin cho kim t c th dch chuyn d dng trn mt da. Thng c cc li sau: - Ku ln khi c: bc n b xc nn kim c dch chuyn s pht ting ku. - Kim t dch chuyn sai cng lm try mt a hay gy u c.
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- Bo mch (Logic Board): Thnh phn quan trng iu khin mi hot ng ca a cng. N c cu to gm nhiu linh kin in t rt nh. V vy, nu khng cn thn, cc va chm v hin tng tnh in (phng in) c th gy rn nt cng nh n chp.Khi board mch li s gy ra hin tng my tnh khng nhn c a cng, hay khng Fdisk v Format a c.
10.2. a CD-Rewrite v DVD-Rewrite
Khi u quang (mt c): Chu trch nhim c v ghi d liu ln b mt a. va c th c v ghi d liu, mt c c kh nng pht ra ba loi tia laser c cng sut khc nhau. Tia c nng lng ln nht lm nhim v ghi d liu. Tia c nng lng thp hn hn c tc dng xa d liu v tia c nng lng thp nht c dng c d liu nh cc a CD-ROM thng thng. Khi iu khin: l mt cm thit b c hc bao gm thao tc quay a, dch chuyn khi u quang v np/tr a c b vi x l iu khin thng qua cc IC servo kim sot tc quay ca a t 200 n 500 vng/pht i vi CD-ROM v 350 n 500 vng/pht i vi DVD ty thuc vo v tr mt c/ghi trn a. Khi mt c/ghi cc track gn tm a th vn tc quay ca a cao, vn tc quay s gim dn khi mt c lm vic vi cc track cch xa tm a. B vi x l cn nhn tn hiu d sai t khi x l d liu hiu chnh mt c sao cho t c hi t chm tia ti u nht. Khi x l d liu: nhn d liu th (RF) t khi u quang, gii iu ch tn hiu tr li d liu nh phn dng nguyn thu, tch ly cc tn hiu ng b phi hp vi khi vi x l nhm hiu chnh khi u quang hi t chnh xc trn mt a
Cc loi a quang lu d liu nh th no?

B mt ca cc loi a quang c cu trc thnh cc vng trn ng tm gi l track vi khong cch mi track l 1.6 mi-cr-mt. Thc t d liu c lu tr l cc hc (pit) rt nh, trn b mt lp bc bao ph a. Hc ny gm cc vng phn chiu v cc vng khng phn chiu. Cc vng phn chiu biu th cho gi tr 1 v
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cc vng khng phn chiu biu th cho gi tr 0 ca h nh phn. Khi c trn b mt a, tia laser ca mt c trn cc a CD-ROM ch nhn bit c cc vng phn chiu v khng phn chiu trn a ri cho ra cc tn hiu 10 tng ng
Cu trc cc a CD-Rewite (CD-RW) nh th no c th c v ghi li nhiu ln?

Cng nh cc loi a CD-R (chnh l nh dng CD-ROM sau khi c ghi d liu), a CD-RW cng c cu to bi cht do tng hp lm nn, mt lp mng kim loi c tnh phn chiu, lp bo v bn ngoi. Phn lp chnh lu tr d liu c lm t cht hu c trng hp (polymer). i vi a CD-R, lp cht ny ch thay i mt ln ri tr nn bn vng. Ngc li, i vi a CD-RW, phn lp lu tr c thay th bng mt loi hp kim c kh nng trong sut khi b t nng vi mt nhit thch hp v m i khi b t nng nhit cao hn. Cc vng trong sut s cho php lp kim loi trn a phn chiu tt hn trong khi cc vng m s khng phn chiu tia laser do mt c pht ra. Nh cu trc linh hot c th thay i ca lp lu tr d liu m a CD-RW c th c ti cu trc li (xa d liu c v thay th bng d liu mi).
CD-Rewrite c/ghi d liu ln a nh th no?

Ghi d liu ln a thc cht l ti cu trc li b mt ca phn lp lu tr d liu trn a.Trong sut qu trnh ghi, mt c s pht ra tia laser c bc sng thp nht (mc nng lng cao nht) ghi a. Tia laser ny pht ra chm tia c cng sut cao, lm cho ti im hi t tia c nhit lm nng chy phn lp lu tr d liu (khong 500 n 700 C). Sau khi ngui trong khong thi gian rt ngn, chng to thnh cc vng phn chiu (biu din trng thi 1) v vng khng phn chiu (biu din trng thi 0). Cc vng ny (mang thng tin d liu mi) khc vi cc vng trc khi ghi d liu (mang thng tin d liu c). Khi ch c, mt c s dng tia laser c mc nng lng thp nht c a. N c th d dng nhn ra cu trc mi c thay i trn b mt a.
Du "+" v "-" (V d DVD-R v DVD+R) c ngha l g?

N l hai chun nh dng a DVD c th ghi c do nhm cc nh sn xut ghi a DVD a ra. DVD-R (gi l DVD-gch-R hay DVD-tr-R) ra i u tin v c hai loi: DVD-R for General (G) v DVD-R for Authoring (A). DVD-R (G) phc v cc nhu cu rng ri v DVD-R (A) dnh cho mc ch chuyn nghip. a c DVD thng dng c th c hai nh dng ny nhng ghi c chng, bn cn s dng a ghi h tr nh dng tng ng. DVD-RW l nh dng a
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DVD-R c th ghi li nhiu ln. DVD+R l phin bn ch ghi c mt ln ca DVD+RW. Trc y, hai nh dng DVD v DVD+ xung khc ti mc khng th chung sng ha bnh vi nhau. Trn th trng xut hin nhng ghi hoc theo nh dng DVD- hoc theo DVD+, nhng hin nay ghi DVD c th ghi c c hai nh dng DVD- v DVD+ gi l Dual DVD DVDRW
10.3. USB Flash

Mt USB flash loi thng thng c cc thnh phn sau: Bn mch in nh cha cc linh kin in t cng mt (hoc nhiu) chip nh flash hn trc tip trn mch in. u cm kt ni vi cc cng USB; cc kt ni thng s dng chun A cho php chng kt ni trc tip vi cc khe cm USB trn my tnh(Xem thm hnh minh ho v cc chun ti bi USB) V bo v: Ton b bn mch in, chip nh flash nm trong mt v bo v kim loi hoc nha gip n chc chn ( c th cho vo ti, lm mc cha kha v.v...) Ch c u kt ni USB nm ngoi v bo v ny v thng c mt np y cho n. V bo v thng c thit k a dng nhm hp dn ngi s dng, c nhng loi USB c kh nng chng thm t, chng sc. Ny gt chng ghi: Mt s USB flash c thit k ny gt chng ghi, tuy nhin chng ch c ngha khng cho php h iu hnh ghi hoc sa i d liu vo . n bo hot ng: a phn cc USB flash c mt n bo nh hin th ch lm vic ca n (n ny l mt it LED nh gn trn bo mch ca , c mu khc nhau tu hng). Cch bo hiu s hot ng ny cng khng c thng nht gia cc hng sn xut: c loi USB sng n l trng thi ang c hoc ghi v ngc li tt n l ngh, c loi sng n l ngh v tt n l c/ghi (trong qu trnh c/ghi chng sng tt lin tc nn to s nhp nhy) hoc cc hnh thc bo hiu khc, ngi s dng nn quan st sau mt vi ln bit chnh xc trng thi trnh tho thit b khi chng ang lm vic.
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Dy eo, mc khol cc phn ph c th c bn km theo USB flash, chng l thit b ph, c th khng cn thit i vi mt s ngi s dng. truy cp d liu trong flash, ta cn kt ni vi my tnh hoc cm vo mt USB host controller hoc mt USB hub. Cc USB flash ch hot ng khi c cm vo mt u ni USB v c cp in bi u ni ny (chng s dng ngun in 5Vdc t my tnh).
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Bi 11: CU TO CHUNG B VI X L
Lch s pht trin ca b vi x l Cu trc b vi x l 8086 Mt h vi x l c gi l mt h thng trong bao gm: - n v nhp xut: c s dng nhp v xut s liu, d liu. - n v x l: X l cc d liu nhp vo, sau xut ra cc thit b ra. - B nh: Lu tr thng tin, d liu trong qu trnh x l Trn th t, c rt nhiu hng ch to b vi x l cho cc my vi tnh nh: IBM, Intel, Cyrix, AMD, Motorola.... Nhng thng dng nht vn l b vi x l ca Intel.
11.1. Lch s pht trin ca b vi x l

Cc b vi x l ca Intel c pht trin qua cc thi k nh sau: Nm 1971, Intel a ra b vi x l 4004 vi 4 bit d liu, 12 bit a ch; 0,8MHz Nm 1972, b vi x l Intel 8080 ra i vi 8bit d liu, 12 bit a ch; tc x l 0,8-5MHz Nm 1974, b vi x l Intel 8085 ra i vi 8bit d liu, 16 bit a ch; tc x l 5MHz Nm 1978, b vi x l Intel 8086 ra i vi 16bit d liu, 20 bit a ch; tc x l 10MHz Nm 1979, b vi x l Intel 8088 ra i nhm mc ch gim gi b vi x l v tng thch vi h thng 8086 c Nm 1982 b vi x l 80286 ra i vi 16bit d liu, 20 bit a ch, tc x l l 20MHz c th nh a ch ch bo v v ch thc. Nm 1985-1988, b vi x l 80386 ra i vi 32 bit d liu v 32 bit a ch tc x l 33-40MHz Nm 1989, b vi x l 80486 ra i vi 32 bit d liu v 32 bit a ch tc x l 50-60MHz Nm 1993, b vi x l Pentium ra i vi 64 bit d liu, tc x l 100MHz Sau l cc b vi x l Pentium Pro,Pentium II, Pentium III, Celeron, Pentium 4, Pentium Duo Core, Core 2 Duo...
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11.2. Cu trc b vi x l 8086 11.2.1. S khi

E.U (execution unit)
Bus a ch (20 bit)
B.I.U (Bus interface
Bus d li u
AX
Cc thanh ghi a n ng
A ccumulator Base Count Data Stack pointer Base pointer Source index
Destination index
Cc thanh ghi con tr v ch s
BX CX DX SP BP SI DI
Code segment Data segment
Stack segment Extra segment

Intruction pointer
CS DS SS ES IP
Cc thanh ghi o n v con tr l nh
Bus trong c a CPU 8 bit d li u 20 bit a
Bus d li u
ALU (16 bit)

Logic i u khi n Bus
Cc thanh ghi t m th i
Bus ngoi
ALU
Kh i i u khi n c a EU
m l nh (hng Thanh ghi c
i l nh)
(6 byte cho 8086)
Hnh 2.1 : S
c u trc bn trong b vi x l 8086/8088
11.2.2. Gii thch cc thnh phn trong s

Khi phi ghp Bus (Bus Interface Unit - BIU)
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Khi thc hin lnh (Execution Unit - EU) n v EU n v EU ca 8086 v 8088 l ging nhau n bao gm ALU, cc thanh ghi c, thanh ghi m v cc thanh ghi a nng. Cc knh truyn d liu bn trong EU u l 16 bit. EU khng ni trc tip vi th gii bn ngoi, n ly lnh t hng i lnh ca BIU . Nu lnh cn truy xut b nh hoc cng vo/ra (l ni lin h vi thit b ngoi vi ) th EU yu cu BIU nhn hoc gi d liu. Tt c cc a ch m BIU thao tc u l 16 bit, khi gi sang cho BIU s sp t li to thnh a ch vt l 20 bit pht ra cc chn ra a ch ca chip. n v BIU n v BIU thc hin tt c cc thao tc vi Bus m BIU yu cu, ngoi ra khi BIU ang thc hin mt lnh, th BIU c th ly lnh t b nh v t trong hng i lnh. Hng i lnh ca 8086 di 6 byte, ca 8088 di 4 byte. Vic ly lnh v ca BIU v vic thc hin lnh ca BIU thc hin song song vi nhau (tr mt s trng hp ngoi l) lm cho hiu nng ca vi x l tng ln. 11.2.3. Mt s khi nim c bn * Pipelining: L mt phng php x l lnh trn mt ng ng lnh, c th x l nhiu lnh ng thi trong cng mt khong thi gian. Trong khi lnh ny ang c x l th lnh tip sau n c nhn vo...
Chng ta c th so snh phng php x l bng pipeline v phng php x l dng lnh tun t nh hai hnh di y:
Time Instruction 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2
Instruction 2
a)
Instruction 1
1 2 1 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 4 3
Instruction 3
Time
Instruction 2
Instruction 3
b)
Instruction 4
Hnh 1.2. So snh pipeline v tun t a) X l bng Pipeline

* CISC, RISC v VLIW CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer (My tnh vi tp lnh y )
b) X l tun t
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RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer (My tnh vi tp lnh rt gn) VLIW Very Long Instruction Word (My tnh vi t lnh cc di)
V c bn, cng ngh hin nay vn da trn c s b vi x l CISC v RISC. Chng ta c th so snh s b v hai cng ngh ny:
RISC Cu thnh t mt vi lnh n Cc lnh c thc thi bng phn cng Kch thc ca mt lnh v thi gian thc thi ca mi lnh gn nh nhau
CISC y vi phn cp Cc lnh c thc thi bng cc vi chng trnh Kch thc v thi gian thc hin ca cc lnh khc nhau.
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Bi 12: TP THANH GHI CA B VI X L 8086

B vi x l 8086 c 14 thanh ghi vi kch thc mi thanh ghi l 16bit c sp xp theo cc nhm khc nhau:
Cc thanh ghi d liu
AH BH CH DH SP BP SI DI
Thanh ghi con tr lnh :
AL BL CL DL
Accumulator Register Base Register Count Register Data Register

SI, DI, SP, BP
Cc thanh ghi con tr v ch s :
Stack Pointer Base Pointer Source Index Destination Index

IP
IP
Thanh ghi c
Instruction Pointer Flag Register Code Segment Data Segment Stack Segment Extra Segment
Flag
Cc thanh ghi on : CS, DS, ES, SS
CS DS SS ES
12.1. Cc thanh ghi d liu

Mc d b vi x l c th thao tc vi d liu b nh nhng mt lnh nh vy s c thc hin nhanh hn (cn t chu k ng h hn), nu d liu c lu trong cc thanh ghi. cng l nguyn nhn ti sao ngy nay cc b vi x l c sn xut vi xu hng c nhiu thanh ghi hn. Vi cc thanh ghi d liu cc byte thp v byte cao c th c truy nhp mt cch ring bit, s dng tng 8 bit mt cch rieng r. Byte cao ca thanh ghi AX c gi l AH v cc byte thp c gi l AL. Tng t cho cc thanh ghi BX, CX, DX c BH, BL, CH, CL, DH, DL. Chc nng chuyn bit ca tng thanh ghi d liu : Thanh ghi AX (thanh ghi cha- Accumulator register) AX l thanh ghi c s dng nhiu nht trong cc lnh s hc, logic, v chuyn d liu bi v vic s dng chng to ra m my ngn nht.
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Trong cc php ton nhn chia mt trong cc s hng tham gia phi c cha trong thanh ghi AX (nu l 16 bit) v AL (nu l 8 bit). Cc thao tc vo ra cng s dng thanh ghi AX hoc AL. Thanh ghi BX (thanh ghi c s- Base register) Thanh ghi ny ngoi vic thao tc d liu n thng cha a ch c s ca mt bng dng cho lnh XLAT.(dch AL thnh 1 gi tr trong bng BX) Thanh ghi CX (thanh ghi m- Count register) Vic xy dng mt chng trnh lp c thc hin d dng bng cch s dng thanh ghi CX, trong CX ng vai tr b m s vng lp (REP, LOOP). CL c dng lm b m trong cc lnh dch v quay bit. Thanh ghi DX (thanh ghi d liu - Data register) DX v AX cng c s dng trong cc thao tc ca php nhn hoc chia cc s 16 bit. DX cn c s dng cha a ch ca cc cng trong cc lnh vo ra d liu trc tip (In/Out).
12.2. Cc thanh ghi on :
CS, DS, ES, SS
Khi BIU a ra trn Bus a ch 20 bit a ch, nh vy 8088 c kh nng phn bit c 220= 1. 048. 576 = 1 Mbyte nh. Ni cch khc khng gian a ch ca 8088 l 1 Mbyte. Trong khng gian 1 Mbyte b nh ny cn chia thnh nhiu on khc nhau : on cha chng trnh on cha d liu v kt qu trung gian ca chng trnh To ra vng nh c bit gi l ngn xp Trong thc t b vi x l 8088 c cc thanh ghi 16 bit lin quan n a ch u ca cc on trn v chng c gi l cc thanh ghi on (Segment Registers): CS, DS, SS, ES. Cc thanh ghi on ny ch ra a ch u ca 4 on trong b nh dung lng ln nht ca 4 on ny l 64 Kbyte. Cc on c th nm cch nhau hoc trm ln nhau Ni dung ca thanh ghi s xc nh a ch ca nh u tin ca on, a ch ny gi l a ch c s. a ch ca cc nh khc trong cng on c tnh bng cch cng thm vo a ch c s mt gi tr gi l a ch lch hay lch (offset) a ch vt l (20 bit) ca mt nh c xc nh nh sau :
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i ch vt l = i ch on *10 h+ thanh ghi lch (hay offset) v i ch logic trong my tnh lun c biu din di dng : Segment:Offset Ti mi thi im th ch nhng nh c nh a ch bi 4 on trn mi c truy cp.
12.3. Cc thanh ghi con tr v ch s :
SI, DI, SP, BP
Trong 8088 c 3 thanh ghi con tr v 2 thanh ghi ch s 16 bit. Cc thanh ghi ny (tr IP), u c th c dng nh cc thanh ghi a nng , nhng ng dng chnh ca mi thanh ghi l chng c gm nh nh l thanh ghi lch cho cc on tng ng. C th nh sau : Thanh ghi BP : (con tr c s - Base Pointer) BP lun tr vo mt d liu nm trong on ngn xp SS. a ch c th SS:BP c xc nh nh trn. Thanh ghi SP(con tr ngn xp - Stack Pointer) c s dng kt hp vi SS truy nhp vo on ngn xp. SP lun tr vo nh hin thi ca ngn xp trong on ngn xp SS. a ch c th SS:SP Thanh ghi SI(ch s ngun - Source Index). SI ch vo d liu trong on d liu DS m a ch c th tng ng vi DS:SI. Bng cch tng ni dung ca SI chng ta c th truy nhp d dng n cc nh lin tip.
Thanh ghi DI (ch s ch - Destination Index). SI ch vo d liu trong on d liu DS m a ch c th tng ng vi DS:DI. C mt s lnh gi l cc thao tc chui s dng DI truy nhp n cc nh c nh a ch bi ES.
12.4. Thanh ghi con tr lnh : IP

Cc thanh ghi b nh chng ta va trnh by dng truy cp d liu, truy nhp n cc lnh, 8088 s dng cc thanh ghi CS v IP. Thanh ghi CS cha i ch ca lnh tip theo cn IP cha a ch offset ca lnh . Thanh ghi IP c cp nhp mi khi c mt lnh c thc hin.
12.5. Thanh ghi c
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y l thanh ghi 16 bit, mi bit c s dng th hin mt trng thi ca b vi x l ti mt thi im nht nh trong qu trnh thc hin chng trnh. Mi ch c 9 bit c s dng v ngi ta gi mi bit l mt c. x x x x OF DF IF TF SF ZF x AF x PF x CF
* Cc c trng thi CF (Carry Flag): c thit lp khi php ton thc hin c nh hoc c vay mn PF(Parity Flag): c thit lp khi kt qu ca php ton c tng s bit c gi tr 1 l mt s chn ( phn thp ca kt qu) . AF (Auxiliary Flag): c thit lp khi c nh t "bit c trng s ln nht phn thp" sang "bit c trng s thp nht phn cao". ZF (Zero Flag) : c thit lp khi tt c cc bit ca kt qu c gi tr 0. SF ( Sign Flag): c thit lp khi bit MSB ca kt qu c gi tr 1. OF (Overflow Flag): c thit lp khi kt qu nm ngoi gii hn cho php. *Cc c iu khin TF (Trace Flag): Nu bit ny c gi tr 1 th b vi x l cho php thc hin tng bc chng trnh IF (Interrupt Flag) : Nu bit ny c gi tr 1 th b vi x l cho php cc ngt cng c th thc hin. DF (Direction Flag): Nu bit ny c gi tr 1 th b vi x l cho php duyt chui t phi sang tri hoc t a ch cao n a ch thp.
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Bi 13: TP LNH CA B VI X L 8086

S lc v tp lnh ca b vi x l Nhm lnh di chuyn d liu Nhm lnh s hc Nhm lnh logic Nhm lnh dch chuyn v quay Nhm lnh r nhnh Nhm lnh vo ra cng Nhm lnh iu khin.
13.1. S lc v tp lnh ca b vi x l
Tp lnh ca b vi x l l thnh phn c bn nht my tnh c th thc hin cc yu cu ca ngi s dng. Tt c cc thao tc, cc chng trnh do ngi dng lp ra u c b vi x l thc hin bng vic nh x chng di dng m my, m lnh ring ca b vi x l. Thng thng, vi cc lp trnh vin, cc lnh ca b vi x l c hiu di gc l cc lnh gi nh (Mnemonic). Vi m lnh gi nh th mt lnh ca b vi x l bao gm cc thnh phn sau: [M lnh] [Cc ton hng] Trong : M lnh - C bn trng ny cha m lnh di dng m gi nh. Cc ton hng - L cc thnh phn m cc lnh s dng thc hin lnh. Nu l cc lnh tht th y chnh l cc ton hng ca lnh. Vi b vi x l 8086/8088, cc ton hng ny c th l 0,1 hoc 2. V d: ADD AL,[BX] ADD l lnh thc hin php cng; AL v [BX] l hai ton hng vi qui nh nu tn thanh ghi hoc mt gi tr hng nm trong du [] th l a ch OFFSET ca nh cha d liu cn thao tc.
13.2. Nhm lnh di chuyn d liu

Trong nhm ny ta quan tm mt s lnh c bn sau: MOV, MOVSB, MOVSW XCHG, PUSH, POP a) Lnh MOV : Move a Word or Byte (chuyn 1 t hay 1 byte) MOV ch, ngun
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Di chuyn ni dung ca ton hng ngun vo ton hng ch. Hai ton hng phi c cng ln v khng c ng thi l 2 thanh ghi on hoc hai nh. Ton hng ch phi l thanh ghi hay nh. Gi tr ca ton hng ngun khng b thay i, sau khi thc hin lnh. V d : MOV ax,word1 Trc lnh Mov Sau lnh Mov Mt s ch : - Ton hng ch khng th l mt hng s - Khng th chuyn trc tip mt gi tr byte vo mt ton hng ch l mt t v ngc li. Nu cn, c th s dng cc ton t PTR BYTE hoc PTR WORD - Khng th chuyn trc tip mt hng s vo mt thanh ghi on. Trong trng hp cn thit, c th chuyn tm thi qua mt thanh ghi khc V d: Mun chuyn gi tr 100 vo thanh ghi DS, ta c th s dng hai lnh sau MOV MOV AX,100 DS,AX Ax c ni dung Word1 Ax c ni dung Word1 : 0002h : 0008h : 0008h : 0008h
MOVSB/MOVSW chui ch, chui ngun l hai lnh dng chuyn cc phn t ca mt chui ngun sang mt chui ch. MOVSB : MOVe String Byte MOVSW : MOVe String Word b) XCHG : eXCHanGe 2 operands ( tro i ni dung ca hai ton hng) XCHG ch, ngun Tro i ni dung ca ton hng ch v ton hng ngun cho nhau. V d: XCHG AX,BX : 153Eh : 28FCh AX c ni dung BX Mt s ch : - C hai ton hng khng th l hng s
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Trc lnh XCHG AX c ni dung BX Sau lnh Mov
: 28FCh
: 153Eh
- Khng th tro i hai ton hng khc kiu. Nu cn, c th s dng cc ton t PTR BYTE hoc PTR WORD. - Khng c php l 2 thanh ghi on - Khng c php l hai nh. c) PUSH : PUSH Word On the Stack (y vo ngn xp) PUSH tonhng y ni dung ca ton hng vo ngn xp, ni dung ca ton hng khng b thay i. (copy ni dung) Ton hng nht thit phi l thanh ghi (i vi 8086/8088) V d: PUSH AX y ni dung ca thanh ghi AX vo ngn xp d) POP : POP Word from Top of Stack (ly ra t nh ngn xp). POP ch Ton hng nht thit phi l thanh ghi (i vi 8086/8088), tr thanh ghi CS
13.3. Nhm lnh s hc

Trong nhm ny ta quam tm n cc lnh c bn sau : ADD, ADC, INC, SUB, SBB, DEC MUL(IMUL), DIV(IDIV) a) ADD :Addition (cng hai ton hng) ADD ch, ngun Cng ton hng ch vi ton hng ngun. Kt qu c cha trong ton hng ch ch=ch+ngun iu kin: hai ton hng phi cng di, khng c l hai thanh ghi on ADD ax,word1 Ax= ax+word1 b) SUB : Subtraction (tr) Sub ch,ngun Tr ni dung ca ton hng ch cho ton hng ngun, kt qu cha trong ton hng ch. V d : MOV BX, F0h SUB BX,50h BX=F0h-50h=A0h
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c) MUL : Multiplexing - Multiply Unsigned Byte or Word (nhn s khng du) Nhn ton hng vi ni dung cha trong thanh ghi AX. Tc l nhn hai ton hng vi nhau nhng 1 ton hng phi c cha trong AX. Hoc l trong DX v AX MUL gc Tu vo di ca ton hng gc m xc nh kt qu : gc : 8 bit th s b nhn trong AL -> kt qu trong AX gc : 16 bit th s b nhn trong AX -> kt qu trong DX:AX
V d : MOV AL,10h MOV BL,5h MUL BL V ton hng ngun l thanh ghi BL, nn kt qu s c ly ra trong AX. AX=50h Trong trng hp mun nhn s c du, ta c th s dng lnh IMUL c dng lnh nh lnh MUL. d) DIV : Unsigned Divide (chia hai s khng du) DIV ngun ngun l s 8 bit : AX/ngun s b chia phi l s khng du 16 bit trong AX sau khi chia AL cha thng cn AH cha s d. ngun l s 16 bit : DX:AX/ngun s b chia phi l s khng du v t trong cp DX:AX sau khi chia; AX cha thng cn DX cha s d.
ngun =0 (chia cho 0) hoc kt qu ln hn FFH, FFFFh th gi ngt INT 0 Trong trng hp mun chia s c du, ta c th s dng lnh IDIV c dng lnh nh lnh DIV.
13.4. Nhm lnh logic

Trong nhm ny ta quan tm n cc lnh sau: AND, OR, XOR, NOT a) AND : v hai ton hng AND ch,ngun ch, ngun phi c iu kin : cng di khng phi ng l 2 nh, 2 thanh ghi on. v d : AND AX,0Fh
thng dng che i hay gi li mt vi bit no ca ton hng ch
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b) OR
: hoc hai ton hng
OR ch,ngun ch, ngun phi c iu kin : cng di khng phi ng l 2 nh, 2 thanh ghi on.
thng dng lp mt vai bit no ca ton hng ch= cch cng logic ton hng vi ton hng tc thi m cc bit 1 c v tr tng ng vi bit cn lp. V d : OR AL,BL OR AL,0Fh c) NOT : ly ph nh - o bit d) XOR : hoc loi tr ton hng Dng xo v 0 mt thanh ghi no V d: XOR AX,AX ; Xo thanh ghi AX v 0 NOT tonhng Dng o bit ca mt ton hng (ly b 1)
13.5. Nhm lnh dch chuyn v quay

Cc lnh cn quan tm : SHL, SHR, ROL, ROR a) SHL : Shift Left - dch tri SHL ch,1 SHL ch,CL Dch cc bit ca ton hng ch sang tri mt v tr hoc CL v tr. Mt gi tr 0 c a vo bn phi ca ton hng ch, cn bit MSB c a vo CF.
0 CF
Lnh SHL
Thc hin php nhn bng cch dch tri. b) SHR : Shift Right ; Dch phi SHR ch,CL Dch cc bit ca ton hng ch sang phi 1 hoc CL v tr. Gi tr 0 c a vo bit MSB cn ga tr ca bit LSB c chuyn vo c CF.
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0
Dng lnh dch phi thc hin php chia. 15
Lnh SHR
CF
c) ROL :Rotation Left- quay tri ROL ch,CL Dch cc bit sang bn tri. bit MSB c a vo LSB v c CF. mun quay nhiu ln th cha trong CL
MSB
MSB
CF
Lnh ROL
d) ROR :Rotation Right- quay phi ROR ch,CL Dch cc bit sang bn phi. Bit LSB c a vo MSB v c CF. mun quay nhiu ln th cha trong CL
LSB
LSB
15
Lnh ROR
CF
* Cc lnh quay qua c nh : RCL, RCR. * Cc v d a ra v yu cu tm gi tr ca ch v CF sau CL ln dch, quay.
13.6. Nhm lnh iu khin r nhnh

a) Nhy c u kin Jxxx nhn_ch
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Nu iu kin nhy c tho th s nhy n nhn_ch v thi lnh ny. nhn c th trc hoc sau. Trc khng qu 126 byte, sau khng qu 127 byte. Bng cc lnh nhy Nhy c du K hiu Jg/jnle Jge/jnl Jl/jnge Jle/jng Nhy khng du Ja/jnbe Jae/jnb Jb/jnae Nhy nu ln hn Nhy nu khng nh hn hay bng Nhy nu ln hn hay bng Nhy nu khng nh hn Nhy nu nh hn Nhy nu khng ln hn hay bng Nhy iu kin n Je/jz Jne/jnz Nhy nu bng Nhy nu bng 0 Nhy nu khng bng Nhy nu khng bng 0 b) Nhy khng iu kin JMP nhn_ch Nhn ch nm trong cng on vi JMP, vt xa 126 byte i vi cc lnh nhy c iu kin. Zf=0 Zf=1 Cf=1 Cf=0 Cf=0 v zf=0 Chc nng Nhy nu ln hn Nhy nu khng nh hn hay bng Nhy nu ln hn hay bng Nhy nu khng nh hn Nhy nu nh hn Nhy nu khng ln hn hay bng Nhy nu nh hn hay bng Nhy nu khng ln hn Zf=1 hay sf=of Sf<>of Sf=0f iu kin nhy Zf=0, sf=of
13.7. Nhm lnh vo ra cng
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a) IN : nhp vo t cng 1 byte hay 1 word IN thanhcha, cng Nu thanh cha l AL th d liu 8 bit c a vo c gi tr l i ch cng Nu thanh cha l AX th d liu 16 c a vo t cng c gi tr l i ch cng +1 i ch cng trong khong 00h - FFh b) OUT :xut ra cng 1 byte hay 1 word OUT ichcng,Acc
13.8. Nhm lnh iu khin

a) CALL chng_trnh_con Gi mt chng trnh con c tn gi: chng_trnh_con b) INT s_hiu_ngt Lnh gi ngt vi s_hiu_ngt c) HLT Lnh treo my dng chng trnh d) NOP : No Operation khng thc hin lnh no c.
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Bi 14: THC HNH - S dng DEBUG

Gii thiu v lnh ca DEBUG Lp trnh bng DEBUG G ri chng trnh bng DEBUG My tnh trc y l cc my c kch thc tng i ln, c ch to t cc n in t chn khng, v vy, cc con rp (BUGS) c th chui vo v lm hng my mc, dn n vic my mc c th x l sai. Trc tnh th , ngi ta a ra mt yu cu bt cc con rp ph hoi ny v c gi l DEBUG (Bt rp). T n nay, cng vic x l lm cho chng trnh my tnh c thc hin chnh xc, trnh gy ra li c gi l DEBUG. Cc chng trnh thc hin nhim v ny c gi l cc trnh g ri. Hin nay, c rt nhiu trnh g ri c s dng sa li cho cc trnh ng dng nh: DEBUG.EXE (trong DOS), Debugging (trong WINDOWS). thc hin c trnh DEBUG trong mi trng DOS, ta c th thc hin theo c php sau: DEBUG {ENTER} DEBUG <tn tp cn g ri> {ENTER}
14.1. Gii thiu v lnh ca DEBUG

Sau khi chy trnh DEBUG, du nhc lnh ca DEBUG s hin ln vi du (-). Ti y ta c th g vo cc lnh ca DEBUG. C th: A - Assemble - Hp ng: c s dng sa cc lnh ca chng trnh C php: A <a ch offset ca lnh cn sa> V d: A 0153 C th c s dng lp mt chng trnh *.COM. Nu lp trnh th a ch offset s phi bt u t 0100h. D - Dump - Hin th ni dung mt vng nh ln mn hnh. C php: D [Address] In ni dung mt vng nh 128 byte bt u t a ch Address hoc V d: D [range] - In ni dung vng nh trong di range ra mn hnh D 100 In ni dung ca 128 byte nh bt u t a ch DS:100
D CS:200 220 In ni dung vng nh t CS:200 n CS:220 D 0A00:0100 L10 In ni dung 16 byte nh t a ch 0A00:0100
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G - Go - Thc hin hay chy c chng trnh np trong b nh C php: G [=address] [im dng] thc hin on chng trnh bt u t a ch address n a ch im dng V d: G =100 Thc hin chng trnh t a ch 100 n ht chng trnh G =100 200 Thc hin chng trnh t a ch CS:100 n CS:200 H - Hexadecimal - Thc hin cc php cng, tr cc s thp lc phn C php: H <s th nht> <s th hai> cng, tr s th nht vi s th hai V d: H 035F 01E5 Kt qu s hin ln trn mn hnh l: 0544 017A I - Input - Nhp mt Byte d liu t cng v hin th trn mn hnh C php: I <#cng> Nhp mt byte t cng c a ch l #cng V d: I 2F8 c gi tr t cng 2F8 v hin th N - Name - t tn cho tp chun b ghi d liu ln. C php: N <Tn tp> t tn v phn m rng cho tp V d: N vanban.txt N ctrinh.com O - Output - Xut d liu 8 bit ra mt cng C php: O <#cng> V d: O 70 a d liu 8 bit ra cng c a ch l 70h Q - Quit - Thot khi DEBUG R - Register - Hin th v sa ni dung mt thanh ghi C php: R <tn thanh ghi> V d: Np gi tr 43h vo thanh ghi CX R CX :43 U - Unassemble - Dch ngc lnh ca CPU C php: U [range] Trong range c th l: - a ch bt u ca on lnh - a ch u v chiu di on lnh V d: U 100 Xem ni dung cc lnh ca on chng trnh t a ch CS:0100h U CS:100 110 Xem on lnh t a ch CS:100 n CS:110 U 200 L20 Xem on lnh 32 byte bt u t a ch CS:0200h
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W - Write - Ghi ni dung on lnh bt u t a ch CS:0100h vi di ph thuc vo gi tr ca thanh ghi CX vo mt tp c t tn bi lnh N ? - Help - Hin th y cc lnh, c php lnh ca DEBUG.
14.2. Lp trnh bng DEBUG

DEBUG l mt trnh g ri c th c s dng lp trnh cc chng trnh n gin c phn m rng l *.COM. V vy, trong phn ny chng ta s nghin cu v cch vit mt chng trnh bng DEBUG thng qua cc bc sau. Bc 1: Chy trnh DEBUG. Ti du nhc lnh ca DOS ta g: DEBUG {ENTER} Bc 2: Ti du nhc ca DEBUG g lnh -A 100 a ch bt u ca mt chng trnh c bt u t CS:100h Bc 3: G vo cc lnh ca chng trnh vi qui nh + Cc lnh ny phi l cc lnh ca vi x l (lnh tht) di dng m lnh gi nh + Cc s liu a vo l cc s dng thp lc phn v khng c c ch h cui s . Ring lnh INT vn c chp nhn tn ti ch h. V d: s 65d s phi a vo l 41 + Cc lnh nhy, lnh lp, lnh gi chng trnh con th cc ton hng lnh phi l a ch b nh ti v tr ca lnh u tin. V d: JMP 120 Nhy ti a ch CS:120h + Trong tt c cc lnh ch tn ti hai trng l: m lnh v ton hng. Khng c c li ch thch. V d: MOV AH,1 ;gn cho AH gi tr 1 y c coi l mt lnh sai v li gii thch ny khng c DEBUG chp nhn + Mt chng chng phi c kt thc bng mt lnh INT 20 hoc INT 20h + Sau lnh INT 20, ta khng a lnh khc na th ti a ch ca lnh tip theo ta nhn ENTER. a ch ny cng chnh l a ch cui ca chng trnh. Bc 4: Xc nh s byte ca chng trnh. di chng trnh = a ch cui - 100 Sau g lnh: R CX v np vo di ca chng trnh cho CX. Bc 5: t tn cho File cha chng trnh bng lnh N
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V d: N vidu1.com Bc 6: g lnh W ghi ni dung chng trnh vo tp t tn bc 5 Sau khi to xong mt chng trnh, ta c th thot v DOS chy th hoc c th s dng lnh G chy trc tip t DEBUG
14.3. G ri chng trnh bng DEBUG

g ri cho mt chng trnh, ta c th thc hin qua cc bc sau: Bc 1: Khi ng DEBUG v gi tp cn sa bng lnh DEBUG <Tn tp cn sa> {ENTER} Bc 2: Xc nh lnh gy ra li (li do thut ton) bng lnh U. Cc lnh ch hin th trong khong 32 byte. Nu mun xem tip lnh v tr sau 32 byte th ta c th g tip lnh U. V c nh vy cho n khi kt thc chng trnh (gp lnh INT 20) Bc 3: S dng lnh A <a ch offset ca lnh sai> bt u sa Bc 4: G lnh cn thay th. + Nu lnh thay th c kch thc bng lnh ang sa th ti v tr ca lnh sau lnh va g ta nhn ENTER. + Nu lnh thay th c kch thc khc lnh ang sa th ta phi g li ton b on chng trnh t v tr sa n ht chng trnh. V, cc lnh g vo sau s ln cc lnh trc . Nu lnh sau khi sa ln hn lnh trc khi sa th lnh tip theo ca n s b mt i mt s bit. Khi , cu trc chng trnh s b sai lch hon ton. Bc 5: Nu kch thc chng trnh khc vi kch thc ban u th ta cn phi s dng lnh R thay i thanh ghi CX sao cho CX cha gi tr ln ca chng trnh sau khi sa. Sau , ta s dng lnh W ghi li ni dung ca chng trnh mi vo tp.
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Cn phi g lnh DEBUG vi tham s Xem on chng trnh c li khng Lnh gy li a ch ca lnh sai
Cn phi sa li Sau ghi li
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Bi 15: CC KIN TRC CA CC B X L KHC 15.1. Kin trc RISC 15.1.1. Khi nim
RISC l vit tt ca Reduced Instruction Set Computer, vi gi l my tnh (hay l b vi x l bn trong n) c gim nh tp lnh. N ging nh l CPU Lite. Hay bn c th ni th thin l: l mt dng thu nh (ct gim) ca mt con vi x l, c th bn ni ng mt phn no .
15.1.2. Cc thnh phn ca RISC

Trit l cho pht trin RISC l ct gim b vi x l ch cn li nhng b phn thit yu ca n. Nhng g khng thc s cn thit s b vt b. Vi cc nh lp trnh th c ngha l cc chp RISC thng khng th thc hin mt php nhn n gin. L thuyt ca php nhn l thc hin lin tip nhiu php cng, do lnh ADD l . Mt khc ca RISC l cc chc nng phc tp thch hp thc hin bng phn mm hn l bng phn cng. Phn mm th d thay i, d cp nht, v to ra nhanh hn. Vit m mi nhanh hn l thit k v xy dng mt chp mi. Do cc my tnh da trn RISC c th c nng cp nhanh hn. Cc chng trnh v cc thut ton c th iu chnh v ci tin. Tt nht l phn cng RISC phi c n gin ha, ti u ha sao cho n chy nhanh hn. ng l lc u cc chp RISC nh hn, n gin hn, v nhanh hn so vi cc chp CISC vo thi im . Vt b cc trang b tha ma m cc dng vi x l nh 68020 v 80286 tch ly, cc dng RISC cnh tranh nh SPARC v MIPS tr nn nhanh hn nhiu. Nu xt v tc r rng l RISC l ngi chin thng. Cc tp ch k thut v cc xut bn thng mi ti tp qung co su rng RISC nh l mt lnh vc mi cho my tnh. Tt c cc vi x l quen thuc trc kia dng nh kit qu. Dng vi x l 68K tc xung nhp ch khong 66 MHz, trong khi vi cc dng kia th tc xung nhp tnh bng 3 con s. Ngay c by gi cng vy, hu ht cc vi x l 68K tc ch di 100 MHz. Phi chng dng vi x l CISC sp cht v khng th dng cho cc ng dng hin i ? D thp hn v tc xung nhp, cc chp CISC nh 68K v x86 vn cho hiu sut ngang bng, v c th cao hn so vi cc i th RISC. Chng ng xem xt hn
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v thng l s la chn tt nht cho nhiu h thng nhng. D c gn nhn chi li RISC thng l s la chn t hi cho cc ng dng real-world.
15.1.3. u v nhc im ca RISC

Nhng g bn nhn c t kin trc RISC l mt CPU kh n gin, vi tp lnh d hiu v trc quan. Tt c cc lnh c cng chiu di, iu ny lm cho chng d dng xp xp gn gng trong RAM. Chng cng c cch m ha tng t nhau, do nu bn c nh dch ngc opcode ca RISC th cng d thc hin. Cng d dng m s lnh trong b nh. V cui cng rt d tnh ton s chu k my thc hin cho mt on chng trnh, bi v cc lnh ca RISC hu ht u thc hin trong mt chu k my. Ch cn m s lnh (hoc s byte, em chia cho 4) v bn c kt qu, d nhin l tm loi tr nh hng ca cache v cc trng thi ch. RISC l nhng g thc hin bng hoc khng bng tp lnh, hoc cc tnh nng khc m bn mun. Trc tin l v ton hc. Hu ht cc chp RISC trc kia khng c lnh nhn v cng khng c lnh chia. Ngy nay hu ht vn khng c lnh chia. Nu bn l ngi lp trnh bng hp ng th xin chc mng, bn phi t vit cc hm thc hin php nhn v php chia s nguyn. ng ngh n php ton du chm ng, hu ht cc chp RISC khng h tr iu ny. Cng bng th hu ht cc chp CISC cng chng c cc b FPU, nhng FPU ph bin trong cc b vi x l CISC loi c nhiu hn l trong cc chp RISC mi. Bn cng chng c cc php ton trc tip trn bt. V d, kim tra v o mt bt trong mt thanh ghi trng thi, bn phi c ton b ni dung ca thanh ghi vo bn trong vi x l. Ri che cc bt m bn khng s dng, dch phi kt qu, kim tra trng thi ca bt, o bt dng php exclusive-OR, dch tri n tr li v tr c, ri ghi n tr ra thanh ghi. Truy cp b nh khng xp xp cng l phn b b i trong RISC. Cc chp RISC c thit k cho cc trm lm vic, ni m d liu lun c xp xp theo t (word) bi v trnh bin dch t chng nm nh th. Lng d liu nh hn (nh byte) hoc l khng tn ti hoc l c chn thm zero va vi mt t 32 bt. Trong cc h thng nhng him khi c s ngn np nh vy. Mt s 32 bt c lu mt a ch l s khng th truy cp c bi nhiu chp RISC. Chng khng th x l c cc ton hng khng xp xp (?). Tng t nh vy, lng d liu l, nh gi tr 24 bt phi c m rng zero- hoc sign- khi lu tr chng, v nh th l lng ph RAM.
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C mt tin tt l trnh bin dch x l iu ny. Nu bn l ngi lp trnh bng hp ng, RISC s l s au kh. Nu bn lp trnh bng C hoc l mt ngn ng cp cao no th bn khng cn n cc gii hn ny. Tr khi bn quan tm n mt m.
15.1.4. Mt m
D nhin kch thc m khng quan trng. Tr khi bn l mt nh lp trnh nhng hoc l mt k s, v bn phi nht 10k m vo trong mt chp ch c 5k m, khi p kch thc m xung l mt vn ln. Nhiu nh thit k h nhng nhiu tin vo RAM v ROM ca h thng hn l vo b vi x l. B nh xc nh (hay l gii hn) t im ca nhiu h thng. Nu cc nh lp trnh khng th t va m vo b nh th coi nh xong. Khi mt m tr thnh mt vn ln. Mt m m t m thc thi ca mt chng trnh c ng gi cht ch n mc no, v n khc nhau ng k gia cc dng vi x l. Nu bn khng c kinh nghim v iu ny, bn c th ngh rng trnh mt chng trnh C c bin dch th thc thi trn con chp no cng nh nhau. l sai lm ln. Cng mt chng trnh C bin dch cho cc chp khc nhau s cho ra memory footprint hon ton khc nhau. khng phi l li hay l khuyt im ca trnh bin dch. l c im t nhin ca cc CPU. V RISC th cng nh th. Hnh 1 cho thy mt m ca mt s vi x l ph bin. Nh bn thy s khc nhau c th ln n mc 2:1. Ngay c khi cc chp ny thc thi cng mt chng trnh (c ngha l c cng m ngun) v to ra cng mt kt qu, th m trn chp ny vn c th t hn mt na so vi chp kia. l mt m. Bn cng c th thy rng cc chp CISC c mt m tt hn so vi cc chp RISC. Nh l nguyn l ch o ca RISC l phn cng phi n gin, tt c cc hot ng phc tp c thc hin bng phn mm. iu c ngha l chp RISC ca bn s cn nhiu phn mm hn thc hin cng mt cng vic. Hu ht cc chp RISC khng c lnh chia. Nu bn mun chia 2 s bn phi hin bng phn mm. Trnh bin dch phi lm vic bng tp lnh m phn cng cho. Nu vi x l c tp lnh nh trnh bin dch phi b li bng cch to ra nhiu phn mm.
15.1.5. Nn m
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Mt l do khc m cc chp CISC c mt m tt hn l bi v chng tp lnh c xu hng c lm ngn hn. Theo nh ngha cc chp RISC 32-bit phi c tp lnh 32-bit. Cn mt chp CISC 32-bit th li khc, c th c lnh 8-bit, 16-bit, 32bit v c c cc lnh di hn na. y l mt trong nhng c im lm cho chp CISC phc tp, nhng iu cng lm cho n thc t hn trong cc h thng nhng. Ti sao bn quan tm n s bt ca tp lnh ? Bi v trong khi mt con 68020 c th t va mt lnh ADD vo ch 8 bt ca b nh chng trnh th mt con MIPS R400 li cn n 32 bit, nh th l bn nm i 3/4 b nh qu gi cho mi ln chng trnh thc hin cng hai s vi nhau. V chp MIPS khng th cng nhanh hn chp 68K, do bn cng chng c g hn ngoi li ni bn ang s hu mt h thng RISC. Trong thi gian gn y mt s nh sn xut RISC a ra gii php thng minh gii quyt vn ny. Gii php ny thng c gi l nn m, nhng ch l s dng t sai. Khng c s nn m thc s, ging nh PKZIP. H ch thay i tp lnh ca chp mt t sao cho khng phi tt c cc lnh u di 32 bt. 3 v d chnh cho vn ny l ARM, ARC Cores v MIPS. Chng c cc phin bn nn m vi cc tn gi tng ng l Thumb, ARCompact v MIPS-16. Chng u thm mt s lnh 16-bit vo tp lnh 32-bit. Trnh bin dch C ca chng by gi c th la chn dng cc lnh 16-bit lm cho m thc thi nh hn. Nh hn bao nhiu ty thuc vo nhiu th. V nh bn thy, tip th bng cch thi phng chng bao gi d c. Tuy nhin trong cc th nghim thc t nn trung bnh khong 20% n 30% v ty thuc vo chng trnh. Nhc bn rng ch l s nn ca khng gian m, vng d liu khng c nn. Tuy nhin vn l mt hng ng lm cho kin trc RISC hp dn hn nhng g m chng c. Trong hai trng hp (ARM Thumb v MIPS MIPS-16) m thc thi phi xc nh r rng gia ch 32-bit v 16-bit. Bn khng th trn ln hai loi lnh ny vi nhau, do bn phi cch ly on m chy bng cc php ton 16-bit ra khi on m chy bng cc lnh 32-bit. Bn thy y, cn bng gia tp lnh ngn hn l s gii hn ca n. V d, m 16-bit khng th x l ngt, qun l cache, qun l b nh, hoc nhy. May mn l trnh bin dch cho Thumb v MIPS-16 loi tr cc vn ny. ARCompact
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ca ARC khng c s gii hn ny bi v n khng chuyn i gia hai ch . N trn ln c hai kch thc, do bn khng phi vt v tch ri chng trnh ca bn. Mt im khc na, cch gii quyt ca IBM cho cc chp PowerPC nhng l CodePack. Khng nh cc tp lnh nn khc, IBM thc s nn m nh phn thc thi ca n, ging nh l s dng PKZIP nn vy. Bn nn chng trnh sau khi compliled, assembled v linked. Ri lu phin bn c nn ny vo ROM hoc a. Chc chn l cc chp PowerPC nhng phi c thm phn cng gii nn v nm chng vo b nh. Th nht, s hon ton khng d c m, bi v n khng c lu tr theo nh dng m thng thng. M b nn iu ny lm cho n kh b disassemble. c th l mt thun li nu bn mun bo v m khi nhng cp mt t m. CodePack m ha phn mm hiu qu nh nn phn mm vy. Th hai, bi v phi gii nn phn mm khi ang thc thi, i khi c th mt thi gian lu hn d on. Vic x l lnh r nhnh v nhy thc s phi kho lo, bi v ch ca lnh r, s khng d dng xc nh c khi n b m ha, c th nm u trong ROM. Th ba, vi mi chng trnh CodePack dng mt cha kha nn ring do cc chng trnh khc nhau s nn hon ton khc nhau. iu c ngha l m nh phn nn khng th thc thi c trn mt chp PowerPC khc tr khi bn cung cp cha kha. Cui cng, CodePack c cng h s nn 30% nh ARC, ARM v MIPS. Vi tt c phc tp ca n, n chng tt hn ng k. Tuy nhin cng ng khm phc IBM bi v h a ra vi th hon ton khc.
15.1.6. Nng lng cho RISC

Mt trong nhng thun li ca cc chp RISC l chng c s tiu th nng lng thp. Nh mt lut l cc chp RISC dng t nng lng hn nhiu so vi CISC. iu ny l r rng: thit k ca vi x l RISC l n gin hn v hp l hn th phi dng nng lng t hn. im ny rt quan trng nu bn ang lm cc smart card, thermostat, hoc cell phone. Mt m ng mt vai tr trong tiu th nng lng, do chp c mt m tt hn c th s dng t nng lng hn bi v chng khng cn mt nhiu thi gian
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truy cp b nh. Mi ln tm np ROM hoc c/ghi RAM s tiu th mt t nng lng. Cng gim thiu iu ny th cng tt. C th ni rng tng 2 ln mt m l tng 2 ln tiu th nng lng.
15.1.7. Hiu sut

Hiu sut l mt vn ln m ai cng nhm ti. Hiu sut tt hn l mt trong nhng li ch chnh ca RISC, do m cc chp RISC lun nhanh hn. Cuc ua gia cc vi iu khin khng n gin, bi v mi ngi quan tm n cc loi hiu sut khc nhau. V d, chp no tt cho x l media c th khng tt cho x l mng. Th ni rng khng c mt vi x l no xut sc v mi mt. Mi tp lnh CPU l mt s tha hip. Bn phi chn mt CPU vi kin trc tp lnh (instruction set architecture ISA) ph hp vi ng dng thc t ca bn. Hai chp chy cng tc (v d 100 MHz) c th cho hiu sut hon ton khc nhau bi v s khc nhau trong ISA. l l do ti sao cc nh sn xut vn tip tc iu chnh tp lnh, v cng l l do ti sao cc dng CPU mi c tp lnh do chnh ngi s dng nh ngha ang c mi ngi a chung. a s cc tp lnh ca RISC u nh nhau, tng chng nh chng ch h tr nhng vn thit yu ? Thc t th mi kin trc RISC u ang dn thay i m khng bm cht vo ng li RISC trc kia. Tuy nhin nh gi gn ng th cc chp RISC u c im chung v c th thay th cho nhau. Vi CISC th khc, chng c tp lnh y , c th hoc rt hu dng hoc hon ton khng ph hp cho h thng ca bn. i khi bn t hi u chui ra cc tp lnh k quc nh th, cc nh lp trnh s dng cc tp lnh vo vic g. Khi khc bn li t hi bn phi xoay x lm sao nu khng c cc tp lnh nh th. Mt trong cc lnh m ti thch l lnh TBLS dng chp 68300 ca Motorola. TBLS l mt lnh tra bng v ni suy (table look up and interpolate instruction). Hu ht cc nh lp trnh s chng bao gi dng nhng n s cu i bn khi bn cn n n. Tp TBLS cho php bn to ra mt hm hnh hc phc tp t mt bng cc im d liu ri rc. TBLS tm kim trong bng gi tr m bn to ra, xc nh hai s gn nht vi s m bn ch nh. Sau thng qua php ni suy tuyn tnh n ch ra chnh xc gi tr nm gia hai s kia. Thc cht TBLS ni hai im trong th cc im x, y ri rc, tr v gi tr y t gi tr x nh hnh 2.
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Kh l, bn ngh th ? Nhng n rt cn thit nu bn ang lm iu khin chuyn ng. N gip thay th hng trm dng lnh nu dng cc hm x l hnh hc thng thng vi tt c cc trng hp bit l v cc iu kin bin khc nhau. Nh l TBLS l mt lnh n thc hin ch mt khong 30 chu k xung nhp.
15.2. Kin trc b vi x l VLIW 15.2.1. Khi nim

VLIW l t vit tt ca Very Long Instruction Word l mt kin trc my tnh vi vic thit k t lnh di. Trong mt t lnh c th cha nhiu hnh ng.
15.2.2. Kin trc tp lnh

Mt lnh thng thng ca m lnh m my vi kin trc CISC hoc RISC cng ch c duy nht mt hnh ng c thc hin. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin vt bc ca phn cng my tnh, hin nay cc CHIP x l u c kh nng tin on v r nhnh, nn vic thit k cc lnh di vi nhiu m lnh trong cng mt t lnh c a ra. Ta c th so snh t lnh ca cc b x l thng thng vi b x l ng dng VLIW nh hnh v di y:
T lnh thng thng Opcode Operands
T lnh di Opcode1 Opcode2 Opcode3 Operands1 Operands2 Operands3
15.2.3. ng dng
VLIW thng c s dng thit k cc b x l song song.
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Bi 16: THC HNH - S DNG PCSPIM CHO RISC I/ CI T PCSPIM TRN MY TNH 1. M th mc cha b ci PCSPIM
2. Chy chng trnh Setup.exe v nhy vo Next
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3. Chn th mc ci t v chn i tng s dng v nhy vo Next
4. Nhy vo Next bt u ci t
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5. Ch cho vic ci t thc hin xong
6. Ri nhy vo Close
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II/ Vit Chng trnh 1. Khi ng trnh NotePad
2. Sau son tho chng trnh
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3. V ghi li.
..bng vic chn th mc v t tn tp tin Th mc cha tp chng trnh
Tn tp chng trnh vi ui l ASM
Chn kiu l AllFile
Cui cng nhy vo y
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III/ Th nghim trn PCSPIM 1. Khi ng trnh PCSPIM
Nhy p chut vo biu tng ny
2. M tp cn th nghim
Nhy vo biu tng ny!
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Faculty of Informatic Technology Th mc cha tp tin
3. Sau chn tp tin cn thc hin
Tp tin cn th nghim Sau nhy vo y m
4. Nu c thng bo li, nhn vo Yes thit lp li ch dch cho PCSPIM
B chn mc ny?!
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5. Chy th chng trnh
Nhy vo biu tng ny chy chng trnh
Sau g vo a ch bt u v nhn OK. (a ch u lun l 0x00400000)
V th nghim. ra kt qu!
Chc cc bn thnh cng!
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BI 17: KIN TRC H THNG VO RA

Gii thiu chung Kt ni thit b ngoi vi H thng cc cng vo ra Cc phng php trao i tin
17.1. Gii thiu chung

- Cc thnh phn chnh ca h thng vo ra l cc thit b ngoi vi v cc module vo ra . - Chc nng ca h thng vo ra: Trao i thng tin gia my tnh (c th l vi x l) vi th gii bn ngoi thng qua cc thit b ngoi vi. - Qu trnh vo ra bao gm cc bc sau : + Xc nh xem liu c thit b no sn sng trao i thng tin vi vi x l hay khng. + Nu c th xc nh xem l thit b no. + Gii quyt tranh chp nu c nhiu thit b u cng mun trao i thng tin vi vi x l. + Pht ra cc tn hiu iu khin v ng b trao i d liu. - Cc thao tc trn h thng vo ra l nhp d liu (input)v xut d liu(output). D liu c my tnh nhp vo hoc xut ra theo chng trnh. + Khi my tnh mun gi d liu ra ngoi vi, mt lnh trong chng trnh s vit d liu ti cng ra (out port) nhm thng tin ti thit b ngoi vi. + Khi my tnh mun nhn d liu t ngoi vi, mt lnh c d liu t cng vo (in port ). Cng l mt u ni vt l ghp t my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi, v d nh cng COM, cng LPT, cng USB,.
17.2. Kt ni thit b ngoi vi

Ngoi vi x l v b nh chnh, cc thnh phn cn li trong h thng my vi tnh thuc cc thit b ngoi vi. l cc thit b vo nh bn phm, chut;cc thit b ra nh mn hnh, my inCc thit b ngoi vi rt a dng v khc nhau v: nguyn tc hot ng, tc , khun dng d liu. - Chc nng ca cc thit b ngoi vi l chuyn i d liu gia bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh.
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- Phn loi cc thit b ngoi vi: + Thit b ngoi vi giao tip ngi - my: bn phm, chut, mn hnh, my in... + Thit b ngoi vi giao tip my my: gm cc thit b theo di v kim tra. + Thit b ngoi vi truyn thng: modem, network interface card - Cu trc chung ca thit b ngoi vi
- Cc thnh phn ca thit b ngoi vi. + B chuyn i tn hiu: chuyn i d liu chuyn i d liu gia bn trong v bn ngoi my tnh. + B m d liu: m d liu khi truyn gia module vo ra v thit b ngoi vi. + Khi logic iu khin: iu khin hot ng ca thit b ngoi vi p ng theo yu cu t module vo ra .
17.3. H thng cc cng vo ra

ghp ni cc thit b ngoi vi vi CPU v b nh chnh ta dng cc module vo - ra. - Chc nng ca module vo ra l : + iu khin v nh thi, + Trao i thng tin vi CPU. + Trao i thng tin vi cc thit b ngoi vi. + m gia bn trong my tnh vi thit b ngoi vi. + Pht hin li ca thit b ngoi vi - Cu trc chung ca module vo ra
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- Cc thnh phn ca module vo ra + Thanh ghi m d liu: m d liu trong qu trnh trao i. + Cc cng vo ra (I/O Port): kt ni vi cc thit b ngoi vi, mi cng c mt a ch xc nh. + Thanh ghi trng thi/ iu khin: lu tr thng tin trng thi/ iu khin cho cc cng vo ra . + Khi logic iu khin: iu khin module vo ra .
17.4. a ch ho cng vo ra
Qu trnh truyn thng tin qua li gia CPU v cc thit b vo ra c thc hin thng qua cc cng vo ra. Mi cng vo ra c mt a ch ring v mt s c dnh ring cho cc thit b vo ra c th. V d : B iu khin nhp - xut ng H Bn Phm a Cng My In a Mm - Khng gian a ch ca b Vi x l . a ch nhp xut 040 043 060 063 320 32F 378 37F 3F0 3F7
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+ Mt s b x l ch qun l duy nht mt khng gian a ch. Khng gian a ch b nh gm 2n a ch. V d : Cc b x l 680x0. + Mt s b x l qun l 2 khng gian a ch cch bit. Khng gian a ch b nh gm 2n a ch. Khng gian a ch vo ra 2n1 a ch. C tn hiu iu khin phn bit truy nhp khng gian a ch. Tp lnh c cc lnh vo ra chuyn dng. V d : Pentium(intel) Khng gian a ch b nh = 232byte = 4GB Khng gian a ch vo ra = 216byte = 64KB Tn hiu iu khin M / IO Lnh vo ra chuyn dng IN,OUT - Cc phng php a ch ho cng vo ra . + Vo ra ring bit. Cng vo ra c nh a ch theo khng gian a ch vo ra. CPU trao i d liu vi cng vo ra thng qua cc lnh vo ra chuyn dng( IN, OUT). Ch c th thc hin trn cc h thng c qun l khng gian a ch vo ra ring bit . + Vo ra theo bn nh. Cng vo ra c nh a ch theo khng gian a ch b nh. Vo ra ging nh c/ghi b nh. CPU trao i d liu vi cng vo ra thng qua cc lnh truy nhp d liu b nh. C th thc hin trn mi h thng.
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17.5. Cc phng php trao i tin 17.5.1. Vo ra bng chng trnh

- Nguyn tc chung: + S dng lnh vo ra trong chng trnh trao i d liu vi cng vo ra. + Khi CPU thc hin chng trnh gp lnh vo ra th CPU iu khin trao i d liu vi cng vo ra. - Hot ng vo ra bng chng trnh + CPU gp lnh trao i vo ra, yu cu thao tc vo ra + Module vo ra thao tc vo ra + Module vo ra thit lp cc bit trng thi(State) + CPU kim tra cc bit trng thi: Nu cha sn sng th quay li kim tra li Nu sn sng th chuyn sang trao i d liu vi Module vo ra. - Lu thc hin chng trnh :
- Nhn xt: + CPU trc tip iu khin vo ra: c trng thi, kim tra trng thi, thc hin trao i. + Trong trng hp nhiu thit b cng cn trao i d liu v thit b cha sn sng tn rt nhiu thi gian CPU + Vic thc hin trao i n gin
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17.5.2.Vo ra bng ngt

- Nguyn tc chung: + CPU khng phi i trng thi sn sng ca Module vo ra. Module vo ra khi n sn sng pht ra tn hiu yu cu ngt CPU + CPU thc hin chng trnh vo ra tng ng trao i d liu. + CPU tr li chng trnh ang b ngt. - Cc phng php ni ghp + S dng nhiu ng yu cu ngt. + Kim tra vng bng phn mm (Polling) + Kim tra vng bng phn cng + S dng b iu khin ngt. Nhiu yu cu ngt ng thi + CPU s dng nhiu ng yu cu ngt. Np vo thanh ghi yu cu ngt. + Hn ch s lng Module vo ra + Cc ng ngt c qui nh mc u tin - Kim tra vng bng phn mm
- Kim tra vng bng phn cng
+ CPU s dng phn mm hi ln lt tng Module mt. + Th t cc Module c hi chnh l th t u tin.

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+ Phng php rt chm + CPU pht ra tn hiu chp nhn ngt n Module u tin. + Nu Module khng gy ra ngt thi n gi tn hiu ti cc Module k tip + Module I/O gy ngt s t vector ln bus d liu + CPU s dng ngt xc nh chng trnh con iu khin ngt + Th t vo ra cc Module trong chui xc nh th t u tin
17.5.3. Phng php truy nhp trc tip b nh (DMA: Direct Memory Access)
Vi nhc im chnh ca hai phng php trn l: CPU tham gia trc tip vo trao i d liu v vic trao i lng d liu nh. khc phc hai phng php trn mt phng php mi c tn DMA s s dng thm mt Module phn cng c DMAC (DMA Controller).V vy khi trao i d liu khng cn CPU. - Cc kiu thc hin DMA + DMA truyn theo khi: DMAC s dng BUS truyn c khi d liu (CPU chuyn nhng BUS cho DMAC) + DMA ly chu k: DMAC cng bc CPU treo tm thi tng chu k BUS thc hin truyn mt t d liu + DMA trong sut: DMAC nhn bit nhng chu k no CPU khng s dng BUS th chim BUS trao i d liu (DMAC ly ln chu k) - c im DMA + CPU khng tham gia trong qu trnh trao i d liu + DMAC iu khin trao i d liu gia b nh chnh v Module vo ra vi tc nhanh. + Ph hp vi yu cu trao i mng d liu c kch thc ln.
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Bi 18: CC THIT B VO C BN
Bn phm Chut Scanner
18.1. Bn phm 18.1.1. M qut (Scan) ca bn phm:

Cc li ra ca s cu to m qut cho cc bn phm phi c a vo my tnh nhn bit l phm c nhn hay nh rt ngn s lng ng dy ni vo my vi tnh v c bit khi s phm ln hn 16 hoc 32,ngi ta phi m ho th t cc phm nhn (0,1,2,...,n) t dng thp phn thnh dng nh phn 0000,0001,00010,...,1111hay dng thp lc phn. mt s m qut khi c mt phm c tip xc,vic m dng ti s t ca phm c nhn v sau khi nh. Mun to m ASCII cho mt bn phm ngi ta dng mt vi mch x l + pht hin v ghi ln lt cc tn hiu 1 ca cc ct khc nhau ca ma trn (qua b gii m 3 - 8) + c cc gi tr hng ca ma trn ri bin i song song thnh ni tip truyn vo my vi tnh
18.1.2. B m bn phm
B m bn phm l mt vng nh chacha cc phm c nhn nhng cha c chng trnh s dng. Mt phm c nhn cha trong mt t vi byte cao cha m Scan,byte thp cha m ASCII (nu phm l m ASCII).trong b m khng lu cc phm dch nhng c th lu li t hp phm
18.1.3. s nguyn l hot ng ca bn phm

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c trnh by nh trong hnh 28 bao gm cc phn sau:

(A) b to dao ng cho bn phm (B) Cc bt iu khin m s nh phn (C) mch gii m nhn cc tn hiu iu khin v np d liu vo my (D) Mch logic OR (E) Mch dn knh (F) B gii m ct (G) Phn t chng dung
18.1.4. Ghp ni bn phm v my vi tnh
18.2. Chut
Chut thng c s dng trong my vi tnh l mt thit b u vo iu khin nht l trong cc h iu hnh v phn mn ho C nhiu loi chut : + Chut quang: Dng tn hiu nh sng phn x t mn chut (Mouse pad) o chuyn ng. + Chut c dng vin bi st ph cao su o chuyn ng loi di trn mt bn loi dng tay ln vin bi (track ball)
18.2.1. Cu to
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Gm mt qu bng xoay bng kim loi c ph lp cao su, c mt l xo p vo hai trc nm theo hai hng Xv Y thng gc nhau hp nha a tin v to (X,Y) u mi trc c mt bnh xe
18.2.2. Hot ng:

Khi di chuyn chut trn bn di chut,vin bi di chun theo.Vin bi ny t st vo hai trc X,Y lm cho hai bnh xe trn trc quay theo cc hng xc nh.Cc b phn cm bin hai bn pha bnh xe nhn c s thay i x sinh ra sung tng ng.Da vo ch ,hnh dng sung thay i,hng di chuyn con tr chut trn mn hnh cng c thay i.Trn mach iu khin ca con chut cng c mt mch in t.Mch ny s bin i dng sung thnh nhng tn hiu tng ng a vo my,v bn mch ny c kh nng nhn bit c s nhn phm tren cc nt nhn ca chut v v vy c th iu khin c cc hot ng ca chut.
18.2.3. S ghp ni:

Chut gp ni vo MainBoard thng qua cng COM v cng PS/2
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Bi 19: CC THIT B RA C BN
Mn hnh My in
19.1. Mn hnh 19.1.1. Phn loi

* mn hnh tia Phn cc CTR(Cathade ray tube) * mn hnh tinh th lng LDC (Liquid crytal Display) * Mn hnh siu phng PD (Platma Display) * Mn hnh cng ngh mi
19.1.2. Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng a/ Mn hnh CRT

Phn t nh nht ca mt hay nhiu thit b hin th nh c gi l im nh pixel (Point element). Khi nim ny xut hin trong qu trnh nghin cu v php trin mn hnh tia phn cc CRT.
Electron beam
Mn hnh ng tia Phn cc CRT (Cathade Ray Hnh3-6: Cu to mn hnh CRT Tube) l mn hnh c in v thng dng nht hin nay mn hnh ny c mt (mn hnh den trng hay mu) hay ba. Nu mn hnh ny c c ngun in t m cc cn gi l sng bn in t. Tia in t c bn ra t sng bn v n p vo mn hnh hin th to nn cc im sng.c hai nguyn tc c bn dng iu khin tia in t Nguyn tc in nguyn tc in t Phn ln cc mn hnh hin nay l dng cc nguyn tc in t v mn hnh t c gc qut v in t ln vi hiu in th thp. Nguyn tc t cho php thit k mn hnh rng hn nhiu so vi nguyn tc tnh in. Mn hnh hin th c ph mt lp Sunfit km. Lp ny php sng di tc dng ca in t. Ngi ta thng dng kha nim Photpho ch lp pht sng ny v lm tng lp ny vi lp pht sng lmg t photpho.Mu ca tia sng c th thay th bng cch mt s cht c mu vi n.
Electron gun Deflection yoke (electromagnet)
@ Fluorescent screen
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P
R G B R G B R G B R G B R G B R G B R G B
Nguyn tc to mu da trn nguyn tc to mu c bn ca my ti vi. Mn hnh dng mt khun cho c ngay trc mn hin sng, khun che ny c gi l khun che bng ()
R G B R G B
Ba tia sng in t bn ra ba mu Hnh 3-7: im nh (Green,Red,Blue) L Khun che im nh vi khun che tng ng C ba tia in t u c quay v c iu khin bi b iu khin quay duy nht. Lp khun che cn c nh v vi mn hnh v tr mt l khun che tng ng vi b ba im mu mn hnh. Cn dng ba di mu chy lin tc t trn xung di mn hnh. B mt mn hnh cong theo hnh tr khc vi b mt ca mn hnh c in. Nh cp trn th mn hnh cn phi c v li lin tc v nu khng nh th th chng ta khng th nhn thy g c hoc l nh qu su ta cn phi v li (lm ti) khong (50-60 Hz) i hi cc thit b iu khin cn c mt tc x l nhanh. Nu mn hnh lm vic trong ch N im cn c M bit m t v f l tn s lm ti mn th thi gian chm nht truy cp b nh ho hay chuyn d liu ho l: im tam gic (dot Trio). Phn ln mn hnh c in (mn hnh mt cu) c cu trc im nh. Ba im mu hp thnh tam gic u. Mi tam gic u tng ng vi mt im nh. Khun che vi nhiu khun che khc nhau c t trc tip trc mn hnh photpho. V tc tia in t gia khun mn hnh (Khong cch n sng in t ngn hn) nn pha gia khun che nng hn bn ra. S chnh lch nhit khin khun che b bin dng c nhit, nh hng n cht lng mn hnh. Nhiu nh sn xut gii quyt vn ny bng cch ch to khun che t mt lp hp kim c h s c nhit thp. Di mu cng ngh Trinitron do Sony pht minh vo nm 1960. Cng ngh ny dng mt sng in t duy nht cho c ba mu, cho thy nguyn tc mn hnh mt tr ca cng ngh Trinitron. Cng ngh ny cho php ch to mn hnh photpho t nhng gii mu sen k thay v dng khun che vi nhiu im nh. Mn hnh Trinitron ch cho dng mt khun che vi mt gii mu. Khe ny c Sony t tn l aperture grill. Nguyn tc ny cho li im l nhiu in t gp c mn hnh photpho khin nh sng sng ng hn. Nhc im ca mn hnh ny l khng bn c hc, nu khun che b rung ng; cht lng nh gim i r rt; Mn hnh cn c l xo chng dung t bit bn trong; Di mu ri rc.
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Cng ngh di mau ngt ca NEC phi hp im tam gic v gii mu,xut hin nm 1996. im mu ci tin cng ngh ny ca Hitachi xut hin trn th trng nm 1997. Cng ngh ny dng ng im mu hnh elip thay v hnh trn kt qu l im nh phn phi u hn trn mn hnh v ng nh theo chiu dc nh hn mn hnh im nh tam gic u. Mn hnh ng tia phn cc phng. Mn hnh hin i xut hin trn th trng t nm 1999 c dng phng tuyt i.mn hnh ny dng vi iu khin chnh tia in t khin hnh nh trn mn hnh vn gi c th h trc n. Tc dng nhit nn khun che mn hnh mn hnh phng mnh hn cc loi mn hnh khc do s khc bit ln hn ca khong cch gia sng v cc im nh trn mn hnh. Hp kim c h s c thp c tn l Inrian thng c dng lm khun che trong mn hnh phng. Mn hnh a mi trng. Loi ny khng l thit b hin th mn hnh, n cn c trang b loa (micro) v my quay video. Mn hnh ny c tch hp trong h my tnh tch hp t xa mn hnh ny c cp ni n the m thanh v theer video trong my tnh. Cht lng m thanh v hnh nh ca loi mn hnh ny khng so c vi mn hnh ri v loa ri do nh hng t gia mn hnh v loa. Mn hnh a mi trng cn c che chn c bit trnh b nh hng ny tc ng qua li
b/ Mn hnh tinh th lng

Mn hnh tinh th lng mt nh vt l ngi o Friedrich Reiniter pht hin vo cui th k 19 v mt thi gian gn sau.Khi nim tinh th lng c nh vt l hc ngi c Otto Lehmann nhc n ln u tin. T nm 1971 mn hnh tinh th lng c ng dng trong Hnh 3-8: Mn hnh LCD nhiu lnh vc TV my nh s mn hnh my tnh v.v... Ngy nay mn hnh tinh th lng bn hay mn hnh my tnh sch tay c ch to theo hai nguyn tc sau DSTN (Dual Scan twisted nematic) TFT (Thinfilm transistor) Tinh th lng LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) l cht lng hu c m phn t ca n c kh nng phn cc ng sng dn n thay i cng nh sng. Trng tnh in c dng iu khin hng phn t tinh th lng.
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Mn hnh tinh th lng da trn hiu ng trng son (twised nemtic file effect). Phn t trong lp tinh th lng chuyn hng 900 gia hai mt knh nh sng bn ngoi phn cc v son theo hng phn t tinh th lng khn tia sng i qua c lp tinh th lng v n c trng thi sng. Dng in cc trong sut (v d indium xyt) nm pha di lp khe ko phn t tinh th lng nh hng theo chiu tnh in. Tia sng b d trong phn t tinh th lng m khng i qua phn x li c na lp tinh th lng c trng thi ti. nh hng nh sng ng theo hng tinh th lng ta cn b phn tn tia cc sng. Khi tia sng pht ra pha bn kia tinh th lng ta cn b phn cc nh sng khc. Ngun sng c th l n Led hoc cc loi n sng khc. Nu b tr Pha sau lp tinh th lng mt lp gng phn x ta li c th dng nh sng thng bn ngoi quan st mn hnh. Trng tnh in mt chiu c th ph hng cu trc tinh th, v vy ngi ta hay dng hiu in th tng i thp t 5 15V. Mn hnh tinh th lng theo nguyn tc tn c mt tng phn rt thp (3:1 gc nhn 150), gc quan st cng rt hn ch (20600) to ra cc mc khc nhau (cn thit cho mn hnh mu) cng in trng trong tinh th lng c iu bin theo mc xm cn thit mn hnh tinh th lng hin i ch c tt c 64 mc xm (6 bit) Phi hp vi ba mu cho php biu din 262.144 mu thp (thp hn so vi) 16.777.216 mu ca mn hnh mu 26 bit Mn hnh LCD mu hay cn gi l mn hnh ma trn chm (dot matrix display) c in cc v b lc mu ring cho tng im mu tinh th. Mi im nh s bao gm ba im mu ring bit. Mn hnh ma trn ch ng (Active matrix display) ti u ho qu trnh nh i ch v np tng im nh vo. Cc dng mn hnh c nh a ch v vit theo phng php chia thi gian (muntip lexing). Nu c nhiu dng cn vit theo thi gian dnh cho mi dng gim i. Tinh th lng li khng th phn ng nhanh theo s thay i ca tn hiu in th. V vy nh a ch v vit nn mt im nh l cn c nh a ch rt nhanh nh c cu trc tu in (nguyn tc tng t DRAM) m trng thi mt dng c gi nguyn trong khi cc dng khc ang tip tc c nh a ch. Mn hnh ma trn ch ng dng mt transistor mng mng TFT(Thin Film Transistor) lm cng tc chuyn mch cho tng im mu.Transistor ng mch rt nhanh (trong vi micro second) t in mc im mu song song vi n s gi trng thi ng mch lu hn khi transistor ca dng khc tip tc ng mch. Mn hnh TFT c sn xut theo cng ngh vi in t v cha vi mch iu khin ngay bn trn mn hnh.
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Mn hnh TFT c thi gian phn x l 25ms v t l tng phn l 140:1. Mn hnh TFT mng hn LCD tc l ti nhanh gp 10 ln mn hnh DSTN
c/ Mn hnh PLASMA
Nguyn tc mn hnh plasma ging nguyn tc n neon. Mn hnh plasma c nhiu kh tr c lm nhu kn tng ng vi cc im nh. Mi c hai in cc. Khi hiu in ht vt qua mt gi tr nht nh kh tr c ion ho v php sng Nguyn tc iu khin mn hnh loi ny n gin hn mn hnh LCD. Nhc im ca lai ny l thi gian lm vic ngn tiu th nhiu nng lng. tng phn vo khong 10:1 mn hnh plasma tng c dng cho my tnh xch tay ca Toshiba v compaq ngy nay chng hu nh khng th cnh tranh c vi mn hnh tinh th lang tin tin. Mn hnh LCD c th dng trong my chiu nh (c vai tr nh phim trong my chiu bng) c c hnh trn mn nh rng. Mt thit b chiu hnh mi s chim lnh th trng hin th d liu my vi tnh trong th k mi l tht b thiu hnh vi c.
19.2. My in
My in l mt thit b in t - c kh, to ra c cc thng tin di dng k t hay ho trong qa trnh a s liu ra. V c bn c th coi my in gn ging vi mn hnh, im khc y l thng tin c a ra trn giy. Nhng tin b v cng ngh trong lnh vc in t c kh bin chic my in cng knh trc kia thnh nhng chic my in nh gn, c th t trn bn lm vic hoc mt s loi c th xch tay. My in c th c phn loi theo v tr tng i gia u in v giy nh sau: My in tip xc: C nguyn tc nh my ch, dng tip xc c hc truyn k t hay im nh qua mt bng mc ln giy: My in ma trn im (dot matrix), my bnh xe xch (daisy wheel printer). My in khng tip xc: Tch ri qu trnh truyn k t (im nh) vi qu trnh in: My phun mc, my Laser, hay theo nguyn tc vt l ca my: + My in tnh in + My in phun + My in c + My v Vector
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Hin nay cc my in c in khng cn xut hin trn th trng do cc nhc im nh: n, tc in chm, phn gii v cht lng in km. Thng tin dng k t hay ho c h iu hnh bin dch qua chng trnh iu khin my in (Printer Driver) thnh ngn ng giao tip my in. Ngn ng giao tip mi in l mt ngn ng i cng m nhiu my in c th hiu c. Ngn ng giao tip c truyn qua giao din song song hay tun t n my in. Trong my in, ngn ng giao tip c bin dch mt ln na sang ngn ng my in. Ngn ng my in c th c coi nh m my trong my vi tnh, n m nhim trc tip vic iu khin my in. Cc ngn ng thng dng nht ca my in l: Postscript: L mt ngn ng t trang (page description language). y l mt ngn ng my in chun nht to hnh ho hay k t. Ngn ng ny do hng Adobe Systems gi bn quyn, dng trc tip m ASCII chuyn sang my in, c rt nhiu lnh v ho v k t...v khng ph thuc vo c im phn cng ca my in. Chng trnh bin dch trong my in c nhim v chuyn ngn ng Postscript sang m my. PCL (Printer Command Language): L ngn ng giao din ca hng Hewlett Packard. Ngn ng ny c nhiu lnh bt u bng ESC hoc 1Bh (Escapse Sequences). HP-GL/2 (Hewlett Packard Graphics Language): Cng l ngn ng ca Hewlett Packard, c bit c dng cho my v Vector (Plotter). GDI (Graphical Device Interface): L ngn ng ca hng Microsoft c dng trn Windows. Tng im nh cn in c tnh trc trn h iu hnh v ghi trc tip ln b nh my in. PrintGear ca Adobe l mt gii php phn cng v phn mm. My in dng cng ngh ny c mt b vi x l 50Hz ring v b lnh ho c n gin ho cho php tc in nhanh v gi thnh my in gim. Ngy nay phn ln cc my in la my in ma trn im hnh ho nn cht lng in c o bng phn gii ca my in, n v o l dpi (dot per inch). My in c ghp ni vi my tnh qua 4 giao din c bn: Giao din song song Giao din tun t Giao din tun t a chc nng USB Giao din mng
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Bi 20: Thc hnh PHN TCH CU TO CA BN PHM, CHUT. THIT K M HNH

Bc 1: Tho bn phm, chut hng. Ging vin phn nhm sinh vin thc hnh (3SV/nhm) Ging vin cung cp cho sinh vin thit b. Mi nhm 01 bn phm, 01 chut Hng dn sinh vin cch tho lp chut v bn phm. Yu cu cc nhm sinh vin thc hin Bc 2: Phn tch cu to ca bn phm, chut Ging vin gii thiu s b cho sinh vin v cu to cc thnh phn Yu cu sinh vin tm hiu v vit ra cu to, chc nng ca tng thnh phn. nh gi tng nhm sinh vin Bc 3: Phn tch hot ng ca bn phm, chut. Ging vin gii thiu s b cho sinh vin v hot ng ca cc thit b. Yu cu sinh vin tm hiu v ghi ra cc nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b. nh gi nhm sinh vin. Bc 4: Thit k m hnh bng phn mm MacroMedia Flash Da vo vic tm hiu v phn tch ca nhm, cc thnh vin v m hnh bng cc phn mm to Flash th hin hot ng ca cc thit b trong ton th hot ng ca my tnh
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Bi 21: Thc hnh PHN TCH CU TO CA MN HNH, MY IN. THIT K M HNH

Bc 1: Tho mn hnh, my in. Ging vin phn nhm sinh vin thc hnh (3SV/nhm) Ging vin cung cp cho sinh vin thit b. Mi nhm 01 bn phm, 01 chut Hng dn sinh vin cch tho lp chut v bn phm. Yu cu cc nhm sinh vin thc hin Bc 2: Phn tch cu to ca mn hnh, my in Ging vin gii thiu s b cho sinh vin v cu to cc thnh phn Yu cu sinh vin tm hiu v vit ra cu to, chc nng ca tng thnh phn. nh gi tng nhm sinh vin Bc 3: Phn tch hot ng ca mn hnh, my in Ging vin gii thiu s b cho sinh vin v hot ng ca cc thit b. Yu cu sinh vin tm hiu v ghi ra cc nguyn l hot ng ca cc thit b. nh gi nhm sinh vin. Bc 4: Thit k m hnh bng phn mm MacroMedia Flash Da vo vic tm hiu v phn tch ca nhm, cc thnh vin v m hnh bng cc phn mm to Flash th hin hot ng ca cc thit b trong ton th hot ng ca my tnh
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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] ng Thnh Phu. Turbo Assembler v ng dng. NXB KHKT - 1998 [2] Trn Quang Vinh. "Cu trc My vi tnh". NXB Gio dc - 1998 [3] Nguyn Nam Trung. "Cu trc my vi tnh v cc thit b ngoi vi". NXB Khoa hc v k thut 1996. [4] Vn Th Minh. K thut VI X L. NXB KHKT - 1998 [5] Hennessy. "Fundamentals of Computer Design" (E-book) [6] Parhami. "Computer Architecture". UCSB - 2006 (Ebook) [7] http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Electrical-Engineering-and-Computer-Science/6823Fall-2005/LectureNotes/index.htm [8] http://ebook.moet.gov.vn/?page=1.3&view=507
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Ph lc A: MT S M NGUN CHO PCSPIM 1. Chng trnh in ra chui Hello SPIM!

# hello.asm # .text .globl main main: li $v0,4 la $a0,string syscall li $v0,10 syscall .data string: .asciiz # end of file
# code 4 == print string # $a0 == address of the string # Invoke the operating system. # code 10 == exit # Return to OS.
"Hello SPIM!\n"
2. Chng trnh nhp vo s tin uonces v chuyn sang pounds

# ounces.asm # # Convert ounces to pounds and ounces. .text .globl li la syscall li syscall li divu mflo li syscall li la syscall mfhi li syscall li la syscall li syscall
main:
main $v0,4 $a0,prompt $v0,5
# print prompt # # read in ounces
$t1,16 $v0,$t1 $a0 $v0,1 $v0,4 $a0,pout
# 16 oz. per pound # lo = pound; hi = oz.
# print # pounds # print "pounds"
$a0 $v0,1 $v0,4 $a0,ozout $v0,10
# # # # #
print ounces print "ounces"
# exit
.data prompt: .asciiz "Enter ounces: " pout: .asciiz " Pounds\n" ozout: .asciiz " Ounces\n"
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# end of file
3. Chng trnh OVERDUE

# overdue.asm .text .globl main: # get patron name li $v0,4 la $a0,prompt syscall li $v0,8 la $a0,name li $a1,24 syscall # print li la syscall li la syscall the letter $v0,4 $a0,letter $v0,4 $a0,body # print prompt # # # # # code 8 $a0 == $a1 == Invoke == read string address of buffer buffer length the operating system.
main
# print greeting # # print body #
li $v0,10 syscall
# exit
.data .asciiz "enter name, followed by comma-enter: " .ascii "\n\nDear " .space 24 .ascii "\nYour library books are way\n" .ascii "overdue. Please return them\n" .ascii "before we give your name\n" .ascii "to the enforcement squad.\n\n" # end of file prompt: letter: name: body:
4. Chng trnh REST

## rest.asm ## Total restaurant bill calculator ## Register Use: ## ## $s0 meal cost ## $s1 tip rate ## $s2 tax rate ## $s3 total rate ## $s4 tax+tip dollars ## $s5 total bill .globl main
main:
# Get meal cost li $v0,4 la $a0,prompt
# print prompt
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syscall li $v0,5 syscall move $s0,$v0 # Calculations lw $s1,tip lw $s2,tax addu $s3,$s1,$s2 mul $s4,$s0,$s3 div $s4,$s4,100 addu $s5,$s0,$s4 # Output li $v0,4 la $a0,head1 syscall move $a0,$s4 li $v0,1 syscall li $v0,4 la $a0,head2 syscall move $a0,$s5 li $v0,1 syscall li $v0,10 syscall .data tip: .word tax: .word prompt: .asciiz head1 : .asciiz head2 : .asciiz # end of file
# input meal cost # save it in $s0
# # # # # #
get tip rate get tax rate total rate 100*(tax + tip) tax + tip total bill
# print string # "tax plus tip"
# get tax+tip # print integer # # print string # "total cost"
# get total # print integer # # exit
15 # tip rate in percent 8 # tax rate in percent "Enter food cost: " " Tax plus tip: " "\n Total cost: "
5. Chng trnh LINKED (Danh sch lin kt)

## linked.asm --- hard-coded linked list ## .text .globl main main: la loop: $s0,head # get pointer to head # while not null # get the data # print it # # print separator
beqz $s0,done lw $a0,0($s0) li $v0,1 syscall la $a0,sep li $v0,4
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syscall lw $s0,4($s0) b loop done: la $a0,linef li $v0,4 syscall la $a0,endmess li $v0,4 syscall li $v0,10 syscall .data head: elmnt01: elmnt02: elmnt03: elmnt04: elmnt05:
get next
# print end of line # print ending message
# return to OS
.word 1 .word elmnt02 .word 2 .word elmnt03 .word 3 .word elmnt04 .word 5 .word elmnt05 .word 7 .word 0
sep: .asciiz " " linef: .asciiz "\n" endmess: .asciiz "done\n" # end of file
6. Chng trnh threeNodeList (Lit k ba nt ca cy)

# threeNodeList.asm # .text .globl main main: # create the first node li $v0,9 li $a0,8 syscall move $s1,$v0 # # # # allocate memory 8 bytes $v0 <-- address $s1 = first node
# copy the pointer to first sw $s1,first # initialize the first node li $t0,1 # store 1 sw $t0,0($s1) # at displacement 0 # create the second node li $v0,9 li $a0,8
# allocate memory # 8 bytes
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syscall

# $v0 <-- address
# link the second node to the first sw $v0,4($s1) # copy address of second node # into the first node # make the new node the current node move $s1,$v0 # $s1 = second node # initialize the second node li $t0,2 # store 2 sw $t0,0($s1) # at displacement 0 # create the third node li $v0,9 li $a0,8 syscall
# allocate memory # 8 bytes # $v0<-- address
# link the third node to the second sw $v0,4($s1) # copy address of third node # into the second node # make the new node the current node move $s1,$v0 # $s1 = third node # initialize the third node li $t0,3 # store 3 sw $t0,0($s1) # at displacement 0 # end the list sw $0,4($s1) # put null in the link field li $v0,10 syscall .data .word # return to OS
first:
## end of file
7. Chng trnh eightNodeList (Lit k tm nt ca cy)

# eightNodeList.asm # .text .globl main main: # create the linked list # $s1 --- current node in creation loop # $s2 --- loop counter # create the first node li $v0,9 li $a0,8 syscall move $s1,$v0
# # # #
allocate memory 8 bytes $v0 <-- address $s1 = first node
# copy the pointer to first
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sw $s1,first
# initialize the first node li $t0,1 # store 1 sw $t0,0($s1) # at displacement 0 # create the remaining nodes in a counting loop li $s2,2 # counter = 2 li $s3,8 # upper limit loop: bgtu $s2,$s3,done # while (counter <= limit )
# create a node li $v0,9 # allocate memory li $a0,8 # 8 bytes syscall # $v0 <-- address # link this node to the previous # $s1 = previous node sw $v0,4($s1) # copy address of second node # into the previous node # make the new node the current node move $s1,$v0 # initialize the node sw $s2,0($s1) # at displacement 0 addi b done: # end the list sw $0,4($s1) # put null in the link field # of the current node, which # is the last node. $s2,$s2,1 loop # counter++
# print out the list # $s0 --- current node in print loop lw beqz lw $s0,first $s0,endlp $a0,0($s0) # get a pointer to the first element # while the pointer is not null # get the data of this element # do something with the element # print it # # print separator # # # get the pointer to the next element
lp:
li $v0,1 syscall la $a0,sep li $v0,4 syscall lw b endlp: li $v0,10 syscall .data first: .word 0 sep: .asciiz " ## end of file $s0,4($s0) lp
# return to OS
"
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Ph lc B: CU HI V BI TP N TP MN KIN TRC MY TNH

I/ L thuyt Cu 1: Trong my tnh, cc s m c lu tr v x l nh th no? Cu 2: Trnh by cc c trng c bn ca b nh bn dn, b nh ngoi Cu 3: Trnh by cu trc ca phn t nh DRAM v SRAM Cu 4: Trnh by cu trc vt l v cu trc logic ca a cng Cu 5: Trnh by cu trc ca b vi x l 8086 Cu 6: Trnh by ngha ca cc thanh ghi trong b vi x l 8086 Cu 7: Trnh by tp lnh ca b vi x l 8086 Cu 8: Trnh by cc ch a ch ca b vi x l 8086 Cu 9: Trnh by cc phng php trao i d liu trong my tnh Cu 10: Trnh by cu to, nguyn tc hot ng ca bn phm. Cu 11: Trnh by cu to, nguyn tc hot ng ca chut. Cu 12: Trnh by cu to, nguyn tc hot ng ca mn hnh. II/ Bi tp: Cu 1: Gii thch cc lnh sau: MOV AL,5Bh MOV BL,0ADh ADD AL,BL Hy ch ra trng thi ca cc c trong thanh ghi c sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn. Cu 2: Gii thch cc lnh sau: MOV AX,170Fh MOV BX,80EBh ADD AX,BX Hy ch ra trng thi ca cc c trong thanh ghi c sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn. Cu 3: Gii thch cc lnh sau: MOV AL,41h MOV BL,50h CMP AL,BL Hy ch ra trng thi ca cc c trong thanh ghi c sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn. Cu 4: Gii thch cc lnh sau: MOV AX,3D85h MOV BX,2CFEh CMP AX,BX
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Hy ch ra trng thi ca cc c trong thanh ghi c sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn. Cu 5: Gi s mt CHIP nh bn dn c cc ng dy a ch v ng dy d liu c b tr nh sau: ng dy a ch: A0-A23 ng dy d liu: D0-D31 Hy tnh dung lng ca CHIP nh trn Cu 6: - Gii thch cch xc nh a ch vt l ca mt nh trong b nh. - Gi s a ch mt nh c xc nh qua thanh ghi on DS v thanh ghi lch BX vi DS=0F35h, BX=150Dh. Hy xc nh a ch vt l v a ch logic ca nh trn. nh trn thuc on no trong b nh. Cu 7: - Gii thch cch xc nh a ch vt l ca mt nh trong b nh. - Gi s a ch mt nh c xc nh qua thanh ghi on CS v thanh ghi lch IP vi CS=4530h, IP=49A6h. Hy xc nh a ch vt l v a ch logic ca nh trn. nh trn thuc on no trong b nh. Cu 8: - Gii thch cch xc nh a ch vt l ca mt nh trong b nh. - Gi s a ch mt nh c xc nh qua thanh ghi on ES v thanh ghi lch DI vi ES=1793h, DI=2004h. Hy xc nh a ch vt l v a ch logic ca nh trn. nh trn thuc on no trong b nh. Cu 9: - Gii thch cch xc nh a ch vt l ca mt nh trong b nh. - Gi s a ch mt nh c xc nh qua thanh ghi on SS v thanh ghi lch SP vi SS=11080, SP=2004. Hy xc nh a ch vt l v a ch logic ca nh trn. nh trn thuc on no trong b nh. Cu 10: Gi s c mt ngn xp c a ch y l FFFEh. - Hy gii thch v xc nh a ch nh ca ngn xp sau khi thc hin y vo cc gi tr sau: 05F3h, 4D3Ch,796Ah,418Bh - Gii thch v xc nh a ch nh ca ngn xp v gi tr ca cc thanh ghi AX, BX, CX, DX sau khi thc hin cc lnh: POP POP POP POP DX AX BX CX
Cu 11: Gii thch cc lnh trong on chng trnh sau: MOV AX,5729h MOV BX,922Dh MOV CX,723Fh PUSH AX
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE PUSH BX PUSH CX POP POP POP AX CX BX
ADD AX,BX ADD BX,CX Hy cho bit gi tr ca cc thanh ghi AX, BX, CX sau khi thc hin cc lnh ny. Cu 12: Gi s c mt mng A(9,8) c kiu ca cc phn t l word c lu tr trong b nh bt u t a ch offset 5B4Dh. Hy xc nh a ch ca phn t A[7,3]. Cu 13: Gii thch cc lnh trong on chng trnh sau: MOV SHL AX,02B5h AX,CX MOV CX,5 Hy cho bit gi tr ca thanh ghi AX sau mi ln dch Cu 14: Gii thch cc lnh trong on chng trnh sau: MOV SHR AX,0446h AX,CX MOV CX,4 Hy cho bit gi tr ca thanh ghi AX sau mi ln dch Cu 15: Gii thch cc lnh trong on chng trnh sau: MOV AX,2534 MOV BX,5000 MUL BX Sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn, kt qu s c a vo cc thanh ghi no? Gi tr ca cc thanh ghi l bao nhiu? Cu 16: Gii thch cc lnh trong on chng trnh sau: MOV AL,7Fh MOV BL,13h MUL BL Sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn, kt qu s c a vo cc thanh ghi no? Gi tr ca cc thanh ghi l bao nhiu? Cu 17: Gii thch cc lnh trong on chng trnh sau: MOV AX,2500 MOV BL,50
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE DIV BL
Sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn, kt qu s c a vo cc thanh ghi no? Gi tr ca cc thanh ghi l bao nhiu? Cu 18: Gii thch cc lnh trong on chng trnh sau: MOV DX,6400 MOV AX,2000 MOV BX,10000 DIV BX Sau khi thc hin cc lnh trn, kt qu s c a vo cc thanh ghi no? Gi tr ca cc thanh ghi l bao nhiu? Cu 19: Hy gii thch v ch ra ch a ch ca cc lnh sau: a/ MOV AX,058Dh b/ MOV AL,[BX] c/ MOV AX,[BP]+[SI]+0100h d/ BL,[0653h] e/ MOV AX,[SI]+50 f/ ADD DX,53h[BX][SI] g/ ADD AL,3Bh[SI] j/ AND AX,[BX+10] Nhap: MOV AH,1 INT JL JG SUB 21h nhap nhap AL,20h CMP AL,41h CMP AL,5Ah h/ MOV BX,7Ch[BP] k/ OR i/ SUB AL,BL CX,[DI+30h] MOV
Cu 20: Gii thch cc lnh trong on chng trnh sau:
MOV DL,AL MOV AH,2 INT 21h Cu 21: Gi s c mt on chng trnh gi lpc thc hin nh sau: IF (AL>=$41) AND (AL<=$5A) THEN AL:=AL+$20; Hy chuyn on chng trnh trn thnh m lnh gi nh ca b vi x l 8086. Cu 22: Gi s c mt on chng trnh gi lp c thc hin nh sau: IF (AL=$43) OR (AL=$63) THEN Write(chr(AL)); Hy chuyn on chng trnh trn thnh m lnh gi nh ca b vi x l 8086.
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Cu 23: Gi s c mt on chng trnh gi lp c thc hin nh sau: FOR AL:=100 DOWNTO 0 DO AL:=AL+50; Hy chuyn on chng trnh trn thnh m lnh gi nh ca b vi x l 8086. Cu 24: Gi s c mt on chng trnh gi lp c thc hin nh sau: AX:=1000; WHILE AX > 0 DO AX:=AX-100; Hy chuyn on chng trnh trn thnh m lnh gi nh ca b vi x l 8086. Cu 25: Gi s c mt on chng trnh gi lp c thc hin nh sau: AL:=$61; CX:=$1A; REPEAT AL:=AL-$20; Write(chr(AL)); CX:=CX-1; UNTIL CX<=0; Hy chuyn on chng trnh trn thnh m lnh gi nh ca b vi x l 8086.
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MC LC
TNG QUAN V MN HC ....................................................................................................... 5 BI 1: GII THIU CHUNG V KIN TRC MY TNH ....................................................... 9 1.1. Cu to c bn v hot ng ca my tnh .......................................................................... 9 1.2. Lch s pht trin ca my tnh .......................................................................................... 15 1.3. Phn loi my tnh.............................................................................................................. 17 1.4. Biu din thng tin trong my tnh .................................................................................... 18 Bi 2: Cc phn t logic c bn v mch logic t hp .................................................................. 28 2.1. Cc phn t logic c bn .................................................................................................... 28 2.2. Mch logic t hp .............................................................................................................. 31 Bi 3: Cc thnh phn c bn ca mt my tnh ........................................................................... 40 3.1. Mainboard .......................................................................................................................... 40 3.2. CPU .................................................................................................................................... 42 3.3. B nh trong ...................................................................................................................... 42 3.4. Cc thit b lu tr ............................................................................................................. 43 3.5. Cc thit b vo/ra .............................................................................................................. 43 3.6. Tnh tng thch gia cc thnh phn ................................................................................ 45 Bi 4: Thc hnh ........................................................................................................................... 46 c cc thng s k thut trn cc thit b phn cng .................................................................. 46 Bi 5: Thc hnh ........................................................................................................................... 46 Lp t phn cng my tnh .......................................................................................................... 46 5.1. CHUN B LP T PHN CNG MY TNH ......................................................... 46 Bi 6: B nh bn dn ................................................................................................................... 53 6.1. Cc phn t nh c bn...................................................................................................... 53 6.3. B nh ROM ...................................................................................................................... 57 6.4. B nh RAM ...................................................................................................................... 59 Bi 7: B NH C BIT .......................................................................................................... 60 7.1. B nh CACHE ................................................................................................................. 60 7.2. B nh o ........................................................................................................................... 62 Bi 8: B NH T ....................................................................................................................... 66 Bi 9: B nh quang ...................................................................................................................... 76 9.1. Phng php lu tr quang ................................................................................................ 76 9.2. a quang v a quang ................................................................................................... 76 PHN TCH CU TO BN TRONG CA B NH V CC A .................................. 81 10.1. a cng ........................................................................................................................ 81 10.2. a CD-Rewrite v DVD-Rewrite ................................................................................ 82 10.3. USB Flash .................................................................................................................... 84 Bi 11: CU TO CHUNG B VI X L................................................................................. 86 11.1. Lch s pht trin ca b vi x l .................................................................................... 86 11.2. Cu trc b vi x l 8086................................................................................................. 87 Bi 12: TP THANH GHI CA B VI X L 8086 ................................................................ 90 12.1. Cc thanh ghi d liu ....................................................................................................... 90 12.2. Cc thanh ghi on : CS, DS, ES, SS ............................................................................ 91 12.3. Cc thanh ghi con tr v ch s : SI, DI, SP, BP .......................................................... 92 12.4. Thanh ghi con tr lnh : IP ............................................................................................ 92
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12.5. Thanh ghi c ..................................................................................................................... 92 Bi 13: TP LNH CA B VI X L 8086 ........................................................................... 94 13.1. S lc v tp lnh ca b vi x l .................................................................................. 94 13.2. Nhm lnh di chuyn d liu ........................................................................................... 94 13.3. Nhm lnh s hc ............................................................................................................. 96 13.4. Nhm lnh logic ............................................................................................................... 97 13.5. Nhm lnh dch chuyn v quay ...................................................................................... 98 13.6. Nhm lnh iu khin r nhnh ........................................................................................ 99 13.7. Nhm lnh vo ra cng................................................................................................... 100 13.8. Nhm lnh iu khin..................................................................................................... 101 Bi 14: THC HNH - S dng DEBUG ................................................................................. 102 14.1. Gii thiu v lnh ca DEBUG ...................................................................................... 102 14.2. Lp trnh bng DEBUG .................................................................................................. 104 14.3. G ri chng trnh bng DEBUG................................................................................. 105 Bi 15: CC KIN TRC CA CC B X L KHC ....................................................... 107 Bi 15: CC KIN TRC CA CC B X L KHC ....................................................... 107 15.1. Kin trc RISC ............................................................................................................... 107 15.2. Kin trc b vi x l VLIW ........................................................................................... 113 Bi 16: THC HNH - S DNG PCSPIM CHO RISC ......................................................... 114 BI 17: KIN TRC H THNG VO RA ............................................................................ 122 17.1. Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................................ 122 17.2. Kt ni thit b ngoi vi .................................................................................................. 122 17.3. H thng cc cng vo ra ............................................................................................... 123 17.5. Cc phng php trao i tin ......................................................................................... 126 Bi 18: CC THIT B VO C BN ..................................................................................... 129 18.1. Bn phm ........................................................................................................................ 129 18.2. Chut .............................................................................................................................. 130 Bi 19: CC THIT B RA C BN ........................................................................................ 132 19.1. Mn hnh ......................................................................................................................... 132 19.2. My in ............................................................................................................................. 136 Bi 20: Thc hnh ....................................................................................................................... 138 PHN TCH CU TO CA BN PHM, CHUT. THIT K M HNH ......................... 138 Bi 21: Thc hnh ....................................................................................................................... 139 PHN TCH CU TO CA MN HNH, MY IN. THIT K M HNH ....................... 139 Ph lc A: MT S M NGUN CHO PCSPIM .................................................................... 141 Ph lc B: CU HI V BI TP N TP MN KIN TRC MY TNH ...................... 147
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE

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TNG QUAN V MN HC 1. Mc tiu mn hc

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BI 1: GII THIU CHUNG V KIN TRC MY TNH

1.1. Cu to c bn v hot ng ca my tnh

1.1.1. Cu to chung ca h thng my tnh

Mt h thng my tnh c bn gm c cc thnh phn chnh sau:

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CPU hot ng theo chng trnh nm trong b nh chnh. + Thnh phn

(internal bus) v bus bn ngoi (external bus).

2/ B nh (Memory): Lu tr d liu. Bao gm:

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N i dung c a ngn nh c th thay i, song a ch v t l c a ngn nh lun c nh.

Cache c th c hoc khng

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B nh t : a c ng, a m m B nh quang: a CD, DVD B nh bn d n: Flash disk, memory card

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4/ BUS: Ghp ni cc thnh phn khc nhau trong h thng Gm:

1.1.2. Hot ng ca my tnh 1. Thc hin chng trnh

B x l gi i m l nh c nh n v pht tn hi u i u khi n th c hi n thao tc m l nh yu c u. Cc ki u thao tc c a l nh:

- Th c hi n chng trnh b d ng n u th c hi n l nh b l i ho c g p l nh d ng.

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- Hng IBM (International Business Machine) + 1953 - IBM 701

+ 1955 IBM 702

1.2.2. Th h th hai: My tnh dng transistor (1956-1965)

1.2.3. Th h th ba: My tnh dng vi mch SSI, MSI v LSI (1966-1980)

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- B vi x l (microprocessor) ra i: B vi x l u tin, Intel 4004 (1971).

1.2.4. Th h th t: My tnh dng vi mch VLSI (1981 - nay)

1.2.5. My tnh trong tng lai:

1.3. Phn loi my tnh 1. Cc siu my tnh (Super Computer):

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3. My tnh mini (Minicomputer)

5. My tnh nhng (Embedded Computer)

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2. H nh phn (Binary System): my tnh s dng

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3. H mi su (Hexadecimal System): dng vit gn cho s nh phn

1.4.2. M ha v lu tr d liu trong my tnh

1. Nguyn tc chung v m ha d liu

+ D liu t nhin: tn ti khch quan vi con ngi

2. Biu din s nguyn:

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b/ Biu din s nguyn c du

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+ Di biu din cho s dng: -1 n - 2n-1 - Trc s hc my tnh:

-128 n 127 -32768 n 32767 -231 n 231-1 -263 n 263-1

c/ Biu din s nguyn theo m BCD (Binary Coded Decimal code)

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d/ Thc hin cc php ton vi s nguyn:

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3. Biu din s thc du phy ng (Floating Point Number): a/ Nguyn tc chung

e S l bit du: S = 1 -> s m

S = 0 -> s dng e (8 bit) l m excess-127 ca phn m E:

COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE e = E+127 <==> E = e 127

Faculty of Informatic Technology

e S l bit du E => E = e 16383