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NGUY C THIU HT TI NGUYN NC CHO PHT TRIN BN VNG B RA-VNG TU Nguyn nh He, ng nh Long, Trung Tm Pht trin X hi v Mi trng

vng-CERSED GII THIU CHUNG Hin BR-VT vn cha thiu nc v vn ph bin quan nim cho rng BR-VT khng thiu nc cho pht trin. Tuy nhin nhng kt qu tnh ton cho thy s thiu ht ti nguyn nc l thch thc ln nht cho pht trin trong tng lai ca tnh nh. Khng ch vy, xu th bn kh hn v vic gia tng nhim ngun nc ngy cng t BR-VT i mt vi s thiu nc cho chin lc cng nghip ha. iu chnh li cc ngnh cng nghip tn nc, thay th cc ging cy trng cn nhiu nc, pht trin vn rng gi nc, kim sot khn cp tnh trng nhim nc l nhng gii php cp bch ca BR-VT. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU Phng php nghin cu chnh l tnh ton ch s kh hn da trn chui s liu quan trc nhiu nm ca ngnh kh tng-thy vn, i snh vi cc cnh quan bn kh hn trn mt s tuyn kho st, phn tch i chiu vi nhu cu s dng nc cho pht trin ca BR-VT v thc trng nhim nc qua cc ti liu ca tnh. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN 1. Kh nng hn ch ca ngun ti nguyn nc tnh BR-VT 1. 1. kh hn ca BR-VT: kh hn ca mt vng lnh th c o bng ch s kh hn H=PET/R, trong : H l kh hn, PET(mm) l lng bc hi, R (mm) l lng ma, vi H<0,5: vng rt m t; H=0,5-1,0: vng m; H= >1- 3: vng bn kh hn; H= >3- 7: vng kh hn; H>7 vng hn (Nguyn c Ng,2002 [3]). Ch s kh hn ca BR-VT trong giai on 5 nm t 2001-2005 tnh ton theo theo s liu thng k ca Tng cc Kh tng thy vn nh sau: Nm 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 TB Lng ma (mm) 1585,4 1271,7 930,9 1262,6 Lng bc hi (mm) 1233,0 1227,9 1345,4 1422,5 1452,0 1366,1 Ch s kh hn H O,77 1,12 1,56 1,08

Bng s liu trn cho thy trong nhng nm t 2004 tr li, lng bc hi lun cao hn lng ma. S liu thng k ca 3 trm kh tng Xuyn Mc, B Ra v Vng Tu trong sut giai on 1978-1985 trc cng cho thy bc hi trung bnh/nm c tnh l 1978,4 mm, trong khi lng ma trung bnh/nm ch l 1480 mm [10]. Ch s kh hn giai on ny l 1,33. Cc s liu tnh ton ch s kh hn sut 30 nm qua cho thy BR-VT chm chuyn sang trng thi bn kh hn. Ma kh t thng 11 n thng 4 l ma thiu nc, c bit vo 3 thng u nm dng lch khng ma . Cc dng sng cung cp nc cho tnh ch yu l nhng sng ni tnh, ngn v c lu vc nh. Ngun nc d tr ca tnh theo tnh ton l 0,95 t m3 nc mt [7] v 0,0493 t m3 nc ngm [11], tnh bnh qun theo u ngi l 1. 049 m3 /ngi/nm. Kh nng cp nc cho sinh hot v sn xut vo 2010 ch cn khong 892,85 m3/ngi/nm [7]. Theo tnh ton ca T chc Nng Lng Th gii (FAO), ngng bt u thiu nc ca mt vng l di 4000 m 3/ngi/nm, ngng cc k thiu nc l di 2000 m3/ngi /nm th BR-VT thuc loi cc k thiu nc. Nu tnh theo chun cp nc cho cc nhu cu sinh hot v sn xut 2500 m3/ngi/nm l bn vng [7] th kh nng cung cp ca ngun ti

nguyn nc BR-VT ch t 35,7%. y l mt tr ngi cn tnh n trong qu trnh hoch nh chin lc PTBV ca tnh nh. Qu trnh bn kh hn BR-VT thc ra khng ch xut hin trong vi ba nm tr li m l xu th t nhiu nm qua, thi gian cho s hnh thnh nhng cnh quan bn kh hn nhiu ni trong tnh . Cc cnh quan ni thp c l u, cc trng cy bi, cy chu hn l nh hoc cy c gai xen trng c pht trin nhiu ni cc di t dc huyn Tn Thnh v ven bin. S hnh thnh cc cnh quan ny phn nh s thiu nc t lu ca h sinh thi. 1. 2. Nhu cu nc cho sn xut Cng nghip l lnh vc s dng nhiu nc. Sn phm in Giy Kim loi mu Tht Du ha Xenlulo Phn m Nhit in n v tnh 1 kw 1 tn 1 tn 1 tn 1 lit 1 tn 1 tn t 1 tn than Lng nc cn dng 8-12m3 304 m3 200-1000 m3 30-40 m3 10 lit 250 m3 600 m3 1000 m3

Theo V Hi,1999[2] Nh trn c th thy r nhit in, phn m, luyn kim mu, giy v bt giy l nhng mt hng tiu th nhiu nc. Nhu cu nc cho sn xut nng nghip BR-VT Sn phm La n v tnh 1 tn 1 ha/v 1kg la 1 ha/v Lng nc cn dng 400-1000 m3 5000 m3 ( ma)-10. 000 m3 ( ng xun) 2,50-2,86 m3 4000-4500 m3

C ph

Ngun: S NN &PTNT BR-VT[6] La, c ph, phn m, l nhng mt hng tiu th qu nhiu nc. S NN&PTNT BR-VT [6] rt c l khi nhn nh rng gi la khng b li c gi nc ti v c k hoch gim cc din tch la 1 v, cng nh nhng loi cy trng a nc khc nh c ph, khoai m T s phn tch trn y, iu nhn thy u tin l: mt nghch l ln nht trong pht trin CN v th ha BR-VT l mu thun gia k vng pht trin v s thiu ht nghim trng ca ti nguyn nc nhm m bo cho k vng . p ng nhu cu nc ngy cng tng, gii php tt yu ca tnh l tng cng xy dng thm nhiu h cha v khai thc nc ngm, s dng ti a ngun sinh thy ti a phng. Theo FAO, ty theo dc ca a hnh, lng nc khai thc bn vng cho nhu cu ca con ngi l t 25% n 40% kh nng nc ni a, cn li l cn bng sinh thi [trch t Ng nh Tun,4]. Nhng vic gia tng s dng nc qu mc nu trn phc v cho nhu cu kinh t x hi tt yu dn n h sinh thi t nhin b tc ot ngun nc, qu trnh savan ha xut hin BR-VT do kh hu chm chuyn sang bn kh hn trong nhiu thp k qua s c tng tc. 1. 3. nhim nc mt v nc ngm

H ly ca vic gia tng khai thc nc ngm nht l khai thc phn tn l s suy thoi bn nc ngm, ty ni c th ko theo s gia tng nhim bn nc ngm do quy trnh khai thc khng c kim sot cht ch. Nhim mn s gia tng ti cc bn nc ngm ven bin v trn thc t c pht hin mt s ni, c bit vng ca sng Dinh [9]. Khu vc khai thc nc ngm tp trung quy m nh B Ra, Ph M li nm st bin mn (m>1g/lit), vic gia tng khai thc nc ngm y s c nguy c mn ha bn nc ngm [1] Nhng d bo trn y nhiu kh nng s tr thnh hin thc vo khong nm 2015 nu qu trnh cng nghip ha v th ha t c nhng quy m ng k theo Quy hoch KT-XH ca tnh [11]. Nu khng c s kim sot ph hp, s pht trin CN v th ha cng s lm gia tng nhim cc thy vc nc ngt ca chnh tnh BR-VT. Do cc sng ca BR-VT l sng ni tnh c lu vc nh, bn nc ngm cng ch c kh nng hn ch, ngun nc duy nht m tnh c th trng ch sau ny l dn nc qu cnh t sng ng Nai, t a bn tnh ng Nai v. Tuy nhin vo thi gian , ngun nc sng ng Nai c th tr nn qu nhim nh B TN&MT cnh bo. Cnh bo v thm ha mi trng vng Kinh t trng im pha Nam Cc chuyn gia v mi trng cnh bo, theo pht trin nh quy hoch, th n nm 2010, vng kinh t trng im pha Nam s c 74 KCN-KCX i vo hot ng. Nu nh tt c cc khu cng nghip ny c lp y din tch th mi ngy h thng sng ng Nai s phi tip nhn khong 1,54 triu m3 nc thi cng nghip, trong c khong 278 tn cn l lng, 231 tn BOD5, 493 tn COD, 89 tn Nit tng, 12 tn Phospho v nhiu kim loi nng cng vi cc tc nhn nhim c hi khc. ng thi, mi ngy cn c khong 1,73 triu m3 nc thi sinh hot, trong c khong 702 tn cn l lng, 421 tn BOD5, 756 tn COD, 59 tn Nit tng, 15 tn Phospho tng, 243 tn du m phi khong v nhiu vi trng gy bnh khc cng s c x thng ra h thng sng ng Nai. Nu khng c bin php bo v hu hiu, trong tng lai khng xa, hng chc triu ngi sng quanh lu vc sng ng Nai s c nguy c thiu ngun nc sinh hot do nc sng b nhim. Ngun:http://www. monre. com. vn 12/2007 . D bo lu lng v ti lng BOD ca nc thi cng nghip v nc thi sinh hot BR-VT n 2010 ngy cng tng, trong khi k vng x l tt c th quay vng s dung mt phn ngun nc thi ny, hin nay vn cn xa vi. D bo nc thi cng nghip BR-VT 2010 Ngun pht sinh Trong KCN Ngoi KCN Tng cng Tng ti lng BOD (kg/ngy) Lng nc thi 2010 (m3/ngy) 102. 400 107. 671 120. 071 20. 412 Lng nc thi 2003 ( so snh) 33. 080 16. 065 49. 125 8. 315 Ngun:Phm Ngc ng,2004 [1]

D bo BOD trong nc thi sinh hot BR-VT 2010 Tng ti lng (kg/ngy) 48. 135 Kg BOD/ha/ngy 2010 0,244 nm 2003 ( so snh) 26. 190 v 0,133

Ngun:Phm Ngc ng,2004 [1] Hin nay, 2 dng sng chnh ca BR-VT l sng Dinh v sng Ray b nhim: Sng Dinh v sng Ray u b nhim C hai ngun nc sng Dinh v sng Ray n thi im 2007 u khng t tiu chun :sng Ray b nhim cht thi sinh hot nhiu hn sng Dinh ,mc nhim du m ca sng Dinh cao hn sng Ray. Ngun:S TN&MT BR-VT,2007 [9] u thng 1/2008, thy sn nui sng Dinh ng lot cht, nht l c. . c lo ngi rng liu sng Dinh c tr thnh dng sng cht nh sng Th Vi khng. Ngun:http://www. monre. gov. com. 01/2008 nhim lm nhng ngun cung cp nc cho sn xut v sinh hot ngy cng gim. 2. Gii php ng x vi s thiu ht ti nguyn nc BR-VT iu quan trng hng u l phi nhn din c kh nng thiu nc, thiu n u cn da trn nghin cu chuyn su v cn bng nc lnh th. Trn c s , cn iu chnh li chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi theo hng thay th cc ngnh cng nghip s dng qu nhiu nc nh trn dn bng cc ngnh c nhu cu nc t hn. Thay th dn cc ging cy trng dng nhiu nc nh khoai m, c ph, la bng tp on cy trng nng sut cao nhng t i hi nc. Kim sot cht ch nhim nc, k c ngun nc mt v nc ngm. Cc doanh nghip s dng nc cn p dng cc k thut x l ti s dng quay vng ti a nc thi. Cn nh gi ng gi tr th trng ca ti nguyn nc trong tnh to s hch ton ng thc t hn cho cc doanh nghip. Vic bo v v pht trin vn rng cng rt cn cho vic tng kh nng tr nc ca lnh th. V th cn xem xt k k hoch ca tnh chuyn 3343 ha rng sang cc mc ch phi lm nghip. 3. Tho lun Nc l mu ca s sng. iu ny cng ng hn i vi mt tnh c nguy c thiu nc cho s pht trin tng lai nh BR-VT. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy trong vng ba chc nm qua, BR-VT chuyn sang ch kh hu bn kh hn vi ch s kh hn lun ln hn 1. 0, vi s xut hin cnh quan bn kh hn khng t v tr, mc d cha phi l bn kh hn in hnh. Khuynh hng ny l mt qu trnh chm nn rt kh o ngc. Tnh trng nhim nc ang gia tng v nhu cu s dng nc cng ngy cng tng i hi mt cch nhn nhn mi v ngun nc ca tnh: BR-VT l tnh thiu nc cho cng nghip ha trong giai on ti, nht l giai on 2015-2020 v sau . Cn r xt li kh nng pht trin mt s ngnh cng nghip dng nhiu nc, c k hoch thay th cc ging cy trng tn nc, bo v v pht trin rng hay tip tc chuyn i trn 3000 ha rng t nhin sang t phi lm nghip v kim sot t nhim nc l nhng gii php cn c xem xt . Cc tc gi xin cm n ti Xy dng nh hng chin lc pht trin bn vng tnh BR-VT n 2020 to iu kin kho st v thu thp ti liu cho bi bo ny. TI LIU THAM KHO

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Phm Ngc ng, L Trnh v Nguyn Qunh Hng. nh gi din bin v d bo mi trng hai vng kinh t trng im pha Bc v pha Nam, xut cc gii php bo v mi trng. NXB Xy Dng, H Ni, 2004 V Hi. Nc v i sng con ngi. NXB Thanh nin, H Ni, 1999. Nguyn c Ng. Tm hiu v hn hn v hoang mc ha. NXB KH & KT, H Ni, 2002. Ng nh Tun. V ngng v ch tiu ti nguyn-mi trng nc. Tuyn tp Hi ngh khoa hc Ti nguyn v mi trng, B KHCN&MT, H Ni, 2001, tr. 93-104. S CN tnh BR-VT. iu chnh Quy hoch pht trin ngnh cng nghip trn a bn tnh BR-VT giai on n 2010, xt n 2020. VT, 6/2006. S NN-PTNT tnh BR-VT. R sot-b sung Quy hoch nng nghip-nng thn tnh B raVng Tu (giai on 2006-2010 v tm nhn n 2020). VT, 2006. S TN &MT Tnh BR-VT. Quy hoch khai thc bn vng v bo v ti nguyn nc mt tnh BR-VT n nm 2015 v tm nhn n 2020. VT 3/2007. S TN &MT Tnh BR-VT. Nghin cu iu tra b sung, quy hoch qun l khai thc, bo v bn vng ti nguyn nc di t tnh BR-VT. VT, 10/2005. S TN &MT Tnh BR-VT. Bo co chuyn nhim v suy thoi ti nguyn nc tnh BR-VT, VT. 12/2007. tnh BR-VT, VT 12/2007

10. S TN &MT Tnh BR-VT. Bo co chuyn c im kh hu v ti nguyn thin nhin 11. UBND tnh BR-VT. Bo co tng hp Quy hoch KT-XH tnh BR-VT giai on 2006-2010
nh hng n 2020. VT. 2006. ------------------------------------------

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