IN T CNG SUT

Ti liu tham kho

in t cng sut L Vn Doanh Gio trnh in t cng sut Nguyn Vn Nh in t cng sut Nguyn Bnh dqvinh@dng.vnn.vn 0903 586 586

CHNG 1 M U CC LINH KIN IN T CNG SUT

1.1 Khi nim chung

in t Cng sut ln

Cc linh kin in t cng sut c s dng trong cc mch ng lc cng sut ln

S khc nhau gia cc linh kin in t ng dng (in t iu khin) v in t cng sut Cng sut: nh ln Chc nng: iu khin ng ct dng in cng sut ln Cc linh kin in t cng sut ch lm chc nng ng ct dng in cc van

iu khin

ng lc IC

IB Thi im Cng sut

Transistor iu khin: Khuych i

IC

R iC iB B uBE E C uCE iE
IB2 UCE1 U UCE = UCE1
U R

UCE = U - RIC A A

IB2 > IB1 IB1 > 0 IB = 0

IB

UBE < 0

UCE

Transistor cng sut: ng ct dng in

c tnh Volt Ampe ca van cng sut l tng

i i b

iu khin

a u d

i tng nghin cu ca in t cng sut

Cc b bin i cng sut Cc b kha in t cng sut ln Chnh lu

BB in p xoay chiu (BAX) Bin tn

BB in p mt chiu (BXA)

Nghch lu

1. 2. Cc linh kin in t cng sut

1.2.1 Cht bn dn - Lp tip gip P - N
Cht bn dn: nhit bnh thng c dn in nm gia cht dn in v cht cch in Loi P: phn t mang in l l trng mang in tch dng Loi N: phn t mang in l cc electron mang in tch m J + + + + P + + + P + + + + + + + + + + + +
Min bo ha - Cch in

+ +

Phn cc ngc

N + + +
Min bo ha - Cch in

+ + +

+ + +

N Min bo ha - Cch in

+ + +

Phn cc thun

N + + +
Min bo ha - Cch in

+ + +

+ + +

+
i

1.2.2 Diode
Cu to, hot ng
uF iF

Anode A

Katode P N K

Hng thun
K iR uR

Hng ngc

R: reverse ngc F: forward thun

c tnh V A Diode l tng Hai trng thi: m ng I Diode thc t

F

Nhnh thun m

[A]

100

Nhnh ngc ng

Nhnh thun m
50 U[BR] UR [V] 800 400 0 UF [V] 1 1,5

dU R rR = dI R in tr ngc trong diode

UBR: in p nh thng

Nhnh ngc ng

T = 160 C j o T = 30 C j

20 URRM URSM 30 IR [mA]

UTO: in p ri trn diode

dU F dI F in tr thun trong diode rF =

c tnh ng ca diode
I

UK: in p chuyn mch trr: Thi gian phc hi kh nng ng irr: Dng in chuyn mch phc hi

L UK S

Qr = irr dt
0

t rr

ng S

: in tch chuyn mch

iF iF = I

iF

trr

0,1 irrM t

O
iR irrM

Qu p trong

irr iR irr uF

Qr t

Uk

uR = Uk

uR

uRM

Bo v chng qu p trong

R
uR

C
iRC
O

ng

L
irr iRC t Uk

iL irr Uk

i L = irr + i RC u = U L diL R k dt

Cc thng s chnh ca diode

IF [A]

in p: Gi tr in p nh thng UBR Gi tr cc i in p ngc lp li: URRM Gi tr cc i in p ngc khng lp li: URSM Dng in - nhit lm vic Gi tr trung bnh cc i dng in thun: IF(AV)M Gi tr cc i dng in thun khng lp li: IFSM

100

Nhnh thun m
50 U[BR] UR [V] 800 400 0 UF [V] 1 1,5

Nhnh ngc ng

T = 160 C j o T = 30 C j

20 URRM URSM 30 IR [mA]

Diode thc t: IDB30E60 Infineon Technologies

1.2.3 Transistor lng cc (BT)

(Bipolar Transistor) Cu to, hot ng
C N B P N E E
R iC iB B uBE E C uCE iE
uEB

C P B N P

R iC

iB B

C uEC E iE

c tnh Volt Ampe

Min m bo ha
IC UCE = UCE1
b a

U R

c tnh ngoi IC = f(UCE) c tnh iu khin IC = f(IB)

UCE = U - RIC A A

IB2 > IB1 IB1 > 0

ng
IB2 UCE1 U

IB = 0

IB

UBE < 0

UCE

Min ng bo ha

ICE IB = 0 ICE0 ICER ICES ICEU O b) RB UBR(CE0)

a)

UBR(CER) UBR(CES) UBR(CEU) UCES UCE0 UCER UCEU RB UCE c) ICEU

+
-IB UBE

-IB

+
UBE

0 H mch B E (IB = 0) R Mch B E theo hnh b) S Ngn mch B E (RB 0) U Mch B E theo hnh c)

Qu trnh qu ca transistor

iB IB 0.1IB O td tr iC uCE ts tf 0.9IB t

0.1IC

0.9IC

IC toff

0.1IC

ton

Mch tr gip ng m

Cc thng s chnh in p: Gi tr cc i in p colector emitor UCE0M khi IB = 0 Gi tr cc i in p emitor baz UEB0M khi IC =0 Dng in: Gi tr cc i ca cc dng in IC, IB, IE

(in t cng sut Nguyn Bnh)

Transistor thc t - MJW3281A (NPN) ON Semiconductor

1.2.4 Transistor trng MOSFET

(Metal Oxid Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)
D N P N iD
P N D N

uGS

OXID

OXID

D
D G uGS S iD uDS

G S

c tnh ng
CGD RG

D iD

R +

on + off

G uGS S

CDS uDS

CGS

UG -

GS

0.9UG UG 0.1UG 0.9U U 0.1U tr td(on) ton td(off) toff tf UGS(th) uDS t 0.9U

iD

MOSFET thc t - 19MT050XF International Rectifier

1.2.5 Transistor lng cc cng cch ly - IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

G
G

E
E

c tnh ng
on off UG RG G

iC C

U E uCE uGE

UG uGE 0.1UCM uCE U 0.1ICM tr td(on) ton td(off) ICM UGE(th)

0.9UG

t iC 0.9ICM ICT 0.1ICM tf

toff

IGBT thc t 1MB-30-060 Fuji Electric

1.2.6 Thyristor
Cu to Hot ng

A P N P N K J1 J2 J3

A P G N P N K N P G iG

A i i1 i2 uAK K u R

Trng thi: M ng Kha K hiu

Hng ngc

uR iR iG uG A K iT iD Hng thun uT uD

T: Thun D: Kha R: Ngc

iu kin m Thyristor

UAK > 0 Xung iu khin a vo cc iu khin. iu kin ng Thyristor t in p ngc ln A K

c tnh Volt - Ampe Thyristor l tng Ba trng thi: ng m kha Thyristor thc t UBR: in p ngc nh thng UBO: in p t m ca thyristor UTO: in p ri trn Thyristor IH: Dng duy tr (holding) IL: Latching Cc thng s chnh Tng t nh diode. URRM = UDRM
10 3 U[BR] IL IN UR [V] 10 10
2 -3

Nhnh thun m

Nhnh ngc ng
2

Nhnh kha kha

[A] IT ID

10

10 1 10 10
-1

Nhnh thun m Nhnh kha kha

IG = 0 IG = 25 mA U[BR] 1 10 UT 10
2

-2

10

1
-3

IG = 0 10 IG = 25 mA 10 10

10 3

U[TD]
-2

UD [V]

-1

Nhnh ngc ng

IR [A]

c tnh iu khin ca thyristor:

iG

iG R U uG

40 UG[V] 30 20

IG 2
t

(PGM)=/12 (PGM)=/6 UG=U-RIG

iG

UGT O

-400C IGT 1 IG[A] 2

c tnh ng

Tn tht cng sut khi m thyristor

M thyristor

Kha thyristor

A + P N G P N iC K J1 J2 J3 C iC

uD

uD
iC

ng thyristor

toff

Bo v qu p trong Thi gian ng thyristor Gc an ton

Thyristor thc t - 22RIA SERIES International Rectifier

1.2.7 GTO
Gate Turn Off Thyristor
A P N P

J1 J2 J3 G iRG

iFG iRG
K

G uFG uRG K ir (iD) ur (uD)

c tnh ng M GTO
tgd uD tgr ir

UD

0.9UD 0.1UD t

tgt iFG IFG10 0.2IFG

ng GTO
iT tgs tgf uD

IT=I

Mch tr gip
UDP
iD I L uD

ITQ

0.9IT

O tgq ttq

iT iRG

O iRG uRG iRG QGQ uRG IRG

uRG

GTO thc t - FG3000FX-90DA Misubishi Electric

1.2.8 Triac

Hng ngc

in p thun in p kha Dng in thun Dng in kha Dng in v in p cc iu khin

Dng in thun Dng in kha in p thun in p kha

Hng thun

c tnh Volt - Ampe Nhnh m UG > 0; IG > 0 UD > 0 UG < 0; IG < 0 Nhnh kha

UG > 0; IG > 0 UDR > 0 UG < 0; IG < 0 Nhnh kha Nhnh m

Triac thc t - 2N6344 - ON Semiconductor

CHNG 2: MT S KHI NIM C BN TRONG IN T CNG SUT

2.1 Nng lng tch ly vo cun khng v gii phng t cun khng

t0

t0
t1

t0

uL dt = QL (t0 , t1 ); uL =
L ( t1 ) L ( t0 )

dL di =L L dt dt
iL ( t1 )

QL (t0 , t1 ) =

dL = L

iL ( t0 )

diL = L (t1 ) L (t0 ) = L [iL (t1 ) iL (t0 ) ]

2.2 Nhp v s chuyn mch

Nhnh chnh Nhnh ph Linh kin TCS chnh Linh kin TCS ph Nhp l khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip thay i trng thi ca linh kin in t cng sut trong mch. Tn ca nhp l tn ca linh kin ang dn in.

Chuyn mch l trng thi in t xy ra trong mch b bin i, c c trng bng vic dng in trong mt nhnh chuyn sang mt nhnh khc trong khi dng in tng chy ra t nt gia hai nhnh vn khng i.

Nhnh chnh

in p chuyn mch Chuyn mch ngoi Chuyn mch t nhin Chuyn mch trong Chuyn mch trc tip Chuyn mch gin tip Chuyn mch nhiu tng Thi gian chuyn mch Gc chuyn mch Chuyn mch tc thi

Nhnh ph

Nhnh chnh Nhnh chnh

2.3 Cc ng c tnh
c tnh ngoi (c tnh ti): Mi quan h gia in p u ra v dng in u ra ca b bin i c tnh iu khin: Mi quan h gia in p u ra v i lng iu khin ca b bin i

2.4 H s cng sut ca b bin i

P = S
P: Cng sut hu cng S: Cng sut biu kin

H s cng sut PF (Power Factor)

P = mUI(1)cos(1) m: s pha U: Gi tr hiu dng in p iu ha ca pha I(1): Gi tr hiu dng ca thnh phn bc 1 dng in pha (1): Gc chm pha ca thnh phn bc 1 dng in pha so vi in p S = mUI I: Gi tr hiu dng dng in pha

I 2 = I (2n )
n =1

2 S 2 = m 2U 2 I (2n ) = m 2U 2 I (1) + m 2U 2 I (2n ) n =1 n=2

2 2 2 2 2 S(1) = m 2U 2 I (1) = m 2U 2 I (1) cos 2 (1) + m 2U 2 I (1) sin 2 (1) = P 2 + Q(1)

mUI(1): Cng sut biu kin ca thnh phn bc 1 Q(1): Cng sut phn khng ca thnh phn bc 1

2 S 2 = P 2 + Q(1) + D 2

D = mU

I (2n )
n=2

D: Cng sut phn khng bin dng

= =

P P +Q + D
2 2 (1) 2

= cos (1) H s cng sut PF (Power Factor)

I (1) I

H s mo dng DF (Distortion Factor)

THDI =

I (2n )
n=2

mo dng tng THD (Total Harmonic Distortion)

I (1)

CHNG 3: THIT B CHNH LU

3.1 KHI NIM CHUNG

Chc nng:
Bin i dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu

ng dng
Cp ngun cho cc ti mt chiu: ng c in mt chiu, b np accu, m in phn, my hn mt chiu, nam chm in, truyn ti in mt chiu cao p,

3.2 c im ca in p v dng in chnh lu

3.2.1 in p chnh lu
ud: Gi tr tc thi ca in p chnh lu Bao gm c thnh phn xoay chiu u v thnh phn mt chiu Gi tr trung bnh ca in p chnh lu Ud

ud = u + U d
S xung p mch ca sng in p chnh lu:

p=

f (1) f

f(1): Tn s ca sng iu ha bc 1 thnh phn xoay chiu ca ud f: Tn s in p li

3.1.2 Dng in chnh lu id: Gi tr tc thi ca dng in chnh lu Sng dng in chnh lu Id: Gi tr trung bnh Thnh phn mt chiu ca sng dng in chnh lu i: Thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in chnh lu

id = i + I d
Xt h thng chnh lu ti R,L,E:

did uL = L = ud ( Rid + E ) dt did ud > Rid + E uL > 0; >0 dt did ud = Rid + E uL = 0; =0 dt did ud < Rid + E uL < 0; <0 dt

 Dng in lin tc Dng in gin on Dng in bin gii gin on

id = i + I d
i vi gi tr trung bnh thnh phn mt chiu:

U d E Id = R

I d 0 U d E
I(n): Gi tr hiu dng ca sng iu ha bc n thnh phn xoay chiu ca dng in chn lu U(n): Gi tr hiu dng ca sng iu ha bc n thnh phn xoay chiu in p chnh lu. (n): Tn s gc ca sng iu ha bc n thnh phn xoay chiu.

i vi thnh phn xoay chiu:

I ( n ) =

U ( n )

R + ( n ) L
2

L I ( n ) 0 id = I d

Dng in c san phng tuyt i

3.3 Chnh lu hnh tia m-pha dng lin tc

LK RK Z u1

3.3.1 Chnh lu hnh tia khng iu khin

S

u1 = U m sin 2 u2 = U m sin( ) 3 4 u3 = U m sin( ) 3 = t

2 un = U m sin (n 1) m

Trong khong 1 < < 2: Gi s V2 m

uV 2 = 0 u1 u2 uV 1 = 0 uV 1 = u1 u2 uV 1 > 0
Khng hp l Tng t khi gi thit V3 m. V1 m Nhp V1

Nhp V1 1 < < 2:

uV 1 = 0; uV 2 = u2 u1 ; uV 3 = u3 u1 ud = u1 ; id = iV 1 = I d ; iV 2 = iV 3 = 0
Nhp V2 2 < < 3:

uV 2 = 0; uV 1 = u1 u2 ; uV 3 = u3 u2 ud = u2 ; id = iV 2 = I d ; iV 1 = iV 3 = 0
Nhp V3 3 < < 4:

uV 3 = 0; uV 1 = u1 u3 ; uV 2 = u2 u3 ud = u3 ; id = iV 3 = I d ; iV 1 = iV 2 = 0

Nhp Vn:

uVn = 0; uV 1 = u1 un ; uVm = um un ud = un ; id = iVn = I d ; iV 1 = iVm = 0

S xung: p = m

Qu trnh chuyn mch ti cc thi im 2: in p chuyn mch l uk = u2 u1 Tng t ti cc thi im 3, 4: in p chuyn mch ln lt l u3 u2 v u1 u3 Chuyn mch t nhin

3.3.2 Chnh lu hnh tia c iu khin

uc

Tn hiu iu khin Khu pht xung

Thi im chuyn mch t nhin Gc iu khin : tnh t thi im chuyn mch t nhin n thi im pht xung m thyristor. Phm vi ca gc iu khin :

0 <

Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu

m U di = 2
U di =

+ + 2 m

mU m

+ 2 m

U m sin d
cos = U di 0 cos

sin

U di 0 =

mU m

sin

Udi0: Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu khng iu khin. m=3

U di 0

3 3U m 3 6U 2 sin = = = = 1.17U 2 3 2 2

3U m

Cc ng c tnh c tnh iu khin: u ra: Ud u vo: c tnh ngoi (c tnh ti):

U di = U di 0 cos
Ch chnh lu Ch nghch lu

3.3.3 Ch lm vic chnh lu v nghch lu ph thuc

Ch lm vic chnh lu

< <

c dng lin tc: trong ti phi c L

Ch lm vic nghch lu

>

ch nghch lu ph thuc

P = Ud Id

iu kin c nghch lu ph thuc

>

Trong ti phi c E E o chiu

E > U d

Gc an ton

0 < = toff
Ch nghch lu

Ch chnh lu

3.3.4 Chnh lu hnh tia 3 pha c diode V0

uV 0 = ud
V0 s m khi trong trng hp khng c V0 th ud < 0 V0 ch hot ng khi

Chen vo gia cc nhp V1, V2, V3 l cc nhp V0:

ud = uV 0 = 0; uV 1 = u1 ; uV 2 = u2 ; uV 3 = u3 id = iV 0 = I d

U di =

2 m mU m

sin

cos = U di 0 cos

U di 0 =

mU m

sin

m +

mU m U di = 2 U di 0 = mU m

+ 2 m

sin d = U di 0

1 sin( 2sin

sin

nh hng ca diode V0 Khng c ch nghch lu Diode V0 lm tng hiu sut ca b chnh lu

Ud Id = mUI
U, I: gi tr hiu dng ca in p v dng in pha

I = Id

V1 2

2 V1 = V 0 m

Diode V0 lm gim gi tr hiu dng thnh phn xoay chiu ca in p chnh lu

3.4 Chnh lu hnh cu trong ch dng lin tc

Thit b chnh lu s u ni hnh cu v thc cht l hai b chnh lu hnh tia mc ni tip

Nhm KATODE

Nhm ANODE
Nhm ANODE

Nhm KATODE

3.4.1 Chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha iu khin hon ton

S

 Dng in trong cc pha: i1 = iV1 iV4; i2 = iV3 iV6; i3 = iV5 iV2 Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu: p = 2m

U di = U diA U diK
U diA = U diK = m 2U

U di = U di 0 cos U di 0 = 2 2mU

sin

cos

3 6U

sin

Trong trng hp m = 3

U di 0 =

= 2.34U

 Gin ng ct Xung iu khin:

3.4.2 Chnh lu hnh cu bn iu khin

U diA U diK

3 6U cos = 2 3 6U = 2 1 + cos 3 6U ;U di 0 = U di = U di 0 2

3.4.3 Chnh lu hnh cu iu khin hon ton c diode V0

Diode V0 s hot ng khi Tc dng: - Gim nhp nh ca in p v dng in ti - Tng hiu sut - Khng cho php ch nghch lu ph thuc

U di 0 U di = 2

1 sin( 6 ); 3 2 + 6

U di 0 =

3 6U

3.4.4 Chnh lu cu mt pha iu khin hon ton

u = U m sin = u1 u2 Um sin u1 = 2 Um u2 = sin( ) 2

ud = udA udK i = iV 1 iV 4 = iV 2 iV 3

Gi tr trung bnh in p chnh lu

U di = U di 0 cos U di 0 = 2 2U

= 0.9U

3.4.5 Chnh lu cu mt pha bn iu khin

U di = U di 0 U di 0 =

1 + cos 2 2 2U

So snh gia hai phng n: iu khin hon ton v bn iu khin nh m ca sng in p chnh lu b ct Khng th lm vic ch nghch lu Hiu sut b bin i cao hn. nhp nh

3.5 Dng in lin tc v gin on ca chnh lu p xung

3.5.1 Thit b chnh lu ch dng in gin on
S xut hin ca dng in gin on

id 0 ud 0 Ti R: Trong nhp 0: ud = 0; uVi = ui

Ti R,L:

U d = RI d > 0 uVi = ui

vi cc m ch dng lin tc Ud < 0 s xut hin dng in gin on Trong nhp 0: ud = 0; Ti L, E: U d = E vi cc m ch dng lin tc Ud < E s xut hin dng in gin on Trong nhp 0: ud = E ;

uVi = ui E

MIN ; MAX

3.5.2 Phn tch dng in chnh lu ca chnh lu p xung, khng c V0

p=1 Dng in lun gin on

Vi p > 1: Chnh lu hnh tia c iu khin m pha. p = m. Um l bin in p pha Chnh lu hnh cu iu khin hon ton m pha. p = 2m. Um l bin in p dy (tr trng hp m = 1) Gc bt u: p = 1: p > 1:

Z = Z = +
2 p

Ti tng qut R, L, E:

Rid + L

did + E = U m sin d

(1)

Um id = sin( ) Z Z E 1 e + R Um + id ( Z ) sin( Z ) e Z
Z = R 2 + 2 L2
Z

(2)

= arctg =
L R

L
R
iu kin: id 0

Dng in gin on:

MIN < Z < MAX MIN

E = arcsin < Um 2 E > Um 2

MAX = arcsin

id ( Z ) = 0 Thay vo (2)

Um sin( ) id = Z Z E 1 e + R Um sin( Z )e Z

(3)

id ( K ) = 0 =

Um sin( K ) Z K Z E 1 e + R
Um sin( Z )e Z

(4)

K Z

S dng ton s gii (4) xc nh K vi iu kin:

K Z

2 p

Dng in lin tc

id ( Z ) = id ( K ) > 0;
p dng vo (2)

2 = Z + p

Um 2 id ( Z ) = id ( K ) = ) sin( Z + Z p
E 1 e R 2 p

Um + id ( Z ) sin( Z ) e Z
2 ) e p 2 Z 1 e p
2 p

2 p

(5)

Suy ra

id ( Z ) = id ( K ) = U m

sin( Z +

sin( Z )

E Z

(6)

3.5.3 Dng in chnh lu ca chnh lu p xung, c diode V0

3.6 Hin tng trng dn

iV 1 + iV 2 = id = I d
diV 2 diV 1 LK = u2 u1 dt dt uk = u2 u1 = U km sin

U km = 2U m sin
iV 2 0

bin in p dy gia hai pha k nhau

diV 2

U km = sin d 2 LK

iV 2

= I km ( cos cos ) I km U km = 2 LK

U km = ( cos cos ) 2 LK

I d = I km cos cos ( + )
Id = arccos cos I km
gc trng dn

diV 2 ud = u2 Lk dt u1 + u2 = 2

ud = 0 i = I km ( cos cos ) I d U km I km = LK
I km iV 1 = iV 2 = ( cos cos ) 2 iV 3 = iV 4 = I d iV 1

2I d = arccos cos I km

2 I d = I km cos cos ( + )

St p do trng dn Ud

U d = R I d pX k R = 2
Chnh lu hnh tia ba pha Chnh lu cu 3 pha

R =

pX k

Chnh lu cu mt pha

c tnh ngoi khi xt n st p v dng in gin on Ud: St p do Lk. Udr = Rk.Id: St p trn Rk UdF: St p trn van

nh hng n gc an ton ca thyristor:

M + + =
Chnh lu hnh cu 3 pha, tia ba pha

cos M

Id = + cos ( ) I km 2Id = + cos ( ) I km

Chnh lu hnh cu mt pha

cos M

Xc nh gi tr in p chnh lu cc i

U di 0

1 = ( ccU dM + U d M + U drM + U dFM ) b

cc: hng s d tr cho iu khin cc = 1.04 1.06 b: hng s d tr ca li in 5% b = 0.95

3.7 Chnh lu c o chiu dng in - bn gc phn t

Nguyn l iu khin: iu khin ring: Tng b chnh lu lm vic c lp, trong khi b chnh lu cn li khng lm vic.

 iu khin chung Xung iu khin cng mt lc c a vo c hai b, trong c mt b c iu khin vi gc < /2, lm vic ch chnh lu. Cn b th hai c iu khin vi gc > /2, ch ch. khng c dng ngn mch gia hai b chnh lu:

U di 0 .cos I + U di 0 .cos II 0 U di 0 ( cos I + cos II ) 0

UdI + UdII

I + II

Tuy nhin: udI + udII 0 dng in tun hon Hn ch dng tun hon: lp thm cun khng cn bng

3.8 My bin p ng lc
3.8.1 Dng in
iS = IS(AV) + iS NP: s vng dy cun s cp NS: s vng dy cun th cp iP.NP = iS.NS

I S ( AV )

Id = 3

Gi s NP = NS = N

i1S i2 S i3S

Id = i1S = i1P 3 Id = i2 S = i2 P 3 Id = i3S = i3 P 3

i1L = i3 P i1P i2 L = i1P i2 P i3 L = i2 P i3 P

3.8.2 Cng sut biu kin ca my bin p

StN

S P + SS = = Kt PtN 2

StN: Cng sut biu kin nh mc my bin p SP: Cng sut biu kin cun dy s cp SS: Cng sut biu kin cun dy th cp PtN: Cng sut hu cng nh mc ca my bin p i vi my bin p /Y

1 IS = 2

2 / 3

2 I d d

Id = 3

2 2 / 3 2I d 1 2 2 IP = ( 2 I d / 3) d + ( I d / 3) d = 2 0 3 2 / 3

S S = 3U S I SN = 3U S I dN S P = 3U P I PN = 2U P I dN
Vi chnh lu tia ba pha:

U di 0

3 6 = U 2

2 2 SS = U di 0 I dN = PdN 3 3 2 2 SP = U di 0 I dN = PdN 3 3 3 3

StN

2 2 + 3 3 3 P = 1.35 P = dN dN 2

3.9 Cc nguyn tc iu khin chnh lu

Xung iu khin a vo thyristor lc in p t ln thyristor dng Phi bit c khi no in p t ln thyristor dng Phi c in p ng b: ng b vi in p kha t ln thyristor S khi ca khu pht xung b iu khin:

uc ub iG1, iG2, iG3

ng b

So snh

Khuych i v p.p

3.9.1 Nguyn tc thng ng tuyn tnh

in p ng b l in p rng ca

= K .uc
U di = U di 0 cos = U di 0 cos ( K .uc )
ub1 uC uC

ub2 uC

ub3

3.9.2 Nguyn tc arccos:

in p ng b l mt ng cosin

ub = U max cos
ub = uc = U max cos uc = arccos U max

uc U di = U di 0 cos = U di 0 U max

Umax

ub uAK uc

Chng 4: B bin i v b kha mt chiu

4.1 Khi nim chung Phn loi

4.2 B kha mt chiu

ng ct dng in mt chiu S nguyn l s dng GTO
ng
iG a) V iV V0 U iV0 R
iG 0

Ct
iZ Z L
0 L R t L R

iV iV0

Khi s dng thyristor:

M - ng
S

NG NG CT

S
BCM

OS PS Z V0
S

ng Ct

OS S PS t

4.3 Phn loi thit b bin i mt chiu

4.3.1 Phn loi theo phng php bin i
Trc tip b bin i xung Gin tip
Nghch lu Chnh lu c iu khin

UZ

4.3.2 Phn loi theo chc nng bin i

Gim p mc ni tip Tng p mc song song iu khin xung gi tr in tr

4.3.3 Phn loi theo phng php iu khin

Tn s xung rng xung Hai gi tr

4.4 Nguyn l lm vic ca cc b bin i xung

4.4.1 B bin i gim p mc ni tip
Nguyn l lm vic Nhp S: uZ = U iZ = iS: tng theo ng cong hm m v gi tr (U - E)/R Nng lng t ngun U, mt phn tch ly vo cun L, phn ln np cho E, phn cn li tiu tn trn R
iS S iV0 iZ Z L uc

S uZ

V0

V0

U UZi 0 T1 T T2 iZ iV0 IZ iZMIN iZM t t

V0 R uZ

iS 0

Nhp S ko di trong khon thi gian T1. Kt thc khi tn hiu ct a vo kha S.

Nhp V0: uZ = 0 iZ = iV0: gim theo ng cong hm m v gi tr -E/R Nng lng trc y tch ly trong cun L c gii phng, phn ln np cho E, phn cn li tiu tn trn R
iS iZ Z iV0 L

uc

S uZ

V0

V0

U
S

UZi 0 T1 T T2 iZ iV0 IZ iZMIN iZM t t

V0 R uZ

iS

Nhp V ko di trong khon thi gian T2. Kt thc khi tn hiu ng a vo kha S.

 Gi tr trung bnh in p trn ti

T1 U Zi = U = zU T
z: t s chu k 0 0 z Uzi 1
U V0 S iS iV0 iZ

uc

S uZ

V0

V0

U
Z L

UZi 0 T1 T T2 iZ iV0 IZ iZMIN iZM t t

uZ

iS 0

U Zi E Iz = R

4.4.2 B bin i tng p mc song song

Nguyn l lm vic Nhp S: uZ = 0 iZ = iS; tng theo ng cong hm m, v gi tr E/R Nng lng t ngun E c tch ly phn ln vo cun L, phn cn li tiu tn trn in tr R
U iZ R iV0 Z V0 S iS uZ
iS iV0 iZMIN iZM t 0 UZi T1 T2 T

uc
S
uZ

V0

V0

U t

Nhp S ko di trong khong thi gian T1. Nhp kt thc khi tn hiu ct a vo S

Nhp V0: uZ = U iZ = iV0; gim theo ng cong hm m, v gi tr (E U)/R < 0 Nng lng t ngun E cng vi nng lng tch ly trong cun L nhp trc, tiu tn mt phn trn in tr R, phn ln cn li c tr v ngun U.
U iZ R iV0 Z V0 S iS uZ
iS iV0 iZMIN iZM t 0 UZi T1 T2 T

uc
S
uZ

V0

V0

U t

Nhp V0 ko di trong khong thi gian T2. Nhp kt thc khi tn hiu ng a vo S.

 Gi tr trung bnh in p trn ti

uc

U Zi

T2 = U= T T T1 = U= T = (1 z )U

V0

V0

iV0 Z V0 S iS U iZ R

uZ

UZi T1 T2 T

U t

uZ

iS

iV0

iZMIN iZM t

E U Zi Iz = R

4.4.3 B bin i xung gi tr in tr

iZ
uc L S U RP

iS S Rp

L iR U uc

T T1 iS 0
Nguyn l lm vic Nhp S: iZ = iS: tng vi h s gc bng U/L

iZ =iS+iR T2 iR iZMIN iZM t

Nhp S ko di trong khong thi gian T1. Kt thc khi tn hiu ct a vo S.

iZ L iR Rp U

iS S

uc

T T1 iS 0 T2 iR

iZ =iS+iR iZM t

iZMIN

Nhp 0 iZ = iR; gim theo ng cong hm m v gi tr U/Rp. Nhp 0 ko di trong khong thi gian T2. Kt thc khi tn hiung c a vo S

 Xc nh gi tr in tr tng ng Rei
iZ L iR Rp U S uc iS

T T1 iS 0 T2 iR

iZ =iS+iR iZM

iZMIN

T2 Rei = R p = (1 z ) R p T

t U U 2 UI Z T = R p I Z T2 I Z = = T R p 2 Rei T

0 Rei R p

4.5 B chuyn mch

4.5.1 Mch LC
S
uC

V C

iV

uC(0)=0
t=0
uC(0) i
t=0
L

uC i

i uC C

uC i O

2U U t

0 t

1 di uC (0) + idt + L = U dt C0
v: tn s gc ca mch LC

i=
1 LC

U uC (0) sin vt + i (0) cos vt L C

v =

1 uC = uC (0) + idt = C0 L = U + [uC (0) U ] cos vt + i (0)sin vt C

4.5.2 Phn tch b chuyn mch ca b bin i xung p

uc

i C

iV1 V1 iC uV1 V2 L1 V3 V0

iZ

S iS iV0

iZ Z L

uC

V0 R uZ

uZ

T T1 T2 V2 QK V0

i C uC

iV1 V1 iC uV1 V2 L1 V3 V0

iZ

V0 V1 V3

V1

K1U

uZ t2 0 t1 t3 U t4 t5 t6 t7 t

uZ

uC U
0

iC -K1U

Nhp V0 (0, t1) iZ = iV0, uV0 = 0, uZ = 0 Gi thit uC = U

0

t0V1

iV1 U IZ uV1 t0V2 uV2 iV2

uV2 = 0; uV1 = U iC = iV1 = iV2 =0

0

K1U U iV0 iZ IZ 0 t iV2

T T1 T2 V2 QK V0

i C uC

iV1 V1 iC uV1 V2 L1 V3 V0

iZ

V0 V1 V3

V1

K1U

uZ t2 0 t1 t3 U t4 t5 t6 t7 t

uZ

uC

iC -K1U

Nhp V1, V3 (t1, t3) Ti t1 a xung iu khin m V1 uZ = U; uV0 = -uZ = -U iZ = iV1 V0 ng li

U
0

t0V1

iV1 U
0

IZ uV1 t0V2 uV2 K1U iV2

uC = U cos v (t t1 )
U iC = sin v (t t1 ) L C
0

U iV0 iZ IZ 0 t iV2

T T1 T2 V2 QK V0

i C uC

iV1 V1 iC uV1 V2 L1 V3 V0

iZ

V0 V1 V3

V1

K1U

uZ t2 0 t1 t3 U t4 t5 t6 t7 t

uZ

uC U
0

iC -K1U

uV1 = 0 iV1 = IZ - iC uV2 = -uC iV2 = 0

0

t0V1

iV1 U IZ uV1 t0V2 uV2 K1U 0 U iV0 iZ IZ 0 t iV2 iV2

Ti t = t3, dng iC = 0; V3 ng li uC(t3) = -K1U; K1 = 0.7 0.9

T T1 T2 V2 QK V0

i C uC

iV1 V1 iC uV1 V2 L1 V3 V0

iZ

V0 V1 V3

V1

K1U

uZ t2 0 t1 t3 U t4 t5 t6 t7 t

uZ

uC U

iC -K1U

Nhp V1 (t3, t4) Tt c cc i lng gi nguyn gi tr ti thi im t = t3

t0V1

iV1 U
0

IZ uV1 t0V2 uV2 K1U iV2

0 U iV0 iZ IZ 0 t iV2

T T1 T2 V2 QK V0

i C uC

iV1 V1 iC uV1 V2 L1 V3 V0

iZ

V0 V1 V3

V1

K1U

uZ t2 0 t1 t3 U t4 t5 t6 t7 t

uZ

uC U

iC -K1U

Nhp V2 (t4, t6) Ti t = t4 a xung iu khin vo V2 m V2 uV2 = 0 in p ngc trn C t ln V1

t

t0V1

iV1

ng V1
0

IZ uV1 t0V2 uV2 K1U iV2

1 iC = I Z uC = uC (t4 ) + I Z dt Ct
4

0 U iV0 iZ IZ 0 t iV2

IZ (t t4 ) K1U C

T T1 T2 V2 QK V0

i C uC

iV1 V1 iC uV1 V2 L1 V3 V0

iZ

V0 V1 V3

V1

K1U

uZ t2 0 t1 t3 U t4 t5 t6 t7 t

uZ

uC U

iC -K1U

Nhp V2 (t4, t6) iV2 = IZ uV1 = uC iV1 = 0 uZ = U uC = -uV0 Ti t = t6, uZ = 0 V0 m, V2 ng li Bt u nhp V0 uZ(t6) = 0 uC = U

t0V1

iV1 U
0

IZ uV1 t0V2 uV2 K1U iV2

0 U iV0 iZ IZ 0 t iV2

Np in cho t C khi bt u lm vic M V2 trc ng t C trc tip vo ngun U qua mt in tr hn ch dng Xc nh cc thng s C v L V1 s dng khong (t4, t5) phc hi kh nng kha (t5 t4)MIN = toffV1

I ZM toffV 1 K1UC (t5 t4 ) = C = IZ K1U

V2 s dng khong (t1, t2) phc hi kh nng kha (t2 t1)MIN = toffV2

Tv (t2 t1 ) = = LC L = 2 4 2 C

2 4toffV 2

4.6 Nguyn tc iu khin b bin i xung p

rng xung thay i T1 Tn s xung thay i T Hai gi tr

4.6.1 Nguyn tc iu khin rng xung

Gi nguyn f = 1/T, thay i T1
T ucM
M

T1

T2 uP uc

uc

BK

BCM
0

4.6.2 Nguyn tc iu khin tn s xung

Gi nguyn T1, thay i T

uc

BK

BCM

f = 1/T

Khu pht xung Tr T1

4.6.3 Nguyn tc iu khin hai gi tr

iZ t
iZM iZMIN I'Z=IZ iZ

uc

ui1 ui2

BCM

0 uc ui1 ui2 uc ui1 ui2

Z V0 iZ

ui1

M uc > 0 uc < 0

ui2

B pht xung ng vai tr ca mt b iu khin dng in

4.7 Cc b bin i xung nhiu gc phn t

4.7.1 B bin i hai gc phn t o chiu dng in

V iZ S1 S2 U V0 Z uZ

4.7.2 B bin i hai gc phn t o chiu in p

V2 S1S2 V1
S1 iZ Z uZ U V2 S2 V1

V2 S1S2 V1 iZ

0 uZ T1 T2 T

T1 T2 U Zi = U = U (2 z 1) T
z > 0.5 z < 0.5 Uzi > 0 Uzi < 0

4.7.3 B bin i bn gc phn t

V4 S1S2 V3 S1S2

V2 V2 V1 S3S4 V1 S3S4

V1

S1 iZ Z uZ

S3

V3
0

iZ t uZ V3 S1S2 S1 S1S2 iZ 0 uZ t V1 V1 S3 S3S4 S3 S3S4

U V4

V2 S2

S4

Chng 5: Thit b nghch lu

5.1 Khi nim chung Phn loi

Bin i nng lng in mt chiu thnh nng lng in xoay chiu Phn loi Theo s lng pha: - Mt pha - Ba pha - Nhiu pha Theo s - Hnh cu - Hnh tia Theo c im ngun - Ngun p - Ngun dng

5.2 S nguyn l
S1 R uZ S4 S2 S3

uZ

S1S2

S3S4

S1S2

= t

S nguyn l nghch lu cu mt pha

S1 S2
uZ S1 S2 Ud S1

Ud S1
R

Ud R uZ

= t

uZ Ud S2

S nguyn l nghch lu tia v bn cu mt pha

S1

S3

S5

S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 3

S4 Ud

S6

S2

uZ1

Ud 2 = t

1 uZ1 uZ2

2 uZ3

uZ2

Nghch lu cu ba pha ti thun tr

uZ3

5.3 Nghch lu p
Mang tnh cht ngun p: to ra in p xoay chiu. Dng in u ra ph thuc vo ti. u vo ca nghch lu p l ngun in p mt chiu

5.3.1 Dng cng sut hu cng v phn khng

P = UdId P>0 P<0 Id > 0: c. nghch lu Id < 0: c. chnh lu
-id
m

P = Ud.Id p = Ud.id 1 S 2 Ud id VR 3 p1 Z1 p2 Z2 p3 Z3

p = U d id = pn
n =1

5.3.2 Nghch lu p cu mt pha

id VR1 iVR1
L

S1 iS1 iZ
R

S3 Z S2

VR3

S4 Ud VR4

uZ

VR2

: Gc d kin ng cc b kha S: Gc thng dng ca cc b kha R: Gc thng dng ca cc diode ngc

S1,S2 VR1,VR2

S1,S2
S3,S4 VR3,VR4
R S

S1 Z
Ud

iZ

uZ
= t

Ud
-Ud

S2

2 Ud/R

VR3,VR4

iZ

O -Ud/R

Z iZ VR4

VR3

iS1 = iS2

iVR3 = iVR4

S3,S4 S3

O iS3 = iS4 iVR1 = iVR2

iZ Z
Id

S4

5.3.3 Nghch lu p tia mt pha

= Nhp S1: uZ = ua = U d iS1 = id = iZ tng theo ng cong hm m

 Nhp VR2: Ngt xung iu khin a vo S1. Do nh hng ca L trong ti, dng in trong cun th cp v qua dng trong cun s cp vn gi chiu c. Dng trong cun s cp chy qua VR2 v qua na phi ca cun s cp. uZ = ub = -Ud iVR2 = -id = iZ gim theo ng cong hm m Nhp VR2 kt thc khi dng iVR2 gim v gi tr 0

 Nhp S2: Xung iu khin a vo S2 ngay sau khi ngt S1. Khi VR2 ng, dng s chy qua S2. in p trn ti vn khng i, tuy nhin dng iZ s o chiu uZ = ub = -Ud iS2 = id = -iZ tng theo ng cong hm m vi chiu ngc li Nhp S2 kt thc khi ngt xung iu khin a vo S2 v bt u a xung iu khin vo S1

 Nhp VR1: Ngt xung iu khin a vo S2. Do nh hng ca L trong ti, dng in trong cun th cp v qua dng trong cun s cp vn gi chiu c. Dng trong cun s cp chy qua VR1 v qua na tri ca cun s cp. uZ = ua = U d iVR1 = -id = -iZ tng theo ng cong hm m Nhp VR1 kt thc khi dng iVR1 tng ln gi tr 0

5.3.4 Nghch lu p cu ba pha

<

 S1, S5, S6
1
uZ1 Z

3
uZ3

Ud
uZ2

uZ1 = uZ3 = Ud/3 uZ2 = -2Ud/3

 S1, S2, S6
1
uZ1

Ud
uZ2 uZ3

uZ1 = 2Ud/3 uZ2 = uZ3 = -Ud/3

 S1, S2, S3
1
uZ1 Z

2
uZ2

Ud
uZ3

uZ1 = uZ2 = Ud/3 uZ3 = -2Ud/3

 S2, S3, S4
2
uZ2

Ud
uZ1 uZ3

uZ2 = 2Ud/3 uZ1 = uZ3 = -Ud/3

 S3, S4, S5
2
uZ2 Z

3
uZ3

Ud
uZ1

uZ2 = uZ3 = Ud/3 uZ1 = -2Ud/3

 S4, S5, S6
3
uZ3

Ud
uZ1 uZ2

uZ3 = 2Ud/3 uZ1 = uZ2 = -Ud/3

= <

S + R = = S + R >

TI

5.3.5 iu khin nghch lu p cu 3 pha

Nguyn tc thay i tn s xung ln: Ud Tn s: tn s pht xung vo cc b kha uc Phn phi xung Khuych i xung

Pht xung

Nguyn tc iu bin rng xung - PWM S1, S3, S5 S2, S4, S6 uZ1 = uZ2 = uZ3 = 0
IN P RNG CA iN P IU KHIN

5.4 Nghch lu dng

5.4.1 Hai chc nng ca b chuyn mch trong nghch lu dng

t in p ngc ln thyristor, ng thyristor. Tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn mch

5.4.2 Nghch lu dng mt pha

Gi s V1, V2 m, dng in qua ti iZ = Id in p trn cc t uC1 < 0, uC2 < 0. Mun ng V1, V2: m V11, V12. Dng iZ = Id chy qua V11, C1, C2, V12 in p trn cc t o chiu. Trong thi gian in p trn cc t cn <0, V1 v V2 phc hi kh nng kha. B chuyn mch thc hin chc nng th nht. Xung iu khin c a vo V3, V4, cng vi V11 v V12, tuy nhin cha m do uV3 = uC1 + uZ <0, uV4 = uC2 + uZ < 0.

i vi ti L: uV3 = uC1, uV4 = uC2 V3, V4 m khi uC1 = uC2 = 0 Dng in chy qua V11, C1, Z, C2, V12 gim dn. Dng in chy qua V3, Z, V4 tng dn. B chuyn mch thc hin chc nng th hai Qu trnh chuyn mch kt thc khi iV3 = iV4 = -iZ = Id

5.4.3 Nghch lu dng 3 pha

Thyristor chnh: V1, V2, , V6 T chuyn mch: C13, C35, , C 26, C24 Diode phn cch: V11, V12, , V16.

= 1200

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 iZ1 -Id iZ2 Id

iZ3

 Nhp V1, V2, V11, V12 iZ1 = Id; iZ2 = 0; iZ3 = -Id uC13 > 0 uV3 = uC13 > 0: V3 ang trng thi kha Nhp V3, V11, V2, V12 a xung iu khin m V3. uC13 ng V1. Dng Id chy qua V3, C13, song song vi C13 l C35 v C15, V11, vo pha 1. uV13 = uZ12 uC13 < 0 ... V13 vn ng. Id s o chiu in p trn C13. B chuyn mch thc hin chc nng th 1

 Nhp V3, V11, V13, V2, V12 Khi uV13 = uZ12 uC13 = 0 ... V13 m ... Dng chy qua V3 v V13 vo pha 2. Qu trnh chuyn mch: dng chy vo pha 1 gim dn, dng chy vo pha 2 tng dn. B chuyn mch thc hin chc nng th 2: tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn mch Qu trnh chuyn mch kt thc khi dng chy vo pha 1 gim v 0 v dng chy vo pha th 2 bng Id. Chuyn sang nhp V3, V13, V2, V12

5.4.4 iu khin nghch lu dng

Chng 6: Thit b bin tn

6.1 Khi nim chung Phn loi

Dng bin i nng lng in xoay chiu bng cch thay i tn s Phn loi theo s lng pha - Mt pha - Ba pha - m-pha Phn loi theo s - Trc tip - Gin tip + Ngun p + Ngun dng

6.2 Bin tn trc tip

Bin i trc tip in p xoay chiu thnh in p xoay chiu c tn s khc

T1 T2 = T1 + 2(n 1) p

n: s na chu k in p u vo to nn na chu k in p u ra

f 2 T1 p = = f1 T2 p + 2(n 1)

T1 T1 T2 = [ p + 2(n 1)] = q p p

i vi bin tn 3 pha:

T1 T1 T2 = [ p + 2(n 1)] = q p p

Tn s in p u ra f2 < 25Hz v khng th iu khin v cp Bin tn trc tip t c s dng

6.3 Bin tn gin tip

6.3.1 Bin tn ngun p
UdII > 0
NGHCH LU P CHNH LU Cf, Lf: mch lc Mch lc cng vi chnh lu to thnh ngun p mt chiu u vo ca UdI > 0 nghch lu p IdI > 0 Cf: nhn dng phn khng. PI > 0 Cng sut khng th o chiu Nguyn tc iu khin:

Nguyn tc iu khin tn s xung: f2: tn s xung pht vo nghch lu U2: s dng chnh lu c iu khin, hoc s dng chnh lu khng iu khin v b bin i xung p Nguyn tc PWM chnh lu ch cn l khng iu khin.

6.3.2 Bin tn ngun dng

Lf: Mch lc Chnh lu v mch lc phi c tnh cht ngun dng mt chiu Id > 0 UdI > 0 hoc < 0 Cng sut c th o chiu
NGHCH LU DNG

CHNH LU

Nguyn tc iu khin: f2: tn s xung pht vo nghch lu I2: s dng chnh lu c iu khin.

Chng 7 B kha xoay chiu v thit b bin i in p xoay chiu

7.1 Khi nim chung Phn loi

B kha xoay chiu: ng, ct dng xoay chiu Thit b bin i in p xoay chiu: thay i gi tr in p xoay chiu Phn loi theo s lng pha - Mt pha - Ba pha - m-pha Phn loi theo s - C bn - Tit kim Phn loi theo phng php iu khin - iu khin hon ton - Bn iu khin

7.2 B kha xoay chiu

7.2.1 B kha xoay chiu mt pha
NG

diZ RiZ + L = u = U m sin d

Z: gc bt u iz(z) = 0

NGT

Z = R + L ; = arctan
2 2 2

L
R
z

Um Um sin( ) iZ = e Z Z
f1()

R ( Z ) L sin(
f2()

NG NGT

7.2.2 B kha xoay chiu ba pha

Gm 3 b kha 1 pha

7.3 Thit b bin i in p xoay chiu

7.3.1 Thit b bin i in p xoay chiu mt pha

Ti thun tr R

Ti R, L: Khi < < Z =

Um sin( ) iZ = Z Um e Z
R ( ) L sin(

Khi 0 < < Khng iu khin c in p. Thit b lm vic nh b kha xoay chiu

Ti L Khi /2 < < = /2

Um iZ = (cos cos ) L
Khi 0 < < /2 Khng iu khin c in p. Thit b lm vic nh b kha xoay chiu

7.3.2 Thit b bin i in p xoay chiu ba pha

Gm c ba b bin i in p xoay mt pha mc vi nhau

CHNG 8: BO V V IU KHIN CC THIT B BIN I

8.1 Bo v cc phn t in t cng sut

8.1.1 Cng sut tn tht v lm mt

P = p1 + p2 p1

P p1
p2

Cng sut tn tht Cng sut tn tht chnh Cng sut tn tht ph

P = U T 0 I ( AV ) + RF I 2

Nhit mt ghp

T j = Ta + Rth P Rth = R jv + Rvr + Rra

Tj Nhit mt ghp Ta Nhit khng kh mi trng Rjv in tr nhit gia mt ghp v v linh kin bn dn Rvr in tr nhit gia v v cnh tn nhit Rra in tr nhit gia cnh tn nhit v khng kh mi trng Lm mt: Cnh tn nhit Cnh tn nhit + qut gi Cnh tn nhit + nc Ngm trong du bin th

8.1.2 Bo v dng in
Cu ch: CC phi chu c dng lm vic nh mc ca thit b Nhit dung chu ng ca CC phi nh hn nhit dung ca thit b cn bo v nhit lng (I2t)CC < (I2t)TB in p h quang ca CC phi tng i ln Gim nhanh dng in v tiu tn nng lng trong mch. Khi CC t, in p phc hi phi ln Khng lm cho h quang chy li gia hai cc ca cu ch Lp t: c nhiu cch Tng pha ca cun dy s cp hoc th cp MBA Ni tip vi tng van Ni tip vi tng nhm van mc song song u ra ca thit b bin i

8.1.3 Bo v qu p
Qu p trong S tch t in tch trong cc lp bn dn (qu trnh ng ca diode v thyristor) Bo v bng mch R C u song song vi diode hoc thyristor

Qu p ngoi Ct khng ti MBA trn ng dy, CC bo v nhy, sm st, Bo v bng mch R C mc gia cc pha th cp ca MBA ng lc R .. 10 1000 C 0.01 1 F

8. 2 iu khin cc thit b bin i

8.2.1 Khuych i thut ton Khuych i o

R2 u r = uv R1
Mch so snh

U cc ... u > u+ ur = +U cc ... u+ > u

Mch tch phn

1 ur = uv dt RC

Mch vi phn
R

ur

duv ur = RC dt

8.2.2 Mch to xung chun s dng IC 555

t1 = 0.693C ( R1 + R2 ); t2 = 0.693CR2 T = t = t1 + t2 = 0.693C ( R1 + 2 R2 )

Mch lt n s dng IC 555

T = 1.1RC
1 Vcc 3